Introduction
1. Casey Newton, “Mark in the Metaverse: Facebook’s CEO on Why the Social Network Is Becoming ‘a Metaverse Company,’ ” The Verge, July 22, 2021, accessed January 4, 2022, https://www.theverge.com/.
2. Dean Takahashi, “Nvidia CEO Jensen Huang Weighs in on the Metaverse, Blockchain, and Chip Shortage,” Venture Beat, June 12, 2021, accessed January 4, 2022, https://venturebeat.com/.
3. Data pulled from Bloomberg database on January 2, 2022 (excludes a dozen references to companies that included “Metaverse” only in their names).
4. Zheping Huang, “Tencent Doubles Social Aid to $15 Billion as Scrutiny Grows,” Bloomberg, August 18, 2021, accessed January 4, 2022, https://www.bloomberg.com/.
5. Chang Che, “Chinese Investors Pile into ‘Metaverse,’ Despite Official Warnings,” SupChina, September 24, 2021, accessed January 4, 2021, https://supchina.com/2021/09/24/chinese-investors-pile-into-metaverse-despite-official-warnings/.
6. Jens Bostrup, “EU’s Danske Chefforhandler: Facebooks store nye projekt ‘Metaverse’ er dybt bekymrende,” Politiken, October 18, 2021, accessed January 4, 2022, https://politiken.dk/.
Chapter 1 A Brief History of the Future
1. Neal Stephenson, Snow Crash (New York: Random House, 1992), 7.
2. John Schwartz, “Out of a Writer’s Imagination Came an Interactive World,” New York Times, December 5, 2011, accessed January 4, 2022, https://www.nytimes.com/.
3. Joanna Robinson, “The Sci-Fi Guru Who Predicted Google Earth Explains Silicon Valley’s Latest Obsession,” Vanity Fair, June 23, 2017, accessed January 4, 2022, https://www.vanityfair.com/.
4. Stanley Grauman Weinbaum, Pygmalion’s Spectacles (1935), Kindle edition, p. 2.
5. Ryan Zickgraf, “Mark Zuckerberg’s ‘Metaverse’ Is a Dystopian Nightmare,” Jacobin, September 25, 2021, accessed January 4, 2022, https://www.jacobinmag.com/.
6. J. D. N. Dionisio, W. G. Burns III, and R. Gilbert, “3D Virtual Worlds and the Metaverse: Current Status and Future Possibilities,” ACM Computing Surveys 45, issue 3 (June 2013), http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2480741.2480751.
7. Josh Ye, “One Gamer Spent a Year Building This Cyberpunk City in Minecraft,” South China Morning Post, January 15, 2019, accessed January 4, 2022, https://www.scmp.com/.
8. Josh Ye, “Minecraft Players Are Recreating China’s Rapidly Built Wuhan Hospitals,” South China Morning Post, February 20, 2020, accessed January 4, 2022, https://www.scmp.com/.
9. Tim Sweeney (@TimSweeneyEpic), Twitter, June 13, 2021, accessed January 4, 2022, https://twitter.com/timsweeneyepic/status/1404241848147775488.
10. Tim Sweeney (@TimSweeneyEpic), Twitter, June 13, 2021, accessed January 4, 2022, https://twitter.com/TimSweeneyEpic/status/1404242449053241345?s=20.
11. Dean Takahashi, “The DeanBeat: Epic Graphics Guru Tim Sweeney Foretells How We Can Create the Open Metaverse,” Venture Beat, December 9, 2016, accessed January 4, 2022, https://venturebeat.com/.
Chapter 2 Confusion and Uncertainty
1. Satya Nadella, “Building the Platform for Platform Creators,” LinkedIn, May 25, 2021, accessed January 4, 2022 https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/building-platform-creators-satya-nadella.
2. Sam George, “Converging the Physical and Digital with Digital Twins, Mixed Reality, and Metaverse Apps,” Microsoft Azure, May 26, 2021, accessed January 4, 2022, https://azure.microsoft.com/en-ca/blog/converging-the-physical-and-digital-with-digital-twins-mixed-reality-and-metaverse-apps/.
3. Andy Chalk, “Microsoft Says It Has Metaverse Plans for Halo, Minecraft, and Other Games,” PC Gamer, November 2, 2021, accessed January 4, 2022, https://www.pcgamer.com/microsoft-says-it-has-metaverse-plans-for-halo-minecraft-and-other-games/.
4. Gene Park, “Epic Games Believes the Internet Is Broken. This Is Their Blueprint to Fix It,” Washington Post, September 28, 2021, accessed January 4, 2022, https://www.washingtonpost.com/video-games/2021/09/28/epic-fortnite-metaverse-facebook/.
5. Alex Sherman, “Execs Seemed Confused About the Metaverse on Q3 Earnings Calls,” CNBC, November 20, 2021, accessed January 5, 2021, https://www.cnbc.com/2021/11/20/executives-wax-poetic-on-the-metaverse-during-q3-earnings-calls.html.
6. CNBC, “Jim Cramer Explains the ‘Metaverse’ and What It Means for Facebook,” July 29, 2021, accessed January 5, 2022, https://www.cnbc.com/video/2021/07/29/jim-cramer-explains-the-metaverse-and-what-it-means-for-facebook.html.
7. Elizabeth Dwoskin, Cat Zakrzewski, and Nick Miroff, “How Facebook’s ‘Metaverse’ Became a Political Strategy in Washington,” Washington Post, September 24, 2021, accessed January 3, 2022, https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2021/09/24/facebook-washington-strategy-metaverse/.
8. Tim Sweeney (@TimSweeneyEpic), Twitter, August 6, 2020, accessed January 4, 2022, https://twitter.com/timsweeneyepic/status/1291509151567425536.
9. Alaina Lancaster, “Judge Gonzalez Rogers Is Concerned That Epic Is Asking to Pay Apple Nothing,” The Law, May 24, 2021, accessed June 2, 2021, https://www.law.com/therecorder/2021/05/24/judge-gonzalez-rogers-is-concerned-that-epic-is-asking-to-pay-apple-nothing/?slreturn=20220006091008.
10. John Koetsier, “The 36 Most Interesting Findings in the Groundbreaking Epic Vs Apple Ruling That Will Free The App Store,” Forbes, September 10, 2021, accessed January 3, 2022, https://www.forbes.com/sites/johnkoetsier/2021/09/10/the-36-most-interesting-findings-in-the-groundbreaking-epic-vs-apple-ruling-that-will-free-the-app-store/?sh=56db5566fb3f.
11. Wikipedia, s.v. “Internet,” last edited October 13, 2021, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet.
12. Paul Krugman, “Why Most Economists’ Predictions Are Wrong,” Red Herring Online, June 10, 1998, Internet Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/19980610100009/http://www.redherring.com/mag/issue55/economics.html.
13. Wired Staff, “May 26, 1995: Gates, Microsoft Jump on ‘Internet Tidal Wave,’ ” Wired, May 26, 2021, accessed January 5, 2022, https://www.wired.com/2010/05/0526bill-gates-internet-memo/.
14. CNBC, “Microsoft’s Ballmer Not Impressed with Apple iPhone,” January 17, 2007, accessed January 4, 2022, https://www.cnbc.com/id/16671712.
15. Drew Olanoff, “Mark Zuckerberg: Our Biggest Mistake Was Betting Too Much On HTML5,” TechCrunch, September 11, 2022, accessed January 5, 2022, https://techcrunch.com/2012/09/11/mark-zuckerberg-our-biggest-mistake-with-mobile-was-betting-too-much-on-html5/.
16. M. Mitchell Waldrop, Complexity: The Emerging Science at the Edge of Order and Chaos (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992), 155.
Chapter 3 A Definition (Finally)
1. Dean Takahashi, “How Pixar Made Monsters University, Its Latest Technological Marvel,” Venture Beat, April 24, 2013, accessed January 5, 2022, https://venturebeat.com/2013/04/24/the-making-of-pixars-latest-technological-marvel-monsters-university/.
2. Wikipedia, s.v. “Metaphysics,” last edited October 28, 2021, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphysics.
3. Stephenson, Snow Crash, 27.
4. CCP Team, “Infinite Space: An Argument for Single-Sharded Architecture in MMOs,” Game Developer, August 9, 2010, accessed January 5, 2022, https://www.gamedeveloper.com/design/infinite-space-an-argument-for-single-sharded-architecture-in-mmos.
5. “John Carmack Facebook Connect 2021 Keynote,” posted by Upload VR, October 28, 2021, accessed January 5, 2022, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BnSUk0je6oo.
Chapter 4 The Next Internet
1. Josh Stark and Evan Van Ness, “The Year in Ethereum 2021,” Mirror, January 17, 2022, accessed February 2, 2022, https://stark.mirror.xyz/q3OnsK7mvfGtTQ72nfoxLyEV5lfYOqUfJIoKBx7BG1I.
2. BBC, “Military Fears over PlayStation2,” April 17, 2000, accessed January 4, 2022, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/716237.stm.
3. “Secretary of Commerce Don Evans Applauds Senate Passage of Export Administration Act as Modern-day Legislation for Modern-day Technology,” Bureau of Industry and Security, US Department of Commerce, 6 September 2001, www.bis.doc.gov.
4. Chas Littell, “AFRL to Hold Ribbon Cutting for Condor Supercomputer,” Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, press release, November 17, 2010, accessed January 5, 2022, https://www.wpafb.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/399987/afrl-to-hold-ribbon-cutting-for-condor-supercomputer/.
5. Lisa Zyga, “US Air Force Connects 1,760 PlayStation 3’s to Build Supercomputer,” Phys.org, December 2, 2010, accessed January 5, 2022, https://phys.org/news/2010-12-air-playstation-3s-supercomputer.html.
6. Even Shapiro, “The Metaverse Is Coming. Nvidia CEO Jensen Huang on the Fusion of Virtual and Physical Worlds,” Time, April 18, 2021, accessed January 2, 2022, https://time.com/5955412/artificial-intelligence-nvidia-jensen-huang/.
7. David M. Ewalt, “Neal Stephenson Talks About Video Games, the Metaverse, and His New Book, REAMDE,” Forbes, September 19, 2011.
8. Daniel Ek, “Daniel Ek—Enabling Creators Everywhere,” Colossus, September 14, 2021, accessed January 5, 2022, https://www.joincolossus.com/episodes/14058936/ek-enabling-creators-everywhere?tab=transcript.
9. David M. Ewalt, “Neal Stephenson Talks About Video Games, the Metaverse, and His New Book, REAMDE,” Forbes, September 19, 2011.
Chapter 5 Networking
1. Farhad Manjoo, “I Tried Microsoft’s Flight Simulator. The Earth Never Seemed So Real,” New York Times, August 19, 2022, accessed January 4, 2022, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/19/opinion/microsoft-flight-simulator.html.
2. Seth Schiesel, “Why Microsoft’s New Flight Simulator Should Make Google and Amazon Nervous,” Protocol, August 16, 2020, accessed January 5, 2022, https://www.protocol.com/microsoft-flight-simulator-2020.
3. Eryk Banatt, Stefan Uddenberg, and Brian Scholl, “Input Latency Detection in Expert-Level Gamers,” Yale University, April 21, 2017, accessed January 4, 2022, https://cogsci.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/Thesis2017Banatt.pdf.
4. Rob Pegoraro, “Elon Musk: ‘I Hope I’m Not Dead by the Time People Go to Mars,’ ” Fast Company, March 10, 2020, accessed January 3, 2022, https://www.fastcompany.com/90475309/elon-musk-i-hope-im-not-dead-by-the-time-people-go-to-mars.
Chapter 6 Computing
1. Foundry Trends, “One Billion Assets: How Pixar’s Lightspeed Team Tackled Coco’s Complexity,” October 25, 2018, accessed January 5, 2022, https://www.foundry.com/insights/film-tv/pixar-tackled-coco-complexity.
2. Dean Takahashi, “Nvidia CEO Jensen Huang Weighs in on the Metaverse, Blockchain, and Chip Shortage,” Venture Beat, June 12, 2021, accessed February 1, 2022, https://venturebeat.com/2021/06/12/nvidia-ceo-jensen-huang-weighs-in-on-the-metaverse-blockchain-chip-shortage-arm-deal-and-competition/.
3. Raja Koduri, “Powering the Metaverse,” Intel, December 14, 2021, accessed January 4, 2022, https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/newsroom/opinion/powering-metaverse.html.
4. Tim Sweeney (@TimSweeneyEpic), Twitter, January 7, 2020, accessed January 4, 2022, https://twitter.com/timsweeneyepic/status/1214643203871248385.
5. Peter Rubin, “It’s a Short Hop from Fortnite to a New AI Best Friend,” Wired, March 21, 2019, accessed February 1, 2021, https://www.wired.com/story/epic-games-qa/.
Chapter 7 Virtual World Engines
1. “ ‘The Future—It’s Bigger and Weirder than You Think—’ by Owen Mahoney, NEXON CEO,” posted by NEXON, December 20, 2019, accessed January 5, 2022, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VqiwZN1CShI.
2. Roblox, “A Year on Roblox: 2021 in Data,” January 26, 2022, accessed February 3, 2022, https://blog.roblox.com/2022/01/year-roblox-2021-data/.
Chapter 8 Interoperability
1. Josh Ye (@TheRealJoshYe), Twitter, May 3, 2021, accessed February 1, 2022, https://mobile.twitter.com/therealjoshye/status/1389217569228296201.
2. Tom Phillips, “So, Will Sony Actually Allow PS4 and Xbox One Owners to Play Together?,” Eurogamer, March 17, 2016, accessed January 5, 2022, https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2016-03-17-sonys-shuhei-yoshida-on-playstation-4-and-xbox-one-cross-network-play.
3. Jay Peters, “Fortnite’s Cash Cow Is PlayStation, Not iOS, Court Documents Reveal,” The Verge, April 28, 2021, accessed February 1, 2022, https://www.theverge.com/2021/4/28/22407939/fortnite-biggest-platform-revenue-playstation-not-ios-iphone.
4. Aaron Rakers, Joe Quatrochi, Jake Wilhelm, and Michael Tsevtanov, “NVDA: Omniverse Enterprise—Appreciating NVIDIA’s Platform Strategy to Capitalize ($10B+) on the ‘Metaverse,’” Wells Fargo, November 3, 2021.
5. Chris Michaud, “English the Preferred Language for World Business: Poll,” Reuters, May 12, 2016, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-language/english-the-preferred-language-for-world-business-poll-idUSBRE84F0OK20120516.
6. Epic Games, “Tonic Games Group, Makers of ‘Fall Guys’, Joins Epic Games,” March 2, 2021, accessed February 2, 2022, https://www.epicgames.com/site/en-US/news/tonic-games-group-makers-of-fall-guys-joins-epic-games.
Chapter 9 Hardware
1. Mark Zuckerberg, Facebook, April 29, 2021, accessed January 5, 2022, https://www.facebook.com/zuck/posts/the-hardest-technology-challenge-of-our-time-may-be-fitting-a-supercomputer-into/10112933648910701/.
2. Tech@Facebook, “Imagining a New Interface: Hands-Free Communication without Saying a Word,” March 30, 2020, accessed January 4, 2022, https://tech.fb.com/imagining-a-new-interface-hands-free-communication-without-saying-a-word/.
3. Tech@Facebook, “BCI Milestone: New Research from UCSF with Support from Facebook Shows the Potential of Brain-Computer Interfaces for Restoring Speech Communication,” July 14, 2021, accessed January 4, 2022, https://tech.fb.com/bci-milestone-new-research-from-ucsf-with-support-from-facebook-shows-the-potential-of-brain-computer-interfaces-for-restoring-speech-communication/.
4. Antonio Regalado, “Facebook Is Ditching Plans to Make an Interface that Reads the Brain,” MIT Technology Review, July 14, 2021, accessed January 4, 2022, https://www.technologyreview.com/2021/07/14/1028447/facebook-brain-reading-interface-stops-funding/.
5. Andrew Nartker, “How We’re Testing Project Starline at Google,” Google Blog, November 30, 2021, accessed February 2, 2022, https://blog.google/technology/research/how-were-testing-project-starline-google/.
6. Will Marshall, “Indexing the Earth,” Colossus, November 15, 2021, accessed January 5, 2022, https://www.joincolossus.com/episodes/14029498/marshall-indexing-the-earth?tab=blocks.
7. Nick Wingfield, “Unity CEO Predicts AR-VR Headsets Will Be as Common as Game Consoles by 2030,” The Information, June 21, 2021.
Chapter 10 Payment Rails
1. NACHA, “ACH Network Volume Rises 11.2% in First Quarter as Two Records Are Set,” press release, April 15, 2021, accessed January 26, 2022, https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/ach-network-volume-rises-11-2-in-first-quarter-as-two-records-are-set-301269456.html.
2. Takashi Mochizuki and Vlad Savov, “Epic’s Battle with Apple and Google Actually Dates Back to Pac-Man,” Bloomberg, August 19, 2020, accessed January 4, 2021, https://www.bloomberg.com/.
3. Tim Sweeney (@TimSweeneyEpic), Twitter, January 11, 2020, accessed January 4, 2022, https://twitter.com/TimSweeneyEpic/status/1216089159946948620.
4. Epic Games, “Epic Games Store Weekly Free Games in 2020!,” January 14, 2022, accessed February 14, 2022, https://www.epicgames.com/store/en-US/news/epic-games-store-weekly-free-games-in-2020.
5. Epic Games, “Epic Games Store 2020 Year in Review,” January 28, 2021, accessed February 14, 2022, https://www.epicgames.com/store/en-US/news/epic-games-store-2020-year-in-review.
6. Epic Games, “Epic Games Store 2021 Year in Review,” January 27, 2022, accessed February 14, 2022, https://www.epicgames.com/store/en-US/news/epic-games-store-2021-year-in-review.
7. Tyler Wilde, “Epic Will Lose Over $300M on Epic Games Store Exclusives, Is Fine With That,” PC Gamer, April 10, 2021, accessed February 14, 2022, https://www.pcgamer.com/epic-games-store-exclusives-apple-lawsuit/.
8. Adi Robertson, “Tim Cook Faces Harsh Questions about the App Store from Judge in Fortnite Trial,” The Verge, May 21, 2021, accessed January 5, 2022, https://www.theverge.com/2021/5/21/22448023/epic-apple-fortnite-antitrust-lawsuit-judge-tim-cook-app-store-questions.
9. Nick Wingfield, “IPhone Software Sales Take Off: Apple’s Jobs,” Wall Street Journal, August 11, 2008.
10. John Gruber, “Google Announces Chrome for iPhone and iPad, Available Today,” Daring Fireball, June 28, 2021, accessed January 4, 2022, https://daringfireball.net/linked/2012/06/28/chrome-ios.
11. Kate Rooney, “Apple: Don’t Use Your iPhone to Mine Cryptocurrencies,” CNBC, June 11, 2018, accessed January 4, 2021, https://www.cnbc.com/2018/06/11/dont-even-think-about-trying-to-bitcoin-with-your-iphone.html.
12. Tim Sweeney (@TimSweeneyEpic), Twitter, February 4, 2022, accessed February 5, 2022, https://twitter.com/TimSweeneyEpic/status/1489690359194173450.
13. Marco Arment (@MarcoArment), Twitter, February 4, 2022, accessed February 5, 2022, https://twitter.com/marcoarment/status/1489599440667168768.
14. Manoj Balasubramanian, “App Tracking Transparency Opt-In Rate—Monthly Updates,” Flurry, December 15, 2021, accessed February 5, 2022, https://www.flurry.com/blog/att-opt-in-rate-monthly-updates/.
Chapter 11 Blockchains
1. Telegraph Reporters, “What Is Ethereum and How Does It Differ from Bitcoin?,” The Telegraph, August 17, 2018.
2. Ben Gilbert, “Almost No One Knows about the Best Android Phones on the Planet,” Insider, October 25, 2015, accessed January 4, 2022, https://www.businessinsider.com/why-google-makes-nexus-phones-2015-10.
3. Wikipedia, s.v. “Possession is Nine-Tenths of the Law,” last edited December 6, 2021, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Possession_is_nine-tenths_of_the_law.
4. Hannah Murphy and Joshua Oliver, “How NFTs Became a $40bn Market in 2021,” Financial Times, December 31, 2021, accessed January 4, 2022. Note, this sum, $40.9 billion, is limited to the Ethereum blockchain, which is estimated to have 90% share of NFT transactions.
5. Kevin Roose, “Maybe There’s a Use for Crypto After All,” New York Times, February 6, 2022, accessed February 7, 2022, https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/06/technology/helium-cryptocurrency-uses.html.
6. Kevin Roose, “Maybe There’s a Use for Crypto After All,” New York Times, February 6, 2022, accessed February 7, 2022, https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/06/technology/helium-cryptocurrency-uses.html.
7. Helium, accessed March 5, 2022, https://explorer.helium.com/hotspots.
8. CoinMarketCap, “Helium,” accessed February 7, 2022, https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/helium/.
9. Dean Takahashi, “The DeanBeat: Predictions for gaming in 2022,” Venture Beat, December 31, 2021, accessed January 3, 2022, https://venturebeat.com/2021/12/31/the-deanbeat-predictions-for-gaming-2022/.
10. Ephrat Livni, “Venture Capital Funding for Crypto Companies Is Surging,” New York Times, December 1, 2021, accessed January 5, 2022, https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/01/business/dealbook/crypto-venture-capital.html.
11. Olga Kharif, “Crypto Crowdfunding Goes Mainstream with ConstitutionDAO Bid,” Bloomberg, November 20, 2021, accessed January 2, 2022, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-11-20/crypto-crowdfunding-goes-mainstream-with-constitutiondao-bid?sref=sWz3GEG0.
12. Miles Kruppa, “Crypto Assets Inspire New Brand of Collectivism Beyond Finance,” Financial Times, December 27, 2021, accessed January 4, 2022, https://www.ft.com/content/c4b6d38d-e6c8-491f-b70c-7b5cf8f0cea6.
13. Lizzy Gurdus, “Nvidia CEO Jensen Huang: Cryptocurrency Is Here to Stay, Will Be an ‘Important Driver’ For Our Business,” CNBC, March 29, 2018, accessed February 2, 2022, https://www.cnbc.com/2018/03/29/nvidia-ceo-jensen-huang-cryptocurrency-blockchain-are-here-to-stay.html.
14. Visa, “Crypto: Money Is Evolving,” accessed February 2, 2022, https://usa.visa.com/solutions/crypto.html.
15. Dean Takahashi, “Game Boss Interview: Epic’s Tim Sweeney on Blockchain, Digital Humans, and Fortnite,” Venture Beat, August 30, 2017, accessed February 2, 2022, https://venturebeat.com/2017/08/30/game-boss-interview-epics-tim-sweeney-on-blockchain-digital-humans-and-fortnite/.
16. Tim Sweeney (@TimSweeneyEpic), Twitter, January 30, 2021, accessed January 4, 2022, https://twitter.com/TimSweeneyEpic/status/1355573241964802050.
17. Tim Sweeney (@TimSweeneyEpic), Twitter, September 27, 2021, accessed January 4, 2022, https://twitter.com/TimSweeneyEpic/status/1442519522875949061.
18. Tim Sweeney (@TimSweeneyEpic), Twitter, October 15, 2021, accessed January 4, 2022, https://twitter.com/TimSweeneyEpic/status/1449146317129895938.
Chapter 12 When Will the Metaverse Arrive?
1. Tom Huddleston Jr., “Bill Gates Says the Metaverse Will Host Most of Your Office Meetings Within ‘Two or Three Years’—Here’s What It Will Look Like,” CNBC, December 9, 2021, accessed February 2, 2022, https://www.cnbc.com/2021/12/09/bill-gates-metaverse-will-host-most-virtual-meetings-in-a-few-years.html.
2. “The Metaverse and How We’ll Build It Together—Connect 2021,” posted by Meta, October 28, 2021, accessed February 2, 2022, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uvufun6xer8.
3. Steven Ma, “Video Games’ Future Is More Than the Metaverse: Let’s Talk ‘Hyper Digital Reality’,” GamesIndustry, February 8, 2022, accessed February 11, 2022, https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2022-02-07-the-future-of-games-is-far-more-than-the-metaverse-lets-talk-hyper-digital-reality.
4. George Smiley, “The U.S. Economy in the 1920s,” Economic History Association, accessed January 5, 2022, https://eh.net/encyclopedia/the-u-s-economy-in-the-1920s/.
5. Tim Hartford, “Why Didn’t Electricity Immediately Change Manufacturing?,” August 21, 2017, accessed January 5, 2022, https://www.bbc.com/news/business-40673694.
6. David E. Nye, America’s Assembly Line (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2015), 19.
Chapter 13 Meta-Businesses
. Wikipedia, s.v. “Baumol’s cost disease,” last edited October 2, 2022, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baumol%27s_cost_disease.
. US Bureau of Labor Statistics, accessed December 2021.
. Melissa Pankida, “The Psychology Behind Why We Speed Swipe on Dating Apps,” Mic, September 27, 2019, accessed January 2, 2022, https://www.mic.com/life/we-speed-swipe-on-tinder-for-different-reasons-depending-on-our-gender-18808262.
. Benedict Evans, “Cars, Newspapers and Permissionless Innovation,” September 6, 2015, accessed January 2, 2022, https://www.ben-evans.com/benedictevans/2015/9/1/permissionless-innovation.
. Gene Park, “Epic Games Believes the Internet Is Broken. This Is Their Blueprint to Fix It,” Washington Post, September 28, 2021, accessed January 4, 2022, https://www.washingtonpost.com/video-games/2021/09/28/epic-fortnite-metaverse-facebook/.
. Bob Woods, “The First Metaverse Experiments? Look to What’s Already Happening in Medicine,” CNBC, December 4, 2021, accessed January 4, 2022, https://www.cnbc.com/2021/12/04/the-first-metaverse-experiments-look-to-whats-happening-in-medicine.html.
Chapter 14 Metaverse Winners and Losers
1. Microsoft, “Microsoft to Acquire Activision Blizzard to Bring the Joy and Community of Gaming to Everyone, Across Every Device,” January 18, 2022, accessed February 2, 2022, https://news.microsoft.com/2022/01/18/microsoft-to-acquire-activision-blizzard-to-bring-the-joy-and-community-of-gaming-to-everyone-across-every-device/.
2. Adi Robertson, “Tim Cook Faces Harsh Questions about the App Store from Judge in Fortnite Trial,” The Verge, May 21, 2021, accessed January 4, 2022, https://www.theverge.com/2021/5/21/22448023/epic-apple-fortnite-antitrust-lawsuit-judge-tim-cook-app-store-questions.
3. Brad Smith, “Adapting Ahead of Regulation: A Principled Approach to App Stores,” Microsoft, February 9, 2022, accessed February 11, 2022, https://blogs.microsoft.com/on-the-issues/2022/02/09/open-app-store-principles-activision-blizzard/
4. Brad Smith (@BradSmi), Twitter, February 3, 2022, accessed February 4, 2022, https://twitter.com/BradSmi/status/1489395484808466438.
Chapter 15 Metaversal Existence
1. Sean Hollister, “Here’s What Apple’s New Rules about Cloud Gaming Actually Mean,” The Verge, September 18, 2020, accessed January 4, 2022, https://www.theverge.com/2020/9/18/20912689/apple-cloud-gaming-streaming-xcloud-stadia-app-store-guidelines-rules.
Conclusion Spectators, All
1. Clifford Stoll, “Why the Web Won’t Be Nirvana,” Newsweek, February 26, 1995, accessed January 6, 2022, https://www.newsweek.com/clifford-stoll-why-web-wont-be-nirvana-185306.
2. James Chapman, “Internet ‘May Just Be a Passing Fad as Millions Give Up on It,’ ” Daily Mail, December 5, 2000.
3. 9to5 Staff, “Jobs’ Original Vision for the iPhone: No Third-Party Native Apps,” 9to5Mac, October 21, 2011, accessed January 5, 2022, https://9to5mac.com/2011/10/21/jobs-original-vision-for-the-iphone-no-third-party-native-apps/.
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