Two excellent guides to manuscript and printed sources for the sixteenth century are Peter Beal, A Dictionary of English Manuscript Terminology 1450– 2000 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008 ) and Ronald B. McKerrow, An Introduction to Bibliography for Literary Students, with an introduction by David McKitterick (Winchester: St Paul’s Bibliographies, 1994 ).
Manuscripts are cited by the call numbers in the relevant archive, record office or library. In citing manuscripts or printed books, the following abbreviations are used in the Notes and the Select bibliography.
APC Acts of the Privy Council of England, ed. J. R. Dasent et al., new series, 46 vols. (London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1890 – 1964 )
BL British Library, London
Bodleian Bodleian Library, Oxford
CP Cecil Papers, Hatfield House, Hertfordshire
CS Camden Society
CUL Cambridge University Library
f./ff. folio/s
MS /S Manuscript/s
NS New Style (the Gregorian calendar)
ODNB Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, ed. H. C. G.
Matthew and Brian Harrison, 60 vols. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004 )
OED Oxford English Dictionary
OS Old Style (the Julian calendar)
PCC Prerogative Court of Canterbury
PCRS Publications of the Catholic Record Society, London The Watchers
sig./sigs. signature/s
Statutes Statutes of the Realm, ed. A. Luders, T. E. Tomlins, J. Raithby et al., 11 vols. (London: George Eyre and Andrew Strahan, 1810 – 28 )
State Trials A Complete Collection of State Trials and Proceedings for High Treason, ed. William Cobbett, T. B. Howell et al., 42 vols. (London: R. Bagshaw et al., 1816 – 98 )
STC A Short-Title Catalogue of Books . . . 1475– 1640, ed. W.A. Jackson, F. S. Ferguson and Katharine F. Pantzer, 3 vols. (London: Bibliographical Society, 1986 – 91 )
Manuscripts preserved in the United Kingdom’s National Archives at Kew in London are quoted by the call number there in use. The descriptions of the classes referred to are as follows:
PROB 11 Prerogative Court of Canterbury, Registered Copy Wills
SP 12 State Papers, Domestic, Elizabeth I
SP 14 State Papers, Domestic, James I
SP 15 State Papers, Domestic, Addenda
SP 46 State Papers, Supplementary
SP 52 State Papers, Scotland, Elizabeth I
SP 53 State Papers, Mary Queen of Scots ( 1568 – 87 ) SP 59 State Papers, Border Papers
SP 63 State Papers, Ireland
SP 70 State Papers, Foreign, Elizabeth I ( 1558 – 77 ) SP 77 State Papers, Foreign, Flanders (from 1585 ) SP 78 Sate Papers, Foreign, France (from 1577 ) SP 81 State Papers, Foreign, Germany (States) (from 1577 ) SP 83 State Papers, Foreign, Holland and Flanders ( 1577 – 84 ) SP 84 StatePapers, Foreign, Holland (from 1585 ) SP 89 State Papers, Foreign, Portugal (from 1577 ) SP 94 State Papers, Foreign, Spain (from 1577 )
SP 97 State Papers, Foreign, Turkey (from 1577 ) SP 101 State Papers, Foreign, News Letters (from 1565 ) SP 106 State Papers, Foreign, Ciphers
Dates and Calendars
The best guide to dates and calendars is The Handbook of Dates, eds. C. R. Cheney and Michael Jones (Cambridge: Royal Historical Society, 2000 ). The paper corrected by Lord Burghley on John Dee’s investigation of the Gregorian calendar and the text of ‘The opinion of some godly learned mathematicians’ on whether New Style dating should be adopted in England are both from Bodleian, MS Don. c. 52 . See also a memorandum by Burghley, BL Lansdowne MS 39 f. 28 r–v. Thomas, Lord Paget’s letter to his mother, 2 / 12 Dec 1583 , is SP 12 / 164 / 5 .
A Secret History
Queen Elizabeth’s words to parliament on 19 Dec 1601 are from Hartley ( 1981 – 95 ), 281 . For descriptions of the ‘Ditchley’ portrait ( NPG 2561 ) and the ‘Armada’ portrait see Strong ( 1969 ), 1 : 104 – 7 , 111 , and Doran ( 2003 ), 230 – 32 . On emergency plans for Elizabeth’s government see Collinson ( 1994 a), Collinson ( 1994 b) and Alford ( 1998 ), 109 – 17 , app. 2 . John Florio’s definition of a spy and his work are from Florio ( 1598 ), 389 . The Geneva Bible of 1560 is STC 2093 , where Numbers 13 : 1 – 2 can be found on f. 67 r–v. ‘God is English’ is from [Aylmer] ( 1559 ), sig. P 4 v. On John Foxe and the account of Princess Elizabeth in Mary’s reign see Freeman ( 2003 ). On the work of the Queen’s secretary see Robert Beale’s paper from 1592 , BL Additional MS 48149 ff. 3 v– 9 v, printed in Read ( 1925 ), 1 : 423 – 43 . The reference to ‘The book of secret intelligences’, 1590 , is from a paper by Sir Francis Walsingham, SP 12 / 231 / 56 . On code and cipher in the sixteenth century see Richards ( 1974 ) and Higenbottam ( 1975 ), esp. ch. 10 . On couriers and postal systems in Europe see Allen ( 1972 ). The best analysis of Beale’s papers is, apart from the British Library’s catalogue of the Yelverton Manuscripts (London, 1994 ), Taviner ( 2000 ). On Beale and his career see Basing ( 1994 ), Taviner ( 2000 ), and Collinson ( 2011 ).
Chapter 1 : Ten Days in November
The Count of Feria’s embassy to Queen Mary’s court is from RodríguezSalgado and Adams ( 1984 ). The Act of Succession of 1544 ( 35 Henry VIII , c. 1 ) is printed in full in Statutes, 3 : 955 – 8 . See also Levine ( 1973 ) and Ives ( 2008 ). Mary’s position on the royal succession is discussed by Loades ( 1989 ). Princess Elizabeth was at Brocket Hall on 28 Oct 1558 , when she wrote to an unknown correspondent as ‘Your very loving friend Elizabeth’ ( BL Cotton MS Vespasian F.3 f. 27 r). On Elizabeth’s stay at Brocket Hall see Rodríguez-Salgado and Adams ( 1984 ), 338 note 7 . Sir William Cecil’s papers from the first hours and days of Elizabeth’s accession are SP 12 / 1 / 2 ( 17 Nov 1558 ); SP 12 / 1 / 3 ( 18 Nov 1558 ); and BL Cotton MS Caligula E. 5 f. 56 r. Cecil’s meeting with Princess Elizabeth at Somerset House in late Feb or early Mar 1558 is discussed by Alford ( 2008 ), 80 – 81 . Elizabeth’s first royal proclamation ( STC 7887 ) is printed in Hughes and Larkin ( 1964 – 9 ), 2 : 99 – 100 . Cecil’s draft of the Privy Council oath is SP 12 / 1 / 2 . Elizabeth’s words to Cecil and to her nobility are from SP 12 / 1 / 7 , printed in Marcus, Mueller and Rose ( 2000 ), 51 – 2 . The suggestion of Elizabeth’s assassination in Mary’s reign is from Gardiner ( 1975 ), 33 , 35 , but should be read in the light of Freeman ( 2003 ). Elizabeth’s speech on finding ‘treason in trust’, 12 Nov 1586 , is [Cecil] ( 1586 ), 15 . See also Hartley ( 1981 – 95 ), 2 : 248 – 60 . Elizabeth’s poems, the first probably from 1554 – 5 and the second from about 1565 , are printed in Marcus, Mueller and Rose ( 2000 ), 46 , 132 .
Chapter 2 : The Lion’s Mouth
The Act of Supremacy ( 1 Elizabeth I, c. 1 ) and Act of Uniformity ( 1 Elizabeth, c. 2 ) are printed in Statutes, 4 : 350 – 58 . On the parliament of 1559 see Cross ( 1969 ) and Hartley ( 1981 – 95 ), 1 : 1 – 51 . The paper on fugitives in Louvain, 1571 , is SP 15 / 20 / 44 . The spy who prepared the catalogue of the English Catholic émigré community in France and Italy in 1579 was Charles Sledd: see ch. 4 below. Deteriorating Anglo–Spanish relations in the 1560 s are discussed by Parker ( 1998 ), ch. 5 . On Sir William Cecil’s policy paper of 1569 see Alford ( 1998 ), 182 – 5 . On Pope Pius V’s bull Regnans in excelsis ( 1570 ) see Pollen ( 1920 ), ch. 5 , Meyer ( 1967 ), ch. 5 , and Miola ( 2007 ), 486 – 8 . The Treasons Act, 1571 ( 13 Elizabeth I, c. 1 ) is printed in Statutes, 4 : 526 – 8 . See also Bellamy ( 1979 ), 62 – 72 . The Act for Surety of the Queen’s Person, 1585 ( 27 Elizabeth I, c. 1 ) is printed in Statutes, 4 : 704 – 5 . Charles Bailly’s inscription and its translation are from Edwards ( 1968 ), 29 , and Harrison ( 2004 ). A fourme of common prayer, 27 Oct 1572 , is Jugge ( 1572 ). On the massacre in Paris see Carroll ( 2009 ), ch. 8 , and on the city and its people Diefendorf ( 1991 ), ch. 1 . The letters by Lord Burghley and the Earl of Leicester, both of them to Francis Walsingham, 11 Sep 1572 , are BL Cotton MS Vespasian F.6 ff. 148 r–v, 149 r. Timothy Bright’s account of Walsingham’s sheltering of Protestants during the massacre is from Foxe ( 1589 ). See also Read ( 1925 ), 1 : 219 – 30 , and Digges ( 1655 ), 235 – 40 . Walsingham’s portrait of c. 1585 , attributed to John De Critz the Elder, is in the National Portrait Gallery, London ( NPG 1807 ): see Strong ( 1969 ), 1 : 320 – 32 . Walsingham wrote that ‘there is less danger in fearing too much than too little’ in a letter to Sir William Cecil, 20 Dec 1568 , SP 12 / 48 / 61 . ‘A prayer to be delivered from our enemies’ is from Jugge ( 1572 ), sig. B 1 v.
Chapter 3 : English Roman Lives
Anthony Munday described his journey to France and Italy in his dedicatory letter to Munday ( 1579 ), [Munday] ( 1582 a), sigs. C 7 v–D 1 v, and Munday ( 1980 ), 5 – 17 . On the identity used by Anthony Munday at the English College see Kenny ( 1961 – 2 ) and Munday ( 1980 ), 20 . The best introductions to Elizabethan London and Westminster are by Norden ( 1593 ), Stow ( 1908 ), Prockter and Taylor ( 1979 ), Lobel and Johns ( 1989 ), Orlin ( 2000 ), Saunders and Schofield ( 2001 ), and Schofield ( 2003 ). On Paul’s Churchyard see Blayney ( 1990 ) and Blayney ( 2000 ). On Munday’s early life see Turner ( 1928 ), Thompson ( 1941 ), Wright ( 1959 ), the introduction to Munday ( 1980 ), and ODNB . Munday’s description of Rome as ‘Hell itself’ is from Munday ( 1980 ), 21 . His arrival at the English College is in Munday ( 1980 ), 22 – 31 . Robert Persons wrote of Munday and Nowell, though without using their names, in a letter to William Goode, printed in Munday ( 1980 ), 108 . Munday recounted his conversation with the priest in the garden of the college in The English Roman Life, Munday ( 1980 ), 23 – 5 . The story of Jezebel is from the Old Testament, 2 Kings 9 : 30 – 7 . Persons’s treasonous talk is from [Munday] ( 1582 a), sigs. D 3 v–D 4 r, and that of Munday’s fellow students, sigs. D 2 r–v, D 5 r–v. Munday described his friendship with Luke Kirby in [Munday] ( 1582 c), sig. C 1 v. The physical description of Kirby is from Talbot ( 1961 ), 209 . See also [Allen] ( 1582 ), sig. B 2 v. The routine of life in the English College, including its punishments, is from Munday ( 1980 ), 35 – 44 . The Elizabethan account of the Spanish inquisition is González de Montes ( 1569 ). The account of the Roman Carnival is from Munday ( 1980 ), 95 – 9 . Munday described the churches of Rome in Munday ( 1980 ), 45 – 59 . On the politics of the Hospital and English College see Munday ( 1980 ), 79 – 94 , Kenny ( 1961 – 2 ), Schofield ( 2002 ), and Kenny ( 2005 ). Munday’s account of the scholars’ audience with Pope Gregory XIII is Munday ( 1980 ), 91 – 3 . William Allen’s defence of the English colleges in Rome and Rheims is [Allen] ( 1581 ), quotations at f. 14 and f. 110 . Munday’s verses on Rome, 1581 , are from Munday [ 1581 a].
Chapter 4 : ‘Judas his parts’
For Anthony Munday’s journey from Rome to England see Kenny ( 1961 – 2 ). Kenny noticed the significance of Knox ( 1878 ), 154 , which records the arrival at Rheims of a priest, Askew, with one ‘Antonius’, who left for England a few days later. See Munday ( 1980 ), xxi–xxii, and the introductory dedication of Munday ( 1579 ). According to ‘A general discourse of the Pope’s Holiness’s devices’ by Charles Sledd, Sledd arrived in Rome on 5 July 1579 . Sledd’s ‘Discourse’ is BL Additional MS 48029 ff. 122 r– 142 r, Talbot ( 1961 ), 193 – 245 . BL Additional MS 48029 is either the original manuscript or close to it. Written in a quire of French paper probably of the 1570 s, it may be in Sledd’s handwriting, though there is no reliable sample of his hand to compare the manuscript to. Robert Beale, a clerk of the Privy Council from 1572 to 1601 , gave Sledd’s ‘Discourse’ the title ‘Priests and seminaries beyond the seas’. There is a fair copy of it in Beale’s papers, BL Additional MS 48023 ff. 94 r– 109 v. Sledd’s narrative for 5 July 1579 to 4 Apr 1580 , upon which much of this chapter is based, is BL Additional MS 48029 ff. 132 r– 140 r, Talbot ( 1961 ), 214 – 41 . William Allen’s reference to ‘these Judas his parts’ is from [Allen] ( 1582 ), sigs. b 1 v–b 2 r. Robert Barret was himself a well-travelled spy who in Jan 1581 wrote for Sir Henry Radcliffe an account of his years abroad, SP 12 / 147 / 38 , SP 12 / 147 / 39 , SP 12 / 147 / 40 , and SP 12 / 147 / 41 . In about 1571 , probably at the age of eighteen, he was apprenticed to Henry Smith, a merchant adventurer, who lived in the parish of St Mary le Bow in London. Smith died some time before May 1573 , when probate was granted on his will. Barret was taken on by Smith’s cousin Philip Smith, a haberdasher, but his apprenticeship was claimed by the Girdlers’ Company, and he was placed instead with one Richard Cobbe, whom he later served in Hamburg, Lübeck and Flanders. If Sledd and Barret knew each other in London, it may suggest that Sledd too was a merchant’s apprentice. See the will of Henry Smith, PROB 11 / 55 PCC Peter, and SP 12 / 147 / 41 . On William Allen, the English College, the mission to England and the Jesuits see Knox ( 1882 ), Ryan ( 1911 ), Meyer ( 1967 ), ch. 2 , Carrafiello ( 1994 ), McCoog ( 1996 ), chs. 3 , 4 , Duffy ( 2002 ), and Kenny ( 2005 ). On Sledd’s supposed ‘invention’ of the conspiracy at Nicholas Morton’s house see [Allen] ( 1582 ), sig. b 1 r–v. Sledd’s physical descriptions of Gabriel Allen, Thomas Cottam, Humphrey Ely, Robert Johnson, Henry Orton and John Pascall are from BL Additional MS 48029 ff. 127 r– 128 r, Talbot ( 1961 ), 207 – 9 . On the journey from Rome to France see Bossy ( 1964 ) and more generally Bates ( 1987 ). Sledd’s narrative of his time in Paris and Rheims, Apr and May 1580 , is BL Additional MS 48029 ff. 140 r– 141 v, Talbot ( 1961 ), 241 – 5 .
Chapter 5 : Paris and London
William Parry’s letter to Lord Burghley, 23 May 1577 , is BL Lansdowne MS 25 ff. 125 r– 126 r. On Parry’s life and career see Hicks ( 1948 ). Parry’s letter to Burghley, 7 Apr 1580 , is BL Lansdowne MS 31 ff. 2 r–v, 3 v, and his letter to Lord Burghley from Paris, 1 May 1580 , is BL Lansdowne MS 31 ff. 6 r– 7 v. Sledd’s activities in London, 14 – 26 May 1580 , are from BL Additional MS 48029 f. 141 v, Talbot ( 1961 ), 244 – 5 . For Parry’s intelligence of June 1580 see his letters to Burghley of 4 June 1580 ( SP 15 / 27 B/ 17 ), 15 June 1580 ( BL Additional MS 34079 f. 15 r), and 30 June 1580 ( CP 161 / 150 ). For two reports on the fate of Sir James Fitzmaurice’s soldiers see the report to Sir Francis Walsingham, [ 11 ] Nov 1580 , SP 63 / 78 / 27 , and Lord Grey’s letter to the queen, 12 Nov 1580 , SP 63 / 78 / 29 . Sir Henry Radcliffe’s report of activities on the coast of Spain, 10 July 1580 , is SP 12 / 140 / 10 . The key letter from Nicholas Sander to William Allen was that of 6 Nov 1577 , of which there are two official copies, SP 12 / 118 / 13 , and (in the papers of Robert Beale) BL Additional MS 48029 f. 50 r. For the context of the letter see Pollen ( 1891 ), Veech ( 1935 ), ch. 5 , and ODNB . Lord Burghley’s draft proclamation suppressing rumours of invasion, 15 July 1580 , is SP 12 / 140 / 18 , Hughes and Larkin ( 1964 – 9 ), 2 : 469 – 71 . On the mission to England of Edmund Campion and Robert Persons see Simpson ( 1896 ), Pollen ( 1906 ), Hicks ( 1942 ), McCoog ( 1996 ), ch. 4 , and McCoog ( 2007 ).
Chapter 6 : Hunting Edmund Campion
The Marshalsea prison is described in Harrison ( 2000 ), 118 . On John Hart see Anstruther ( 1969 ), 153 – 5 , and Harrison ( 2000 ), 193 – 4 . On the movements of Campion and Persons and the objectives of their mission see Pollen ( 1906 ), Pollen ( 1920 ), ch. 9 , Hicks ( 1942 ), Meyer ( 1967 ), ch. 2 , Clanchy ( 1988 ), Carrafiello ( 1994 ), McCoog ( 1996 ), McCoog ( 2001 ) and Bossy ( 2007 ). Campion’s letter to the Privy Council is printed in Miola ( 2007 ), 64 – 6 , Charke ( 1580 ) and Hanmer ( 1581 ). On Stephen Brinkley’s secret printing press see Pollen ( 1906 ), 182 , Hicks ( 1942 ), Southern ( 1950 ), 355 , and Bennett ( 1965 ), 114 – 21 . The dates of imprisonment in the Tower for Thomas Cottam, Robert Johnson, Luke Kirby, Henry Orton and Ralph Sherwin can be found in the Tower bills printed by Harrison ( 2000 ), 87 – 100 . On the Tower of London in Elizabeth’s reign see Stow ( 1908 ), 1 : 59 , and Keay ( 2001 ), 57 , 59 . For the Tower inscriptions see Harrison ( 2004 ), 475 – 500 . The answers of Ralph Sherwin to the interrogatories put to him on 12 Nov 1580 are printed in Barker ( 1582 ), sig. C 1 v. On Sherwin see Anstruther ( 1969 ), 311 – 13 . John Hart’s statement of 31 Dec 1580 is SP 12 / 144 / 64 . For the faculties granted to Persons and Campion by the Pope see Meyer ( 1967 ), 138 – 43 , 486 – 8 . Hart’s statement of 31 Dec 1580 was used by Lord Burghley in his defence of the government’s prosecution of the priests as traitors, The Execution of Justice ( 1583 – 4 ): see Kingdon ( 1965 ), 17 – 19 . For a description of the rack and other forms of torture and punishment used in the Tower of London see Harrison ( 2000 ), 123 – 30 . For an Elizabethan account of the Spanish inquisition see González de Montes ( 1569 ), sigs. G 2 r–G 3 r, and Kamen ( 1997 ). On Thomas Norton and torture see [Allen] ( 1582 ), sigs. b 2 r–b 4 v, c4 v–c 5 v; Thomas Norton to Sir Francis Walsingham, 27 Mar 82 , SP 12 / 152 / 72 ; Kingdon ( 1965 ), 44 – 50 ( STC 4901 ); and Graves ( 1994 ), ch. 8 . William Allen’s account of the exchange between John Hart and Thomas Norton is from [Allen] ( 1582 ), sig. b 4 v. To Elizabeth’s government torture was necessary in the defence of the realm. In English law torture played no part in the prosecution of crimes, as it did in many countries in Europe that used the code of Roman law. The burden of proof in a Roman law trial was very high, demanding for a conviction either the sworn evidence of two eyewitnesses or the confession of the defendant. This confession could be extracted by torture carried out according to precise and formal rules. English common law demanded nothing like this quality of evidence, and so torture was unnecessary. The torture of prisoners in the Tower of London were acts of state protected by the royal prerogative, those powers of a monarch blessed and ordained by God but not limited by law. If torture was thought to be necessary the instruction came from the crown, mediated through Elizabeth’s Privy Council. Elizabeth did not have a prerogative power to torture her subjects as such, but the royal prerogative did allow the queen and her Council to bypass the ordinary processes of the law. The object of threatening a prisoner with torture, or of putting him on the rack and breaking his body if he refused to talk, was simply to discover information. There was no need to force a confession from the prisoner or to make him acknowledge his wrongdoing. This was exploratory torture; the guilt of the man strapped to the rack was already assumed. The official position was that only the guilty were tortured, as Thomas Norton made clear, the innocent left unmolested. Equally, there were no rules, merely methods and conventions which grew up over time, like how a warrant for torture was phrased, who carried it to the lieutenant of the Tower and who should attend the racking chamber. See [Norton] ( 1583 ), Jardine ( 1837 ), Langbein ( 1977 ), esp. 129 – 30 , Heath ( 1982 ), chs. 4 – 6 , and Hansen ( 1991 ). The most powerful Catholic statement of persecution is [Allen] ( 1582 ). The allegations made against William Pittes, probably of late Feb 1581 , are SP 12 / 147 / 74 . On Elizabethan Catholics who were in prison for recusancy see McGrath and Rowe ( 1991 ). The quotation by Charke is from Charke ( 1580 ), sigs. A 2 v–A 3 r, and that of Hanmer is Hanmer ( 1581 ), sigs. F 1 v–F 2 r. The royal proclamation of 10 Jan 1581 is Hughes and Larkin ( 1964 – 9 ), 2 : 481 – 4 , quotation at 481 – 2 ( STC 8127 ). The Act to Retain the Queen’s Majesty’s Subjects in Due Obedience ( 23 Elizabeth I, c. 1 ), which made it treason to reconcile Elizabeth’s subjects to the Catholic Church, is printed in Statutes, 4 : 657 – 8 . Campion’s letter of 1580 to the general of the Society of Jesus, Everard Mercurian, is from [Allen] ( 1582 ), sigs. e 5 r–e 7 r (quotation at sig. e 6 r), printed in Miola ( 2007 ), 131 – 5 (quotation at 133 ). On Campion’s Ten Reasons ( Rationes Decem, STC 4536.5 ) see Campion ( 1632 ), Campion ( 1914 ), Simpson ( 1896 ), 299 – 306 , and Southern ( 1950 ), 356 – 8 . For official answers to Rationes Decem see Milward ( 1978 ), 57 – 8 . Robert Persons’s letter to the rector of the English College in Rome, Alphonsus Agazzari, 16 June 1581 , is printed in Hicks ( 1942 ), 68 – 9 , Edwards ( 1995 ), 50 . Maliverey Catilyn’s report to Walsingham,1581 , is SP 12 / 151 / 5 . Stokes Bay is in the Solent near Gosport, between Lee Point and Gilkicker Point. On John Adams and the other priest brought into England, John Chapman, see Anstruther ( 1969 ), 1 – 2 , 72 – 3 , who notes that Cox the merchant had a sister in Gloucestershire who stored Campion’s books and burned all the heretical ones. For a study of Catholic families who sheltered Catholic priests see McGrath and Rowe ( 1988 – 9 ). Campion’s movements in July 1581 are from Simpson ( 1896 ), 311 – 13 . The journey of David Jenkins and George Eliot to Lyford is from [Munday] ( 1582 b), sig. B 4 v. On John Payne see Harrison ( 2000 ), 208 – 9 . For George Eliot’s submission to the Earl of Leicester see BL Lansdowne MS 33 ff. 145 r– 149 r. On 5 Mar 1581 William Herle wrote to Edmund Cornwall ‘that there is about Jesuits and papists at London seven books sowed of late’ ( SP 12 / 148 / 13 , quotation at f. 54 v). The story of Campion’s capture at Lyford Grange was vigorously contested in 1581 and 1582 . The first account was by Anthony Munday, writing simply and anonymously as A. M., in July 1581 , which was followed a few months later (probably between Aug and Nov 1581 ) by George Eliot’s narrative: [Munday] ( 1581 b) and Eliot ( 1581 ). Most but not all of Eliot’s first narrative is printed in Harrison ( 2000 ), 101 – 10 . The account later given by Eliot and Munday together, when both men had been attacked in print by Catholic writers, is [Munday] ( 1582 b), which seems to have been written in Mar or Apr 1582 . There are modern accounts of Campion’s arrest in Simpson ( 1896 ), 307 – 23 , and Reynolds ( 1980 ), 118 – 20 . On the plan of Jenkins and Eliot to go to Lyford Grange see Eliot ( 1581 ), sigs. B 1 r–B 2 v. Eliot’s account of Campion’s sermon is from Eliot ( 1581 ), sig. B 2 v–B 3 v. The moment of Campion’s discovery by Jenkins is Eliot ( 1581 ), sigs. C 1 r–C 2 r. On priest-holes generally see Fea ( 1901 ). Hodgetts ( 1989 ), 13 discusses the priest-hole at Lyford Grange. For Robert Persons’s account of Campion’s entry into London see Hicks ( 1942 ), 91 – 3 . Richard Jones’s licence for a pamphlet on the capture of Campion can be found in Arber ( 1875 – 94 ), 2 : 397 . The reference to William Wright’s shop is from [Munday] ( 1581 c). The description of Campion’s story as a ‘marvellous tragedy’ is from [Allen] ( 1582 ), sig. e 1 r. Eliot’s account of what Campion said to him between Lyford Grange and the Tower is from Eliot ( 1581 ), sig. D 1 r. Eliot hinted at the danger to his life in Eliot ( 1581 ), sig. D 1 r–v. Allen’s account of Campion’s words to Eliot is [Allen] ( 1582 ), sig. d 5 v.
Chapter 7 : Out of the Shadows
The best accounts of the prisoners in the Tower in 1581 are Harrison ( 2000 ) and Harrison ( 2004 ). John Collerton’s inscription in the Beauchamp Tower is from Harrison ( 2004 ), 480 . For William Filby’s dream see Eliot ( 1581 ), sig. C 3 r, and [Allen] ( 1582 ), sig. d 5 v. The only trustworthy account of Edmund Campion’s examination at York House on 26 July 1581 is Colthorpe ( 1985 ). The Privy Council’s instructions to Sir Owen Hopton, Doctor John Hammond, Robert Beale and Thomas Norton on how to go about questioning Campion, 30 July 1581 , can be found in APC , 1581– 2, 144 – 5 . The texts on loyalty to Elizabeth came from Sander ( 1571 ) and Bristow ( 1574 ), the latter known popularly as ‘Bristow’s Motives’. On both these books see Holmes ( 1982 ) and Veech ( 1935 ). The account of Campion’s examination is in Barker ( 1582 ), sigs. B 4 r–v. A hostile critique of the Jesuits’ and seminary priests’ technique of answering questions about their loyalty to the queen is [Munday] ( 1582 a), sig. E 4 r–v. On Campion’s examination of 1 Aug 1581 see Barker ( 1582 ), sigs. B 1 r–B 4 v, and Simpson ( 1896 ). See also Sander ( 1571 ) and Bristow ( 1574 ). Campion’s admissions under interrogation are set out by Simpson ( 1896 ), 342 – 3 . A summary paper of Campion’s confessions on the Catholic families who had sheltered him, annotated by Lord Burghley, is BL Lansdowne MS 30 ff. 201 r– 202 r. See also Harrison ( 2000 ), 45 . The four associates of Stephen Brinkley arrested with him and sent to the Tower were John Harris, John Hervey, John Tucker and John Compton, along with John Stonor and William Hartley: Southern ( 1950 ), 355 – 6 , and Harrison ( 2004 ), 236 – 7 . The Privy Council’s letter to Sir Owen Hopton, Doctor John Hammond, Robert Beale and Thomas Norton, 14 Aug 1581 , is APC , 1581– 2, 171 – 2 . See Harrison ( 2000 ), 45 , for the claim by John Hart that Campion was tortured on 31 Aug 1581 . The official account of the first disputation between Campion and his opponents is Nowell, Day and Field ( 1583 ), sigs. C 1 r–F 2 v. On the disputations in Sep 1581 see Nowell, Day and Field ( 1583 ), Miola ( 2007 ), 67 – 71 , and Thomas Norton to Lord Burghley, London, 30 Sep 81 , BL Lansdowne MS 33 f. 150 r. The best modern account of the disputations is Holleran ( 1999 ), to be read in the light of McCoog ( 2000 ). The Privy Council’s letter to the commissioners in the Tower of London instructing them to torture and question Campion and other prisoners, 29 Oct 1581 , as well as the record of the appearances before the Council of recusant families who had sheltered Campion, are in APC , 1581– 2, 249 . John Hart’s reference to Campion’s torture on 31 Oct 1581 is in Harrison ( 2000 ), 47 . The account of the Star Chamber proceedings against William, Lord Vaux of Harrowden, Sir Thomas Tresham and the other habourers of Campion, 15 Nov 1581 , is from Petti ( 1968 ), 5 – 9 , quotations at 6 . On Campion, Vaux, and Tresham see BL Lansdowne MS 30 ff. 201 r– 202 r. See also Hodgetts ( 1989 ), ch. 1 . The priests tried with Campion were James Bosgrave, Thomas Cottam, Luke Kirby, Edward Rishton and Ralph Sherwin and the layman Henry Orton. For the indictments of Campion and other prisoners in the Tower of London see BL Lansdowne MS 33 f. 156 r, [Munday] ( 1582 a), sigs. B 1 r–B 2 r, State Trials, 1 : 1049 , Simpson ( 1896 ), 393 – 4 , and Holleran ( 1999 ), 208 . William Allen’s description of Campion’s trial as ‘The most pitiful practice’ is [Allen] ( 1582 ), sig. a 6 v. Printed accounts of Campion’s trial can be found in Munday ( 1582 a), [Allen] ( 1582 ), sigs. a 4 v–b 2 r, State Trials, 1 : 1049 – 72 , and Simpson ( 1896 ). Campion’s words ‘come rack, come rope’, which are not recorded by Anthony Munday or William Allen, are from the account of the trial in State Trials, 1 : 1062 . The claim that Thomas Norton read Sledd’s dossier during the trial of Campion and the other priests is by William Allen: ‘One notable trick Norton and he [Sir Owen Hopton] played together at this arraignment, [was] when Norton read the book at the bar which was pretended to be Sledd’s, and Sledd sworne to the evidence.’ [Allen] ( 1582 ), sigs. b 1 r–b 2 v. Anthony Munday described Sledd’s ‘Discourse’ very accurately but he did not say whether it was read out in court: ‘Charles Sledd, who sometime served Master Doctor Morton in Rome, in whose house there was many matters determined, both by Doctor Allen when he came to Rome, and divers other doctors living there in the city, as also divers of the seminary: he likewise understood of the provision for the great day, that it was generally spoken of among the Englishmen, and to be more certain, he kept a journal or book of their daily dealings, noting the day, time, place, and persons, present at their secret conferences, and very much matter hath he justified against them.’ [Munday] ( 1582 a), sig. E 3 r. Sledd’s ‘Discourse’ ( BL Additional MS 48029 ) was altered in a number of ways. The name of the gentleman ‘appertaining to Sir Francis Walsingham’ (f. 126 r) has been heavily inked out. The same is true of a name or names in the entry on Robert Persons (f. 128 r). The three additions are the name of Edmund Campion (f. 128 r) and the word ‘paymaster’ written twice next to each of the names of John Pascall and Robert Terrill. All additions to the dossier appear to be in the same handwriting. Talbot ( 1961 ), 203 , 209 missed all of these alterations except for the adding of Campion’s name. On the characters of George Eliot, Anthony Munday and Charles Sledd see [Allen] ( 1582 ), sigs. a 4 v–b 2 v, and [Alfield] ( 1582 ), sigs. D 1 v, D4 v–E 1 v, E3 v. The reference to George Eliot as ‘Eliot Iscariot’ is from SP 12 / 150 / 67 , a letter written by an unidentified Jesuit and intercepted by Elizabeth’s government. A supposedly eyewitness account of the executions of Alexander Briant, Edmund Campion, and Ralph Sherwin is [Alfield] ( 1582 ), but see also [Allen] ( 1582 ). Anthony Munday offered his own narrative of the executions: Munday ( 1582 b), sigs. C 6 r–D 3 r. Munday’s verse is from Munday ( 1582 b), sig. D 8 r. Alfield’s verse is from [Alfield] ( 1582 ), sig. E 2 r. William Allen’s account of Munday’s presence at Tyburn on 1 Dec 1581 is [Allen] ( 1582 ), sigs. C 1 v–C 2 r. John Hart’s letter to Walsingham, 1 Dec 1581 , is SP 12 / 150 / 80 . The case of Oliver Pluckytt is set out in Sir William Fleetwood’s letter to Lord Burghley, 13 Jan 1582 , BL Lansdowne MS 33 f. 153 r–v. The true identity of Robert Wood (or Robert Woodward, or Robert Barnard, or simply Barnard) is very hard to be sure of. Charles Sledd wrote in his dossier of ‘Robert Wood, servant to Nicholas Wendon, he is minded for to come for England shortly as himself said to me’ ( BL Additional MS 48029 f. 124 r). In SP 12 / 151 / 23 , which is a report probably from 1581 , probably this same man signed himself Robert Bernard. BL Additional MS 48023 (ff. 110 v– 111 r) is a copy of one of the reports, with a precise facsimile of Barnard’s monogram. The copyist has written ‘Robert Woodward’ next to the monogram. Of course the copyist may have been wrong, and yet (a) the name Robert Woodward is close to Robert Wood of Charles Sledd’s intelligence; (b) Sledd’s Robert Wood was, like the author of the reports in question, once a servant to Nicholas Wendon; and (c) in May 1582 ( SP 12 / 153 / 41 ) the author of the report called Sledd ‘his very loving friend’ (this last point is the weakest). The letter of Barnard to Walsingham of late Nov 1581 , SP 12 / 155 / 96 , concerns Doctor Henshaw, Jasper Heywood, and William Holt. Heywood and Holt, both of whom were Jesuits, arrived at Newcastle upon Tyne in June 1581 , from where they travelled to London and on to meet Robert Persons at Harrow. After this meeting the two Jesuits separated but met again in Staffordshire, as Barnard reported to Walsingham. See McCoog ( 1996 ), 160 – 62 . The report by Barnard to Walsingham on 5 Jan 1582 is SP 12 / 147 / 2 . Barnard’s career is discussed (though with a few errors of detail) by Read ( 1925 ), 2 : 322 – 5 , 335 , 337 . The proclamation declaring Jesuit and non-returning seminary priests traitors ( STC 8135 ), 1 Apr 1582 , is printed in Hughes and Larkin ( 1964 – 9 ), 2 : 488 – 91 . Thomas Norton’s letter to Walsingham about torture, 27 Mar 1582 , is SP 12 / 152 / 72 . His pamphlet on the torture commissions, [Norton] ( 1583 ), is printed in Kingdon ( 1965 ), 44 – 50 . The information on books is from Richard Topclyffe’s record of the interrogations of William Dean and Edward Osberne, SP 12 / 152 / 54 . Barnard’s report of 19 Apr 1582 is SP 12 / 153 / 14 , that to Walsingham of 5 May 1582 , SP 12 / 153 / 38 . Barnard’s letter to Charles Sledd, 10 May 1582 , is SP 12 / 153 / 41 . Barnard’s report to Walsingham, 29 May 1582 , is SP 12 / 153 / 68 .
Chapter 8 : ‘Sundry wicked plots and means’
On the numbers of priests in England and their punishments and for Campion’s ‘holy rib’ see Eamon Duffy’s biography of William Allen in ODNB . Lord Burghley’s description of the seminary priests is from Kingdon ( 1965 ), 40 . Allen’s words on the mission (‘This is the way’) are from [Allen] ( 1581 ), f. 110 . The outstanding life of Mary Queen of Scots is Guy ( 2004 ). On the Ridolfi Plot and its influence on parliament see Edwards ( 1968 ), Alford ( 2008 ), chs. 12 , 13 , and Hartley ( 1981 – 95 ), 1 : 270 – 418 . Two texts survive of Robert Beale’s paper on the implications of the massacre in Paris, 1572 : Beale’s draft is BL Additional MS 48049 ff. 340 r– 357 v; the fair copy is BL Cotton MS Titus F.3 ff. 302 r– 308 v. On Beale’s career Taviner ( 2000 ) is essential. On the Jesuit proposals for the conversion of Scotland see McCoog ( 1996 ), ch. 5 . On the Duke of Guise and prospects for the liberation of Mary Queen of Scots and the invasion of England see Carroll ( 2009 ), ch. 10 . On the carrying of pistols see the act of 1542 concerning crossbows and handguns ( 33 Henry VIII , c. 6 ), printed in Statutes, 3 : 832 – 5 . The Elizabethan proclamations of 1559 and 1579 are in Hughes and Larkin ( 1964 – 9 ), 2 : 116 , 442 – 5 . A proclamation published in December 1594 restricted even further the carrying of dags: Hughes and Larkin ( 1964 – 9 ), 3 : 141 – 2 . The honest traveller with the case of dags at his saddle-bow is from Harrison ( 1968 ), 238 . John Doyly’s examination of ‘divers persons’ who heard John Somerville’s words spoken against the Queen, [? 25 – 26 October 1583 ] , is SP 12 / 163 / 23 . The Treasons Act of 1571 ( 13 Elizabeth I, c. 1 ), the statute by which Somerville was tried, made it treason to ‘compass, imagine, invent, devise or intend the death or destruction or any bodily harm tending to death, destruction, maim or wounding of the royal person’ of the queen by ‘speech, words or sayings’. See also Bellamy ( 1979 ), 76 . Other key documents in the Somerville case are: Somerville’s examination, 28 Oct 1583 , SP 12 / 163 / 21 , SP 12 / 163 / 22 ; Somerville’s further examination, 31 Oct 1583 , SP 12 / 163 / 26 , SP 12 / 163 / 28 ; Somerville’s confession, after 31 Oct 1583 , SP 12 / 163 / 4 ; Walsingham’s ‘Resolution touching the prisoners’, SP 12 / 163 / 49 ; papers drawn up for the examination of Somerville’s wife, family, and servants, SP 12 / 163 / 47 , SP 12 / 163 / 48 ; John Popham to Walsingham, 7 Nov 1583 , SP 12 / 163 / 53 ; Thomas Wylkes to Burghley, the Earl of Leicester, and Walsingham, 7 Nov 1583 , SP 12 / 163 / 55 ; Wylkes to Walsingham, 7 Nov 1583 , SP 12 / 163 / 54 ; and William Thacker’s examination by Francis Mylles and Morrys Pykeryng, 21 Nov 1583 , SP 12 / 163 / 70 . The report on the friar in Dunkirk, [?Nov 1584 ], is SP 12 / 173 / 104 . The Instrument of an Association, 19 Oct 1584 , is SP 12 / 174 / 10 . An exact facsimile of Mary Queen of Scots’s subscription to the Association, 5 Jan 1585 , in the possession of Robert Beale is BL Additional MS 48027 f. 249 r. On the Association, its context and its consequences see Cressy ( 1982 ), Collinson ( 1994 a), Collinson ( 1994 b), and Alford ( 2008 ), 256 – 7 . Debates on the bill on the queen’s surety (or safety) are to be found in Hartley ( 1981 – 95 ), 2 : 67 – 193 . The Act for Surety of the Queen’s Person, 1585 ( 27 Elizabeth I, c. 1 ) is printed in Statutes, 4 : 704 – 5 . Burghley’s words on the queen’s safety are from SP 12 / 176 / 30 . See, once again, Collinson ( 1994 a) and Collinson ( 1994 b).
Chapter 9 : The Secret Lives of William Parry
William Parry to Lord Burghley, 30 June 1580 , is CP 161 / 150 . Sir Henry Cobham to Lord Burghley, 7 July 1580 , is CP 11 / 52 . Parry to Burghley, 20 July 1580 , is SP 15 / 27 B/ 25 . Parry to Burghley, 30 July 1580 , is BL Lansdowne MS 31 ff. 18 r–v, 19 v. Parry to Burghley, 30 July 1580 , is SP 15 / 27 B/ 27 . Parry to Burghley, 11 Sep 1581 , is BL Lansdowne MS 31 ff. 26 r– 27 r. Parry’s paper on the indictment against him is BL Lansdowne MS 31 f. 123 r–v. The evidence against Parry in the case of Hugh Hare, with Parry’s remarks upon it, is BL Lansdowne MS 43 ff. 124 r– 126 r. Elizabeth, Lady Russell to Burghley, 8 Nov 1581 , is BL Lansdowne MS 33 f. 203 r. Parry’s petition to Elizabeth’s Privy Council, 17 Dec 1581 , is SP 12 / 150 / 86 . Parry to Burghley, 28 Jan 1582 , is BL Lansdowne MS 34 ff. 41 r– 43 v. On Parry’s journey to Paris and Lyons see Hicks ( 1948 ), 346 . Parry to Burghley, 18 / 28 Jan 1583 , is BL Lansdowne MS 40 ff. 55 r–v, 56 v. On Robert Persons and De Persecutione Anglicana ( An epistle of the persecution) see Milward ( 1978 ), nos. 236 , 237 , and Edwards ( 1995 ), 67 . Parry to Burghley, 22 Feb/ 4 Mar 1583 , is BL Lansdowne MS 37 ff. 68 r– 69 r. Parry to Burghley, 28 Feb/ 10 Mar 1583 , is BL Lansdowne MS 37 ff. 70 r–v, 71 v. On John Bradley in Venice and his knowledge of Parry, c. Nov 1583 , see SP 12 / 163 / 93 . The text of Campeggio’s letter to the Cardinal of Como, 2 / 12 Mar 1583 , is from Hicks ( 1948 ), 347 – 9 . Thomas Phelippes to Sir Francis Walsingham, Bourges, 19 July 1582 , is SP 15 / 27 A/ 99 . On Phelippes’s stay in Bourges, see Sir Henry Cobham to Walsingham, 16 July 1582 , SP 78 / 7 / 130 ; and Cobham to Walsingham, 26 July 1582 , SP 78 / 7 / 141 . Phelippes to Walsingham, 13 Mar 1583 , is SP 15 / 28 / 8 . Parry to Burghley, 30 Apr/ 10 May 1583 , is BL Lansdowne MS 39 ff. 128 r– 129 r; Parry to Walsingham, 30 Apr/ 10 May 1583 , is SP 78 / 9 / 103 . Parry’s reference to the danger of his letters going astray is Parry to Walsingham, 17 / 27 June 1583 , SP 78 / 9 / 132 . The letter of the gentleman of Venice is BL Lansdowne MS 38 ff. 145 r– 146 v, with Parry’s comment at f. 146 v. Parry to Burghley, 8 / 18 June 1583 , is BL Lansdowne MS 39 f. 138 r. See also Parry to Walsingham, 17 / 27 June 1583 , SP 78 / 9 / 132 . On Salamon Aldred see Hicks ( 1945 ). The reference to Aldred by Barnard, 5 May 1582 , is SP 12 / 153 / 38 . Parry to Burghley, 18 / 28 Aug 1583 , is SP 78 / 10 / 31 . Parry to Burghley, 8 / 18 Aug 1583 , is SP 78 / 10 / 26 . Parry to Burghley, 17 / 27 Aug 1583 , is SP 78 / 10 / 29 . Parry to Burghley, 14 / 24 Oct 1583 , is BL Lansdowne MS 39 f. 176 r–v.
Chapter 10 : ‘The enemy sleeps not’
The account of Charles Paget’s voyage from Dieppe to Arundel haven and then back again is from the examination of John Halter by Thomas Wylkes and Thomas Norton, 20 Dec 1583 , SP 12 / 164 / 45 . The description of Halter’s business as shipmaster is from the examination of Christopher Haines by Robert Beale, 17 Dec 1583 , SP 12 / 164 / 33 . Isham of London, for whom John Halter was working, was perhaps the merchant Henry Isham: see Ramsay ( 1962 ). The secret report made for William Allen on the searcher of Arundel, c. Sep 1583 , is SP 12 / 162 / 51 . The meeting in Paris convened by the Duke of Guise in June 1583 is set out by Carroll ( 2009 ), 249 – 50 . The most important diplomatic dispatches are Castelli to the Cardinal of Como, Paris, 22 Apr/ 2 May 1583 , in Pollen ( 1922 ), 169 (Document A), Knox ( 1882 ), xlviii, 412 – 13 , Kretzschmar ( 1892 ), 161 – 2 ; Juan Bautista de Tassis to Philip II , Paris, [ 24 Apr/ 4 May 1583 ], in Pollen ( 1922 ), 169 – 70 (Document B); Como to Castelli, Rome, 13 / 23 May 1583 , in Kretzschmar ( 1892 ), 163 and Knox ( 1882 ), xlvii–xlviii, 413 – 14 ; Como to Castelli, Rome, 20 / 30 May 1583 , in Pollen ( 1922 ), 170 (Document C), Knox ( 1882 ), 414 , and Kretzschmar ( 1892 ), 163 – 4 ; Castelli to Como, 1 / 11 June 1583 , in Knox ( 1882 ), 415 – 16 ; and Tassis to Philip II , Paris, [ 14 / 24 June 1583 ], in Pollen ( 1922 ), 170 (Document E). On Allen’s part in invasion planning see Duffy ( 2002 ). The Duke of Guise’s physical attributes and character are from Carroll ( 2009 ), 185 – 9 . The duke’s plans for the invasion of Scotland and England are discussed by Carroll ( 2009 ), ch. 10 , and McCoog ( 1996 ), ch 5 . The strategic position of Spain in the early 1580 s is set out in Parker ( 1998 ), 169 – 73 . For a spirited interpretation of these plans of 1581 and 1582 and Charles Paget’s part in them, see Hicks ( 1964 ), ch. 1 . Paget’s letter to Sir Francis Walsingham, 8 Jan 1582 , is SP 15 / 27 A/ 56 . His letter to Walsingham of 6 Apr 1582 is SP 15 / 27 A/ 68 . Walsingham’s letter to Paget, 4 May 1582 , is SP 15 / 27 A/ 79 . On the noun and verb ‘mope’ and the adjective ‘moped’ (bewildered, confused, dazed) see Crystal and Crystal ( 2002 ), 286 and OED. Dame Margery Throckmorton’s letter to either Francis or Thomas Throckmorton, 9 Oct 1583 , is SP 12 / 163 / 8 . See also her confession of 5 Dec 1583 , SP 12 / 164 / 9 . Doctor Thomas Fryer of St Botolph’s parish Without Aldersgate was one of nineteen physicians recorded in the London subsidy records for 1582 : Lang ( 1993 ), 126 (no. 178 ). The account of the Throckmorton family is from ODNB , Hasler ( 1981 ), 3 : 494 – 5 , and the will of Sir John Throckmorton ( 20 May 1580 ), PROB 11 / 62 PCC Arundell (proved 8 Dec 1580 ). On Castelnau and the embassy at Salisbury Court see Bossy ( 2001 ), 33 – 4 , 84 – 6 . Thomas, Lord Paget’s letter to Charles Paget, 25 Oct 1583 , is SP 12 / 163 / 18 . The search of Francis Throckmorton’s house at Paul’s Wharf is from Q.Z. ( 1584 ), sigs. A 1 v–A 2 r. See also Bossy ( 2001 ), 79 – 81 . The manuscript draft of the official printed account of the conspiracy, corrected and revised probably by Thomas Wylkes, is SP 12 / 171 / 86 , on which see Hicks ( 1964 ), 31 . In 1582 Francis Throckmorton was assessed for tax in the parish of which Paul’s Wharf was part: Lang ( 1993 ), 274 (no. 368 ). The story of the casket covered in green velvet is from the deposition of Throckmorton’s servant John Throckmorton, 15 Dec 1583 , SP 12 / 164 / 9 ,and Q.Z.( 1584 ),sig.B 2 r–v.Francis Throckmorton’s friend was John Merydeth, who lodged at the King’s Head in Cheapside, on which see Stow ( 1908 ), 1 : 257 , and Lobel and Johns ( 1989 ), 78 . Lord Paget’s letter to Richard Ensor, 7 Nov 1583 , is SP 12 / 163 / 52 . On the outside of the packet a member of Walsingham’s staff wrote the names of Charles Paget and Charles Arundel. Lord Paget may have been staying at his mother’s house on Fleet Street, which is referred to in a letter by ‘F.V.’ to Charles Paget, 20 Dec 1583 , SP 12 / 164 / 47 . In the dowager Lady Paget’s will ( 1 Dec 1585 ) there is a reference to her ‘messuage tenement [i.e. a house and outbuildings] and garden . . . lying and being in the parish of St Dunstan’s in the West in Fleet Street’ and ‘my messuage and house’: PROB 11 / 72 PCC Rutland (proved 4 May 1588 ). William Warde, Lord Paget’s solicitor, spoke of ‘the Lord Paget’s house in Fleet Street’ ( 14 Dec 1583 , SP 12 / 164 / 24 ). The judgement on Lord Henry Howard is by William Herle in a letter to Burghley, [ 23 Nov 1583 ], BL Cotton MS Caligula C. 8 ff. 204 r– 206 r. Robert Beale’s letter to Walsingham concerning the examination of Lord Henry Howard, 9 Nov 1583 , is SP 12 / 163 / 59 . See also Alford ( 2008 ), 251 – 2 . On Thomas Randolph’s detention of Throckmorton see Bossy ( 2001 ), 83 , and the examination of Anne Throckmorton, 18 Dec 1583 , SP 12 / 164 / 41 . The account of Throckmorton’s meeting with the lawyer is from Q.Z. ( 1584 ), sig. B 2 v. If this visit did take place, then it is just possible that the lawyer was Arden Waferer of Chancery Lane. When Sheriff Spencer searched Waferer’s house in Aug 1584 , he found, as well as Waferer’s wife, three small children and four servants, ‘many letters of the Earl of Northumberland, Edward Arden [the father-in-law of John Somerville, accused of plotting to assassinate the queen], [Francis] Throckmorton and divers others’. Waferer explained to Spencer that they were ‘only his clients’ letters and no others’. Sheriff Spencer’s search of Arden Waferer’s house on 27 Aug 1584 is SP 12 / 172 / 111 . William Herle’s letter to Lord Burghley from the Bull near the Temple Bar, 15 Nov 1583 , is BL Lansdowne MS 39 ff. 190 v– 191 v. On 16 Nov 1583 he wrote to Burghley of Lord Henry Howard’s book against prophesyings that was ‘conceived by some of good judgment to contain sundry heresies and spices withal of treason’. This was the letter in which Herle wrote that ‘the world is full of mischief, for the enemy sleeps not’: Herle to Burghley, 16 Nov 1583 , BL Lansdowne MS 39 f. 193 r. On Herle and his career see Adams ( 2009 ). The account of Francis Throckmorton’s use of three cards to write secretly to George Throckmorton is from Q.Z. ( 1584 ), sig. A 2 r–v. For the date of George Throckmorton’s arrest see Bossy ( 2001 ), 87 , and BL Harley MS 6035 f. 33 r. The official account of Throckmorton’s early interrogations by the Privy Council and his torture by commissioners is Q.Z. ( 1584 ), sig. A 2 v. See also Bossy ( 2001 ), 87 – 8 , and Hicks ( 1964 ), 30 – 32 . On the verb ‘pinch’ and the adjective ‘pinched’, and for a number of examples of how Shakespeare used them, see Crystal and Crystal ( 2002 ), 328 . Walsingham’s letter to Wylkes with instructions for Throckmorton’s torture, 18 Nov 1583 , is SP 12 / 163 / 65 . See also Read ( 1925 ), 2 : 382 – 7 . Throckmorton’s second torture on the rack is described in Q.Z. ( 1584 ), sig. A 3 r. Throckmorton’s confession of 20 Nov 1583 is SP 12 / 165 / 10 . Throckmorton’s other confession, probably of 23 Nov 1583 , is SP 12 / 165 / 10 . On the letters alleged to have passed between Sir Francis Englefield and Throckmorton, see Q.Z. ( 1584 ), sig. A 3 r. On Englefield and Throckmorton see Loomie ( 1963 ), 41 – 2 . Herle’s letter to Burghley, [ 23 Nov 1583 ], is BL Cotton MS Caligula C. 8 ff. 204 r– 206 r. The information about Lord Paget’s departure from London comes from the examination of William Ward by Thomas Wylkes and Thomas Norton, 20 Dec 1583 , SP 12 / 164 / 46 . The account of the party of men at Ferring on 25 Nov 1583 is from the examination of Thomas Barnard of Sussex by William Lewkenor, 12 Dec 1583 , SP 12 / 164 / 23 . Lord Paget’s letter to Charles Paget, 25 Oct 1583 , is SP 12 / 163 / 18 . Walsingham’s letter to Sir Edward Stafford, 1 Dec 1583 , is SP 78 / 10 / 95 . Throckmorton’s confession of 2 Dec 1583 , and those confessions of 20 and 23 Nov and 4 Dec 1583 , are in SP 12 / 165 / 10 .
Chapter 11 : ‘A very unadvised enterprise’
Thomas, Lord Paget’s letters from Paris of 2 / 12 Dec 1583 are SP 12 / 164 / 5 (to his mother and sister) and SP 12 / 164 / 6 (to Lord Burghley). Lord Paget’s letter to Burghley about the ‘continual jars’ of living with his wife, 21 Mar 1582 , is BL Lansdowne MS 34 ff. 17 r, 18 v. On the Pagets and Catholic recusancy, see Lord Paget to the Privy Council, 17 Nov 1580 , SP 12 / 144 / 29 ; Lord Paget to Sir Francis Walsingham, 10 Jan 1581 , SP 12 / 147 / 5 ; Robert Barnard’s report to Walsingham on Lady Paget’s support for Catholic priests, including Robert Persons, 29 May 1582 , SP 12 / 153 / 68 ; and Barnard’s intelligence that ‘The old Lady Paget sent me £ 10 on Friday last past to give to four priests’, n.d., SP 12 / 168 / 31 . Stafford’s copy of his letter to the queen, 1 Dec 1583 , is BL Cotton MS Galba E. 6 ff. 183 r– 186 r. His letter to Walsingham, 1 Dec 1583 , is SP 78 / 10 / 94 , BL Cotton MS Galba E. 6 ff. 187 r– 188 v. Stafford to Burghley, 2 Dec 1583 , is SP 15 / 28 A/ 43 . Stafford to Walsingham, 2 Dec 1583 , is SP 15 / 28 A/ 44 . Throckmorton’s examination of 4 Dec 1583 is SP 12 / 165 / 10 . Dame Margery Throckmorton’s confession, 5 Dec 1583 , is SP 12 / 164 / 9 .The interrogatories for Lord Henry Howard, n.d., are SP 12 / 163 / 39 . Stafford’s letter informing Walsingham of ‘no small ado’ caused by Lord Paget and Charles Arundel, 6 Dec 1583 , is SP 78 / 10 / 98 . William Parry’s three letters to Walsingham in late Nov and early Dec 1583 are: 26 Nov/ 6 Dec 1583 , SP 15 / 28 A/ 45 ; 7 / 17 Dec 1583 , SP 15 / 28 A/ 46 ; and 8 / 18 Dec 1583 , SP 15 / 28 A/ 47 . Thomas Lewknor’s examinations of Edward Caryll, John Mychell (Caryll’s servant), and Thomas Pellet, 9 Dec 1583 , are set out in SP 12 / 164 / 23 . The examination of William Bell, [ 11 Dec 1583 ], is SP 12 / 164 / 19 . Sislye Hopton’s confession, 14 Dec 1583 , is SP 12 / 164 / 27 . John Throckmorton’s evidence, 15 Dec 1583 , is SP 12 / 164 / 29 . The letter from Thomas Wylkes and Thomas Norton to Walsingham, 15 Dec 1583 , is SP 12 / 164 / 32 . The minute of Walsingham’s letter to Stafford about the arrest of the Earl of Northumberland, 16 Dec 1583 , is SP 78 / 10 / 107 . Stafford’s observations on the Pagets and the exchange of Lord Paget’s money are from his letters to Walsingham, 15 Dec and c. 15 Dec 1583 , SP 78 / 10 / 104 and SP 78 / 10 / 106 . The examination of Christopher Haines, who talked about John Halter and Isham of London, 17 Dec 1583 , is SP 12 / 164 / 33 . The interrogatories for Northumberland,17 Dec 1583 , are SP 12 / 164 / 36 . Walsingham’s interrogatories for George More, 18 Dec 1583 , are SP 12 / 164 / 43 , and More’s answers to them, 20 Dec 1583 , SP 12 / 164 / 44 . The two intercepted letters to Charles Paget, both dated from London on 17 Dec 1583 , are SP 12 / 164 / 37 and SP 12 / 164 / 37 . The examinations of Anne and Mary Throckmorton, 18 Dec 1583 , are SP 12 / 164 / 41 . The examination of William Warde by Thomas Wylkes and Thomas Norton, 20 Dec 1583 , is SP 12 / 164 / 46 . The examination of George Lawe, the Earl of Arundel’s servant, 20 Dec 1583 , is SP 12 / 164 / 45 , Pollen and MacMahon ( 1919 ), 43 – 5 . Arundel’s examination, 24 Dec 1583 , is SP 12 / 164 / 53 , Pollen and MacMahon ( 1919 ), 46 – 8 . See also Arundel’s letter to the Privy Council, 12 Jan 1584 , SP 12 / 167 / 18 , Pollen and MacMahon ( 1909 ), 48 – 50 . Robert Beale’s examination of Thomas Fells, footman to the Earl of Northumberland, 9 Jan 1584 , is SP 12 / 167 / 13 . On Northumberland’s involvement in the Guise project more generally see Barker [ 1585 b] and Thomas Norton’s ‘Chain of Treasons’, BL Additional MS 48029 ff. 65 v– 68 r. Robert Beale’s examination of Lord Henry Howard, Jan 1584 , is BL Cotton MS Caligula C. 7 ff. 361 r– 362 r. Two letters marked as intercepted are those of Grysseld Waldegrave to Thomas, Lord Paget, 22 Jan 1584 , SP 12 / 167 / 37 ; and Lady Anne Lee to Charles Paget, 29 Jan 1584 , SP 12 / 167 / 51 . Sir Edward Stafford’s description of Lord Paget and Charles Paget is from his letter to Walsingham, 27 Dec 1583 , SP 78 / 10 / 53 . On Mendoza’s dismissal from Elizabeth’s court see Jensen ( 1964 ), 59 – 64 , and Parker ( 1998 ), 171 . The estimate of the charges for The Scout, 17 Jan 1584 , is SP 12 / 167 / 32 . A copy of William Waad’s instructions for his mission to Spain, 15 Jan 1584 , is BL Additional MS 48027 ff. 362 r– 363 r. The account of the trial of Francis Throckmorton in the London Guild Hall is by Q.Z. ( 1584 ), of which STC 24051.5 is a Latin translation. The account of the Earl of Northumberland’s suicide and the narrative of the Guise plan for England’s invasion are from Barker [ 1585 b]. On Guise see Carroll ( 2009 ), chs. 10 , 11 . The reports on Charles Paget in Aug 1585 and Thomas Throckmorton in Sep 1585 were both by Nicholas Berden: 11 – 13 Aug 1585 ( NS ?), SP 15 / 29 / 38 , SP 15 / 29 / 39 , Pollen and MacMahon ( 1919 ), 79 ; 30 Sep 1585 ( NS ?), SP 15 / 29 / 45 , Pollen and MacMahon ( 1919 ), 80 – 81 .
Chapter 12 : Dangerous Fruits
Hicks ( 1948 ) is an excellent guide to the sources; see also Hicks ( 1964 ), ch. 3 . William Parry’s letters are: to Lord Burghley, Paris, 18 / 28 Jan 1583 , BL Lansdowne MS 40 ff. 55 r–v, 56 v; to Burghley, Venice, 22 Feb/ 4 Mar 1583 , BL Lansdowne MS 37 ff. 68 r– 69 r; to Burghley, Venice, 28 Feb/ 10 Mar 1583 , BL Lansdowne MS 37 ff. 70 r–v, 71 v; to Burghley, Lyons, 30 Apr/ 10 May 1583 , BL Lansdowne MS 39 ff. 128 r– 129 r; to Sir Francis Walsingham, Lyons, 30 Apr/ 10 May 1583 , SP 78 / 9 / 103 ; to Walsingham, Lyons, 17 / 27 June 1583 , SP 78 / 9 / 132 ; to Burghley, Lyons, 8 / 18 June 1583 , BL Lansdowne MS 39 f. 138 r; to Burghley, Lyons, 8 / 18 Aug 1583 , SP 78 / 10 / 26 ; to Burghley, Lyons, 17 / 27 Aug 1583 , SP 78 / 10 / 29 ; to Walsingham, Paris, 14 / 24 Oct 1583 , SP 78 / 10 / 52 ; to Burghley, Paris, 14 / 24 Oct 1583 , BL Lansdowne MS 39 f. 176 r–v; to Thomas Morgan, 22 Feb 1584 , SP 15 / 28 A/ 61 ; to Burghley, May 1584 , BL Lansdowne MS 43 ff. 13 r, 14 v; to Burghley, 2 Aug 1584 , BL Lansdowne MS 43 ff. 26 r, 27 r–v; and to Burghley, 3 Sep 1584 , BL Lansdowne MS 43 ff. 34 r, 35 v. Robert Cecil to Parry, 30 Aug 1584 , is SP 12 / 172 / 118 . Sir Edward Hoby to Burghley, 1 Oct 1584 , is CP 13 / 61 . The English translation of Robert Persons’s De Persecutione Anglicana ( An epistle of the persecution) is [Persons] ( 1582 b) and Allen’s Modest Defence is [Allen] 1584 . The best modern edition of Allen’s text is Kingdon ( 1965 ). Edmund Nevylle’s references to Parry, his plot to kill Elizabeth, and Allen’s Modest Defence are from his confession, 9 Feb 1585 , SP 12 / 176 / 47 . Parry’s ‘voluntary confession’ of 13 Feb 1585 , is from [Barker] [ 1585 a], 11 – 19 (sigs. B 3 r–C 3 r). The confessions of Edmund Nevylle in manuscript are: 9 Feb 1585 , SP 12 / 176 / 47 ; and 11 Feb 1585 , SP 12 / 176 / 48 . There are interrogatories for Nevylle of 12 Feb 1585 , SP 12 / 176 / 52 . William Crichton’s answers to three interrogatories written by Walsingham, 15 Feb 1585 , are from SP 12 / 176 / 54 . Parry’s letter to Burghley and the Earl of Leicester, 18 Feb 1585 , is in [Barker] [ 1585 a], 21 – 2 (sig. C 4 r–v). William Crichton’s statement for Walsingham on his knowledge of Parry, 20 Feb 1585 , is in [Barker] [ 1585 a], 23 – 4 (sig. D 1 r–v). Parry’s statement on the whereabouts of his letter from the Cardinal of Como of 20 / 30 Jan 1584 , is [Barker] [ 1585 a], 24 (sig. D 1 v), and the letter itself BL Lansdowne MS 96 f. 48 r, which is printed in English translation in [Barker] [ 1585 a], 25 – 6 (sig. D 2 r–v). William Crichton’s account of Parry and his plot, from 1611 , is in Pollen ( 1922 ), 165 – 6 . Parry’s letter to Charles Paget, 22 Feb 1584 , is SP 12 / 168 / 23 . Nevylle had lodgings in the Whitefriars, between Fleet Street and the River Thames (Nevylle’s confession, 9 Feb 1585 , SP 12 / 176 / 47 ), but Nevylle said Parry visited him a second time ‘at my [Nevylle’s] lodging in Hernes rents in Holborn’ ([Barker] [ 1585 a], 8 [sig. B 1 v]). It was here, coincidentally, that the later conspirator Anthony Babington would lodge in May 1586 , ‘in Hernes rents in Lincoln’s Inn field’ ( SP 12 / 192 / 71 ). On Parry in the House of Commons in 1584 see Hasler ( 1981 ), 3 : 180 – 4 , and Hartley ( 1981 – 95 ), 2 : 158 – 60 . Parry’s letter to the Queen of 14 Feb 1585 is BL Lansdowne MS 43 ff. 117 r– 118 r, printed in a carefully redacted form in [Barker] [ 1585 a], 19 – 20 (sig. C 3 r–v). Parry’s letter to Burghley and Leicester, 18 Feb 1585 , is from [Barker] [ 1585 a], 21 – 22 (sig. C 4 r–v). Parry’s reference in his trial to his ‘rare, singular and unnatural’ cause is from [Barker] [ 1585 a], 32 (sig. E 1 v). Burghley’s letter to Walsingham on the printing of the facts of Parry’s case, 1 Mar 1585 , is SP 12 / 177 / 1 . See also Burghley to Walsingham, 4 Mar 1585 , SP 12 / 177 / 4 ; and Attorney-General John Popham to Walsingham, 10 Mar 1585 , SP 12 / 177 / 11 . There is a copy of the warrant for Parry’s execution in BL Lansdowne MS 43 f. 125 r. The quotations on Parry’s character and family are from [Barker] [ 1585 a], 40 (sig. F 1 v). The public prayers on Parry’s treason, for the diocese of Winchester, are Newberie [ 1585 ]. Parry’s last words are from Hicks ( 1948 ), 357 .
Chapter 13 : Alias Cornelys
On Thomas Morgan see William Parry in [Barker] [ 1585 a], 13 (sig. B 4 r), and Hicks ( 1964 ). Sir Edward Stafford’s letter about the Catholic exiles in Paris, 2 Jan 1586 , is SP 78 / 15 / 2 . On the exiles’ quarrels see also [Nicholas Berden] to Sir Francis Walsingham, [ 6 / 16 ] Dec 1585 , SP 15 / 29 / 55 , and [Berden] to Walsingham, [ 2 / 12 ] Jan 1586 , SP 15 / 29 / 85 . Thomas Phelippes’s decipher of Morgan’s letter recommending Gilbert Gifford to Mary Queen of Scots, 5 / 15 Oct 1585 , is SP 53 / 16 / 50 . Another decipher is CP 163 / 121 – 22 , Murdin ( 1759 ), 454 . Charles Sledd’s reference to ‘Gilbarte Gifforde’ as a scholar in the English College in Rome is Talbot ( 1961 ), 198 . On Gifford’s career in William Allen’s seminary see Knox ( 1878 ). For a good introduction to Nicholas Berden’s reports (though with some misreadings and inaccuracies) see Pollen and MacMahon ( 1919 ), 66 – 93 . See also Read ( 1925 ), 2 : 315 – 16 , 331 – 5 , 415 – 19 . Berden used the alias of Thomas Rogers: for a confusion of the two see Pollen ( 1922 ), xlii, and Read ( 1925 ), 2 : 415 . On the intelligence work of Sir Horatio Palavicino, see Stone ( 1956 ), ch. 6 . Berden wrote to Walsingham in late Apr or early May 1586 ( SP 12 / 187 / 81 ): ‘I was always persuaded by Signor Palavicino to get the credit of all the foresaid affairs [i.e. of English Catholic exiles] into my hands the better to serve your honour with their whole practices and intentions, for the gaining whereof I have used all diligence and industry, by which means I hope your honour shall be served to your full content.’ Berden’s report to Walsingham, [ 18 / 28 ] Dec 1585 , is SP 15 / 29 / 62 , printed (without Phelippes’s abstract) in Pollen and MacMahon ( 1919 ), 83 – 4 . Berden’s report to Walsingham of [ 2 / 12 ] Jan 1586 , is SP 15 / 29 / 85 , Pollen and MacMahon ( 1919 ), 84 – 5 . On Gilbert Gifford’s capture see Pollen ( 1922 ), li and note. Phelippes’s decipher of Morgan to Mary Queen Scots, 18 / 28 Jan 1586 , the letter in which he recommended Robert Poley for service, is SP 53 / 17 / 6 , of which CP 164 / 1 – 6 is a copy, printed in Murdin ( 1759 ), 470 – 81 . On Poley see Nicholl ( 2002 ), esp. chs. 16 , 17 . One example of the interception of a cipher letter written by Morgan is Stafford to Walsingham, 29 Dec 1584 , CP 163 / 66 , Murdin ( 1759 ), 429 . Phelippes’s letter to Walsingham referring to ‘The party’, 25 Feb 1586 , is SP 12 / 186 / 78 . On 5 / 15 Dec 1585 Morgan referred to ‘the difficulty for the reviving’ of Mary’s intelligence: SP 53 / 16 / 71 ; CP 163 / 126 , Murdin ( 1759 ), 456 . Phelippes’s letter to Walsingham from London on his meeting with ‘the secret party’, Robert Poley and the spies of Richard Young, 19 Mar 1586 , is SP 53 / 17 / 28 . On Poley’s service for Morgan and Charles Paget, see Phelippes’s decipher of Morgan to Mary Queen of Scots, 31 Mar/ 10 Apr 1586 , SP 53 / 17 / 33 , and Phelippes’s decipher of Paget to the Queen of Scots, 31 Mar/ 10 Apr 1586 , SP 53 / 17 / 44 . For copies of these letters see CP 164 / 30 – 40 , Murdin ( 1759 ), 481 – 503 . Maliverey Catilyn’s paper, to which Phelippes gave the title of ‘Catilyn’s observations touching corrupt subjects’, [May– 13 June 1586 ], is SP 12 / 190 / 62 . Catilyn wrote from Portsmouth of his ‘writing tables’ to Walsingham on 25 June 1586 , SP 12 / 190 / 51 , endorsed by Phelippes. On the meaning of ‘tables’ (or ‘table-book’) see Beal ( 2008 ), 408 – 9 , and Crystal and Crystal ( 2002 ), 441 . Berden’s report on recusants and priests, 23 Apr 1586 , is SP 12 / 188 / 37 . His paper on Charles Paget and other exiles is from Thomas Rogers [Berden] to Walsingham, ?late Apr or early May 1586 , SP 12 / 187 / 81 , of which there is a short summary in Pollen and MacMahon ( 1919 ), 85 – 6 . See also Berden’s report, 15 May 1586 , SP 12 / 189 / 22 , Pollen and MacMahon ( 1919 ), 86 – 8 . The quotation on cipher from Francis Bacon is from Bacon ( 1605 ), sig. Qq 1 r. Gilbert Curll’s decipher of the letter he received from Gilbert Gifford, 24 Apr 1586 , is SP 53 / 17 / 55 . There appear to be references to Gilbert Gifford’s arrival in France in the letter of Edward Gratley (alias John Foxley), whom Walsingham was trying to recruit as a source of information, to Walsingham, 18 / 28 May 1586 , SP 15 / 29 / 110 : ‘our friend upon his arrival’ and ‘Master Gifford doth by the delivery of your mind herein . . .’ Compare Phelippes writing to Walsingham, 8 July 1586 , of the book ‘that G.G. [Gilbert Gifford] brought you of Foxley’s [Gratley’s]’: SP 53 / 18 / 38 , Morris ( 1874 ), 218 – 19 . Gratley was a friend of William Gifford, who also approached by Walsingham in 1586 . William was a kinsman of Gilbert, hence Gilbert’s visit to France. On William Gifford see Butler and Pollen ( 1902 ). Thomas Barnes described his recruitment as a courier by Gilbert Gifford in a confession of Mar 1588 , SP 12 / 199 / 86 , Pollen ( 1922 ), 3 – 5 . See also his letter to Walsingham, 17 Mar 1588 , SP 53 / 21 / 26 . Barnes’s letter to Gilbert Curll, [? 28 Apr 1586 ], deciphered by Curll, is CP 164 / 55 , Pollen ( 1922 ), 5 – 7 . Curll to Barnes, [? 20 May 1586 ], is SP 53 / 17 / 73 , Pollen ( 1922 ), 8 . Barnes to Mary Queen of Scots, [ 9 and 10 June 1586 ], SP 53 / 18 / 6 , Pollen ( 1922 ), 8 – 10 . Phelippes’s draft of points for a letter from Gilbert Gifford to Morgan, 24 May [ 1586 ], is SP 12 / 170 / 89 , Pollen ( 1922 ), 101 – 2 . Phelippes’s draft of a letter in the name of Barnes to Gilbert Curll,6 / 16 June 1586 , is SP 53 / 18 / 6 , Pollen ( 1922 ), 10 – 11 . The description of Phelippes by Mary Queen of Scots is from Phelippes’s decipher of her letter to Morgan, 27 July 1586 , SP 53 / 18 / 75 . Phelippes noted her smile in his letter to Walsingham, 14 July 1586 , SP 53 / 18 / 48 . On the saying used by Phelippes see Guy ( 2004 ), 482 . Sir Amias Paulet addressed Phelippes as his ‘assured friend’ on 29 June 1586 , SP 53 / 18 / 23 , Morris ( 1874 ), 214 . On Paulet and Phelippes see Pollen ( 1922 ), liv. Paulet’s letter to Phelippes of 3 June 1586 is SP 53 / 18 / 1 , Morris ( 1874 ), 198 . Paulet referred to ‘a course’ set down by Phelippes to Walsingham, 29 June 86 , SP 53 / 18 / 22 , Morris ( 1874 ), 211 – 14 . For Phelippes’s journey to Chartley, see his letter to Walsingham from Stilton, 8 July 1586 , SP 53 / 18 / 38 , Morris ( 1874 ), 218 – 19 . Gifford’s letter of 7 July 1586 to Phelippes in London is SP 53 / 18 / 37 , Morris ( 1874 ), 216 – 17 , Pollen ( 1922 ), 103 – 5 . The letters sent between Walsingham, Paulet, and Phelippes in June and July 1586 in SP 53 / 18 are printed in Morris ( 1874 ). See also Pollen ( 1922 ), who explains the system of interception, lxi–lxiv. The official account of Francis Throckmorton’s trial is Q.Z. ( 1584 ). His letter to Queen Elizabeth, with a covering letter by Sir Owen Hopton, 1 June 1584 , is SP 12 / 171 / 1 and SP 12 / 171 / 1 .I. Elizabeth’s permission for interviews between Francis, Anne and Dame Margery Throckmorton, [June 1584 ], is SP 12 / 171 / 2 . On Anthony Babington see Pollen ( 1922 ), civ–cvii, ODNB , and Weston ( 1955 ), 99 – 101 . The will of his father, Henry Babington, is PROB 11 / 55 PCC Peter (made 5 May 1571 , proved 19 Feb 1573 ). Babington’s lodgings in London are noted in Pollen ( 1922 ), 52 ; [?June or July] 1586 , SP 12 / 192 / 71 ; 9 Aug 1586 , SP 53 / 19 / 28 ; and 12 Aug 1586 , SP 53 / 19 / 42 . Robert Poley’s account of his ‘first acquaintance’ with Babington, [Aug 1586 ], is SP 53 / 19 / 26 . On John Ballard see Pollen ( 1922 ), lxvi–cix, and Anstruther ( 1969 ). The account of Babington’s meeting with Ballard in May 1586 is from his confession, 18 – 20 Aug 1586 , BL Additional MS 48027 ff. 296 v– 297 r, Pollen ( 1922 ), 52 – 4 .
Chapter 14 : Sleights of Hand
On Thomas Cassie, Thomas Phelippes’s servant since probably 1583 , see Cassie to Phelippes, Feb 1589 , SP 12 / 222 / 93 . Phelippes’s letter to Sir Francis Walsingham, 6 July 1586 , is SP 53 / 18 / 32 . On the work of Arthur Gregory see Pollen ( 1922 ), lviii, and Gregory to Sir Robert Cecil, [?Sep] 1596 , SP 12 / 260 / 49 , in which Gregory referred to a counterfeit which involved preparing new metal (presumably for a seal) and finding both the correct sort of paper and a sample of handwriting. The letter to Phelippes by Gilbert Gifford, writing as Cornelys, 7 July 1586 , is SP 53 / 18 / 37 , Morris ( 1874 ), 216 – 17 , Pollen ( 1922 ), 103 – 5 . His letter (also signed Cornelys) to Walsingham, 11 July 1586 , is SP 53 / 18 / 40 , Morris ( 1874 ), 220 – 23 , Pollen ( 1922 ), 105 – 9 . Gifford described his first meeting with John Ballard in Cornelys [Gifford] to Walsingham, 11 July 1586 , SP 53 / 18 / 40 , Morris ( 1874 ), 220 – 23 , Pollen ( 1922 ), 105 – 9 . Gifford described his second meeting with Ballard in his letter to Walsingham of 12 July 1586 , BL Harley MS 286 f. 136 r–v, Pollen ( 1922 ), 109 – 11 . The official copy of Anthony Babington to Mary Queen of Scots, [ 6 / 16 ] July 86 , is SP 53 / 19 / 12 , Pollen ( 1922 ), 18 – 23 , Windet [ 1587 ], sig. D 1 r–D 2 v. On the posting of the letter, see Babington’s first confession, BL Additional 48027 f. 300 v, Pollen ( 1922 ), 63 . See also Read ( 1909 ), 28 – 32 . The text of Mary’s letter to Babington of [ 17 / 27 ] July 1586 is from Pollen ( 1922 ), 38 – 45 , quotations at 38 , 39 , 45 . On when and how Mary’s letter was composed see Pollen ( 1922 ), 26 , and Guy ( 2004 ), 482 – 4 . Pollen ( 1922 ), 35 – 45 , took great care in arranging and collating texts of the ‘bloody letter’. Out of a number of texts in SP 53 , the best are SP 53 / 19 / 12 and SP 53 / 18 / 53 , though SP 53 / 18 / 54 was endorsed by Phelippes. See also Windet [ 1587 ], sigs. D 3 r–E 3 r, and Read ( 1909 ), 33 – 40 . Phelippes’s letter to Walsingham of 19 July 1586 is SP 53 / 18 / 61 , Morris ( 1874 ), 234 – 6 . Walsingham’s letter to Phelippes, 22 July 1586 , is SP 53 / 18 / 68 , Morris ( 1874 ), 245 . Gilbert Gifford’s letter to Walsingham, 19 or 20 July 1586 , is SP 53 / 19 / 5 . See also Nicholas Berden to Walsingham, 21 July 1586 , SP 12 / 191 / 23 ; Francis Mylles to Walsingham, 22 July 1586 , SP 53 / 18 / 65 , SP 53 / 18 / 66 ; Mylles to Walsingham, 23 July 1586 , SP 53 / 18 / 69 , SP 53 / 18 / 70 ; and Mylles to Walsingham, 24 July 1586 , SP 53 / 18 / 71 , SP 53 / 18 / 72 . Paulet’s letter to Walsingham, 29 July 1586 , is SP 53 / 18 / 89 , Morris ( 1874 ), 246 – 7 . Paulet to Phelippes, 29 July 1586 , is SP 53 / 18 / 88 , Morris ( 1874 ), 246 . The postscript in cipher to the ‘bloody letter’ is SP 53 / 18 / 55 , endorsed without a date by Thomas Phelippes as ‘The postscript of the Scots Queen’s letter to Babington’. The postscript is deciphered using the cipher key in SP 12 / 193 / 54 , Richards ( 1974 ), 54 – 5 . See Tytler ( 1828 – 43 ), 8 : 439 – 51 , Morris ( 1874 ), 236 – 43 , Pollen ( 1922 ), 26 – 37 , and Read ( 1925 ), 3 : 1 – 70 . On the preparations for Ballard’s arrest at the Castle tavern, see Berden to Mylles, [ 28 July 1586 ], SP 53 / 18 / 82 , and Mylles to Walsingham, 29 July 1586 , SP 53 / 18 / 90 . Berden’s watcher was ‘young Paynter’, who may have been Robert Paynter: see William Sterrell to Phelippes, [ 1594 ], SP 12 / 250 / 61 . The Castle tavern is described in Stow ( 1908 ), 1 : 193 . The date of Babington’s receipt of the ‘bloody letter’ is from the official copy of Babington to Mary Queen of Scots, 3 / 13 Aug 1586 , SP 53 / 19 / 10 , Pollen ( 1922 ), 46 – 7 .) The cipher alphabet used by Babington and Mary is SP 12 / 193 / 54 , subscribed to by Babington on 1 Sep 1586 and by Gilbert Curll. A proposed new cipher between Mary and Babington is set out in BL Additional MS 48027 f. 313 v. On the serving man in a blue coat see Babington’s first confession, 18 – 20 Aug 1586 , BL Additional MS 48027 f. 300 v, Pollen ( 1922 ), 64 . For ‘homely’ see OED and Crystal and Crystal ( 2002 ), 225 . On blue as a colour for servants’ livery see Cunnington and Cunnington ( 1970 ), 196 . Walsingham’s letter to Phelippes, 30 July 1586 , is SP 53 / 18 / 92 . Poley’s account of his meeting with Babington on 30 July 1586 is from SP 53 / 19 / 26 . Babington’s recollection of what Poley had said about killing Elizabeth is from his second confession, 20 Aug 1586 , BL Additional MS 48027 f. 303 r, Pollen ( 1922 ), 69 . On the deciphering of Mary’s letters by Babington and Chidiocke Tycheborne see Babington’s second confession, BL Additional MS 48027 f. 304 v, Pollen ( 1922 ), 75 , and Phelippes’s examination of Tycheborne, 12 Aug 1586 , SP 53 / 19 / 42 . Poley’s account of 31 July and 1 Aug 1586 is from SP 53 / 19 / 26 . Walsingham’s letter to Phelippes ordering the apprehension of Ballard and Babington, 2 Aug 1586 , is BL Cotton MS Appendix L f. 140 r–v. Phelippes’s letter to Walsingham, 2 Aug 1586 , is SP 53 / 19 / 3 .
Chapter 15 : Framing the Labyrinth
Thomas Phelippes’s report of his near capture of Anthony Babington is from his letter to Sir Francis Walsingham, 3 Aug 1586 , SP 53 / 19 / 6 . Robert Poley’s account of his meeting with Babington on 2 Aug 1586 is SP 53 / 19 / 26 . On those conspirators who had seen Mary Queen of Scots’s letter to Babington see Pollen ( 1922 ), 75 . Walsingham’s notes of Gilbert Gifford’s disappearance are from his letters to Phelippes, 3 Aug 1586 , BL Cotton MS Appendix L ff. 143 r–v, 144 r, Pollen ( 1922 ), 132 – 3 , 135 – 6 . Francis Mylles’s report to Walsingham that Babington had moved his lodgings to Bishopsgate Without, 3 Aug 1586 , is SP 53 / 19 / 4 . Poley’s conversation and meeting with Babington on the morning of 3 Aug 1586 is from SP 53 / 19 / 26 . Walsingham’s first surviving letter of 3 Aug 1586 is BL Cotton MS Appendix L f. 141 r–v, Pollen ( 1922 ), 132 – 3 . Phelippes’s letter to Walsingham, 3 Aug 1586 , is SP 53 / 19 / 6 . Probably Walsingham’s second letter to Phelippes of 3 Aug 1586 , is BL Cotton MS Appendix L f. 141 r–v, Pollen ( 1922 ), 134 . Poley’s account of his meeting with Walsingham on 3 Aug 1586 is from his narrative, SP 53 / 19 / 26 . Walsingham’s letter to Phelippes on his interview with Poley (probably his third from 3 Aug 1586 ) is BL Cotton MS Appendix L f. 143 r–v, Pollen ( 1922 ), 135 . Nicholas Berden’s report to Mylles on the movements of Babington and his friends, [ 4 Aug 1586 ], is SP 53 / 19 / 13 . Mylles’s account of John Ballard’s capture is from his letter to Walsingham, 4 Aug 1586 , SP 53 / 19 / 14 . The summary of the treasons of Ballard and Babington is from the ‘breviate’ prepared by Edward Barker, a public notary who attended the conspirators’ examinations: BL Additional MS 48027 ff. 353 r– 355 v. Babington’s letter to Poley, [ 4 Aug 1586 ], is BL Lansdowne MS 49 f. 63 r. The minute of Walsingham’s letter to Queen Elizabeth, [ 5 Aug 1586 ], is SP 53 / 19 / 17 . Robert Southwell’s characterization of the Babington Plot is from [Southwell] [ 1600 ], 39 – 40 (sig. C 5 r–v). Lord Burghley’s draft proclamation for the arrest of Babington and Chidiocke Tycheborne, 2 Aug 1586 , is BL Lansdowne MS 49 ff. 61 r– 62 v, Hughes and Larkin ( 1964 – 9 ), 2 : 525 – 6 . See also Walsingham’s interrogatories for Mistress Good, 7 Aug 1586 , SP 12 / 192 / 15 ; the examination of William Leighe, 9 Aug 1586 , SP 53 / 19 / 28 ; the information of Swythune Welles, 9 Aug 1586 , SP 12 / 192 / 18 ; and the information of Christopher Dunne, 10 Aug 1586 , SP 12 / 192 / 21 . Phelippes’s note on the interrogation of John Savage on 11 Aug 1586 is SP 53 / 19 / 38 . See also the copy in BL Cotton MS Caligula C. 9 ff. 406 r– 409 r. On the capture and imprisonment of Babington and his co–conspirators see Pollen ( 1922 ), clxx–clxxiii, and Harrison ( 2004 ), 248 – 52 . The texts of Babington’s confessions, 18 Aug– 8 Sep 1586 , are BL Additional MS 48027 ff. 296 r– 313 r (also SP 53 / 19 / 91 for 6 Sep 1586 ), Pollen ( 1922 ), 49 – 97 ; those of Ballard, 16 and 18 Aug 1586 , Pollen ( 1922 ), 137 – 9 ; and those of John Savage, 8 Aug 1586 , SP 53 / 19 / 24 (articles), 10 and 11 Aug 86 , BL Cotton MS Caligula C. 9 ff. 406 r– 407 v, 408 r– 409 v, SP 53 / 19 / 38 , SP 53 / 19 / 39 . See also the confessions of Jane Tycheborne, 10 and 11 Aug 1586 , SP 53 / 19 / 35 , SP 53 / 19 / 36 ; the examination of Peter Blake (or Blague), 11 Aug 1586 , SP 53 / 19 / 39 , SP 53 / 19 / 40 ; Phelippes’s articles for Chidiocke Tycheborne, [ 12 Aug 1586 ], SP 53 / 19 / 37 ; the confessions of Chidiocke Tycheborne, 12 and 13 Aug 1586 , SP 53 / 19 / 42 , SP 12 / 192 / 33 ; the examination of Thomas Hewes, 13 Aug 1586 , SP 12 / 192 / 34 ; Mylles’s letter to Walsingham, 13 Aug 1586 , SP 53 / 19 / 44 ; the confession of John Chernock, 14 Aug 1586 , SP 12 / 192 / 14 ; and the questions put to Babington and Dunne, [? 15 Aug 1586 ], SP 53 / 19 / 43 . Gilbert Gifford’s letters from Paris in Aug and Sep 1586 are: to Phelippes, 15 / 25 Aug 1586 , SP 53 / 19 / 45 ; to Walsingham, 15 / 25 Aug 1586 , SP 53 / 19 / 46 ; and to Walsingham, 3 / 13 Sep 1586 , SP 53 / 19 / 82 . On the efforts of Burghley and Walsingham to gather evidence against the Queen of Scots see Nicasius Yetsweirt to Walsingham, 19 Aug 1586 , SP 53 / 19 / 47 , Morris ( 1874 ), 259 – 61 ; Yetsweirt to Walsingham, 21 Aug 1586 , SP 53 / 19 / 50 , Morris ( 1874 ), 261 – 3 ; the attestations by Babington and others of cipher keys, 1 , 5 and 6 Sep 1586 , SP 12 / 193 / 54 , Pollen ( 1922 ), 139 ; Claude Nau to the Privy Council, 3 Sep 1586 , SP 53 / 19 / 78 ; Walsingham to Phelippes, 4 Sep 1586 , SP 53 / 19 / 83 ; Phelippes’s notes on the evidence gathered against Mary Queen of Scots, 4 Sep 1586 , SP 53 / 19 / 84 ; Phelippes’s paper on the privity to conspiracy of Nau and Curll, 4 Sep 1586 , SP 53 / 19 / 85 ; Burghley to Sir Christopher Hatton, 4 Sep 1586 , Read ( 1909 ), 42 – 4 ; William Waad to Phelippes, 7 Sep 1586 , SP 53 / 19 / 94 ; Walsingham to Phelippes, 9 Sep 1586 , SP 53 / 19 / 95 ; Nau’s confession, 9 Sep 1586 , Pollen ( 1922 ), 141 – 2 ; Walsingham to Phelippes, 10 Sep 1586 , SP 53 / 19 / 96 ; Nau’s confession, 21 Sep 1586 , Pollen ( 1922 ), 144 – 5 ; Gilbert Curll’s confessions, 21 and 23 Sep 1586 , Pollen ( 1922 ), 143 – 4 , 146 – 7 . See also three undated papers: Walsingham’s note of the names of the confederates, SP 12 / 192 / 17 ; the plan for their arrest, SP 53 / 18 / 34 ; and an inventory of Babington’s books, including works by Richard Bristow, Edmund Campion, Robert Persons, and Nicholas Sander, BL Lansdowne MS 50 ff. 167 r– 168 r. Elizabeth’s conversation with Burghley about the punishment of Babington and his confederates is from Burghley to Hatton, 12 Sep 1586 , BL Egerton MS 2124 f. 28 r–v, Read ( 1909 ), 45 – 6 . See also State Trials, 1 : 1156 – 8 . On the executions of Babington, 20 and 21 Sep 1586 , see BL Additional MS 48027 ff. 263 r– 271 v; and BL Harley MS 290 ff. 170 r– 173 v. On the first session of the Commission at Fotheringhay Castle see Steuart ( 1951 ), Guy ( 2004 ), ch. 29 , and Alford ( 2008 ), chs. 17 , 18 . On the Commission’s proceedings in Star Chamber, 25 Oct 1586 , see Steuart ( 1951 ) and Guy ( 2004 ), ch. 29 . The court and parliamentary politics of Mary’s death warrant are discussed by Alford ( 2008 ), ch. 18 . On William Davison see Wernham ( 1931 ) and ODNB .
Chapter 16 : An Axe and an Armada
On reactions in Europe to Mary Queen of Scots’s execution and on her phantom will see Parker ( 1998 ), 191 , and Carroll ( 2009 ), 265 – 6 . The paper by William Allen and Robert Persons on King Philip of Spain’s claim to the English throne, c. Mar 1587 , is printed in Hicks ( 1942 ), 295 – 303 . Allen’s quotation ‘We put not our trust in princes’ is from [Allen] ( 1581 ), f. 110 . King Philip’s reference from 1559 to the evil taking place in England is from Parker ( 1998 ), 148 . Sir William Cecil’s policy paper of 1569 , ‘A short memorial’, is CP 157 / 2 – 7 . The quotation by Thomas Hobbes is from Leviathan ( 1651 ), ch. 13 . On the debate over Spanish aggression in Oct 84 see Alford ( 2008 ), 255 – 6 . Burghley wrote other papers on 10 Oct 84 , CP 163 / 50 – 4 . Walsingham’s paper on Spain, c. Mar 85 , is SP 12 / 177 / 58 , discussed by Parker ( 1998 ), 175 . Spanish policy and planning with the Pope on England is from Parker ( 1998 ), 179 – 82 . See also the important essay by Calvar ( 1990 ). King Philip’s invasion plan of 1586 is from Parker ( 1998 ), 182 – 8 . See also Jensen ( 1988 ). On William Allen’s support for the ‘Enterprise of England’ see Duffy ( 2005 ) and Knox ( 1882 ), lxxv–cviii. On Sir William Stanley see Loomie ( 1963 ), ch. 5 , and McCoog ( 1996 b), 230 – 3 . Allen’s pamphlet on Stanley is Allen ( 1587 ). On Allen, Spain, and Rome see McCoog ( 1996 b), 239 – 40 , and Parker ( 1998 ), 191 . The memorandum on succession and invasion by Allen and Robert Persons is printed in Hicks ( 1942 ), 295 – 303 , and Knox ( 1882 ), xcvi–c, 281 – 6 . Rodríguez-Salgado and Adams ( 1991 ) discusses the dynastic context of England and Spain in the 1580 s. On Count Olivares and Allen see Knox ( 1882 ), c–cii. Allen’s briefing paper of June 87 is printed in Hicks ( 1942 ), 303 – 9 . On Allen’s promotion see Knox ( 1882 ), cii–cv. The text of the agreement between Sixtus V and Philip II is printed in Meyer ( 1967 ), 520 – 3 , quotation at 522 . The English translation is from McCoog ( 1996 b), 245 . On negotiations between Rome and Philip see also Jensen ( 1988 ). The plans of Allen and Olivares for making appointments in the English church are from Knox ( 1882 ), cvi–cvii. Allen’s attack on Elizabeth is from [Allen] [ 1588 a] and Allen 1588 b. On An Admonition see McCoog ( 1996 b), 246 – 51 , and Duffy ( 2002 ). See also Kingdon ( 1965 ). Burghley’s letter to Walsingham, 12 June 1583 , is SP 12 / 211 / 15 . On intelligence of the Great Armada see Parker ( 1998 ), ch. 7 . Walsingham’s reference to the ‘Spanish brag’ is from his letter to Burghley, 15 Jan 1586 , is BL Harley MS 6993 f. 125 r–v. On Sir Horatio Palavicino see Stone ( 1956 ), ch. 6 . On Anthony Standen and his career see Lea ( 1932 ) and Paul Hammer’s biography in ODNB . The main points of a letter to be sent to Standen in Florence, probably Apr or May 1587 , are SP 98 / 1 / 9 . On Stephen Powle see Stern ( 1992 ), esp. chs. 4 , 5 . William Wynter’s assessment on the likely success of a Spanish landing is from Wynter to Walsingham, 20 June 1588 , SP 12 / 211 / 38 . Palavicino’s letter to Walsingham, 5 June 1588 , is SP 12 / 211 / 6 , discussed by Stone ( 1956 ), 21 – 2 . On the actions of Sir Francis Drake, Martin Frobisher and John Hawkins see their biographies in the ODNB (by James Kelsey, James McDermott and Basil Morgan). The quotation by Lord Admiral Howard is from McDermott’s biography of him in the ODNB . On the Armada and weather see Daultrey ( 1990 ). The celebratory verse on English victory over the Armada is from Doran ( 2003 ), 239 . The Duke of Parma’s words to Valentine Dale, 18 July 1588 , are from Parker ( 1998 ), 212 . On the political, economic, and social strains of the 1590 s see Guy ( 1995 ), esp. introduction and chs. 1 , 2 , 3 , 9 .
Chapter 17 : ‘Good and painful long services’
Thomas Barnes’s letter to Thomas Phelippes, 12 Mar 1590 , is SP 15 / 31 / 131 . On the work of Barnes and Phelippes see Barnes’s confession, 17 Mar 1588 , SP 12 / 199 / 86 , Pollen ( 1922 ), 3 – 5 , and his letter to Sir Francis Walsingham, 17 Mar 1588 , SP 53 / 21 / 26 . A report of Barnes in Phelippes’s hand, 31 May 1589 , is SP 15 / 31 / 26 . Charles Paget’s questionnaire for Barnes, May 1589 , is SP 15 / 31 / 27 . The reply to this paper, written by Phelippes, June 1589 , is also in SP 15 / 31 / 27 . Phelippes’s paper on Barnes’s reply to Hugh Owen, 23 June 1589 , is SP 15 / 31 / 32 . Phelippes’s reflection upon ‘the principal point of intelligence’ is from his letter to Sir Robert Cecil, 18 Apr 1600 , SP 12 / 274 / 107 . Stephen Phelippes’s reference to the meeting between his brother and Barnes, 31 Jan 1602 , is SP 12 / 283 / 21 . Robert Poley’s words on Sir Francis Walsingham’s disease, spoken about 1586 , are from the deposition of his sometime landlord, William Yeomans, 7 Jan 1589 , SP 12 / 222 / 13 . Walsingham’s will is PROB 11 / 75 PCC Drury. On his debts see Read ( 1925 ), 3 : 443 – 5 , Hasler ( 1981 ), 3 : 574 , and ODNB . Lord Burghley’s words on Walsingham’s death are from his letter to Filiazzi, 30 June 1590 , BL Lansdowne MS 103 f. 194 r. William Allen allegation of the Machiavellian methods practised by Elizabeth’s government is from [Allen] ( 1588 b), 23 – 4 (sigs. B 4 r–v). For the words spoken by Walsingham at the trial of the Queen of Scots see Alford ( 2008 ), 275 . On the meanings of ‘curious’ see OED and Crystal and Crystal ( 2002 ), 111 . Robert Beale’s account of Walsingham’s system of espionage is from Read ( 1925 ), 1 : 435 – 6 . Phelippes’s decipher of Sir Francis Englefield to Doctor Barrett, 24 Jan/ 3 Feb 1590 , SP 15 / 31 / 102 . On Walsingham’s secret budget see Read ( 1925 ), 2 : 371 , and the paper listing warrants paid between Apr 85 and Dec 89 , SP 12 / 229 / 49 . The reference to ‘The book of secret intelligences’ is from Walsingham’s ‘A memorial of things delivered out of my custody’, SP 12 / 231 / 56 . Burghley’s paper of the ‘Names of intelligencers’, Apr 1590 , is SP 101 / 90 stamped f. 84 r. The accounts of Henri Chasteau-Martin, Edmund Palmer and Edward James, as well as the refences to the wife of Master Roures, June 1590 , are from SP 78 / 21 stamped f. 243 r. For the exchange rate between Spain and England see Loomie ( 1963 ), app. 3 . See also Palmer to Walsingham, 31 Mar/ 10 Apr 1590 , SP 78 / 21 stamped ff. 142 r– 143 r, and Palmer to Walsingham, 13 / 23 Apr 1590 , SP 78 / 21 stamped ff. 169 r– 171 r. The ‘true copy’ of Walsingham’s letter to Edward James, dated 28 Mar 1590 (or 18 / 28 Mar 1590 ), is SP 78 / 21 stamped ff. 138 r–v, 139 v. On ChasteauMartin and the audit conducted by Burghley and Heneage see Hammer ( 1999 ), 154 – 5 . Burghley’s memorial on the English Catholic émigrés, 7 Aug 1590 , is SP 12 / 233 / 31 . On Spanish pensions paid to English Catholics see Loomie ( 1963 ), app. 3 . [Barnes] to [Phelippes], 31 May/ 10 June 1590 , is SP 15 / 31 / 145 . William Phelippes’s will ( 1 May 1590 ) is PROB 11 / 77 PCC Sainberbe ( 5 Feb 1591 ). Phelippes’s reference to the queen’s privity is from Phelippes to Sir Robert Cecil, 18 Apr 1600 , SP 12 / 274 / 107 . Phelippes’s essay on ‘Present perils of the realm for Master Vice-chamberlain [prob. Sir Thomas Heneage], n.d., is SP 12 / 201 / 61 . William Sterrell to Thomas Phelippes, 18 Apr 1591 , is SP 12 / 238 / 125 . On Sterrell, Phelippes, the Earl of Essex and ‘matters of intelligence’ see Hammer ( 1999 ), ch. 5 . Sterrell’s letter to Phelippes about a meeting with Essex, [Apr 1591 ], is SP 12 / 238 / 137 . See also Sterrell to Phelippes, [? 15 Apr 1591 ], SP 12 / 238 / 119 . Francis Bacon to Phelippes, [?Apr 1591 ], is SP 12 / 238 / 138 . Burghley’s letter to Phelippes concerning the packet sent from Dieppe, 5 June 1593 , is SP 12 / 245 / 27 .
Chapter 18 : Platforms and Passports
Lord Burghley’s quotation on service to the queen is from his letter to Sir Robert Cecil, 10 July 1598 , CUL MS Ee. 3.56 no. 138 . On John Fixer and John Cecil alias John Snowden see Anstruther ( 1969 ), 63 – 8 , 118 . The description of Fixer is from a note of seminary priests signed by Richard Young, c. 1591 , SP 12 / 229 / 78 . The reference to Burghley’s house is from Snowden to Sir Robert Cecil, 4 June 1591 , SP 12 / 239 / 12 . Snowden’s statement, 21 May 1591 , is SP 12 / 238 / 160 . Fixer’s statement of the same date is SP 12 / 238 / 162 . The details of Robert Persons’s courier system are from Snowden’s second statement, 22 May 1591 , SP 12 / 238 / 167 . See also Edwards ( 1995 ), ch. 9 . On Spanish preparations for an invading fleet after the Armada of 1588 see Parker ( 1998 ), ch. 10 . Burghley’s questions for Snowden and Fixer, 22 May 1591 , are SP 12 / 238 / 165 . Snowden’s second statement, 22 May 1591 , is SP 12 / 238 / 167 . Fixer’s second statement, 22 May 1591 , does not obviously match Burghley’s questions in SP 12 / 238 / 163 . Snowden’s statement of 23 May 1591 is SP 12 / 238 / 168 . Snowden’s note of his books and papers aboard The Adulphe, [23 ] May 1591 , is SP 12 / 238 / 169 . On the writings of Robert Persons in the early 1590 s see Houliston ( 2001 ) and ODNB and on those of Robert Southwell in the same period see ODNB and Brown ( 1973 ). Burghley’s questions of [ 25 ] May 1591 are SP 12 / 238 / 178 . Snowden’s statement of 25 May 1591 is SP 12 / 238 / 179 . Snowden’s letter to Burghley, 26 May 1591 , is SP 12 / 238 / 180 . His list of priests, [ 26 May] 1591 , is SP 12 / 238 / 181 . Sir Robert Cecil’s letter to Snowden, 1 June 1591 , is SP 12 / 239 / 3 . See also Cecil’s letter to Burghley, 2 June 91 , CP 168 / 25 . Snowden to Cecil, 4 June 1591 , is SP 12 / 239 / 12 . Snowden to Cecil, 12 June 1591 , is SP 12 / 239 / 26 . Snowden to Cecil, 20 June 1591 , is SP 12 / 239 / 46 . Snowden to Cecil, 3 July 1591 , is SP 12 / 239 / 78 . [Persons] to Doctor Barret, 28 Oct/ 7 Nov 1590 , is CP 167 / 113 , noted in an undated summary of intercepted letters, SP 15 / 31 / 167 . Persons to John Cecil and John Fixer, 3 / 13 Apr 1591 , is CP 168 / 13 . Snowden to Sir Robert Cecil, 7 July 1591 , is SP 12 / 239 / 87 . Snowden to Cardinal Allen, 2 Oct 1592 , is SP 52 / 50 ff. 104 v– 105 r, printed in Anstruther ( 1969 ). Snowden to Cecil, [? 30 Dec 1595 ], is SP 12 / 155 / 22 . See also Snowden to Cecil, n.d., SP 12 / 239 / 88 . On the allegations made against Cecil alias Snowden by the Jesuit William Crichton see Anstruther ( 1969 ). On suspicions about Cecil alias Snowden in May 1597 see Petti ( 1959 ), 254 – 5 . See also Snowden to Cecil, 14 Feb 1594 , CP 169 / 37 .
Chapter 19 : The Fall and Rise of Thomas Phelippes
The principal sources are: Sterrell to Phelippes, [? 1 May] 1592 , SP 12 / 242 / 3 ; Phelippes to the Earl of Essex, 30 May 1592 , SP 12 / 242 / 33 ; Sterrell to Phelippes, [May] 1592 , SP 12 / 242 / 37 ; Sterrell to Phelippes, 21 June 1592 , SP 12 / 242 / 53 ; Sterrell to Phelippes, 26 Nov 1592 , SP 12 / 243 / 66 ; Sterrell to Phelippes, 2 Jan [ 1593 ], SP 12 / 241 / 2 ; Sterrell to Phelippes, 15 Jan 1593 , SP 12 / 244 / 15 ; Essex to Phelippes, June 1593 , SP 12 / 245 / 40 , on which see Hammer ( 1999 ), 156 ; Phelippes to Sterrell, 5 July 1593 , SP 12 / 245 / 50 ; Sterrell to Phelippes, [?July] 1593 , SP 12 / 246 / 61 ; Sterrell to Phelippes, [? 23 July 1593 ], SP 12 / 255 / 52 ; Francis Bacon to Phelippes, 14 Aug 1592 , SP 12 / 242 / 106 ; Lord Buckhurst to Phelippes, 8 Sep 1593 , SP 12 / 245 / 92 ; Buckhurst to Phelippes, 10 Sep 1593 , SP 12 / 245 / 93 ; Bacon to Phelippes, 15 Sep 1592 , is SP 12 / 243 / 13 . Essex’s letter to Phelippes, SP 12 / 246 / 60 , was endorsed by Phelippes as ‘ 93 ’, but its context better fits Bacon’s letter of 15 Sep 1592 . The report on Reinold Bisley, endorsed by Thomas Phelippes, is SP 12 / 240 / 144 . Phelippes’s copy of the report on Bisley is SP 12 / 243 / 94 . On bowling alleys in London see Salgado ( 1977 ), 38 – 9 , and Judges ( 1965 ). The phrase ‘in one’s buttons’, meaning very plain or easy to see, is from Crystal and Crystal ( 2000 ), 60 . On Bisley as Buckhurst’s agent see his letter to Buckhurst of 7 Apr 1592 , SP 12 / 241 / 118 . See also Richard Verstegan’s report of Bisley’s capture by Buckhurst,22 Sep/ 2 Oct 1592 , Petti ( 1959 ), 75 . Phelippes’s interrogatories for Bisley, c. 25 July 1592 , are SP 12 / 243 / 92 , and his note of Bisley’s examination, 25 July 1592 , is SP 12 / 242 / 88 . On Thomas Cloudesley, 19 Dec 1592 , is SP 12 / 243 / 91 and SP 12 / 243 / 91 .I. On Hugh Owen and Sir William Stanley see Loomie ( 1963 ), chs. 3 , 5 , and ODNB . On William Holt see ODNB and McCoog ( 1996 ). John Sheppard’s receipt for Bisley’s diet and lodging in prison, 25 Sep 1593 , is SP 12 / 245 / 103 . On the failure of Sterrell see Phelippes to Essex, 9 Dec 1596 , CP 47 / 6 , and Hammer ( 1999 ), 162 – 3 . Essex’s letter to Phelippes, endorsed by Phelippes June 1593 , is SP 12 / 246 / 60 , on which see Hammer ( 1999 ), 156 . Sterrell’s letter to Phelippes, [ 1594 ], is SP 12 / 250 / 61 .
Chapter 20 : Politics and Prognostications
On the Earl of Essex’s intelligence service see Hammer ( 1999 ), ch. 5 . Lord Burghley’s health in the 1590 s is discussed in Alford ( 2008 ), ch. 20 . Burghley’s letter to Sir Robert Cecil, 10 Feb 1594 , is CUL MS Ee. 3.56 no. 17 . The prognostications for late 1593 and 1594 are from the almanacs of James Carre ( STC 428 ) and Robert Westhawe ( STC 526 ). On the Lopez plot see Dimock ( 1894 ), Hammer ( 1999 ), 159 – 63 , Green ( 2003 ), and Edgar Samuel’s biography in ODNB . The quotation by Essex is from his letter to Anthony Bacon, 28 Jan 1594 , ODNB . On Manuel de Andrada, who acted as intermediary between Lopez and Don Bernardino de Mendoza, see Stone ( 1956 ), 235 , 244 , 252 – 3 . Two of Andrada’s letters to Mendoza are [Mar] 1590 , SP 94 / 3 stamped f. 138 r, and [ 23 Feb/ 5 Mar] 1591 , SP 12 / 238 / 68 . Andrada’s letters to Lopez are [ 7 / 17 May 1591 ], SP 89 / 2 stamped f. 130 r, and 6 / 16 July 1591 , SP 12 / 239 / 83 . There is a summary in English of Andrada’s letters, [July] 1591 , SP 94 / 4 stamped ff. 25 r, 33 r. See also Burghley’s instructions for Thomas Mylles in questioning Andrada, 3 Aug 1591 , SP 12 / 239 / 123 . Burghley’s interrogatories for Andrada, 16 Aug 1591 , are SP 12 / 239 / 142 , SP 12 / 239 / 142 . II , and SP 12 / 239 / 142 . III . Andrada’s answers to the interrogatories are SP 12 / 239 / 150 ( 18 Aug 1591 ) and SP 12 / 240 / 4 and SP 12 / 240 / 5 [ 4 Sep 1591 ]. SP 12 / 247 / 101 is a copy of Lopez’s indictment, [ 28 Feb] 1594 . ‘A collection of the circumstances and particular proofs of the treasons as the same were set forth in evidence to the jury’, [Feb] 1594 , is SP 12 / 247 / 102 . ‘A true report of the detestable treasons committed by Doctor Lopez’, [Feb 1594 ], is SP 12 / 247 / 103 . William Waad’s narrative of the Lopez plot is BL Additional MS 48029 ff. 147 r– 184 v. See also the account of Lopez’s treason in the hand of Burghley’s secretary Henry Maynard and corrected by Burghley and Thomas Phelippes, CP 139 / 41 – 8 . On Giacomo de Franceschi, or ‘Jacques’, see Loomie ( 1963 ), 151 – 2 , 155 , 249 . See also the confession of Henry Walpole, 13 June 1594 , where he is ‘Jacomo Francischi’ ( SP 12 / 249 / 12 ) and the account of the treasons of Patrick O’Cullun where he is ‘Jacobo de Francisco’ ( CP 29 / 74 ). The sources for the murder plots of O’Collun and Polewhele are: John Annyas’s confession, Jan 1594 , SP 12 / 247 / 33 ; ‘Notes drawn out of the confessions of [William] Polewheele to charge John Annyas and Patrick O’Collun’, 4 Feb 1594 , SP 12 / 247 / 39 ; O’Collun’s confession, 6 Feb 1594 , is SP 12 / 247 / 35 ; Annyas’s confessions, SP 12 / 247 / 60 ( 11 Feb 1594 ) and SP 12 / 247 / 62 ( 12 Feb 1594 ); Burghley’s order for the apprehension of suspicious persons, 17 Feb 1594 , SP 12 / 247 / 66 ; the royal proclamation, 21 Feb 1594 , STC 8236 , Hughes and Larkin ( 1964 – 9 ), 3 : 134 – 6 ; Hugh Cahill’s confession, written by Richard Topclyffe, 21 Feb 1594 , SP 12 / 247 / 78 ; Polewheele’s confession, 21 Feb 1594 , SP 12 / 247 / 73 ; notes of O’Collun’s examination, 21 Feb 1594 , SP 12 / 247 / 76 and SP 12 / 247 / 77 ; John Danyell’s statement, 21 Feb 1594 , SP 12 / 247 / 79 ; Annyas’s confession, 22 Feb 1594 , SP 12 / 247 / 81 ; Danyell’s statement, 25 Feb 1594 , SP 12 / 247 / 91 . On O’Collun and Annyas in the Tower see Harrison ( 2004 ), 261 – 2 , 493 . Danyell communicated with Burghley through the merchant Thomas Jefferey: [ 28 July/ 7 Aug or 7 Aug] 1592 , SP 12 / 242 / 104 . Danyell named Michael Modye (or Moody) as one of the men who intended to blow up the Tower of London. Modye sent letters of intelligence to Burghley in 1591 ( 18 May, SP 12 / 238 / 155 ; 27 May, SP 12 / 238 / 185 ), though his loyalty as an intelligencer for Elizabeth’s government was called into question in Aug 1591 ( SP 12 / 239 / 148 ). In 1592 Reinold Bisley reported, probably to Burghley, that Modye had been in England three times that year ( 7 Apr 1592 , SP 12 / 241 / 118 ). Probably most significant of all, however, is Burghley’s estimate of Modye in Oct 1591 , in which he was minded not to reject Modye’s service (Burghley to Sir Thomas Heneage, 12 Oct 1591 , CP 20 / 44 ). Edmund Yorke’s letters are: to William Munning, 21 Mar 1594 , SP 12 / 248 / 42 ; to Burghley, 1 July 1591 , BL Lansdowne MS 67 f. 114 r; to Sir Edward Yorke, 9 June 1594 , SP 12 / 249 / 8 ; to Essex, 23 June 1594 , SP 12 / 249 / 19 ; and to Sir Edward Yorke, 23 June 1594 , SP 12 / 249 / 18 . The relevant statements and confessions are those of Richard Blundevyll, 15 Apr 1594 ( SP 12 / 248 / 69 ) and 17 Apr 1594 ( SP 12 / 248 / 74 ); Edmund Yorke, 12 Aug 1594 ( SP 12 / 249 / 66 ), 15 Aug 1594 ( SP 12 / 249 / 79 ), 20 Aug 1594 ( SP 12 / 249 / 98 ), 21 Aug 1594 ( SP 12 / 249 / 98 , SP 12 / 249 / 102 , SP 12 / 249 / 103 ), 24 Aug 1594 ( SP 12 / 249 / 112 ), and 28 Aug 1594 ( SP 12 / 249 / 125 ); Henry Young, 30 July 1594 ( SP 12 / 249 / 41 ), 12 Aug 1594 ( SP 12 / 249 / 64 ), 16 Aug 1594 ( SP 12 / 249 / 92 ), 24 Aug 1594 ( SP 12 / 249 / 114 ), and his letter to Lord Cobham, 13 Aug 1594 ( SP 12 / 249 / 74 ); Richard Williams, 12 Aug 1594 ( SP 12 / 249 / 68 , SP 12 / 249 / 91 ), 15 Aug 1594 ( SP 12 / 249 / 81 ), 20 Aug 1594 ( SP 12 / 249 / 96 ), 21 Aug 1594 ( SP 12 / 249 / 108 ), 27 Aug 1594 ( SP 12 / 249 / 129 ), and 28 Aug 1594 ( SP 12 / 249 / 125 ). See also the interrogatories put to Yorke, Young, and Williams, 14 Aug 1594 , SP 12 / 249 / 78 ; and the statement of Anthony Jenkins, 17 Aug 1594 , SP 12 / 249 / 95 . Burghley’s summary of Yorke’s case, 9 Sep 1594 , is CP 28 / 36 – 8 . On the plot to assassinate Burghley, see Yorke’s undated statement, SP 12 / 249 / 106 . Francis Bacon’s quotation on the breaking of fugitive traitors is from Hammer ( 1999 ), 159 . The best summary of Sir Robert Cecil’s intelligence network after 1596 is Stone ( 1956 ), ch. 6 and app. 3 . On the armada of 1596 see Wernham ( 1994 ), ch. 9 . On Cecil’s survey of France see Potter ( 2004 ). ‘The names of the intelligencers’, c. 1597 , is SP 12 / 265 / 134 . Thomas Honiman’s secret accounts are SP 12 / 269 / 30 ( 25 Oct 1596 – 26 Sep 1597 , 11 Nov 1597 – 3 Dec 1598 ) and SP 12 / 271 / 91 ( 1599 ). ‘A memorial of intelligencers in several places’ by Cecil, Jan 1598 , is SP 12 / 265 / 133 , printed in Stone ( 1956 ), app. 3 . The advice by Robert Beale, from 1592 , is BL Additional MS 48149 ff. 3 v– 9 v, printed in Read ( 1925 ), 1 : 423 – 43 , quotation at 427 . The paper from 1601 on ‘Intelligencers abroad’ is SP 12 / 283 / 72 .
Chapter 21 : Ends and Beginnings
Nicholas Berden’s letters to Sir Francis Walsingham are: 14 Mar 1588 , SP 12 / 209 / 19 ; and 24 Apr 1588 , SP 12 / 209 / 107 . On Gilbert Gifford’s years in prison in Paris see Pollen ( 1922 ), 118 – 20 . On Munday, Shakespeare and his handwriting, and ‘Sir Thomas More’ see Munday ( 1990 ). On Robert Poley and Christopher Marlowe see Nicholl ( 2002 ). For a short but essential critique on the evidence of Marlowe’s espionage see John Bossy’s review of Park Honan’s biography of Marlowe in London Review of Books, 28 : 24 ( 14 Dec 2006 ). Robert Poley’s missions are set out in de Kalb ( 1933 ). His codes and cipher are SP 106 / 2 stamped ff. 73 r– 75 r, printed in Seaton ( 1931 ). See also Boas ( 1928 ) and de Kalb ( 1928 ). The best short study of Thomas Phelippes’s later years is Hasler ( 1981 ), 3 : 219 – 20 (which uses the spelling Phillips). Phelippes’s letters are: to Robert Cecil, Viscount Cranborne, 29 Jan 1605 ( SP 14 / 12 / 42 ) and 31 Jan 1605 ( SP 14 / 12 / 44 ); to Robert Cecil, Earl of Salisbury on the Gunpowder treason, [Feb 1606 ] ( SP 14 / 18 / 61 ) and 4 Feb 1606 ( SP 14 / 18 / 63 ). On Phelippes and Hugh Owen see Loomie ( 1963 ), 83 – 9 ; and to Secretary Conway, 23 Feb 1625 , SP 14 / 184 / 34 . On William Allen see Duffy ( 2002 ) and on Englefield see Loomie ( 1963 ), ch. 2 . On Robert Persons and the English succession see Holmes ( 1980 ), Doran ( 2004 ), and ODNB . On Thomas Morgan and Charles Paget after 1603 see Pollen ( 1922 ), ccvi–ccx. On Persons’s Conference about the next succession see Holmes ( 1980 ), Doran ( 2004 ), and Lake ( 2004 ). King James VI ’s quotation from 1601 is from Dalrymple ( 1766 ), 6 ; that from 1588 in Allison ( 2009 ), 222 , in which see ch. 8 more generally. The most important documents on the case of Valentine Thomas are George Nicholson’s reports to Sir Robert Cecil, [June 1598 ], SP 52 / 62 / 39 , and 1 July 1598 , SP 52 / 62 / 43 ; Queen Elizabeth’s instructions to Sir William Bowes, 1 July 1598 , SP 52 / 62 / 46 ; negotiations between James’s ambassador and Elizabeth’s Privy Council, 10 Sep 1598 , SP 52 / 63 / 4 ; and Nicholas, Master of Elphinstone to David Foulis, 26 Sep 1598 , SP 52 / 63 / 17 . On Thomas see Doran ( 2004 ). On the accession of James VI of Scotland to the Tudor throne see Stafford ( 1940 ), ch. 9 , and Vignaux ( 2004 ). Lord Henry Howard’s words about Sir Robert Cecil are from Stafford ( 1940 ), 257 . W. H. Auden’s poem is ‘Musée des Beaux Arts’ ( 1938 ). The quotation by Francis Bacon is from his essay ‘Of simulation and dissimulation’ in Bacon ( 1632 ), 31 .
Early Printed Books and Pamphlets
[ Alfield, Thomas .] 1582 . A true reporte of the death & martyrdome of M. Campion Jesuite and preiste, & M. Sherwin, & M. Bryan preistes, at Tiborne the first of December 1581. STC 4537 . [London: Richard Verstegan .]
[ Allen, William .] 1581 . An apologie and true declaration of the Institution and endevours of the two English Colleges, the one in Rome, the other now resident in Rhemes: against certaine sinister informations given up against the same. STC 369 . [Rheims: ?John Fogny. ]
— . 1582 . A Briefe Historie of the Glorious Martyrdom of XII . Reverend Priests, executed within these twelvemonethes for confession and defence of the Catholike faith. But under the false pretence of treason. STC 369.5 . [ Rheims: John Fogny.]
— . 1584 . A True, Sincere, and Modest Defence of English Catholicques that suffer for their Faith both at home and abroad. STC 373 . [Rouen: Father Persons’s press. ]
— . 1587 . The copie of a letter written by M. Doctor Allen: concerning the yielding up, of the citie of Daventrie, unto his Catholike Majestie, by Sir William Stanley knight. STC 370 . Antwerp: Joachim Trognaesius .
— . [1588 a ]. A Declaration of the Sentence and deposition of Elizabeth, the usurper and pretensed Quene of Englande. STC 22590 . [Antwerp: A. Coninncx .]
— . 1588 b . An Admonition to the nobility and people of England and Ireland concerninge the present warres made for the execution of his Holines Sentence, by the highe and mightie Kinge Catholike of Spaine. STC 368 . [ Antwerp: A. Coninncx .]
[ Aylmer, John .] 1559 . An harborowe for faithfull and trewe subjectes. STC 1005 . [London: John Day.]
Bacon, Francis . 1605 . The twoo bookes of Francis Bacon. Of the proficience and aduancement of learning, divine and humane. STC 1164 . London: [Thomas Purfoot and Thomas Creede for] Henrie Tomes .
— . 1632 . The Essayes or Counsels, Civill and Morall. STC 1150 . London: John Haviland .
Barker, Christopher. 1582 . A particular declaration or testimony, of the undutifull and traiterous affection borne against her Majestie by Edmond Campion Jesuite, and other condemned Priestes, witnessed by their owne confessions. STC 4536 . London: Christopher Barker.
— . [1585 a ]. A True and plaine declaration of the horrible Treasons, practised by William Parry the Traitor, against the Queenes Majestie. The maner of his Arraignment, Conviction and execution, together with the copies of sundry letters of his and others, tending to divers purposes, for the proofes of his Treasons. STC 19342 . London: [Christopher Barker] .
— . [1585 b ]. A true and Summarie reporte of some part of the Earle of Northumberlands Treasons. STC 19617.5 . [London:] Christopher Barker.
Bristow, Richard . 1574 . A Briefe Treatise of diverse plaine and sure wayes to finde out the truthe in this doubtful and dangerous time of Heresie. STC 3799 . Antwerp: John Fowler.
Campion, Edmund . 1632 . Campion Englished, or A Translation of the Ten Reasons, in which Edmund Campian . . . insisted in his Challenge, to the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge. STC 4535 . [Rouen?]
Cecil, John . [1599 .] A discoverye of the errors committed and injuryes don to his Ma: off Scotlande and nobilitye off the same realme, and John Cecyll pryest and D. off divinitye. STC 4894 . [Paris: G. de la Noue.]
[ Cecil, Robert .] 1586 . The copie of a letter to the Right Honourable the Earle of Leycester . . . with a report of certeine petitions and declarations made to the Queenes Majestie at two severall times, from all the lordes and commons lately assembled in Parliament. STC 6052 . London: Christopher Barker.
[ Cecil, William , first Baron Burghley.] 1583 . The execution of Justice in England for maintenaunce of publique and Christian peace. STC 4902 . London: [Christopher Barker] .
— . 1584 . The execution of Justice in England for maintenaunce of publique and Christian peace. STC 4903 . London: [Christopher Barker.]
Charke, William . 1580 . An answere to a seditious pamphlet lately cast abroad by a Jesuite, with a discoverie of that blasphemous sect. STC 5005 . London: Christopher Barker.
Digges, Dudley, ed. 1655 . The Compleat Ambassador. London: Thomas Newcomb for Gabriel Bedell and Thomas Collins .
Eliot, George . 1581 . A very true report of the apprehension and taking of that Arche Papist Edmond Campion the Pope his right hand, with three other lewd Jesuite priests, and divers other Laie people, most seditious persons of like sort. STC 7629 . London: Thomas Dawson .
Florio, John . 1598 . A Worlde of Wordes. STC 11098 . London: Arnold Hatfield .
Foxe, John . 1589 . An abridgement of the booke of acts and monumentes of the Church: written by that Reverend Father, Maister John Fox: and now abridged by Timothe Bright, Doctour of Phisicke. STC 11229 . London: John Windet .
González de Montes, Raimundo . 1569 . A discovery and playne Declaration of sundry subtill practises of the Holy Inquisition of Spayne. Translated by Vincent Skinner. STC 11997 . London: John Day.
Hanmer, Meredith . 1581 . The great bragge and challenge of M. Champion a Jesuite, commonlye called Edmunde Campion, latelye arrived in Englande, contayninge nyne articles here severallye laide downe, directed by him to the Lordes of the Counsail. STC 12745 , STC 12745.5 . London: Thomas Marsh .
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