Answer Key

Practice Test 2

  1. A

  2. A

  3. C

  4. E

  5. D

  6. C

  7. A

  8. E

  9. B

10. A

11. C

12. A

13. B

14. E

15. B

16. D

17. B

18. C

19. C

20. E

21. A

22. A

23. D

24. B

25. E

26. E

27. E

28. D

29. A

30. B

31. D

32. A

33. D

34. A

35. C

36. C

37. A

38. A

39. B

40. E

41. D

42. D

43. C

44. D

45. B

46. C

47. B

48. E

49. B

50. B

51. D

52. B

53. D

54. C

55. E

56. D

57. D

58. D

59. E

60. B

61. B

62. D

63. D

64. B

65. D

66. B

67. B

68. A

69. D

70. C

71. E

72. A

73. D

74. C

75. D

76. A

77. B

78. B

79. A

80. D

81. D

82. B

83. B

84. C

85. C

86. A

87. C

88. A

89. D

90. C

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS

1.   A

The Plains Indians moved with the buffalo. The civilizations of Mexico and Central America were centered in some of the largest cities on the continent at that time. The Plains Indians lived in tents, not adobe houses (B) and were never able to unite (C). All of the native populations of America were devastated by European diseases (D). The Aztecs did intermarry with the Spanish, leading to the development of the mestizos (a mixed race) and a blending of cultures (E), while the Plains Indians, who mostly did not intermarry, attempted to preserve their way of life.

2.   A

The New Englanders experienced rapid population growth through natural reproduction. Unlike their Southern brethren, the settlers to New England came with their families. In the 17th century, there was a shortage of women in the South. All the colonies were highly dependent on Great Britain (B) for trade and defense against their enemies. The New England colonies, with the exception of Rhode Island, were not tolerant (C) of religious differences. The New England farms (D) were smaller than those in Pennsylvania and the plantations of the South. From John Winthrop to John Adams, there were many strong leaders in New England (E).

3.   C

Andrew Jackson was president from 1829 to 1837. He was called the “Hero of New Orleans” because be defeated the British in 1814, just after the Treaty of Ghent was signed ending the War of 1812 during the presidency of James Madison. All of the rest of the choices were presidential actions of Andrew Jackson. He opposed South Carolina’s Ordinance of Nullification (A) with both the Nullification Proclamation and the Force Bill. He advocated removing the Cherokees west of the Mississippi River (B) and signed the Indian Removal Act of 1830. He vetoed the recharter of the Second Bank of the United States (D) in 1832 because he thought the bank was a monopoly favoring the wealthy. He appointed people to governmental positions based on party loyalty (E) because he wanted to reward his supporters and keep tight control of the government. His predecessor, John Quincy Adams, had been opposed to such overtly political actions.

4.   E

The mechanical reaper cut wheat by using horse power and rotating blades, resulting in a twelve-fold increase in production. The steel plow, invented by John Deere, turned over soil (A). The reaper did not plant seeds (B) and did not aid in the irrigation of the Midwest (C). The cotton gin, invented by Eli Whitney in 1793, led to increased cotton production (D). Mechanical harvesting of cotton developed in the middle of the 20th century.

5.   D

In his Second Inaugural Address, Lincoln called for a postwar reconciliation with the rebellious South. He wanted “to bind up the nation’s wounds … with malice toward none and charity for all” as a way to begin to rebuild the Union. The Second Inaugural Address was delivered in March 1865 before the Southern legislatures passed Black Codes (A). Lincoln died on April 14, 1865. Reconstruction (B) ended in 1877, well after Lincoln’s assassination. Johnson was impeached (C) in 1868 after he became president upon Lincoln’s death. The candidates who ran against him (E) in 1860 were not actors on the political stage in 1865.

6.   C

The “social gospel” was a movement that attempted to apply Christian values to solving the problems of labor and immigrants resulting from the industrialization and urbanization of the 1890s and 1900s. The Second Great Awakening (A) was a religious revival movement that did not specifically address social problems. The abolitionist movement (B) was not specifically a religious movement; it dealt with the slavery issue, not other social problems. The fundamentalist Christian movement (D) centered on literal interpretations of the Bible and opposed the idea of evolution; it did not address social problems in particular. The religious right political movement (E) centered on family values, not the problems of industrialization and urbanization.

7.   A

This cartoonist was depicting the dispute over U.S. participation in the League of Nations (1918) and the belief that the United States would be pulled into world conflicts because of it. U.S. membership in the League is depicted as a “marriage” to the foreign nations. The League of Nations is acting as the minister who would make this marriage official, thus involving the United States in foreign entanglements. The United Nations (B) was formed after World War II, clearly out of the time frame of this cartoon. This cartoon has nothing to do with Wilson’s relationship to his wife (C). While the source of controversy was the possibility of international alliances, this was not mainly an economic (D) issue. Nothing in the Constitution (E) would have prevented the United States from participating in the League of Nations. The U.S. Senate rejected the Treaty of Versailles and U.S. participation in the League of Nations.

8.   E

FDR reasoned that if he pushed for civil rights and antilynching legislation, he would lose the support of the Southern wing of the Democratic Party and would not be able to implement New Deal programs. Roosevelt was not a segregationist (A), but Eleanor Roosevelt addressed the issues of civil rights, while FDR did not. Starting in 1936, the majority of African Americans were no longer voting Republican (B), as they had since the days of Lincoln. The New Deal was a program involving massive intervention into American society (C). Progressive reformers did not eliminate segregation from American society. In fact, they did not even address the issue (D).

9.   B

Engel v. Vitale (1962) struck down voluntary prayer in public schools as a violation of the “establishment clause” of the 1st Amendment, which forbids the establishment of an official religion in the United States. The “establishment clause” deals with the concept of separation of church and state. Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (A) (1954) involved the doctrine of “separate but equal” and overturned the Plessy v. Ferguson decision of 1896. Baker v. Carr (C) (1962) involved the problem of reapportionment in state legislatures. Decided by the Supreme Court in 1966, Miranda v. Arizona (D) held that verdicts rendered against accused criminals could not stand if the police did not inform them of their right to remain silent and to have a lawyer present during questioning. Roe v. Wade (E) (1973) was the decision that legalized abortion.

10.  A

Stokely Carmichael was the leader of the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) who led the Black Power split in 1966. SNCC had been an organization concentrating on civil rights. The Black Power advocates changed the goals from legal rights for blacks to black economic power and black separatism. This shift in philosophy forced whites and integrationist blacks out of the organization. “Self-Defense” (B) and “Pick up the Gun” were both slogans of the Black Panther Party. “We Shall Overcome” (C) was the most famous nonviolent Civil Rights Movement anthem, and “Dare to Struggle Dare to Win” was a Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) slogan from 1968. “Turn on, Tune in, Drop out” (D) was Timothy Leary’s slogan. “Back to Africa” was Marcus Garvey’s slogan from the 1920s. Malcolm X was the advocate of making change “By any means necessary” (E), which was not a call for violence but for self-defense.

11.  C

The Proclamation of 1763 forbade the colonists from settling beyond the Appalachian Mountains. All of the other statements are untrue. In 1750, 90 percent of the colonists lived on farms (A). The colonists imported more than they exported under the mercantile system, and New England (B) was no exception. Only in South Carolina did slaves outnumber whites by the mid-1700s (D). Jonathan Edwards (E) inspired the Great Awakening and the New Lights in the 1740s.

12.  A

The War Hawks, led by Henry Clay in Congress, were mainly Westerners interested in eliminating the threat of the Native Americans in the Northwest. The Westerners believed that the British had incited and supplied the Native Americans against them. The War Hawks also were interested in expanding the United States into Canada. The New England states (B) opposed the War of 1812, even meeting in Hartford to protest the war in 1814. The War of 1812 was not an attempt to assimilate the Native Americans into American society (C). New Orleans, a key city at the mouth of the Mississippi River, was already under American control when the war broke out (D); it remained under American control thanks to Andrew Jackson’s defeat of a British force that attacked the city. As a result of the Embargo of 1807 and the War of 1812, the United States began to develop its own industries (E). However, this was a result of the war, not a goal of the war.

13.  B

John C. Calhoun contended in the South Carolina Exposition and Protest of 1828 that the states were sovereign and had the right to rule. Since the Constitution was a compact formed by the states, the states could decide on the legality and constitutionality of federal laws. The position that the people were sovereign (A) was a pro-national government position that Calhoun had abandoned by 1828, knowing that the majority of the country would not support his sectional interest in regard to slavery and nullification. Advocates of the national government, like Daniel Webster and Henry Clay, called for the Supreme Court (C) to decide on the constitutionality of the tariff, not the state legislatures, as Calhoun had advocated. Congress (D) did not support Calhoun’s ideas, because by 1820 there was a Northern majority in the House of Representatives. Calhoun called for nullification to sidestep federal control. Perhaps he thought that Andrew Jackson would allow nullification because he was a slaveholder and opposed many national programs. However, because the president is chosen as a representative of the whole people (E), he represents federal, not state, power. Andrew Jackson strongly opposed nullification.

14.  E

The American Renaissance in literature signified the worldwide acceptance of American writers. Moby Dick was the name of the whale that obsessed Captain Ahab of the ship Pequod. It is an epic tale of the struggle between man and nature and good and evil. While the novel included sympathetic portrayals of Native Americans (A), it did not significantly alter American attitudes toward the Native Americans. Nathaniel Hawthorne’s book Blithedale Romance explores life in a utopian community (B). Uncle Tom’s Cabin, written in 1852 by Harriet Beecher Stowe, galvanized Northern opinion against the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 (C). The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne portrayed the rigidity of 17th-century Puritan New England.

15.  B

The expression “separate but equal” originated from this decision by the Supreme Court, which gave the court’s seal of approval to segregation. This decision was overturned by the court in the Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954) (D). Poll taxes (A) were abolished as a result of the passage of the 24th Amendment (1964) to the Constitution. Congressional Reconstruction (C) had ended by 1877, well before the Plessy decision of 1896. The issue of slaves as property (E) was addressed in 1857 in the Dred Scott v. Sanford decision.

16.  D

In his 1890 book, Jacob Riis combined narrative and photographs to portray vividly the life of the urban poor. Harriet Beecher Stowe addressed the issue of harsh condition for slaves (A) in Uncle Tom’s Cabin in 1852. The specific problems of women (B) at the turn of the 20th century were addressed by Theodore Dreiser’s novel Sister Carrie (1900). The lifestyles of the upper class in the 1920s (C) were the subject of the 1925 novel The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald. The immigrant poor from Asia and Africa in the 1960s (E) lived well past the time when Riis wrote.

17.  B

The Sussex Pledge was a promise made by Germany to restrict the use of submarine warfare to attacks on military transports. The pledge was made before the United States became involved in World War I. When Germany announced the resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare, Wilson asked for a declaration of war against Germany. The policy of appeasement (A) was used in the 1930s to placate the aggression of Hitler and the Axis powers. The United States did not negotiate any treaty with Germany (C), and the Germans sent the Zimmermann Note (D) to Mexico shortly after the Germans announced the resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare. The United States did not intern German immigrants (E), during World War I but did intern people of Japanese ancestry during World War II.

18.  C

The Urban Renewal program was designed to tear down inner-city slums and replace them with modern housing and stores. It displaced large numbers of people and destroyed vibrant neighborhoods. It did not eliminate slums and poverty in American cities. All of the other statements are accurate characterizations of developments in post–World War II American cities.

19.  C

After the Montgomery Bus Boycott, Martin Luther King, Jr. founded the Southern Christian Leadership Conference to use the methods of nonviolent resistance to integrate public facilities in the South. The Black Panther party called for defense of black neighborhoods against police brutality (A). The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People challenged segregation in the Supreme Court (B) and won the major case of Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka in 1954. It was the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP) that led the struggle for racially equal representation (D) at the 1964 Democratic Convention. There was no significant back-to-Africa movement (E) after the 1920s.

20.  E

Clinton was accused of lying before a federal grand jury about the Lewinsky Affair; that is, he was accused of perjury. The House of Representatives viewed this action as a “high crime” or “misdemeanor,” an impeachable offense under the Constitution. Choices (A) and (C) were scandals of the Clinton years but were not the basis of the charges of impeachment. The Articles of Impeachment concentrated on the alleged perjury, not on securing a job for Paula Jones (B). Clinton was criticized for his poor conduct as president (D), but again, this was not an impeachable offense.

21.  A

Taverns served as a meeting place where colonists from different areas could exchange information. The people discovered certain commonalities in their lives. This was important during the years prior to the American Revolution. Children did not attend school in taverns (B). The Temperance Movement (C) did not begin until 1810. Taverns were neither halfway houses for the poor (D) nor work houses. Town meetings (E) took place in a variety of locations, most notably town halls.

22.  A

Many new religions developed as a result of the Great Awakening, leading to greater competition for worshippers. This led to a loss of power for the clergy and a questioning of existing religious authority. The abolitionist movement (B) was largely a 19th-century phenomenon that grew out of the Second Great Awakening. The number of religious sects increased (C). Revival meetings (D) were key experiences of both Great Awakenings. The Salem witch trials (E) occurred in the 1690s, before the Great Awakening.

23.  D

Two great failings of the Articles of Confederation were its lack of an executive branch to enforce the law and a judiciary to interpret the law. The Constitution provided for both of these. The amending process described in (A) was part of the Articles of Confederation. While the Constitution provides for an amending process, it does not require a unanimous approval of the states as the Articles did. The Bill of Rights (B) was not added to the Constitution until 1791, after the Constitution was in effect. No specific cabinet positions (D) were written into the Constitution. They were developed by George Washington. The reserved powers clause (E) is the 10th Amendment of the Constitution and part of the Bill of Rights.

24.  B

The American System, a Whig program that originated after the War of 1812, was designed to promote industry by using the National Bank, tariffs, and internal improvements like roads and canals. The Federal Reserve System (A) was established in 1913, long after the bank was destroyed by Andrew Jackson between 1832 and 1836. Jackson placed the money from the Second Bank into “pet,” or state, banks (C) as a way to eliminate the federal bank. Therefore, it was not a forerunner; it was fundamentally different. The First Bank of the United States was supported by Congress (D) in 1791. The Supreme Court declared the first bank constitutional in 1819 in the McCulloch v. Maryland decision.

25.  E

The acquisition of territory from Mexico after the Mexican War provided a place that became the center of conflict concerning the extension of slavery. The acquisition of the Mexican Territory aggravated conflicts with Native Americans (A). The Oregon question (B) had been settled in 1846. Bleeding Kansas (C) occurred in 1856, and Kansas was acquired as part of the Louisiana Territory. Panama (D) is located in Central America.

26.  E

In the end, the North won the Civil War because it could expend more men than the South. It is astonishing how the statistics overwhelmingly favor the North. The North had an advantage in naval shipping (B), corn production (C), and even draft animals in service (D), but none of these advantages were as important as the number of men the North threw into service in the war effort. The South had an advantage in cotton production (A), but this wasn’t very helpful because the North produced most of the textiles; the South was running out of clothing by the end of the war. The Civil War lasted so long because the South fought so tenaciously.

27.  E

The Reconstruction Act of 1867 divided the South into five military districts. While it did not go as far as some radicals had hoped, it ended Andrew Johnson’s cautious reconstruction program and ushered in Congressional Reconstruction. Jim Crow laws ended (A) with protests and federal legislation in the 1950s and 1960s. Presidential Reconstruction began (B) with Lincoln’s Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction in 1863. The abolition of slavery (C) occurred with the passage of the 13th Amendment in 1865. We are not sure how Lincoln would have responded to post–Civil War problems because he died the month the war ended (D). However, during the war, Lincoln emphasized a quick reunification rather than a prolonged period of military occupation of the South.

28.  D

The 1892 Omaha platform of the Populists included some radical demands, including nationalizing banks and railroads. It rejected the gold standard (B), and it advocated inflationary policies (E) so that farmers could pay off their debts more easily and sell their crops at higher prices. It never became a national movement (A), although some of the Omaha platform was later adopted by the Progressives. Many Populists supported Democratic candidate William Jennings Bryan (C) in 1896.

29.  A

Franklin Roosevelt’s bank holiday was one of his very first actions as president in dealing with the Depression. During the bank holiday, all banks were closed until they could be reopened on a sound financial footing. President Hoover established the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (B) in 1932. Social Security (C) was established in 1935 to protect the elderly and unemployed. The National Recovery Administration (D) was established under the National Industrial Recovery Act in 1933, after the bank holiday. The court-packing scheme (E) of President Franklin Roosevelt was attempted in 1937.

30.  B

Henry Kissinger, who was President Nixon’s Secretary of State, arranged to meet with the Chinese during a Ping-Pong (table tennis) tournament in Japan in 1971. This was the beginning of the “opening to China.” Nixon did not reunite Vietnam (A). North Vietnam conquered South Vietnam in 1975, and reunited the country, after American troops had withdrawn in 1973. Jimmy Carter was associated with human rights (C), not Nixon. China tolerates Taiwan (D) but still does not recognize it as an independent political entity. The Cold War (E) did not end until 1991 with the fall of the Soviet Union.

31.  D

Unity was never achieved among the Native American populations. New products were introduced to the Americas (A), such as gunpowder. European diseases killed off 90 percent of the native population (B). Europe did get new products from the Americas, such as corn (C). Mixed-race people (mestizos) (E) emerged from the intermarriage of the native population and the Europeans.

32.  A

The Maryland Act of Toleration provided for religious freedom to Catholics and most Christian sects. One of its clauses called for the execution of any person who denied the divinity of Christ. This eliminated Jews and atheists, making choices (D) and (E) incorrect. The Act had nothing to do with Native Americans (C).

33.  D

When the Americans won the Battle of Saratoga, the French decided that the colonists might succeed in their fight against England. They joined the Americans against the British, turning the tide of the Revolution. The American forces still had limited naval power (A) compared to Great Britain, and there was still a great deal of loyalist opposition (B) to the war. Spain joined the conflict against Britain but did not play a crucial role in the war in the American colonies or form an alliance with the American colonies (C). General Howe was not involved in the Battle of Saratoga (E).

34.  A

The American Party, also known as the Know-Nothings, was an anti-Catholic and anti-immigrant party. It called for the extension of the residence requirement for citizenship to discourage Irish and the German Catholics from becoming citizens. Such a group, including the Ku Klux Klan of the 1920s, is called “nativist” because it favored the nonimmigrant “native” Americans. The American Party’s members were called “Know-Nothings” because they refused to divulge what occurred in any of their meetings, which were originally held in secret. Instead of answering questions, they would say, “I know nothing.” The Whig Party’s (B) key proposals were a national bank and internal improvements. The Free Soil Party’s (C) main positions were cheap land and opposition to the extension of slavery to the western territories. The Democratic Party (D) had an immigrant base, so it did not advocate extending the residence requirement for citizenship. The National Republican Party (E) was John Quincy Adams’s party, and it advocated internal improvements and the national bank.

35.  C

General George McClellan was unwilling to pursue the Confederates when he had the opportunity, spent too much time planning battles, and did not execute them well. The famous march through Georgia (A) was led by General William Sherman. Vicksburg (B) was General Ulysses Grant’s first big victory. McClellan’s expertise extended to training and organizing his troops (D). General George Meade commanded the Union forces at Gettysburg (E).

36.  C

Sod is the thick layer of matted grass and roots that had to be cut through (or “busted”) before farming could begin. It is characteristic of the Great Plains. Soil in New England (A) and the East in general (E) does not consist of sod. (The sod used in the suburbs is especially grown for lawns.) Cotton grew in Texas (B) but normally not on soil covered with sod. The farmers of the Dust Bowl (D) were called “Okies,” not “sod busters.”

37.  A

Although the description could apply to other presidents’ actions, the phrase was coined by Theodore Roosevelt, who pursued an aggressive foreign policy in regard to Latin America. His “Roosevelt Corollary” to the Monroe Doctrine asserted America’s right to intervene in Latin American nations’ affairs. He was famous for this phrase. The other presidents pursued aggressive policies but did not use Roosevelt’s language.

38.  A

Rosie the Riveter, the woman in a World War II poster, symbolized the great numbers of women who took traditionally male industrial jobs to support the war effort during World War II. The poster is specific to World War II, not the 1950s (C) or 1960s Women’s Liberation Movement (B). Although women did work in factories as part of the Industrial Revolution (D), Rosie the Riveter did not appear until World War II. Women’s workforce participation was not directly related to the suffrage movement (E).

39.  B

The “War on Poverty” was a phrase used by the Johnson Administration to dramatize its attempt to end poverty in the United States. Aid to Latin American nations was not a Nixon initiative (A); the best-known U.S. initiative to aid Latin American nations was Kennedy’s Alliance for Progress. The Peace Corps (C), Kennedy’s program to improve relations between the United States and the world’s peoples, was never called a “War on Poverty.” General Marshall’s work in Europe was called the Marshall Plan (D). President Eisenhower (E) did not initiate any specific antipoverty programs.

40.  E

In his 2002 State of the Union Address, Bush accused Iran, Iraq, and North Korea of helping terrorists and seeking to develop weapons of mass destruction, or WMDs. As such, he labeled them the “axis of evil.”

41.  D

When William and Mary ascended the throne in the Glorious Revolution of 1688–1689, the colonists overthrew the Dominion of New England. The Dominion of New England, which included New England and the other colonies north of Maryland, had been instituted in 1684 to discipline them. The Glorious Revolution gave the colonists the impetus to topple the Dominion. The Maryland Toleration Act (A) was written to protect Catholics, not Quakers. Pennsylvania, not Maryland, was founded as a haven for Quakers. Roger Williams (B) founded Rhode Island, not Connecticut. The headright system (C), which had first been developed in Virginia and Maryland, was designed to bring indentured servants to the colonies, not slaves. Governor Berkeley of Virginia was the object of Bacon’s Rebellion (E), not Governor Winthrop of Massachusetts.

42.  D

After the War of 1812, the British accepted the United States as a fully independent nation. It did not end British presence in North America (A); the British were still in Canada, but they did leave the forts in the Ohio Country. The “Star Spangled Banner” (B), which was later adopted as the national anthem, was written during the war; however, this did not make the United States any more independent of Britain. The United States had had a navy (C) since its founding. The war did not result in a gain of new lands (E) for the United States.

43.  C

In the campaign of 1844, the Democrat, James K. Polk, favored the admission of Texas, while Henry Clay, the Whig (E), opposed it because the possibility of the expansion of the country to the West opened up a chance that the Democrats would become a permanent majority. When Clay backtracked on Texas late in the campaign, he ended up losing to Polk. The Bank of the United States (A) was one of the most important Whig issues. The Whigs supported tariffs (B) to provide funds for internal improvements (D). In the Whig’s American Plan, both the bank and the tariff were designed to aid the development of industry.

44.  D

The key word in the advertisement is shrewd. Social historians are interested in the ideas and actions of ordinary people, including masters and slaves. This master revealed an interesting contradiction when he called his slave “shrewd.” If the slave is shrewd, how could the master argue that slavery was justified by the inferiority of blacks and their inability to run their own lives? Runaway advertisements are a wonderful source of information about slavery. The other choices are not as relevant in analyzing this document because they are normal expectations of the master for the runaway. Instant (A) means this month. Abram (B) was the slave’s name. That he had long hair (C) would not be as important as his being shrewd. If he were going to a free state (E), why would that be unusual?

45.  B

Mechanization increased output—a development that pushed down agricultural prices. It became increasingly difficult for farmers to repay the loans that they had taken out to buy agricultural implements and land. Because prices fell, farmers did not prosper (A). Mechanization was very effective at raising output (C). New England (D) was not the center of agricultural production in the late 1800s; the Midwest was. The government (E) did not support the farmers on a large scale until the New Deal of the 1930s.

46.  C

The Progressive movement pushed through significant legislation to regulate industry, from the Meat Inspection Act of 1904 to the Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914. Though Progressives were opposed to political corruption, they were certainly not successful in eliminating it (A). The Teapot Dome scandal of the 1920s and the Watergate scandal of the 1970s are evidence that corruption is still a part of the political system. Progressives generally opposed socialist solutions (B) and ignored the issue of race (D). Progressives tended to be internationalists rather than isolationists (E).

47.  B

Frank Capra’s movies are seen as optimistic and perhaps somewhat sentimental. His depictions of decent, hardworking people triumphing over special interests and greed seem to parallel the goals and worldview of the New Deal. Gold Diggers (1933) (A) was choreographed by Busby Berkeley. Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (C) was produced by Walt Disney. Duck Soup (D) was a Marx Brothers movie. Public Enemy (E) was directed by William Wellman.

48.  E

Herbert Hoover and Congress established the Reconstruction Finance Corporation in 1932, which gave government loans to businesses and railroads, hoping that this would “prime the pump” of the economy. He did not do nothing (A), but he opposed extensive relief programs (C). Roosevelt, not Hoover, encouraged unions to organize (B) to raise wages and increase purchasing power. Hoovervilles (D) were collections of makeshift houses built by homeless families during the Depression. They mockingly named their “communities” after Hoover.

49.  B

The Warsaw Pact, signed in Warsaw, Poland, in 1955 by the Soviet Union and its satellite states in Eastern Europe, formed a military alliance to balance NATO. The Warsaw Pact was signed by Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany (German Democratic Republic), Hungary, Poland, Romania, and the USSR—all of which are shaded on this map. The Axis Powers (A) refers to Germany and its allies in World War II. The League of Nations (C), which included most of the European nations, was formed after World War I to promote peace. The Allied Powers in World War II (D) were those fighting against Germany, including Britain, France, the Soviet Union, and the United States. Formed to stop the spread of Soviet power and influence after World War II, NATO, or the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (E), was a military alliance that included most Western European nations along with the United States and Canada.

50.  B

The midterm elections resulted in the Republican Party gaining control from the Democrats of the Senate and House of Representatives. This makes choice (A) incorrect. This was significant because President Bill Clinton, a Democrat, had to deal with a Republican Congress; the executive and legislative branches of government were not of the same party. Thus, Republicans in Congress, but not the Democrats, pursued the Contract With America (D). Eighteen-year-olds were given the right to vote by the 26th Amendment, ratified in 1971.

51.  D

Under the encomienda system, the Spanish conquistadors exploited the labor of Native Americans in the New World; this was considered justified if an attempt was made to Christianize the laborers. It provided a way for the Spanish to enslave the Native American population. The importation of African slaves (C) was not part of the encomienda system, although in the Caribbean islands, the encomienda system was replaced by African slavery as the native population died out from disease, overwork, and warfare. The practice of granting a settler acres of land for each person whose passage they paid (A) is called the headright system. The system in which colonies exist for the good of the mother country (B) and in which the mother country attempts to maintain a favorable trade (E) is called mercantilism.

52.  B

The Great Compromise established a bicameral legislature made up of the House of Representatives and the Senate. The House satisfied large states, which wanted representation to be based on population, and the Senate satisfied small states, which wanted equal representation. The executive branch (A) and the judicial branch (C) were both established by the Constitution but not by the Great Compromise. The 17th Amendment (1917) provided for the direct election of senators (D). The three-fifths compromise, also agreed upon at the Constitutional Convention, established a method for counting slaves (E).

53.  D

Lincoln believed that the actions of both sides started the war and the positions of both sides produced the war. He really did not blame either side; they both deprecated war, but nevertheless “the war came.” It might be true that the South wanted independence more than slavery (B), but it lost both at Appomattox and the quote does not refer to slavery. The North “accepted” war (A), so it did not start it. The North did not want the South to perish (C). Rather, the North wanted to preserve the Union, but the South did not (E).

54.  C

During the various precious metal “rushes” and “strikes” of the 19th century, the first pieces of gold and silver could be found along the surface or just beneath it. But soon, heavy equipment was needed to dig underground mines and extract large amounts of precious metals. This was beyond the financial means of the average prospector. This progression from individual entrepreneur to large corporation is repeated in many economic fields during U.S. history. The story of children losing interest in the family business (A) is more common to agriculture than to mining. Exorbitant insurance and licensing fees (B) are more common to the litigious 20th century than the 19th century. Transportation costs (D) were not such a concern with precious metals, which were brought to market in smaller quantities than, say, corn or lumber. The Civil War draft (E) did not significantly impact the mining industry.

55.  E

Women were drawn to the temperance movement because they often bore the brunt of their husbands’ drunken rages. Also, it was the woman who had to put food on the table—a difficult task if her husband’s paycheck had disappeared at the local pub. The movement was the largest social movement in the 19th century (A). The Democratic Party (B), with its strong working-class, immigrant support, generally opposed temperance. The movement relied heavily on a particular moral code of behavior (C). The ultimate goal (D) was not achieved until 1920.

56.  D

Some key characters of the Harlem Renaissance were jazz musicians Duke Ellington and Fletcher Henderson, poet Langston Hughes, and painter Jacob Lawrence. These men made a concerted effort to gain worldwide respect for African American culture. The Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s worked to gain equal access to public accommodations for African Americans (A). The Urban Renewal Program (B) was a federal project designed to improve city neighborhoods; it began in the 1950s. The 19th-century free African American community of Weeksville, Brooklyn, not Harlem, was discovered in the 1960s. There has been a movement since the 1970s to preserve it (C). Before the 1920s, Harlem was predominately white; thereafter, it became predominantly African American. Currently, there is a growing white population in Harlem; however, there was no movement called the Harlem Renaissance to integrate Manhattan (E).

57.  D

This song, by the folksinger Phil Ochs, proposed an individualistic way to avoid being drafted: lie. Ochs supported draft card burning (A) and probably supported fleeing to Canada (B), but neither of these are mentioned in the song. Though the song is humorous, he is serious about the message (C). He encouraged organized protest (E) and performed at many rallies, but, again, this was not the message of the song.

58.  D

C. Everett Koop was the surgeon general who pushed for a ban on cigarette advertising and dealt with the early stages of the AIDS crisis. He served during the Reagan administration. The war on drugs (A), which had been going on since the Nixon administration, gained momentum during the Reagan years. Koop did not resign (B) from Reagan’s administration. The labeling of foods (C) changed under Clinton, and serious outbreaks of E. coli (E) occurred in the 1990s and 2000s.

59.  E

George H. W. Bush declared that the fall of the Soviet Union gave the democratic nations a chance to settle international disputes through the United Nations. The coalition led by the United States to defeat Iraq in the Gulf War had the support of the United Nations. There was no major power to oppose United States actions after 1991, in the United Nations or anywhere else. The “war to end all wars” (A) was a slogan used to describe World War I. There have never been major agreements among China, the Soviet Union, and the United States (B). The New World Order refers to efforts for worldwide peace, not the defeat of Iraq (C) or the signing of the NAFTA agreement in 1993 (D).

60.  B

Recent immigrants are less likely to be from Europe than immigrants arriving before 1921. There have been backlashes against immigrants (A) as far back as the Irish immigration of the 1840s and 1850s; they are not something new. Education varies within groups of immigrants (C), both in the early and in the late 20th century. Immigrants during both periods have been accused of taking jobs away from native-born Americans (D). The accusation is largely groundless. Most economists contend that immigration strengthens the economy. Most immigrants during both periods moved into urban areas (E).

61.  B

The Virginia House of Burgesses and the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut involved the elections of representatives to carry on government. Thus, they were examples of representative democracy, not direct democracy (A). These assemblies followed the English traditions that the colonists were accustomed to, not uniquely American impulses (C). These documents did not provide for universal manhood suffrage (D). They were established with the approval of the British government (E).

62.  D

Both Hamilton and Jefferson, despite their differing views on interpreting the Constitution, cited the elastic clause (the implied powers clause) of the Constitution to justify their actions. Hamilton cited it in establishing the Bank of the United States, and Jefferson cited it in purchasing the Louisiana Territory. Jefferson supported states’ rights; Hamilton supported a strong central government (A). Jefferson opposed the Bank of the United States (B) on the grounds that it would favor urban elites at the expense of farmers and that the Constitution did not grant Congress the power to create a national bank; Hamilton believed that a bank would aid in the economic development of the United States and would create a stable currency. Jefferson favored the rotation of public offices as a democratic measure, while Hamilton believed in retaining qualified people (C). Jefferson had a great deal of confidence in the common man (E), while Hamilton doubted the ability of the masses to decide wisely.

63.  D

This editorial is an example of the Free Soil position, which was a form of antislavery sentiment. The free (not slave) laboring men favored economic growth, which created good jobs. Slaves prevented the rapid growth of free enterprise. The Free Soil position was a compromise between abolitionists, who wanted to eliminate all slavery, and the people who wanted only a slavery-free West. The quote does not say that blacks are inferior (A) or make a moral criticism (B) of slavery. The quote does not say that slaves work too hard (C). In fact, it implies they do not work hard enough. The quote does not explicitly say that free laborers did not want to work next to slaves (E), although that was the case.

64.  B

This important, and somewhat condescending, book brought to light many of the abuses Native Americans suffered at the hands of the U.S. government. Chinese laborers working on the transcontinental railroad were mistreated (A), and the settlement of the West did bring with it ecological costs (C), but these issues were not the subject of 19th-century books. Many books, most notably the novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin, described the conditions of slavery (D). Spanish misdeeds in Cuba were widely publicized in lurid newspaper accounts in the years leading up to the Spanish-American War (1898) (E), but no contemporary book was written.

65.  D

The 17th Amendment (1917) called for the direct election of senators, the initiative allowed voters to instruct the legislature to address a specific issue, and the recall allowed voters to sign a petition to have a special election to try to unseat an unpopular politician. All were designed to put more power in the hands of the people. All were pushed by the Progressive movement. Municipal reforms, such as the commission form of government, helped break up the power of municipal machines (A). The Sherman Antitrust Act (1890) and the Clayton Antitrust Act (1914) were designed to check big business (B). The Reconstruction era amendments, the 13th, 14th, and 15th, were intended to expand civil rights for African Americans (C). Much of the New Deal legislation was designed to relieve the suffering of the poor (E).

66.  B

Debs ran for president in 1900, 1904, 1908, 1912, and 1920 with the Socialist Party; La Follette ran for president in 1924 with the Progressive Party. Both had died by 1926, precluding opposition to World War II (A) or participation in Franklin D. Roosevelt’s cabinet (E). Both favored sweeping changes to the status quo (C), and only Debs was arrested during World War I (D).

67.  B

The AAA was passed in the first 100 days to counter the overproduction of crops that had been one of the major causes of the Depression. Farmers were given subsidies not to grow crops and to reduce their output in order to raise prices and provide them with a living. The AAA was declared unconstitutional (A) in 1936. It did not replace itself. More crops would have lowered prices (C), and since there was a surplus, the idea of special loans (D) for new crops would not have been useful. The AAA was designed to help farmers hold onto the farms they had, not move to new farms (E), although some farmers who lost their farms due to foreclosure moved to California to work as farm laborers (the “Okies”). The Roosevelt administration encouraged people to move to rural areas in the beginning of the New Deal; this relocation was not a success.

68.  A

The 1940 Smith Act was written to punish spies for the Nazis during World War II, but it stayed on the books and was used to prosecute members of the Communist Party starting in 1949. The McCarran Internal Security Act, passed over Truman’s veto in 1950, was used to prevent “subversives” from coming into the United States and to deport immigrants if they belonged to “Communist or Communist Front” organizations. The government encouraged the development of suburbia (B) through programs such as the Federal Housing Administration (1934) and the Veterans Administration (1944). The power of large corporations (C) has largely gone unchecked in U.S. history. The Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914 was an attempt to check their power. The Smith Act and the McCarran Act had nothing to do with civil rights for African Americans (D). These acts did not expand civil liberties for those accused of crimes (E). In fact, the McCarran Act was criticized for limiting civil liberties.

69.  D

Gerald Ford became president in August 1974, after Richard Nixon resigned because he was about to be impeached for his part in the Watergate cover-up. Watergate was a two-year nightmare, and Ford was hoping to heal the wounds of the scandal. The Vietnam War (A) ended in early 1974 when the United States pulled its troops out; Nixon was president at the time. The Cold War (B) did not end until 1991, during the administration of George H. W. Bush. The Iran Hostage Crisis (C) ended as Ronald Reagan took office in 1981. The Savings and Loan Crisis (E) took place during the last years of Reagan’s second term.

70.  C

In a test of wills in August 1981, Reagan threatened, then fired air traffic controllers and broke their union, the Professional Air Traffic Controllers Association (PATCO). This action signaled an antiunion offensive, which produced a sharp reduction in union membership and the legalization of replacement workers during strikes. The 100 days (A) was the famous beginning of the New Deal in 1933 under Franklin Roosevelt. The trading of arms for hostages (B) did not occur in the first year of Reagan’s term, and it has never been proved that he initiated it. He did not invade Iran (D). Carter tried that but failed. The hostages were released soon after Reagan took office. It was John Kennedy who launched an invasion of Cuba upon entering office (E); the Bay of Pigs invasion had been planned under the Eisenhower Administration.

71.  E

Attempting to improve their chances of survival in the New World, the Puritans signed the Mayflower Compact. It did not create specific laws to be followed by the community but was merely an agreement to abide by the will of the majority in establishing the colony. The first written constitution in the New World (A) is considered to be the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut, which was a comprehensive plan of government. Fighting between English colonists and Native Americans (B) only ended when Native Americans were pushed beyond European settlements; there was no successful comprehensive accord. The Mayflower Compact was signed by 41 out of the 102 people who sailed to the New World on the Mayflower, but it was not the basis of the government established in the Massachusetts Bay Colony (C). In fact, Plymouth Colony, founded by the Puritans on the Mayflower, was not originally part of Massachusetts Bay Colony, which was founded a few years after the arrival of the Mayflower. The Puritans wrote many documents outlining their religious beliefs and practices (D), but the Mayflower Compact was not one of them.

72.  A

Stephen Douglas tried to provide the opening for a railroad route to the West that would start in his home state of Illinois. At least this is the supposition of many historians—no one knows for sure. The real problem, of course, was that to get the swing votes of Southerners in Congress, he agreed to the repeal of the Missouri Compromise line, opening up the question of slavery in Kansas and Nebraska. Allowing the opportunity for slavery to spread north of the Missouri Compromise line is hardly an act of someone seriously opposed to slavery (E). Later, in the Lincoln-Douglas debates of 1858, Lincoln tried to show that Douglas simply didn’t care about slavery. There is no evidence Douglas was thinking of a presidential bid (B) in 1854. Although a future presidential run might have been in his mind, it’s unlikely the Kansas-Nebraska Act was part of any plan to get Eastern support for a presidential bid, because the Northeast overwhelmingly opposed the Kansas-Nebraska Act. There is no direct relationship between the Homestead Act (1862) and the Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854). The Act would not open up more land for cotton farming (D), because Kansas and Nebraska did not have a suitable climate for cotton production.

73.  D

The Cornerstone Speech is a stark statement of racism. Not all Confederates thought that way or expressed themselves so forcefully, but this speech is important because it expresses the point of view of many at the top of the Confederate government. The new stone in this edifice is “the great truth that the Negro is not equal to the white man.” This is not the morality of Martin Luther King, Frederick Douglas, or Abraham Lincoln. It is his morality. He believed in a different morality and philosophy. It is important to understand that people don’t fight wars if they agree. They fight wars because they disagree. Stephens wanted slavery. He was not predicting it would end (A). He does not mention Greece and Rome (B) in this quote, but he does say that the key point is to enslave Negroes, not whites as others had done in the past. The Founding Fathers (C) were not correct if they had rejected Stephens’s cornerstone. He does not mention economic (E) reasons in his statement.

74.  C

Most historians look at economic factors as most important in understanding why the United States became an imperialist power. Industrialization produced a desire for new markets and a need for raw materials. Throughout the 1890s, the Republicans held onto the White House (A), implementing an aggressive imperialist policy. European powers were heavily engaged in imperialism (B) as well. There was plenty of land in the continental United States both to absorb its growing population (D) and to farm (E).

75.  D

The Niagara Movement grew out of a conference held by W. E. B. DuBois at Niagara Falls in 1905. The conference was made up of African Americans who favored active resistance to racism, in opposition to the accomodationist approach of Booker T. Washington. In the Plessy v. Ferguson decision (1896) (A), the Supreme Court gave its seal of approval to racial segregation. It is one of the most well-known decisions in U.S. history. It was undone by another important decision—Brown v. the Board of Education (1954). Birth of a Nation (B) was a racist depiction of the Civil War and Reconstruction, portraying the Ku Klux Klan in a heroic light. In the Dred Scott decision (1857) (C), the Supreme Court stated that African Americans were inferior to whites. The Dixiecrat Party (E), was led by the then South Carolina Governor Thurmond, who ran unsuccessfully for President that year. It broke away from the Democratic Party in 1948, perceiving that President Harry Truman was not sufficiently segregationist.

76.  A

The Federal Reserve System, a Woodrow Wilson initiative, established a nationwide banking system with a central board and 12 district banks. It regulates interest rates and the amount of money in circulation. It was the first central bank since the Civil War. The Gramm-Rudman Balanced Budget Act (B), passed in 1985, is unrelated to the Federal Reserve System. The First and Second Banks of the United States (1791–1811 and 1816–1836) were designed to encourage the growth of industry (C), but that was not the major task of the Federal Reserve. The United States was already an industrial giant by 1913. The Securities and Exchange Commission of 1934 was established to regulate the stock market (D). Foreign trade is regulated by Congress as stipulated in the Constitution (E).

77.  B

The 1937 Court-Packing Scheme of FDR was a political maneuver by Roosevelt to ensure that no more New Deal legislation would be declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court, which, according to Roosevelt, consisted of “nine old men.” FDR asked Congress to expand the size of the Court to 15 members, allowing him to appoint one new justice for every one of the justices over 70 years of age (there were six). In this way, he hoped to gain a majority on the Court that would favor his New Deal legislation. Many members of Congress viewed FDR’s attempt with dismay. The justices were not too inexperienced (A); in Roosevelt’s opinion, however, they were too old. Roosevelt contended that the Court, not the Congress (C), had become too powerful. The Lend-Lease Act (D) was not opposed by the Court and since it was implemented in 1941, could not be a reason for the Court-Packing Scheme, which occurred in 1937. In Roosevelt’s opinion, the Court had not acted too liberally (E) but rather too conservatively on the New Deal legislation. The Court-Packing Scheme was never approved by Congress, but the Court began supporting New Deal legislation nevertheless.

78.  B

It was the Army-McCarthy hearings in 1954 that brought down McCarthy. He accused the Army of being soft on communism. He had gone so far with his charges of communist conspiracy that President Eisenhower found it necessary to defend the Army against McCarthy’s allegations. Accusations of financial impropriety (A) were most famously made against vice presidential candidate Richard Nixon in the 1952 campaign. The Rosenberg Case (C) was not directly associated with Senator McCarthy. The Supreme Court never struck down HUAC (D). McCarthy was at the height of his power during the Korean War (E); he was censured in 1954 after the war was over.

79.  A

The Immigration Act of 1965 represented a change in policy from the 1920s because it allowed large numbers of non-European immigrants to come into the country. While the National Origins Act of 1929 was narrowly based on country of origin, the 1965 act, which replaced it, was based on an overall quota system by hemisphere. The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 was the first racially based immigration act (B). The quota system of the 1920s favored Northern and Western Europeans (C), but the 1965 act put all Europeans in the same category. Unskilled workers were not excluded (D), but skilled workers and professionals were admitted beyond their quotas. The rationale for the exclusion of Southern and Eastern Europeans in the 1920s was that they supposedly scored lower on IQ tests (E), but IQ tests have never been a criterion for permitting immigration to the United States.

80.  D

Agent Orange was the toxic chemical substance used to defoliate (remove leaves from) trees in the jungle so the Americans could see their enemy. It is now linked to cancers and other diseases among American (and presumably Vietnamese) veterans of the Vietnam War. Agent Orange was not a medicine to cure poisoning (A), nor was it used to camouflage troop movement (B). Sodium pentothal was one drug used for interrogation (C). Insects (E) must have died in the spray, but that was not the purpose for using Agent Orange.

81.  D

A differing interpretation of the Constitution developed between the Federalists and Republicans during the administration of George Washington. The Federalists, led by Alexander Hamilton, believed in a loose interpretation of the Constitution. The Democratic-Republicans, led by Thomas Jefferson, believed that the Constitution must be interpreted strictly. By the end of the 1790s, the party lines had been drawn, culminating in the passage of the Alien and Sedition Acts by the Federalists and the Democratic-Republican response in the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions. Further differences had developed as a result of the French Revolution. Jefferson and Madison were both Democratic-Republicans (A) and known to be friends. Washington (B) remained popular throughout his public career; the French Revolution did not diminish his popularity or power. The Alien and Sedition Acts (C) did not discourage or restrict immigration. They merely established a longer period before a person could become a citizen of the United States. Political parties were nonexistent at the time of the Articles of Confederation (E), which were no longer in effect during the 1790s, having been replaced by the U.S. Constitution.

82.  B

Henry Clay believed that the United States could become more self-sufficient through his proposed program, called the American System. The North would produce industrial goods; the South would supply the raw materials; the West would supply food for the country. Revenue could be raised through high protective tariffs, which would keep out competition and help domestic industry to develop. Excise or sales taxes would be placed on certain goods, and the revenues from these taxes and tariffs would be used for internal improvement, such as roads and canals. A national bank would keep currency stable and would invest in internal improvements. The American System required a loose interpretation of the Constitution (A), because canals, roads, and a national bank were not mentioned in the document. Clay’s proposed program would not promote Southern industry (C). Export taxes (D) are forbidden by the Constitution and were not part of Clay’s plan and the international slave trade was ended in 1808, before Clay’s plan. Clay did not advocate government ownership of railroads and canals.

83.  B

Scalawag is a derogatory term applied to Southern whites who favored Reconstruction. It is derived from Scottish. White Southerners regarded the Reconstruction governments as a foreign occupying force that restricted their economic and political rights. Slave catchers (A) in the 1850s were called “man-stealers.” Federalists (C) did not cooperate with Great Britain, although they opposed the War of 1812. Native Americans (D) received very little sympathy from white settlers. Workers who crossed picket lines (E) were dubbed “scabs.”

84.  C

Both Marti and Aguinaldo were important nationalist leaders. Aguinaldo led forces in the Philippines against U.S. occupation from 1899 to 1901, while Marti fought against Spanish rule in Cuba in the latter half of the 19th century. Marti did not fight against the United States (A). Both Marti and Aguinaldo were nationalists fighting for independence; they did not support American occupation, nor would they serve as colonial officials for the United States (B). Marti died in 1895, before the Spanish-American War, and Aguinaldo was captured by the United States in 1901. Neither signed a treaty with the United States (D). The OAS was not formed until 1948 (E).

85.  C

This important decision paved the way for other legislation that set workplace regulations. Owners could no longer claim that what went on in their factories was only their business. The Northern Securities v. the United States decision in 1904 upheld the Sherman Antitrust Act (A). The Court struck down state regulation of interstate railway routes (B) in the 1886 Wabash v. Illinois decision. Segregation (D) was upheld in the 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson decision. Wartime restrictions on speech (E) were upheld in the 1919Schenck v. the United States decision.

86.  A

The Emergency Quota Act was an expression of anti-immigrant sentiment, and the movement to prevent the teaching of evolution was a fundamentalist Christian attack on science. Other conservative responses included the rise of the KKK and the Red Scare. Many Marxists or Socialists (B) were immigrants themselves who opposed fundamentalism and favored evolution. Liberals (C) opposed immigration restrictions and favored evolution. The Democrats (D) had a base among urban immigrants, so all Democrats would not have favored the Emergency Quota Act. The Quota Act and the teaching of evolution were not examples of feminism (E).

87.  C

Neighborhood segregation was an example of de facto segregation—segregation caused by custom and economics rather than explicit law. When the civil rights movement moved to the North, it concentrated on de facto segregation, because it was the primary form of segregation in the North. De jure segregation refers to segregation by law. It was common in the South, while de facto segregation was common throughout the United States. Neighborhoods in the North and South were segregated by race because of the price of homes and the refusal of banks and mortgage brokers to give loans to blacks who wanted to move into “white” neighborhoods. Only the Southern states maintained segregation with “Whites Only” and “Colored Only” signs at lunch counters (A), fitting rooms (B), bus waiting rooms (D), and public water fountains (E).

88.  A

In Gideon, the Court ruled that free legal counsel be supplied to those who could not afford it. In Miranda, the Court ruled that suspects must be read their rights at the time of arrest and before questioning. The 24th Amendment struck down poll taxes, which had been an obstacle to African Americans (B) voting in the South. Engel v. Vitale, in 1963, ruled that school prayer was unconstitutional, thus strengthening the wall between church and state (C). The principle of equal pay for equal work (D) is part of civil rights law but was not established in a Supreme Court case. While the Supreme Court limited speech during World War I (Schenk v. United States), it expanded wartime speech (E) during the Vietnam War in the case Tinker v. Des Moines School District (1969). This case dealt with wearing armbands in school in protest of the war in Vietnam.

89.  D

Jimmy Carter was noted for his emphasis on pressuring despotic regimes to improve their human rights policies. Among many other actions, he criticized the Soviet Union for its treatment of Jews. Teddy Roosevelt promised to “walk softly and carry a big stick” (A) in Latin America. All the presidents from Truman to Reagan vowed to halt communist expansion (B). Détente (C) was Nixon’s policy. Carter signed a treaty ending U.S. control of the Canal Zone (E).

90.  C

The Camp David Accords were signed under the administration of Jimmy Carter in 1979. The rest of the choices were achieved during the Clinton Administration. The Brady Bill (A) was signed in 1993. The Welfare Reform Act (B) was signed in 1996. Clinton supported democracy in Haiti (D) in 1994. Clinton arranged the Dayton Peace Accords to end the civil war in Bosnia in 1995 (E).

HOW TO CALCULATE YOUR SCORE

Step 1: Figure out your raw score. Refer to your answer sheet to determine the number right and the number wrong on the practice test you’re scoring. You can use the formula below to figure out your raw score. Multiply the number wrong by 0.25 and subtract the result from the number right. Round the result to the nearest whole number. This is your raw score.

SAT Subject Test: U.S. History Practice Test 3

Step 2: Find your practice test score. Find your raw score in the left of each column of the table below. The score in the right of each column is an approximation of what your score would be on the SAT Subject Test: U.S. History.

A note on your practice test scores: Don’t take these scores too literally. Practice test conditions cannot precisely mirror real test conditions. Your actual SAT Subject Test: U.S. History score will almost certainly vary from your practice test scores. However, your scores on the practice tests will give you a rough idea of your range on the actual exam.

Conversion Table

Raw	Scaled
90	800
89	800
88	800
87	800
86	800
85	800
84	800
83	800
82	800
81	800
80	790
79	790
78	790
77	790
76	780
75	780
74	780
73	770
72	770
71	760
70	760
69	750
68	750
67	740
66	740
65	730
64	730
63	720
62	720
61	710
60	710
59	700
58	700
57	690
56	690
55	680
54	680
43	670
52	670
51	660
50	660
49	650
48	650
47	640
46	640
45	630
44	630
43	620
42	610
41	610
40	600
39	600
38	590
37	580
36	580
35	570
34	570
33	560
32	550
31	550
30	540
29	540
28	530
27	520
26	520
25	510
24	510
23	500
22	490
21	490
20	480
19	480
18	470
17	460
16	460
15	450
14	450
13	440
12	430
11	430
10	420
9	410
8	410
7	400
6	390
5	390
4	380
3	370
2	370
1	360
0	350
−1	350
−2	340
−3	340
−4	330
−5	330
−6	320
−7	320
−8	310
−9	310
−10	300
−11	300
−12	290
−13	280
−14	280
−15	270
−16	270
−17	260