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The Middle Sea: A History of the Mediterranean

The Middle Sea: A History of the Mediterranean

The Mediterranean has nurtured three of the most dazzling civilisations of antiquity, witnessed the birth or growth of three of our greatest religions and links three of the world's six continents. To the peoples living around its periphery, it has served at various times as a cradle and a grave, a bond and a barrier, a blessing and a battlefield. It has inspired writers from Homer and Virgil to Norman Douglas and Patrick Leigh Fermor. Geographically, it is unlike any other sea in the world; in historical importance also, it stands alone.

John Julius Norwich has visited every country around its shores; he has written histories of Norman Sicily, of Venice and of Byzantium. Now at last he tells the story of the Middle Sea itself - a story that begins with the Phoenicians and the Pharaohs and ends with the Treaty of Versailles.

He takes us through the Arab conquests of Syria and North Africa; the Holy Roman Empire and the Crusades; Ferdinand and Isabella and the Spanish Inquisition; the great sieges of Rhodes and Malta by the Sultan Süleyman the Magnificent; the pirates of the Barbary Coast and the Battle of Lepanto; Nelson and Napoleon; the Greek War of Independence and the Italian Risorgimento.

The story ends with the tragic Gallipoli campaign and the war in the desert which brought fame to the enigmatic T.E. Lawrence.

Introduction

Chapter 1. Beginnings

Chapter 2. Ancient Greece

Chapter 3. Rome: The Republic

Chapter 4. Rome: The Early Empire

Chapter 5. Islam

Chapter 6. Medieval Italy

Chapter 7. The Christian Counter-Attack

Chapter 8. The Two Diasporas

Chapter 9. Stupor Mundi

Chapter 10. The End of Outremer

Chapter 11. The Close of the Middle Ages

Chapter 12. The Fall of Constantinople

Chapter 13. The Catholic Kings and the Italian Adventure

Chapter 14. The King, the Emperor and the Sultan

Chapter 15. Barbary and the Barbarossas

Chapter 16. Malta and Cyprus

Chapter 17. Lepanto and the Spanish Conspiracy

Chapter 18. Crete and the Peloponnese

Chapter 19. The Wars of Succession

Chapter 20. The Siege of Gibraltar

Chapter 21. The Young Napoleon

Chapter 22. Neapolitan Interlude

Chapter 23. Egypt After Napoleon

Chapter 24. The Settlement of Europe

Chapter 25. Freedom for Greece

Chapter 26. Mohammed Ali and North Africa

Chapter 27. The Quarantotto

Chapter 28. Risorgimento

Chapter 29. The Queens and the Carlists

Chapter 30. Egypt and the Canal

Chapter 31. The Balkan Wars

Chapter 32. The Great War

Chapter 33. The Peace

Bibliography

Family Trees

Maps

FOOTNOTES

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