Practice Test 2 Answers and explanations

Answer Key

1. C	24. D
2. E	25. C
3. D	26. E
4. B	27. B
5. A	28. D
6. D	29. D
7. B	30. C
8. A	31. B
9. B	32. A
10. B	33. D
11. C	34. C
12. D	35. E
13. C	36. A
14. D	37. D
15. A	38. B
16. B	39. E
17. C	40. E
18. D	41. B
19. B	42. C
20. A	43. A
21. C	44. B
22. B	45. D
23. A	46. B
47. E	72. C
48. D	73. E
49. B	74. B
50. E	75. D
51. A	76. D
52. D	77. C
53. C	78. A
54. B	79. C
55. E	80. E
56. D	81. E
57. A	82. D
58. B	83. A
59. C	84. C
60. D	85. B
61. E	86. D
62. C	87. B
63. C	88. E
64. D	89. C
65. C	90. C
66. B	91. C
67. D	92. B
68. C	93. A
69. A	94. B
70. E	95. C
71. B

Answer Explanations

1. C. The Aztec chose to build their capital city, Tenochtitlan, on an island in the middle of Lake Texcoco primarily because the site fulfilled an ancient prophecy that gave them specific instructions as to where they should settle. Originally a nomadic people, the Aztec migrated from northern Mexico southward and eventually into the Valley of Mexico. According to legend, the Aztec believed that the site on which they should permanently establish themselves would be marked by a cactus on which would be perched an eagle with a snake in its mouth. Having found this sign on the island in Lake Texcoco, they built a permanent residence there that would become their capital city of Tenochtitlan.

2. E. The early civilizations that emerged in both Mesopotamia and Egypt were most similar in that both depended on the annual flooding of a river for survival. Each year, the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in Mesopotamia and the Nile River in Egypt would flood, leaving behind a fertile layer of silt. This silt was crucial for agriculture.

3. D. For most of the fifteenth century, Western trade with Asia was dominated by Italy and the Muslims. However, in 1498, Portugal found a sea route to India. The discovery of this crucial maritime trading route came when navigator Vasco da Gama sailed around Africa's southern tip and into the Indian Ocean, where powerful monsoon winds took him to India.

4. B. Claudius Ptolemy's geocentric theory of astronomy was based on the belief that Earth was at the center of the galaxy. This theory was the most widely accepted astronomical model from the second century until Nicolaus Copernicus published the heliocentric theory in the sixteenth century. Copernicus argued that the sun, in fact, was at the center of the galaxy, not Earth.

5. A. Following their early migratory period, the Bantu settled into numerous small villages that coexisted within a large, stateless society. Unlike other societies that were led by bureaucratic government bodies, the first permanent Bantu societies were governed individually by kinship groups. Each group was led by a selected family member.

6. D. Although the Treaty of Versailles did contain a provision related to Germany's colonial holdings in Africa, it did not involve any sort of payment for the right of retention. Rather, the treaty required Germany to completely relinquish its African and Pacific colonies.

7. B. First introduced by the Chinese philosopher Confucius between the sixth and fifth centuries BCE, Confucianism believed reverence toward elders, good government, and education were a vital pathway toward order and harmony. Confucian philosophy became prominent near the end of the Zhou dynasty.

8. A. Alexander the Great's departure from India in 325 BCE led directly to the rise of the Mauryan Empire. Shortly after Alexander left the country, Chandragupta Maurya, a local leader from the agricultural and trading hub of Magadha, rose to prominence. He created an empire that united most of India, with a centralized government for the first time in India's history.

9. B. Prominent during the period from 1916 and 1924, the Dada movement was marked by artistic works that were noted for their whimsical tone and lack of explicit meaning. The prevailing theme of Dadaism, and one of the main reasons for its meaningless nature, was the idea that the violent, destructive events of World War I had stripped all traditions of meaning and relevance. However, there were other themes and ideas that also inspired the Dadaists.

10. B. Also known as the First Opium War, the 1839 Anglo-Chinese conflict was primarily the result of rising tensions over Britain's importation of opium into China. By the 1830s, the opium trade in China had led to such widespread opium addiction among the Chinese that its very importation was a serious political issue. China made the trafficking of opium illegal in 1836, but the British continued to import it, and the crisis persisted. Three years later, in a desperate attempt to stop the flow of opium into their country, the Chinese turned British trading ships away from their ports. In response, the British launched a naval attack.

11. C. This quote is taken from The Social Contract (1762), in which the author Jean-Jacques Rousseau argued in favor of direct democracy. Rousseau viewed the social contract as an agreement reached among free individuals to form a society and a government and supported the belief that all people were equals. These viewpoints were in stark contract with those of Thomas Hobbes, who argued in Leviathan that people were naturally incapable of self-government and should submit to the will of a ruler as a means of ensuring law and order.

12. D. The primary effect of the Crusades on Europe was an increase in trade that, in turn, stimulated many changes. The revival of trade following the Crusades had a significant influence on European society, leading to a decline of the barter system in favor of a monetary one; an increase in the population of urban cities; and the emergence of the middle class, which was comprised largely of merchants and bankers.

13. C. During the Middle Ages, the countries of Western Europe and Japan both developed intricate feudal systems that replaced more centralized forms of government. In Europe, the decline of the Carolingian dynasty and the constant threat of invasion led to the emergence of a feudal system based on protection. In Japan, a similar feudal system emerged as the result of the collapse of the Heian court and the presence of dangerous bandits in the Japanese countryside.

14. D. The carving pictured is the Aztec calendar, which was based on the earlier Mayan calendar. The calendar was composed of a 260-day ritual cycle and a 365-day civil cycle. The calendar seen in the image was discovered in 1790 and features, at its center, the image of Tonatiuh, the Aztec sun god.

15. A. The influence of the preceding Minoan culture on the Mycenaean civilization is most clearly seen in the Mycenaean written language. The Mycenaean written language, known as Linear B, is a derivative of the Minoan written language, Linear A. Both languages are adapted from Egyptian hieroglyphics.

16. B. Political activist Pol Pot and his communist regime, known as the Khmer Rouge, attempted to establish a communist government in Cambodia in 1975. Pol Pot's political coup was initially successful, though his violent methods led to the slaughter of an estimated 2 million people. The Khmer Rouge was overthrown by the Vietnamese in 1978, but continues to maintain a presence in Cambodian politics.

17. C. The Balfour Declaration outlined Britain's position on the establishment of a permanent Jewish state in Palestine. The declaration was a response to the ongoing Zionist movement. In it, Britain announced support for the establishment of a new home for Jewish people in Palestine. The declaration also attempted to account for the rights of those Arabs already living in the region.

18. D. After gaining personal control of the Congo in the late nineteenth century, King Leopold II of Belgium constructed large rubber plantations in the region and forced the native Congolese to work as laborers. During his reign, Leopold's policies destroyed the Congolese economy and led to the deaths of more than 10 million Congolese people. As international awareness of Leopold's abusive tactics spread, public outcries forced the Belgian government to seize control of the Congo from the king.

19. B. The Upanishads are the sacred texts of the Hindu religion. As part of the larger collection of Hindu texts known as the Vedas, the Upanishads primarily cover Hinduism's philosophical teachings. While the major Upanishads were written between 800 and 200 BCE, some texts were composed as recently as the sixteenth century.

20. A. During the reign of the ‘Abbasid Empire, a new era of cooperation between Arab and non-Arab Muslims was ushered in. The ‘Abbasids allowed non-Arab Muslims to hold civil and military offices alongside Arab Muslims. This increased the influence of conquered peoples on Islamic culture and encouraged intermarrying between Arabs and non-Arabs.

21. C. Although language, hunting-gathering techniques, artwork, and funereal rituals emerged during the Paleolithic Age, agricultural development did not occur until the Neolithic Age.

22. B. The main purpose of the Ottoman policy of devçirme (gathering) was to increase military manpower. Under devçirme, young non-Muslim boys were removed from their homes, educated, taught the Islamic belief system, and trained for military service. This policy ensured that leaders had the necessary military resources to expand the empire.

23. A. The Industrial Revolution had a significant global impact throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. During this period, industrialization increased Europe's economic power, widened the gap between industrialized and nonindustrialized nations, increased the political power of the middle class, and brought various world cultures closer together. The Industrial Revolution did not, however, decrease the rate at which industrial powers, such as Europe and Japan, colonized foreign territories.

24. D. Venezuelan general Simon Bolivar led the South American independence effort, along with Argentinean generals José de San Martin and Bernardo O'Higgins. Starting in 1821, Bolivar and his forces secured Venezuelan independence while San Martin and O'Higgins began their own campaigns in Ecuador, Argentina, and Chile.

25. C. The main purpose of this political cartoon was to encourage the reversal of the French class system. Around the time of the French Revolution, French society was divided into three classes known as estates. The First Estate included the clergy, the Second Estate included the aristocracy, and the Third Estate included the remaining lower classes. The cartoon suggests that the order of the estates should be reversed.

26. E. Lenin's first goal after the Bolshevik's victory over the White Army in the Russian Civil War was to stabilize and restore the Russian economy. Within a year of the war's conclusion, Lenin unveiled his “new economic policy” (NEP), which was intended to help the Russian economy recover from the destruction of industry and trade caused by the war. Under the NEP, Lenin permitted a limited amount of capitalism, allowing peasants to sell surplus crops and profit from the individual sale of various goods. At the same time, the NEP allowed the government to take over the operation of banks, large industrial operations, and communications.

27. B. The initial Vietnamese resistance to French imperialism was a direct result of the destructive agricultural and trade policies that affected the supply of rice available to the Vietnamese people. The French, who assumed control of Vietnam in the sixteenth century, established a number of agricultural and exportation policies that reduced the amount of rice available. This shortage was a major factor leading to the Vietnamese independence movement.

28. D. Great Zimbabwe and Aksum were most similar in that both thrived on income derived from trade routes. Great Zimbabwe rose to prominence in Africa after taking control of a key trade route. Likewise, Aksum established itself as a major civilization after taking control of part of the southwestern region of the Arabian Peninsula through which ran trading routes between Egypt and Meroe, as well as routes to the Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean.

29. D. During the Muslim expansion of the seventh century, conquered people of the Christian or Jewish faith were not explicitly required to submit to military service. At the time, the Muslims viewed Christians and Jews as fellow “people of the book” who believed in the same God and followed written scriptures similar to the Koran. As such, the Muslims allowed these individuals to avoid military service in return for the payment of a yearly tax.

30. C. As a form of spirituality, Shintoism is primarily focused on the veneration of both ancestors and spirits of nature (kami). Shintoism is a spiritual way of life in which simple devotion to ancestral spirits and kami are believed to bring good fortune and happiness. Shintoism is rarely practiced outside Japan.

31. B. The spread of Islam across eastern and central Africa was met with numerous cultural obstacles, one of the most prominent being resistance against the traditional Islamic views about the role of women. In many sub-Saharan African communities, women enjoyed a considerably greater degree of gender equality than did women in Muslim countries. As Islam spread, many of these women refused to accept traditional Muslim gender roles.

32. A. The most important factor in the spread of ancient Greek culture across the Mediterranean region was unique geography. The mountains surrounding the landscape meant that numerous isolated city-states arose. Equally important, Greece's geography was ideal for trading, which helped spread its culture.

33. D. This quote is attributed to Italian dictator Benito Mussolini and indicates his support of fascist philosophies. This philosophy places the good of the state above all else, including the rights of individual members of society. In most cases, fascist governments are led by totalitarian dictators who control the inhabitants of their state through regimented social and economic structures, mass indoctrination, forcible suppression of resistance, and other similar means.

34. C. The mandate of heaven played a crucial role in Chinese culture because it provided a rationalization for the transfer of power from one dynasty to the next. The mandate of heaven first emerged in the twelfth century BCE, when it was created by the Zhou dynasty to rationalize their assumption of power from the declining Shang dynasty. Subsequent dynasties used the mandate similarly.

35. E. While other pre-Columbian civilizations developed basic road systems, the Incan system was elaborate and efficient. Spanning the entire length of the empire, the Incan road system consisted of two main routes: one through the mountains and one through the lowlands. The roads allowed for the transportation for military forces, messengers, merchants, and others.

36. A. Throughout much of the eighteenth century, the colony of South Africa was controlled by a group of Dutch settlers known as the Boers. The Boers retained imperial control over South Africa until the British overtook their holdings in 1795.

37. D. A phrase coined by President Dwight D. Eisenhower, “domino theory” led to U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War. Eisenhower's domino theory was based on the idea that communism in Southeast Asia would spread easily if any nation came under communist rule.

38. B. The Annals and Germania were both written by the Roman historian Tacitus between the first and second centuries CE. The Annals is a history of the Roman Empire during the reigns of four emperors. Germania is a historical review of the Germanic tribes that lived along the imperial borders.

39. E. Commercial agriculture was a profitable venture for Egypt but not for England. As part of his program of industrial reforms, the Egyptian leader Muhammad ‘All instituted a system in which village farmers were forced to give up private plots and work on commercial plantations. These plantations produced cash crops that were then sold to European nations.

40. E. The earliest significant Mesoamerican civilization, the Maya, developed around Tikal in what is today known as Guatemala. First established as a small Mayan village around 900 BCE, Tikal evolved into a major center of ceremonial importance between 300 BCE and 100 CE. Over the course of its history, Tikal grew into the urban core of the Maya Empire and was home to an array of plazas, pyramids, and other important structures.

41. B. Japan turned to militarism in the early 1930s as a result of the widespread belief that the democratic government was responsible for the country's dire economic state. In the 1920s, the then-democratic Japanese government ushered in an era of economic prosperity and committed itself to peace with the signing of the Kellogg-Briand Pact. When the Great Depression struck, however, the economy collapsed. The

Japanese people blamed the government, which was subsequently taken over by the military.

42. C. While the Congress of Vienna did take steps to ensure that France would no longer be a serious threat to European peace, it did not require the French military to disband. Most notably, the Congress of Vienna required France to cede all the territories it had seized during Napoleon's campaigns. In effect, this stripped France of its stranglehold over Europe.

43. A. The Later Ly dynasty reigned in Vietnam between 1009 and 1225 CE. Leaders adopted the Chinese style of government and replaced the traditional Vietnamese local lords with a bureaucracy of civil servants and state officials. They also established educational programs for civil servants and introduced universal military service.

44. B. The map illustrates trade routes of the Silk Roads. The Silk Roads were a critical trading route linking China and the Far East with Europe and the West. The route was primarily used for trading silk with the West, and gold, silver, and wool with the East.

45. D. During his thirteen-year campaign in the fourth century, Alexander the Great conquered the lands of Egypt, Syria, Mesopotamia, and Asia Minor. He attempted to conquer India but was unsuccessful.

46. B. Although the form of communism practiced in China under Mao Zedong was based on the same fundamental concepts as the form practiced in the Soviet Union, Maoism included uniquely Chinese ideology. Among the most notable differences was the Maoist view of the proletariat as a nation rather than a class. In Mao's view, China's struggle was that of a proletarian nation exploited at the hands of the bourgeois of capitalist nations.

47. E. The Twelve Tables were the written code of laws of the ancient Romans. The Twelve Tables was written in 451 BCE and established the fundamental precepts of Roman law. The Twelve Tables also granted Roman citizens the right to the protection of the law.

48. D. The Taiping Rebellion, fought between 1850 and 1864, was a

violent religious and political uprising that ultimately claimed the lives of approximately 20 million Chinese. The rebellion was led by Hong Xiuquan, who was disgruntled with the Chinese civil service system. He claimed to have had a series of visions in which he learned that he was a son of God and destined to bring reform to China. Hong led his followers through a bloody revolt against the Qing dynasty and proclaimed the formation of his own Taiping Tianguo dynasty. Hong's forces were eventually defeated, and the rebellion largely came to an end after Hong committed suicide in 1864.

49. B. Among the Bantu- s peaking people, the term griots referred to storytellers. The Bantu were followers of animism, a form of spirituality founded on the belief that spirits inhabit the various features of the natural world. Of particular importance to the Bantu were the spirits of one's deceased ancestors. The griots were responsible for passing on these traditions from one generation to the next via stories.

50. E. The Portuguese navigator Ferdinand Magellan is most famous for being the first to circumnavigate the globe. In 1519, Magellan and conavigator Rui Faleiro set off on their historic expedition. Magellan was killed in the Philippines, but two of his ships eventually made it back to Europe in 1522, completing the first circumnavigation of the globe.

51. A. The Mensheviks and the Bolsheviks were both opposed to the czarist government in Russia but had different views on how a potential workers' revolution should take place. The Bolsheviks, led by Lenin, believed that an immediate revolution of the working-class proletariat against the middle-class bourgeois was necessary. Conversely, the Mensheviks supported the idea of working with the bourgeois to establish a left-wing capitalist regime as a forerunner to a full-blown socialist society.

52. D. Throughout much of the nineteenth century, the port of Singapore was controlled by the British, who first established a presence there in 1819. Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, who worked for the English East India Trading Company, landed at Singapore and purchased the land from a local he had installed to facilitate the transfer over the objections

of the Dutch. Eventually, the Dutch and British came to an agreement, and the Dutch ceded full control of Singapore to England in 1824.

53. C. Although the final outcome of the Mexican struggle for independence from Spain was influenced by events unfolding in Europe, its most distinguishing attribute was its origin with the mestizos, who were people of mixed European and Indian descent. Most other struggles in the Americas originated with the Creoles, colonial-born people of European descent.

54. B. The Treaty of Tordesillas, which was signed by Spain and Portugal under the authority of Pope Alexander VI, granted Spain exclusive land rights in the New World. Specifically, the treaty created a line of demarcation between Spanish and Portuguese territory. According to the terms of the agreement, all land that was discovered to the west of the line would belong to Spain, and all land to the east would go to the Portuguese. The location of the line was later moved west to allow Portugal to colonize coastal Brazil.

55. E. This quotation, taken directly from a translation of the Dao De Jing, reflects the traditional Daoist view of government. Adherents of Daoism believe in living a simple life, at harmony with the natural world.

56. D. Cuneiform was invented by the people of the Mesopotamian civilization of Sumer. The most widely used form of written language in the ancient Middle East, cuneiform was a pictographic language made by pressing a wedge-shaped stylus into moist clay. The pictographs used in cuneiform represented ideas and, later, sounds.

57. A. Ghana fell into decline early in the eleventh century as a result of Muslim invasion. Following the successful conquest of the area by the Almoravid dynasty in 1076, the gold and salt trade was interrupted. This had severe economic consequences from which the Ghanaians could not recover.

58. B. In the years leading up to World War II, the fascist dictator Benito Mussolini became interested in expanding his country's colonial holdings in Africa. After the League of Nations failed to take action against Japan following their military invasion of China, Mussolini invaded Ethiopia.

59. C. The Khmer Empire originated in the modern-day region of Cambodia. This dynasty rose to prominence chiefly as the result of its cultivation of rice. Through their ability to grow rice and their strong trading ties with India and China, the Khmer became the dominant dynastic power throughout the entire Southeast Asian mainland. They reached the height of their power in the early thirteenth century.

60. D. Russia's departure from World War I was primarily the result of the nation's internal political strife over the monarchical government of Czar Nicholas II. In 1917, Nicholas II was forced to abdicate the throne in response to antigovernment protests over famine and supply shortages brought on by the war. When the new provisional government continued participation in the war, additional political unrest led to the rise of the Communist Party under Lenin.

61. E. The traditional Indian concept of the sacred cow developed primarily during the reign of the Mauryan Empire. Though based in part on the revered status that cattle enjoyed during India's Aryan period, the customary belief in the sacredness of cows largely came into practice when the Mauryan ruler Ashoka introduced policies making it illegal to kill cows. Ashoka instated this and similar policies after converting to Buddhism and shifting focus to public works, the promotion of vegetarianism, and the reduction of animal slaughter.

62. C. Meroe was one of the major cities of the kingdom of Kush. It rose to power as an important trading hub largely because of its vast supply of iron. Founded in a region rich with natural iron deposits, Meroe quickly became a major entity in the trade of iron as well as weapons and other goods made from iron.

63. C. The Roman army was one of the key drivers of the success of Rome and one of its most highly valued assets. The army included a number of legions, each of which had between five thousand and six thousand men.

Legions were supported by cavalry soldiers on horseback. The Roman army was based on conscription, with landowning citizens required to engage in military service and conquered peoples providing troops. Unlike most other military forces, however, the soldiers of the Roman army were required to provide their own weapons and other equipment.

64. D. Prussia rose to prominence in the eighteenth century under the leadership of the Hohenzollerns. During their reign over Prussia, the Hohenzollerns created a military state through the formation of an army in which members of the landowning classes, known as the Junkers, served as officers. The Hohenzollerns also decreased the power of territorial assemblies in Prussia.

65. C. The evolution and spread of the Bantu culture was due most significantly to their history of migration. Having originated in areas bordering the rainforests in present-day Nigeria, the early Bantu peoples began migrating south and east through Africa around 2000 BCE. Along the way, they assimilated other hunter-gatherer societies and spread their language throughout sub-Saharan African. Eventually, the Bantu language would blend with Arabic to form a new language known as Swahili.

66. B. One of the most distinguishing features of the Inca was the system through which they passed wealth from one generation to the next. According to the rules of parallel descent, males inherited strictly from the paternal side of the family, whereas females inherited from the maternal side of the family.

67. D. In response to growing concerns about global warming and greenhouse gases, the United Nations produced the Kyoto Protocol in 1997. This international agreement established a basic framework to stabilize the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and to bring global warming under control. The treaty took effect in 2005.

68. C. The greatest similarity between the Korean and Vietnam wars was a desire to prevent the spread of communism. The Korean War was a direct response to the North Korean invasion of South Korea. The Vietnam War was the result of a communist threat represented by Ho Chi Minh and the Vietcong.

69. A. Julius Caesar eventually secured the title of “dictator for life,” but he did not declare himself a monarch. Caesar was aware that the Roman upper class was strongly opposed to the idea of a monarchy and was cautious to avoid any suggestion that his rule would be equivalent to that of a monarch.

70. E. Overtaking the Inca was a relatively simple task for the Spanish conquistadors. By the time they arrived to seize control in 1532, the once-strong Inca Empire had been severely weakened by civil war. In 1525 the death of Incan ruler Huayna Capac led to a bitter civil war between his sons.

71. B. One of the few similarities between Athens and Sparta was that neither city-state allowed women to play any role in politics.

72. C. The overthrow of the Qing dynasty in 1912 was primarily the result of rising nationalistic sentiment. Before the displacement of the Qing, the Chinese had endured centuries of foreign control of their land. By the early twentieth century, many Chinese embraced the nationalist movement led by Sun Yixian, who eventually succeeded in his quest to bring the Nationalist Party to power.

73. E. After Ferdinand Magellan made first contact with (and was subsequently killed by) the inhabitants of the Philippines in 1521, the Spanish became interested in establishing a permanent presence there. Colonization efforts began in 1565. During the time the Philippines were under Spanish control, the colony served as a conduit for trade between Spain and Mexico.

74. B. The fall of the Carolingian dynasty led directly to the introduction of the feudal system in Europe. With the passing of Charlemagne and his son Louis the Pious, the Carolingian dynasty became increasingly fragmented and eventually collapsed. Without the protection of a large government, Europe was forced to endure relentless, vicious attacks by

invaders, particularly the Vikings. The need for a new means of protecting themselves led many Europeans to embrace the feudal system, in which they could secure protection in return for loyalty to a feudal lord.

75. D. Perhaps the most significant difference between Lutheranism and Calvinism is the opposing view on the free will of individuals and their ability to determine their own fate. Martin Luther taught the doctrine of justification by faith, which stated that anyone could attain salvation through faith in Christ. John Calvin accepted this idea in part but believed in a doctrine known as election, which stated that fate is predetermined. Only the “elect” can obtain salvation; no human action can significantly alter one's status as elect.

76. D. Adherents to the philosophy of cynicism would most likely agree that “life should be lived simply and without material attachments.” Simplicity and the rejection of materialism were the central tenets of cynicism. The rival philosophies of stoicism and Epicureanism emphasized brotherhood and pleasure, respectively.

77. C. The most significant difference between the League of Nations and United Nations is that the United Nations has an armed military force that is used to enforce its policies when necessary. The inability of the League of Nations to create such a force was one of the primary reasons it was ineffectual in preventing World War II.

78. A. The Spanish conquistador Hernan Cortes led the conquest of the Aztec culture. After arriving in Aztec territory in 1519, Cortes and his men were welcomed into Tenochtitlan by the Aztec ruler Montezuma II, who believed that their appearance was an indication of the return of the god of peace. Eventually, Cortes claimed the land for Spain and, with the help of other tribes who had been oppressed by the Aztec, conquered the empire in 1521.

79. C. The quote above, attributed to John Locke, is representative of the intellectual movement of deism. Deists believed that while some sort of god might exist, God's only role was to create and maintain the natural laws of the universe.

80. E. Japan's primary objective leading up to and during World War II was the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere. This program was specifically designed to allow the Japanese to secure an adequate supply of raw materials. Faced with a booming population and tariffs that prevented trade with most Western nations, Japan quickly became unable to support itself. Japan's solution was forceful territorial expansion in order to gain access to the raw materials that the Japanese needed to thrive.

81. E. Socrates, one of the first great Greek philosophers, developed a teaching method based on systematic questioning. The Socratic method utilizes questions and answers to encourage students to judge for themselves and learn to rely on reason and rational thought.

82. D. Although they made several attempts to establish a presence in Southeast Asia, the Mongols were ultimately unsuccessful at doing so mainly because the regional climate was extremely inhospitable. During their reign in China, the Mongols attempted to extend their empire southward into Cambodia, Vietnam, Burma, Java, and Indonesia. In each instance, however, they could not adapt to the exceptionally warm climate.

83. A. The written language of the Mycenaeans, Linear B, was based on the Minoan written language, Linear A. The Mycenaeans were among the most dominant cultures to live on the Greek mainland. It is believed they conquered the Minoans, who lived on Crete, around 1450 BCE. As the Mycenaeans assimilated Minoan culture, they adopted a modified version of their written language.

84. C. In general, imperial powers used four methods to exert control over Africa: establishing colonies, founding protectorates, creating spheres of influence, and practicing economic imperialism. While it was similar to a colony, a protectorate was allowed to maintain its own government.

85. B. While both the Egyptians and the people of the Indus River valley were invaded and occupied by foreign cultures, the outcomes were different. The Egyptians were invaded by the Hyksos around 1650 and remained under their control before they eventually expelled the foreigners. The

people of the Indus River valley, in contrast, were invaded by the Aryans around 1500 and remained under their control permanently.

86. D. An encomienda was a type of land grant that allowed its holder to force the natives under his control to pay monetary tribute and perform labor. In return for this service, the encomienda holder was expected to provide the natives with protection, to pay them for work, and to see to their spiritual needs. Abuse of the system led to its replacement with the repartamiento system.

87. B. The most critical point of agreement between Wilson's Fourteen Points and the Treaty of Versailles was the establishment of an international peacekeeping organization. This agreement laid the groundwork for the League of Nations.

88. E. The split between Shia and Sunni Muslims, which occurred in the seventh century CE, was primarily the result of disputes over the line of succession after Muhammad's death. In 565, Ali, who was both cousin and son-in-law to Muhammad, became the fourth caliph. When Ali was later assassinated, the Shia Muslims insisted that the caliphate should remain with his descendants, but the Sunni disagreed. This dispute permanently drove the two sects apart.

89. C. The most significant factor in the rise of Mussolini and fascism was Italy's frustration with its lack of territorial gains following World War I. Having left the Triple Alliance to join the Allied powers during the war, Italy expected significant territorial gains at the war's end.

90. C. The Han dynasty conducted extensive trading via the Silk Roads, introduced the civil service examination, created roads and canals to improve transportation, and levied taxes to fund the bureaucracy and military. It did not, however, begin construction of the Great Wall.

91. C. The Concert of Europe was a series of alliances formed during the nineteenth century following the defeat of Napoléon Bonaparte. These alliances required nations to assist one another in the event of civil disturbances or war. The goal of the Concert of Europe was to prevent

further revolutions and ensure the political status quo. Although the Concert of Europe weakened over time, it remained intact until the outbreak of World War I.

92. B. Since the chart indicates that Latin influenced 29 percent of the English language, it can be reasonably inferred that the English language was significantly influenced by the Roman occupation of England. When the Romans conquered Britain in 43 CE, they brought Latin with them. The exposure of the English people to the Latin language during the time of Roman occupation likely influenced the development of their own language.

93. A. The primary reason for the failure of the South Vietnamese government was the fact that it was corrupt and unpopular. Ngo Dinh Diem, who had been installed as leader, operated as an oppressive dictator.

94. B. The common thread between Confucianism and legalism was an emphasis on strong government. Although both philosophies focused on a strong government, Confucianism advocated educated government, whereas legalism emphasized policies of censorship, a prohibition of independent thought, and the control of education.

95. C. Humanism was one of the key concepts of the Renaissance. The humanist philosophy emphasized reason, encouraged appreciation for the ancient Roman civilization, and focused on the everyday problems of typical human beings.