Abbreviations of Journals and Encyclopedias
1 Mill (1), p. 83.
2 Mill (1), p. 79.
3 Hayek (1), p. 122.
4 DOI, p. 458.
5 Ettinghausen, pp. 12-13.
6 Watt (3), p. 38.
7 Nicholson (2), p. 291.
8 Ibn Kammuna, intro., p. 8.
9 Ibid., pp. 145ff.
10 Ibid., p. 3, note 5.
11 Ali Dashti, p. 10
12 Ibid., p. 48.
13 Ibid., p. 50.
14 Ibid., p. 56.
15 Amir Taheri, p. 290
16 Pipes, p. 74
17 Ibid., p. 75.
18 Ibid., p. 75.
19 Ibid., p. 75.
20 Donohue and Esposito, p. 114.
21 Pipes, pp. 75-76.
22 Ibid., pp. 79-80
23 Amir Taheri, p. 212.
24 Barbulesco and Cardinal, pp. 203-14.
25 Pipes, p. 71.
26 Halliday, p. 17. The term “closet hooligan” is also due to Halliday.
27 Gibbon, Vol. 5, pp. 240ff.
28 Hume (3), p. 450 (Of the Standard of Taste).
29 Hobbes, p. 136.
30 Dante, Inferno, canto xxviii, line 31.
31 Dante, p. 331, Note 31.
32 Gershwin, p. 149. Gershwin noted that “Happily, in all the years that the song has been around, I have received only one letter remarking on its possible irreverence.”
33 Amir Taheri, pp. 226-27.
34 DOI article Jihad, pp. 243f.
35 Halliday, p. 19.
36 Macdonogh (ed.), pp. 55-56.
37 NYRB, p. 31, xxxix, No. 9, May 14, 1992.
38 Barrauld.
39 Morey.
40 Flew in NH, July 1993, No. 2, Vol 109.
41 Nicholson (2), p. 143.
42 Nicholson (3), p. 5.
43 Quoted in Lewis (5), p. 194, note 1.
44 Intro to Bat Ye‘or (1).
45 Rodinson (2), p. 59.
46 Wansbrough (1), p. ix, Preface.
47 Rippin, p. ix, Preface.
48 Freeman, pp. 113-14.
49 Russell (1), p. 58.
50 Robinson, pp. 117-18.
51 Dawkins (2).
52 OCD art. Tacitus, p. 1034.
53 Montaigne, p. 113.
54 In Bayle art. Mahomet and Nestorius.
55 Bat Ye’or (2), p. 425.
56 Ibid., p. 96.
57 Holt in Lewis and Holt, p. 300.
58 Jeffery (2), p. 32.
59 Quoted in Holt, p. 302.
60 Bousquet (4), note 2, p. 110.
61 Edwards in EU, p. 715.
62 Ibid., p. 715.
63 Lewis (4), p. 95.
64 Ibid., p. 95.
65 Bat Ye‘or (2), p. 427.
66 Ibid., p. 429.
67 Watt (2), p. 17.
68 Oxford Companion to Literature, p. 171.
69 Carlyle, p. 297.
70 Ibid., pp. 288-301.
71 Ibid., p. 307.
72 Ibid., p. 306.
73 Ibid., p. 299.
74 Ibid., p. 332.
75 Ibid., p. 343.
76 Ibid., p. 344.
77 Daniel, p. 306.
78 Ibid., p. 307.
79 Watt (4), p. x, Intro.
80 Lewis in intro to Goldziher (2), p. xi.
81 Watt (1), p. 2.
82 Watt (7), pp. 625-27.
83 Watt (10), p. 116.
84 Watt (2), p. 183.
85 Benda pp. 76-77.
86 Russell (5), p. 107.
87 Popper (1), Vol. II, pp. 369-88.
88 Thompson, pp. 326-27.
89 Daniel, p. 305.
90 Pipes, p. 164.
91 Quoted in MW, Vol. I, No. 2, April 1911.
92 Ibid.
93 Pipes, p. 165.
94 Ibid., p. 166.
95 Russell (1), p. 58.
96 Crone (3), pp. 6-7.
97 Russell (4), p. 165.
98 Koestler, p. 125.
99 Ibid., p. 127.
100 Conquest, pp, 678-79.
101 Eribon, pp. 305-306.
102 Macey, p. 110.
103 Lewis (4), p. 194, note 1.
104 Stillman, p. 16.
105 Watt (8), p. 15.
106 Lewis (4), p. 186.
107 Easterman, pp. 92-93.
108 Goldziher (2), pp. 4-5.
109 Quoted by Anatole France in “The Unrisen Dawn,” London, 1929, pp. 110-11.
110 Renan (1), p. 352.
111 Zwemer (1), p. 24.
112 Quoted by Jeffery (1), p. 1.
113 Quoted by Dashti, p. 94.
114 Quoted by Dashti, p. 1.
115 Quoted by Zwemer (3), p. 150.
116 Zwemer (3), p. 148.
117 Ibid., p. 150.
118 Ibid., p. 157.
119 Noldeke (1) in ERE VOL I, p. 659.
120 Noldeke (1) in ERE VOL I, p. 665.
121 Margoliouth (3) in MW vol. 20, p. 241.
122 Muir (1), p. xci.
123 Zwemer (3), p. 158.
124 Noldeke (1) in ERE Vol I, p. 660.
125 Zwemer (3), p. 159.
126 Ibid., p. 160.
127 Ibid., p. 159.
128 Ibid., p. 161.
129 Juynboll art. Pilgrimage in ERE.
130 Quoted by Bousquet in afterword to Hurgronje (3), p. 287.
131 Noldeke (1) in ERE, Vol, I, p. 664.
132 Zwemer (4) in MW, Vol, 8, p. 359.
133 Widengren art. Iranian Religions in EB, p. 867.
134 Hinnels in Numen 16:161-85, 1969.
135 Article “Zoroastrianism,” in JE, pp. 695-97.
136 Goldziher (3), pp. 163-86.
137 Jeffery (1), p. 14.
138 Torrey, p. 106.
139 Tisdall, p. 78.
140 Tisdall, p. 80.
141 Stutley, p. 16.
142 Dowson, p. 20.
143 Jeffery (1), p. 120.
144 Quoted by Zwemer (3), pp. 126-27.
145 Macdonald in Ell article “Djinn.”
146 Zwemer (1), p. 17.
147 Torrey, p. 60.
148 Torrey, p. 105.
149 Quoted by Obermann, p. 94.
150 Torrey, p. 108.
151 Tisdall, p. 23.
152 Torrey, p. 109ff.
153 Wensinck art. AL Khadir in EII.
154 Obermann, p. 100.
155 Jeffery (1), p. 141.
156 Bell, p. 136.
157 Torrey, pp. 46-47.
158 Hurgronje (2), p. 16.
159 Burton, John. The Collection of the Quran, Cambridge, 1977, p. 225.
160 Hurgronje (2), p. 23.
161 Humphreys, p. 82.
162 Hurgronje (2), p. 24.
163 Ibid., p. 25.
164 Smirnov, p. 48.
165 Ibid., pp. 48-49.
166 Humphreys, p. 83.
167 Ibid., p. 83.
168 Goldziher (1), p. 19. Vol 2.
169 Ibid., p. 43. Vol 2.
170 Ibid., p. 44.
171 Ibid., p. 108.
172 Ibid., p. 169.
173 Ibid., p. 236.
174 Humphreys, p. 83.
175 Schacht (3), pp. 4-5.
176 Ibid., pp. 149-63.
177 Crone (3), p. 7.
178 Humphreys, p. 84.
179 Cook (1), p. 68.
180 Adams article “Quran” in ER.
181 Wansbrough (1), p. 20.
182 Ibid., p. 79.
183 Ibid., p. 51.
184 Ibid., p. 97.
185 Ibid., p. 44.
186 Jeffery (2), p. 342.
187 Wansbrough (1), p. 56.
188 Humphreys, pp. 84-85.
189 Cook (1), p. 65.
190 Ibid., p. 74.
191 Ibid., pp. 75-76.
192 Ibid., pp. 76-82.
193 Humphreys, p. 85.
194 Cook and Crone, p. 9.
195 Ibid., p. 8.
196 Ibid., pp. 14ff.
197 Ibid., p. 18.
198 Ibid., p. 21.
199 Cook (1), p. 86.
200 Crone (2), p. 215.
201 Ibid., p. 230.
202 Jeffery (2) in MW Vol. XVI, No 4. Oct 1926.
203 Reade, p. 428.
204 Muir (1), p. 503-506.
205 Caetani Annali dell’ Islam, trans in MW vol vi.
206 Jeffery (2), p. 335.
207 Buhl in MW Vol 1, 1911, pp. 356-64.
208 Quoted by Jeffery (2), p. 336.
209 Margoliouth (2), pp. 88-89, pp. 104-106.
210 Humphreys, pp. 92-98.
211 Quoted by Humphreys, p. 97.
212 Quoted in Rodinson (1), pp. 157-58.
213 Muir (1), p. 240.
214 Ibid., pp. 307-308.
215 Tor Andrae, p. 218.
216 Stillman, p. 16.
217 Jahanbegloo, p. 107.
218 Hogbin in Firth, p. 256.
219 Muir (1), p. 241, note 1.
220 Rodinson (1), p. 213.
221 Jahanbegloo, p. 37.
222 Runciman (1), p. 348.
223 Quoted in Stillman, p. 147.
224 Rodinson (1),pp. 207-208.
225 Muir (1), p. 414.
226 Watt (9), pp. 114-15.
227 Margoliouth (5) art. Mohammed in ERE VIII p. 878.
228 Huxley (1) Preface, p. ix.
229 Rodinson (1), pp. 217-18.
230 Guillaume, p. 74.
231 Quoted by Zwemer (3), p. 25.
232 Ali Dashti, p. 148f.
233 Goldziher (2), p. 173.
234 Ali Dashti, p. 150.
235 Bell/ Watt, p. 66.
236 Adams art. Quran in ER.
237 Jeffery (4), in MW Vol. 25, p. 11.
238 Adams art. Quran in ER.
239 Guillaume, p. 189.
240 Quoted in Morey, p. 121.
241 Noldeke in EB 11th Edn Vol. 15, pp. 898-906.
242 Ali Dashti, pp. 49-50.
243 Bell/ Watt, p. 93.
244 Quoted in Rippin, p. 26.
245 Bell/ Watt, pp. 94-95.
246 Ali Dashti, p. 98.
247 DOI art. Quran, p. 520.
248 Margoliouth (2), p. 139.
249 Ali Dashti, p. 155.
250 Gore Vidal in New Statesman Society, June 26, 1992, p. 12.
251 Art. Polytheism in ER.
252 Hume (1), p. 56.
253 DOI art. Genii, p. 134.
254 Goldziher (1), vol. 2, p. 259.
255 Bell/ Watt, p. 122.
256 Hume (2), pp. 192-193, Part 5.
257 Ibid., p. 203, Part 7.
258 Lewis (4), p. 175.
259 Schopenhauer Vol 2, pp. 356-59.
260 Hume (1) p. 59.
261 Crone (2) pp. 234-45.
262 Margoliouth (2), p. 149.
263 Macdonald art. Kadar in Ell.
264 Wensinck (1), pp. 51-52.
265 Mill (2), pp. 113-14.
266 Bousquet (1), p. 9.
267 Mackie (2), p. 256.
268 Mackie (1), p. 230.
269 Russell (3), p. 19.
270 Flew (2), p. 277.
271 Gibb, p. 38.
272 Mackie (2), p. 256.
273 Quoted in DOI, p. 147.
274 Paine, p. 270.
275 Paine, p. 52.
276 Mackie (1), p. 232.
277 Voltaire, p. 17.
278 Rodinson (4), p. 49.
279 Watt (9), p. 136.
280 Ibid., p. 135.
281 Spinoza, p. 124.
282 Fox, p. 176.
283 Thompson, p. 328.
284 Fox, p. 218.
285 Margulis/Schwartz, pp. 224-39.
286 Ingersoll, p. 149.
287 Fox, p. 218.
288 Howell Smith, p. 75.
289 Watt (9), pp. 134-35.
290 Kauffmann, pp. 110-16.
291 Birx, p. 417-18.
292 Darwin, Introduction.
293 Ruse, p. 47.
294 Darwin, Introduction.
295 Huxley (2), pp. 52-62.
296 Young, p. 402.
297 Nietzsche, p. 628.
298 Dawkins (1), pp. 141, 249.
299 Hawking, pp. 122, 143-49.
300 Einstein, p. 39.
301 Atkins, p. vii, Preface.
302 Feuerbach, p. 195-96.
303 Hume (4), p. 114-15.
304 Hospers, p. 454.
305 Quoted by Feuerbach, p. 304.
306 Hoffmann (ed), pp. 233-52.
307 Wells (1) in EU art. “Jesus, Historicity of.”
308 Hoffmann, p. 179.
309 Quoted in Hoffmann and Larue (ed), pp. 135-36.
310 Hoffmann and Larue, pp. 21-22.
311 Ibid., p. 199.
312 Ibid., p. 13.
313 Wells (3), p. 657.
314 Wells (4), p. 44-46.
315 Hoffmann and Larue,
316 Ibid., p. 16.
317 Stein, p. 178.
318 Hoffmann, p. 177.
319 Ibid., p. 184.
320 Wells (1), p. 364.
321 Ibid., p. 365.
322 Wells (2).
323 Schacht ( 3), p. 156.
324 Hoffmann and Larue, p. 15.
325 Ibid., p. 48.
326 Momigliano (ed), p. 161.
327 Flew (1), p. 107.
328 Nietzsche, p. 618.
329 Ibid., p. 484.
330 Ibid., p. 535.
331 Ibid., p. 612.
332 Russell (3), p. 72.
333 Dawkins (2).
334 Nietzsche, p. 618.
335 Russell (3), p. 25.
336 Gibb, p. 27.
337 DOI, p. 285.
338 Russell (3), p. 24.
339 Quine, p. 209.
340 Russell (3), p. 24.
341 Robinson, p. 117.
342 Russell (3), pp. 156-57.
343 Russell (4), pp. 5, 29, 114.
344 Quoted in MW Vol. 28, p. 6.
345 Hurgronje (1), p. 264.
346 Ibid., p. 261.
347 Lewis, preface to Kepel The Prophet and Pharaoh, London 1985, pp. 10-11.
348 Schacht (1), p. 69.
349 Ibid., pp. 70-71.
350 Ibid., p. 75.
351 Ibid., p. 201.
352 Ibid., p. 79.
353 Schacht (2), p. 397.
354 Schacht (1), p. 205.
355 Goldziher (2), pp. 63-64.
356 Schacht (2), p. 399.
357 Nietzsche, pp. 596-97.
358 Gibb, p. 67.
359 Hurgronje (1), p. 277.
360 Quoted in FA, Summer 1993.
361 Found as appendix to Melden.
362 Mayer, p. 177.
363 See, in general, Gaudeul.
364 Huntington in FA, Vol. 72, No. 3, 1993.
365 Locke, pp. 19-22.
366 Kant, pp. 7-8.
367 Paine, p. 51.
368 Quoted in Alley, p. 56.
369 Ibid., p. 71.
370 In Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court, New York, 1992, pp. 262-63.
371 Bouquet, p. 269.
372 Kennedy, p. 144.
373 Schacht (1), pp. 126-27.
374 Ibid., pp. 130-32.
375 Hayek (1), pp, 152-53.
376 Quoted by Mayer, pp. 60-61.
377 Ibid., pp. 62-63.
378 Melden. p. 3.
379 Lewis (3), pp. 89-98.
380 Schacht (1), p. 125.
381 Arnold article “Khalifa,” in EII
382 Mayer, p. 35.
383 Ibid., p. 21.
384 Ibid., p. 91.
385 Ibid., p. 160.
386 Ibid., p. 187.
387 Ibid., p. 47.
388 Ibid., p. 49.
389 Ibid., p. 58.
390 Ibid., p. 58.
391 Ibid., p. 62.
392 Ibid, p. 73.
393 Ibid., p. 98.
394 Ibid., p. 112.
395 Bousquet (3).
396 Kramer, p. 38.
397 Hurgronje (1), p. 60.
398 Pryce-Jones, p. 376.
399 Popper (1) Vol. 2, p. 283.
400 Wolpert, p. 178.
401 Creswell, p. 1.
402 Ettinghausen and Grabar, p. 25.
403 Creswell, p. 111.
404 Ettinghausen, p. 67.
405 Schacht (4), p. 546.
406 Quoted in Arberry (1), pp. 34-35.
407 Hayek (2), p. 410.
408 Zakariya.
409 Cook (1), p. 86.
410 Cook and Crone, p. viii Preface.
411 Humphreys, pp. 280-81.
412 Goldziher (1) Vol 1, p. 12.
413 Ibid., p. 15.
414 Ibid., p. 43.
415 Ibid., p. 34.
416 Lewis (6), p. 101.
417 Goldziher (1), p. 98.
418 Quoted by Goldziher (1), p. 79.
419 Lewis (6), pp. 37-38.
420 Cambridge History of Islam, p. 40.
421 Lewis (6), p. 42.
422 Bosworth (2), p. 6.
423 DOI, p. 680.
424 Lewis (6), p. 36.
425 Brunschvig art. Abd in EI2.
426 Goldziher (1) Vol 1, p. 139.
427 Ibid., p. 140.
428 Ibid., p. 146.
429 Ibid., p. 155.
430 Article “Khurrammi” in EI2.
431 Lewis (4), p. 172.
432 Thomas, H. An Unfinished History of the World, London, 1981, p. 602.
433 Chaudhuri, N. Thy Hand, Great Anarch, Delhi, 1987, p. 774.
434 Tarkunde, V. M., Radical Humanism, Delhi, 1983, p. 11.
435 Kedourie, p. 322, in B. Lewis (ed), The World of Islam, London, 1976.
436 Makiya, p. 235.
437 Quoted in Lewis (4), p. 117.
438 DOI art. Jihad, p. 243.
439 Runciman (2), p. 145.
440 Schumpeter.
441 Wensinck in Ell, art.Amr b.al-As.
442 See Bat Ye‘or (2), pp. 317-18.
443 Bosworth (1), p. 43.
444 Chachnamah, p. 155.
445 Alberuni, p. 22.
446 Smith, p. 207.
447 Ibid., pp. 258-59.
448 Ibid., p. 349.
449 Ibid., p. 417.
450 Gascoigne, p. 227.
451 Conze, p. 117.
452 Humphreys, C., p. 95.
453 Harle, p. 199.
454 Smith, pp. 235-36.
455 Rowland, p. 196.
456 Intro. to Bat Ye’or (1).
457 Stillman, p. 24.
458 Ibid., p. 28.
459 Ibid., p. 38.
460 Ibid., p. 62.
461 Ibid., p. 63.
462 Ibid., p. 76.
463 Bat Ye‘or (I), p. 61.
464 Bat Ye’or (2), p. 95.
465 Lewis (5), pp. 4-9.
466 Lewis (4), p. 179.
467 Lewis (5), p. 8.
468 Ibid., p. 52.
469 Ibid., p. 183.
470 Wistrich, p. 196.
471 Bat Ye‘or (1), p. 57.
472 Quoted in Tritton, p. 38.
473 Ibid., p. 45.
474 Ibid., p. 54.
475 Runciman (1), p. 321. vol. 3.
476 Grousset, pp. 486-546.
477 Choksy, in MW, Vol. 80, 1990, pp. 213-33.
478 Article “Madjus,” in E11.
479 Ibid.
480 Fletcher, pp. 171-72.
481 Lewis (6), p. 101.
482 Fletcher, p. 173.
483 Lewis (5), p. 168.
484 Wistrich, p. 222.
485 Bat Ye’or (1), p. 99.
486 Tritton, p. 232.
487 Bosworth (1), p. 49.
488 Bat Ye‘or (1), p. 67.
489 Goldziher (1), Vol 1, pp. 43-44.
490 Goldziher (1), Vol 2, p. 65.
491 Ibid., p. 62.
492 Art. “Kharidjites,” in EI1.
493 Art. “Kadar,” in E11.
494 Goldziher (2), p. 82.
495 Ibid., p. 87.
496 Art. Mutazilites in E11.
497 Watt (1), p. 73.
498 Goldziher (2), p. 91.
499 Ibid., p. 91.
500 Arberry (1), p. 24.
501 Koran (1) Sale, p. 53.
502 Goldziher (2), p. 102.
503 Gibb, p. 80.
504 Gabrieli, p. 34.
505 Goldziher (2), p. 106.
506 Nicholson (2), p. 284.
507 Art. Mani in EP.
508 Art. Manes in Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. Oxford, 1980.
509 Quoted in Nicholson (2), pp. 372-73.
510 Gabriel, pp. 23-38.
511 Vadja, p. 184.
512 Ibid., pp. 173-229.
513 Goldziher (1), Vol. 2, pp. 363-64.
514 Art. Bashshar b. Burd in EI2.
515 Nicholson (2), p. 374.
516 Quoted by Margoliouth (6).
517 Nicholson (2), p. 291.
518 Ibid., p. 298.
519 Margoliouth (6).
520 Art. al-Mutanabbi in E11.
521 Margoliouth (6).
522 Nyberg, pp. 131-35.
523 Gabrieli, p. 34.
524 Art. Ibn al-Rawandi in EI2.
525 Quoted by Nicholson (4).
526 Rosenthal, pp. 13-14.
527 Amaldez (2) in EI2.
528 Arberry (1), p. 42.
529 Walzer, p. 209.
530 Ibid., p. 18.
531 Arberry (1), p. 56.
532 Amaldez (2) in EI2.
533 Alberuni, p. 627.
534 Walzer, p. 15.
535 al-Razi, pp. 20-21.
536 Cambridge History of Islam, Vol 2B, p. 803.
537 In Introduction to al-Razi, p. 10.
538 Quoted in Intro to al-Razi, p. 7.
539 Article al-Razi in E11; Gabrieli.
540 CHI Vol 2B, p. 801.
541 De Boer, p. 196.
542 Art. Ibn Rushd in ER.
543 Art Falsafa in ER.
544 Fakhry, p. 324.
545 De Boer, p. 198.
546 Arberry (1), p. 69.
547 Plessner, p. 427.
548 Ibid., pp. 427-28.
549 Von Grunebaum (3), p. 15.
550 Ibid., p. 114.
551 Renan (2).
552 Quoted in Von Grunebaum (3), p. 123.
553 De Boer, p. 153.
554 Nicholson (3), p. 8.
555 Margoliouth (6).
556 Nicholson (3), p. 88.
557 Art. al-Halladj in E11.
558 Goldziher (2), pp. 162-63.
559 Nicholson (2), p. 284.
560 Ibid., p. 241.
561 Art. al-Akhtal in E11.
562 The whole of this chapter is based on the works of Nicholson esp Nicholson (1). Most of the translations are by Nicholson and appear in Nicholson (1).
563 Margoliouth (6).
564 Nicholson (1), p. 173.
565 Nicholson (2), p. 318-19.
566 The influence of Ascha should be apparent on every single page of this chapter, even though I rarely quote him directly.
567 Burton vol x, p. 195.
568 Shaykh Nefzawi (1), pp. 203-204.
569 Bousquet (1), p. 49.
570 Art. “Women,” in DOI.
571 Schacht (4) in CHI, p. 545.
572 Art. Women in DOI.
573 Quoted in Ascha, p. 13.
574 Mimouni, p. 156.
575 Ascha, p. 11.
576 Ibid., pp. 23f.
577 Ibid., pp. 29f.
578 Ibid., pp. 38f.
579 Ibid., p. 41.
580 Quoted in Tannahill, pp. 233-34.
581 Ascha, pp. 49f.
582 Bousquet (1), p. 118.
583 Ibid., p. 156.
584 Ascha, p. 58.
585 Bouhdiba, pp. 217-18.
586 Burton, p. 279, vol v.
587 Quoted in Bouhdiba, pp. 95-96.
588 Bouhdiba, pp. 59-74.
589 Ascha, pp. 63f.
590 Bousquet (1), p. 120.
591 Ascha, pp. 76f.
592 Ibid., p. 89.
593 Ibid., pp. 95-96.
594 De Beauvoir, p. 632.
595 Ascha, pp. 100-101.
596 Ibid., p. 108.
597 Ibid., pp. 123f.
598 Zeghidour, p. 34.
599 Ascha, p. 126.
600 Ibid., pp. 132f.
601 Ibid., p. 146.
602 Ibid., pp. 161f.
603 Ibid., p. 174.
604 Ibid., pp. 185f.
605 Quoted by Schork.
606 Quoted by Kureishi, p. 18.
607 Ibid., p. 22.
608 Quoted by Goodwin, p. 72.
609 Quoted in Wolpert Stanley, Jinnah of Pakistan, Oxford, 1984, pp. 339-40.
610 Akbar, p. 31.
611 Schork.
612 Goodwin, pp. 49-50.
613 Schork.
614 Goodwin, p. 61.
615 Schork.
616 Ibid.
617 Goodwin, p. 64.
618 Schork.
619 Ahmed R. (ed), Sayings of Qtiaid-i-Azam (Jinnah), Karachi, 1986, p. 98.
620 Singh (2), p. 122.
621 Kureishi, p. 16.
622 Art. “Khamriyya,” in E12.
623 Goldziher (1), Vol. 1, pp. 32-33.
624 Ibid., p. 35.
625 Art. Khamriyya in EI2.
626 Art. Abu Dulama in E11.
627 Nicholson (2), p. 293.
628 Ibid., p. 295.
629 Singh (1), pp. 76-77.
630 Faiz, p. 123.
631 Rushdie, p. 38.
632 Mill (1), p. 141.
633 Art. “Ghidha,” in E12.
634 Cook (2), pp. 242f.
635 Quoted in EJ, Vol. 6, p. 43.
636 Art. “Ghidha,” in EI2.
637 See Simoons in general for the whole of this section.
638 Malinowski, The Sexual Life of Savages in North Western Melanesia, London, 1982, p. 400.
639 Cook (2).
640 Robertson Smith, The Religion of the Semites, p. 153.
641 Frazer, The Golden Bough, p. 472.
642 Douglas (1), pp. 54-55.
643 Firmage, pp. 177-208.
644 Discussed in Firmage, p. 194.
645 Art. “The Geographical Setting,” in CHI.
646 Simoons.
647 Personal communication.
648 Quoted in Simoons.
649 Scruton R. “The higher meaning of food,” Times Literary Supplement, Sept. 30, 1994.
650 Mackenzie, p. 38.
651 Babur, p. 120.
652 Burton, p. 236, vol x.
653 Quoted in Leach, p. 210.
654 Art. “Liwat,” in E12.
655 Shaykh Nefzawi (2), pp. 37-39.
656 Ibid., p. 24.
657 Popper (1), Vol. I, Preface.
658 Art. Muhammad in CHI, Vol. 1A, p. 55.
659 Margoliouth (2), pp. 24-25.
660 Art. Muhammad in CHI, Vol. 1A, p. 55.
661 Goldziher (1), Vol 1, p. 25.
662 Quoted in DOI, pp. 63-64.
663 Muir (1), pp. 497-98.
664 Margoliouth (5), p. 877.
665 CHI Vol 1A, p. 55.
666 Watt (5), p. 325.
667 Muir (2), p. 660.
668 Margoliouth (2), p. 218-19.
669 Russell (1), p. 161.
670 Perron, p. 105.
671 Margoliouth (1), pp. 48-49.
672 Ibid., pp. 56-60.
673 Hiskett, p. 235.
674 Ibid., pp. 238-39.
675 Singer, pp. 153-56.
676 Quoted in New Statesman and Society, May 1, 1992, p. 19.
677 Hiskett, p. 269.
678 Ibid., p. 273.
679 Ibid., p. 328.
680 Ibid., p, 331.
681 Ibid., p. 312.
682 Popper (2).
683 Miller in FA, Spring 1993, Vol. 72, No. 1, pp. 43-56.