Abbreviations
CU-DWCP Columbia University, New York, N.Y., De Witt Clinton Papers
CU-FFP Columbia University, Fish Family Papers
CU-HFP Columbia University, Hamilton Family Papers
CU-HPPP Columbia University, Hamilton Papers Publication Project
CU-JCHP Columbia University, John Church Hamilton Papers
LC-AHP Library of Congress, Washington, D.C., Alexander Hamilton Papers
LC-WPP Library of Congress, William Plumer Papers
LPAH The Law Practice of Alexander Hamilton. Ed. Julius Goebel, Jr., et al. 5 vols. New York: Columbia University Press, 1964–1981.
MHi-TPP Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston, Timothy Pickering Papers
NYHS-DGFP New-York Historical Society, New York, N.Y., De Groot Family Papers
NYHS-MM New-York Historical Society, Miscellaneous Microfilms
NYHS-NPP New-York Historical Society, Nathaniel Pendleton Papers
NYHS-NYCMS New-York Historical Society, New York City Manumission Society Papers
NYHS-RTP New-York Historical Society, Robert Troup Papers
NYHS-WVNP New-York Historical Society, William Van Ness Papers
NYPL-AYP New York Public Library, Abraham Yates, Jr., Papers
NYPL-JAHP New York Public Library, James A. Hamilton Papers
NYPL-KVB New York Public Library, Pamphlet Collection for New York election, spring 1804
NYPL-PSP New York Public Library, Philip Schuyler Papers
NYSL New York State Library, Albany, N.Y.
PAH The Papers of Alexander Hamilton. Ed. Harold C. Syrett et al. 27 vols. New York: Columbia University Press, 1961–1987. (Unless otherwise stated, all letters cited are written either to or from Alexander Hamilton. Documents written neither by nor to Hamilton are cited only by volume and page number.)
Prologue: The Oldest Revolutionary War Widow
1. Atlantic Monthly, August 1896.
2. CU-HFP, box 3, letter from Elizabeth Hamilton Holly to John C. Hamilton, February 27, 1855.
3. Cooke, Alexander Hamilton, p. vii.
4. Malone, Jefferson and His Time, vol. 2, p. 271.
5. Cooke, Alexander Hamilton, p. 149.
6. The Political Science Quarterly, March 1890.
7. Knott, Alexander Hamilton and the Persistence of Myth, p. 87.
8. Ibid., p. 259.
One: The Castaways
1. Van Doren, Benjamin Franklin, p. 312.
2. Hubbard, Swords, Ships, and Sugar, p. 40.
3. Ibid., p. 33.
4. PAH, vol. 25, p. 88, letter to William Jackson, August 26, 1800.
5. Ibid.
6. Flexner, Young Hamilton, p. 9.
7. PAH, vol. 25, p. 89, letter to William Jackson, August 26, 1800.
8. Ramsing, Alexander Hamilton’s Birth and Parentage, p. 4.
9. Hamilton, Intimate Life of Alexander Hamilton, p. 11.
10. Ramsing, Alexander Hamilton’s Birth and
Parentage, p. 8.
11. The American Genealogist, January 1945.
12. Mitchell, Alexander Hamilton: Youth to Maturity, p. 7.
13. Schachner, Alexander Hamilton, p. 1.
14. The American Genealogist, January 1945.
15. PAH, vol. 16. p. 276, letter to George Washington, April 14, 1796.
16. Ibid., vol. 2, p. 539, letter to Margarita Schuyler, January 21, 1781.
17. Ibid., vol. 25, p. 88, letter to William Jackson, August 26, 1800.
18. Kilmarnock Standard, April 5, 1924.
19. Castle, John Glassford of Douglaston, pp. 22–23.
20. LC-AHP, reel 29, “Agreement of November 11, 1737.”
21. Ragatz, Fall of the Planter Class in the British Caribbean, pp. 16–17.
22. PAH, vol. 25, p. 89, letter to William Jackson, August 26, 1800.
23. Ibid.
24. LC-AHP, reel 29, letter from John Hamilton to Thomas Reid, 1749 [n.d.].
25. Ibid.
26. St. Kitts Archives, Government of St. Kitts and Nevis, Basseterre, St. Kitts.
27. PAH, vol. 25, p. 89, letter to William Jackson,
August 26, 1800.
28. Hamilton, Life of Alexander Hamilton, vol. 1, p. 42.
29. Hamilton, Intimate Life of Alexander Hamilton, p. 13.
30. PAH, vol. 3, p. 573, letter from Hugh Knox, July 28, 1784.
31. Schachner, Alexander Hamilton, p. 8.
32. Hamilton, Life of Alexander Hamilton, vol. 1, p. 42.
33. PAH, vol. 26, p. 774, “Comments on Jews,” n.d.
34. Hamilton, Life of Alexander Hamilton, vol. 7, pp. 710–11.
35. London Magazine, August 1753.
36. Ibid.
37. Brookhiser, Alexander Hamilton, p. 14.
38. Andrews, Journal of a Lady of Quality, p. 127.
39. Nevis Historical and Conservation Society, RG MG 2.25, Charlestown, Nevis.
40. Emery, Alexander Hamilton, p. 13.
41. The William and Mary Quarterly, April 1952.
42. Ramsing, Alexander Hamilton’s Birth and Parentage, p. 8.
43. Ibid.
44. PAH, vol. 21, p. 77, letter to William Hamilton, May 2, 1797.
45. Ibid.
46. Ibid., vol. 22, p. 223.
47. Tyson and Highfield, Kamina Folk, p. 46.
48. Flexner, Young Hamilton, p. 31.
49. PAH, vol. 20, p. 458, “From Ann Mitchell”[1796].
50. Ramsing, Alexander Hamilton’s Birth and Parentage, p. 28.
51. PAH, vol. 15, p. 331, “To the College of Physicians,” September 11, 1793.
52. Ibid., vol. 1, p. 369, letter from Edward Stevens,
December 23, 1777.
53. MHi-TPP, reel 51.
54. Ibid.
55. Lodge, Alexander Hamilton, p. 286.
Two: Hurricane
1. Hamilton, Life of Alexander Hamilton, vol. 1, p. 44.
2. NYHS-NPP, “Draft Obituary Notice for Hamilton,” n.d.
3. PAH, vol. 1, p. 4, letter to Edward Stevens, November 11, 1769.
4. Ibid., p. 21, letter to Nicholas Cruger, late 1771 or early 1772.
5. Ibid., p. 23, letter to Tileman Cruger, February 1, 1772.
6. Ibid., p. 24, letter to Captain Newton, February 1, 1772.
7. Royal Danish American Gazette, January 23, 1771.
8. Flexner, Young Hamilton, p. 39.
9. PAH, vol. 1, p. 7.
10. Proceedings of the New Jersey Historical Society, vol. 69, April 1951.
11. Knox, Letter to the Rev. Mr. Jacob Green, p. 48.
12. PAH, vol. 3, p. 573, letter from Hugh Knox, July 28, 1784.
13. Royal Danish American Gazette, September 9, 1772.
14. Ibid., October 3, 1772.
15. PAH, vol. 3, p. 573, letter from Hugh Knox, July 28, 1784.
16. Royal Danish American Gazette, February 3, 1773.
17. PAH, vol. 26, p. 307, letter to Elizabeth Hamilton, July 10, 1804.
18. Royal Danish American Gazette, May 15, 1773.
19. PAH, vol. 1, p. 147, “The Farmer Refuted,” February 23, 1775.
20. Ibid., vol. 5, p. 125, “New York Ratifying Convention, Third Speech,” June 28, 1788.
21. St. Vincent Registry, deed book for 1784–1787, entered at Grenada on May 27, 1786, but first signed on March 14, 1774.
Three: The Collegian
1. The William and Mary Quarterly, April 1947.
2. The American Historical Review, January 1957.
3. Bowen, Miracle at Philadelphia, p. 65.
4. Burrows and Wallace, Gotham, p. 180.
5. Davis, Memoirs of Aaron Burr, vol. 1, p. 37.
6. Flexner, Young Hamilton, p. 150.
7. Davis, Memoirs of Aaron Burr, vol. 2, p. 434.
8. Mitchell, Alexander Hamilton: Youth to Maturity, p. 42.
9. Bobrick, Angel in the Whirlwind, p. 468.
10. PAH, vol. 1, p. 43.
11. Flexner, Young Hamilton, p. 56.
12. Schachner, Alexander Hamilton, p. 25.
13. Mitchell, Alexander Hamilton: Youth to Maturity, p. 50.
14. Ketcham, James Madison, p. 38.
15. Wills, Explaining America, p. 15.
16. The William and Mary Quarterly, April 1947.
17. Ibid.
18. Ketcham, James Madison, p. 38.
19. Humphreys, Catherine Schuyler, p. 103.
20. The Columbia Monthly, February 1904.
21. Burrows and Wallace, Gotham, p. 214.
22. Van Amringe and Smith, History of Columbia University, p. 53.
23. PAH, vol. 25, p. 560, letter from Gouverneur Morris, March 11, 1802.
24. Parton, Life and Times of Aaron Burr, p. 142.
25. Ibid., pp. 143–44.
26. New York Mirror, n.d. Copy in LC-AHP, reel 31.
27. PAH, vol. 25, p. 436.
28. Ibid., vol. 22, p. 340, letter to Elizabeth Hamilton, December 10, 1798.
29. Ibid., vol. 7, p. 40, letter to George Washington, September 15, 1790.
30. Hamilton, Life of Alexander Hamilton, vol. 1, p. 47.
31. LC-AHP, reel 30, “Memo of Robert Troup on the Conway Cabal, October 26, 1827.”
32. Tripp, “Robert Troup,” p. 167.
33. Davis, Memoirs of Aaron Burr, vol. 1, p. 307, and Tripp, “Robert Troup,” p. 64.
34. The William and Mary Quarterly, April 1947.
35. Flexner, Young Hamilton, p. 63.
36. Wood, American Revolution, p. 37.
37. LC-AHP, reel 31, “Robert Troup Memoir of General Hamilton, March 22, 1810.”
38. Hibbert, George III, p. 144.
39. Burrows and Wallace, Gotham, p. 216.
40. Mitchell, Alexander Hamilton: Youth to Maturity, p. 63.
41. Hamilton, Life of Alexander Hamilton, vol. 1, p. 56.
42. Callahan, Royal Raiders, p. 139.
43. New-York Gazetteer, March 30, 1774.
44. Mitchell, Alexander Hamilton: Youth to Maturity, p. 53.
45. Columbia University Quarterly, September 1899.
46. New-York Journal; or, The General Advertiser, September 8, 1774.
47. Van Amringe and Smith, History of Columbia University, p. 46.
48. Columbia University Quarterly, September 1899.
49. Tyler, Literary History of the American Revolution, p. 394.
50. Columbia University Quarterly, September 1899.
51. Miller, Alexander Hamilton, p. 9.
52. Callahan, Royal Raiders, p. 143.
53. New-York Gazetteer, January 12, 1775.
54. PAH, vol. 4, p. 613.
55. New-York Gazetteer, December 15, 1774.
56. PAH, vol. 1, p. 65, “A Full Vindication of the Measures of Congress,” December 22, 1774.
57. Ibid., p. 68.
58. Ibid., p. 48.
59. Ibid., p. 50.
60. Ibid., p. 86, “The Farmer Refuted,” February 23, 1775.
61. Ibid., p. 82.
62. Ibid., p. 164.
63. Ibid., p. 122.
64. Bobrick, Angel in the Whirlwind, p. 201.
65. PAH, vol. 1, p. 125, “The Farmer Refuted,” February 23, 1775.
66. Ibid., pp. 135–36.
67. Ibid., p. 128.
68. Ibid., pp. 157–58.
69. The William and Mary Quarterly, April 1947.
Four: The Pen and the Sword
1. Bobrick, Angel in the Whirlwind, p. 119.
2. Burrows and Wallace, Gotham, p. 223.
3. CU-FFP, box 1818–1828, letter from Nicholas Fish to Timothy Pickering, December 26, 1823.
4. The William and Mary Quarterly, April 1947.
5. Van Amringe and Smith, History of Columbia University, p. 48.
6. O’Brien, Hercules Mulligan, p. 184.
7. LC-AHP, reel 31, letter from Robert Troup to Timothy Pickering, March 27, 1828.
8. Ibid.
9. The Columbia Monthly, February 1904.
10. Callahan, Royal Raiders, p. 139.
11. Gentleman’s Magazine, July 1776.
12. “The Presidents of Columbia,” Columbia University Archives, New York, N.Y.
13. Ferling, John Adams, p. 98.
14. Wood, American Revolution, p. 75.
15. Bobrick, Angel in the Whirlwind, p. 142.
16. Wood, American Revolution, p. 74.
17. PAH, vol. 1, p. 174, “Remarks on the Quebec Bill,” June 15, 1775.
18. Wood, American Revolution, p. 53.
19. Maier, American Scripture, p. 24.
20. O’Brien, Hercules Mulligan, p. 182.
21. New-York Journal; or, The General Advertiser, September 1, 1774.
22. Royal Danish American Gazette, April 10, 1776.
23. O’Brien, Hercules Mulligan, p. 184.
24. PAH, vol. 1, pp. 176–77, letter to John Jay, November 26, 1775.
25. LC-AHP, reel 31, “Robert Troup Memoir of General Hamilton, March 22, 1810.”
26. Schachner, Alexander Hamilton, p. 32.
27. “The Monitor No. I,” New-York Journal; or, The General Advertiser, November 9, 1775.
28. “The Monitor No. VII,” New-York Journal; or, The General Advertiser, December 21, 1775.
29. Ibid.
30. “The Monitor No. I,” New-York Journal; or, The General Advertiser, November 9, 1775.
31. “The Monitor No. VIII,” New-York Journal; or, The General Advertiser, December 28, 1775.
32. “The Monitor No. I,” New-York Journal; or, The General Advertiser, November 9, 1775.
33. “The Monitor No. III,” New-York Journal; or, The General Advertiser, November 23, 1775.
34. PAH, vol. 21, p. 77, letter to William Hamilton, May 2, 1797.
35. “Extract of a Letter from a Gentleman in New York, Dated February 18th,” Royal Danish American Gazette, March 20, 1776.
36. Mitchell, Alexander Hamilton: Youth to Maturity, p. 79.
37. Valentine, Lord Stirling, p. 170.
38. PAH, vol. 23, p. 122, letter to James McHenry, May 18, 1799.
39. Hamilton, Reminiscences of James A. Hamilton, p. 11.
40. PAH, vol. 23, p. 122, letter to James McHenry, May 18, 1799.
41. The William and Mary Quarterly, April 1947.
42. Bobrick, Angel in the Whirlwind, p. 150.
43. “Extract of a Letter from a Gentleman in New York, Dated February 18th,” Royal Danish American Gazette, March 20, 1776.
44. Flexner, Young Hamilton, p. 92.
45. “NEW YORK. Sandy Hook, June 21, 1776,” Royal Danish American Gazette, August 14, 1776.
46. Callahan, Royal Raiders, p. 69.
47. Ibid., p. 73.
48. “Extract of a Letter from New York, June 24,” Royal Danish American Gazette, August 14, 1776.
49. Callahan, Royal Raiders, p. 74.
50. “Extract New York, July 1,” Royal Danish American Gazette, August 28, 1776.
51. Maier, American Scripture, p. 44.
52. Burrows and Wallace, Gotham, p. 227.
53. Ibid., p. 231.
54. Bobrick, Angel in the Whirlwind, p. 203.
55. Parton, Life and Times of Aaron Burr, p. 143.
56. The New York Times, July 4, 2003.
57. O’Brien, Hercules Mulligan, p. 183.
58. Schecter, Battle for New York, p. 104.
59. Ibid.
60. Bobrick, Angel in the Whirlwind, p. 208.
61. Ibid.
62. Schecter, Battle for New York, p. 150.
63. “Extract of a Letter from New York, August 30,”
Royal Danish American Gazette, December 14, 1776.
64. McCullough, John Adams, p. 158.
65. Flexner, Washington, p. 83.
66. O’Brien, Hercules Mulligan, p. 183.
67. Hamilton, Life of Alexander Hamilton, vol. 1, p. 126.
68. The William and Mary Quarterly, April 1947.
69. McCullough, John Adams, p. 159.
70. Hamilton, Life of Alexander Hamilton, vol. 1, p. 128.
71. Ibid., p. 133.
Five: The Little Lion
1. Wood, American Revolution, p. 78.
2. Brookhiser, Alexander Hamilton, p. 32.
3. Custis, Recollections and Private Memoirs of Washington, p. 344.
4. Mitchell, Alexander Hamilton: Youth to Maturity, p. 96.
5. Bobrick, Angel in the Whirlwind, p. 229.
6. PAH, vol. 1, p. 200, letter to the Convention of the Representatives of the State of New York, March 6, 1777.
7. Bobrick, Angel in the Whirlwind, p. 235.
8. Hamilton, Life of Alexander Hamilton, vol. 1, p. 137.
9. Ibid.
10. Flexner, Young Hamilton, p. 132.
11. PAH, vol. 1, p. 195.
12. Brookhiser, Alexander Hamilton, p. 29.
13. PAH, vol. 22, p. 37, letter to George Washington, July 29[–August 1], 1798.
14. Ibid., vol. 1, p. 209, letter to the New York Committee of Correspondence, March 20, 1777.
15. Ibid., vol. 2, p. 359, letter to Hugh Knox, July 1[–28], 1777.
16. Ibid., vol. 1, p. 202, letter to Alexander McDougall, March 10, 1777.
17. Smith, Patriarch, p. 4.
18. The Wall Street Journal, February 10, 2000.
19. Custis, Recollections and Private Memoirs of Washington, p. 214.
20. Ferling, John Adams, p. 136.
21. McCullough, John Adams, p. 593.
22. Smith, Patriarch, p. 8.
23. Mitchell, Alexander Hamilton: Youth to Maturity, p. 108.
24. Hamilton, Life of Alexander Hamilton, vol. 1, p. 177.
25. Steiner, Life and Correspondence of James McHenry, p. 572.
26. MHi-TPP, reel 51, p. 189.
27. PAH, vol. 1, p. 255, letter to Gouverneur Morris, May 19, 1777.
28. Kaminski, George Clinton, p. 21.
29. Custis, Recollections and Private Memoirs of Washington, pp. 345–46.
30. Flexner, Young Hamilton, p. 143.
31. Ibid., p. 146.
32. Ibid., p. 148.
33. Otis, Eulogy on Alexander Hamilton, p. 7.
34. Graydon, Memoirs of His Own Time, p. 276.
35. Hamilton, Life of Alexander Hamilton, vol. 1, p. 170.
36. Graydon, Memoirs of His Own Time, p. 277.
37. PAH, vol. 3, p. 150, letter to Richard Kidder Meade, August 27, 1782.
38. Ibid., vol. 1, p. 551, letter from James McHenry, September 21, 1778.
39. Ibid., vol. 2, pp. 53–54, letter to John Laurens, May 22, 1779.
40. Flexner, Young Hamilton, p. 149.
41. Ibid.
42. Ibid.
43. PAH, vol. 1, p. 225, letter to Catharine Livingston, April 11, 1777.
44. Ibid., p. 259, letter to Catharine Livingston, May 1777.
45. Wallace, Life of Henry Laurens, p. 470.
46. PAH, vol. 2, p. 17, letter to John Jay, March 14, 1799.
47. CU-JCHP, box 20.
48. Hamilton, Intimate Life of Alexander Hamilton, p. 245.
49. Lafayette, Lafayette in the American Revolution, vol. 3, p. 302.
50. Emery, Alexander Hamilton, p. 244.
51. Baxter, Godchild of Washington, p. 225.
52. Van Doren, Benjamin Franklin, p. 578.
53. Wilson and Stanton, Jefferson Abroad, p. 123.
54. PAH, vol. 2, p. 321.
55. Hamilton, Intimate Life of Alexander Hamilton, p. 245.
56. Lafayette, Lafayette in the American Revolution, vol. 3, p. 310.
57. Flexner, Young Hamilton, p. 316.
58. Bobrick, Angel in the Whirlwind, p. 253.
59. Flexner, Young Hamilton, pp. 166–67.
60. Gerlach, Proud Patriot, p. 309.
61. PAH, vol. 1, p. 314, letter to Robert R. Livingston, August 18, 1777.
62. Ibid., p. 285, letter to John Jay, July 5, 1777.
63. Ibid., p. 300, letter to Hugh Knox, July 1777.
64. Ibid., p. 321, letter to Gouverneur Morris, September 1, 1777.
65. Ibid., pp. 326–27.
66. Ellis, Passionate Sage, p. 111.
67. PAH, vol. 1, p. 330, letter from George Washington, September 21, 1777.
68. Mitchell, Alexander Hamilton: Youth to Maturity, p. 121.
69. Bobrick, Angel in the Whirlwind, p. 244.
70. Flexner, Young Hamilton, p. 185.
71. PAH, vol. 1, p. 347, letter from George Washington, October 30, 1777.
72. Ibid.
73. Ibid., p. 350, letter to George Washington, November 2, 1777.
74. Ibid., p. 351, letter to Horatio Gates, November 5, 1777.
75. Ibid., p. 353, letter to George Washington, November 6, 1777.
76. Ibid., vol. 2, p. 36, letter to John Laurens, April 1779.
77. Mitchell, Alexander Hamilton: Youth to Maturity, p. 138.
78. Gerlach, Proud Patriot, p. 304.
79. Lomask, Aaron Burr: The Years from Princeton to Vice President, p. 45.
80. Burrows and Wallace, Gotham, p. 236.
81. PAH, vol. 1, p. 356, letter to Israel Putnam, November 9, 1777.
82. Ibid., p. 365, letter from George Washington, November 15, 1777.
83. Ibid., pp. 360–61, letter to George Washington, November 12, 1777.
84. Flexner, Young Hamilton, pp. 204–5.
85. McCullough, John Adams, p. 173.
86. Flexner, Young Hamilton, p. 210.
87. Mitchell, Alexander Hamilton: Youth to Maturity, p. 149.
88. Ibid., p. 150.
89. Ibid., p. 151.
90. PAH, vol. 2, p. 420, letter to James Duane, September 6, 1780.
91. Ibid., vol. 1, p. 428, letter to George Clinton, February 13, 1778.
92. Wallace, Life of Henry Laurens, p. 267.
93. Bobrick, Angel in the Whirlwind, p. 306.
Six: A Frenzy of Valor
1. Bobrick, Angel in the Whirlwind, p. 291.
2. Ibid., p. 287.
3. PAH, vol. 1, p. 435, letter to Henry E. Lutterloh, February 1778.
4. Ibid., p. 426, letter to George Clinton, February 13, 1778.
5. Ibid.
6. Ibid., p. 427.
7. Ibid., vol. 1, p. 418, memo to George Washington, January 29, 1778.
8. Ibid., p. 440, letter to George Clinton, March 12, 1778.
9. Bobrick, Angel in the Whirlwind, p. 333.
10. PAH, vol. 1, pp. 497–98, letter to William Duer, June 18, 1778.
11. Ibid., vol. 3, p. 588, letter to John Jay, December 7, 1784.
12. Lodge, Alexander Hamilton, p. 241.
13. PAH, vol. 3, p. 101, “The Continentalist No. VI,” July 4, 1782.
14. Ibid., vol. 1, p. 411, “Pay Book of the State Company of Artillery.”
15. Ibid., p. 373.
16. Ibid., p. 381.
17. Ibid., p. 390.
18. Ibid., p. 397.
19. The American Historical Review, January 1957.
20. PAH, vol. 1, p. 400.
21. Ibid., pp. 399–400.
22. Ferling, John Adams, p. 206.
23. Hamilton, Intimate Life of Alexander Hamilton, p. 295.
24. Hamilton, Reminiscences of James A. Hamilton, p. 11.
25. Rosenfeld, American Aurora, p. 356.
26. PAH, vol. 1, p. 510, letter to Elias Boudinot, July 5, 1778.
27. Flexner, Washington, p. 120.
28. Ibid.
29. Ibid., p. 121.
30. PAH, vol. 1, pp. 507–8, “Proceedings of a General Court-Martial for the Trial of Major General Charles Lee, July 4, 1778.”
31. Flexner, Young Hamilton, p. 231.
32. Bobrick, Angel in the Whirlwind, p. 345.
33. Ibid.
34. Custis, Recollections and Private Memoirs of Washington, p. 220.
35. Ibid., p. 221.
36. PAH, vol. 1, p. 512, letter to Elias Boudinot, July 5, 1778.
37. Ibid.
38. Custis, Recollections and Private Memoirs of Washington, pp. 232–33.
39. PAH, vol. 23, pp. 546–47.
40. Ibid., vol. 1, p. 513, letter to Elias Boudinot, July 5, 1778.
41. Ibid.
42. Lee, Charles Lee Papers, p. 62.
43. Davis, Memoirs of Aaron Burr, vol. 1, p. 135.
44. Lee, Charles Lee Papers, p. 393.
45. PAH, vol. 1, p. 593, letter from John Laurens, December 5, 1778.
46. Journal of the Early Republic, spring 1995.
47. PAH, vol. 1, p. 603, “Account of a Duel Between Major General Charles Lee and Lieutenant Colonel John Laurens,” December 24, 1778.
48. Lee, Charles Lee Papers, p. 285.
49. PAH, vol. 1, p. 603, “Account of a Duel Between Major General Charles Lee and Lieutenant Colonel John Laurens,” December 24, 1778.
50. Ibid., pp. 562–63, first “Publius” letter, October 16, 1778.
51. Ibid.
52. Ibid, p. 569, second “Publius” letter, October 26, 1778.
53. Ibid., p. 580, third “Publius” letter, November 16, 1778.
54. PAH, vol. 19, p. 521, “Relations with France,” [1795–1796].
55. Hamilton, Life of Alexander Hamilton, vol. 1, p. 563.
56. Kennedy, Burr, Hamilton, and Jefferson, p. 103.
57. Hamilton, Life of Alexander Hamilton, vol. 2, p. 36.
58. Mitchell, Alexander Hamilton: Youth to Maturity, p. xv.
59. LC-AHP, reel 30, “Robert Troup Memo on the Conway Cabal,” October 26, 1827.
60. PAH, vol. 1, pp. 246–47, letter to William Duer, May 6, 1777.
61. Ibid., vol. 20, p. 509, “The Warning No. II,” February 7, 1797.
62. Ibid., vol. 2, p. 53, letter to John Laurens, May 22, 1779.
63. Ibid., p. 35, letter to John Laurens, April 1779.
64. Wallace, Life of Henry Laurens, p. 474.
65. PAH, vol. 2, pp. 17–18, letter to John Jay, March 14, 1779.
66. McCullough, John Adams, p. 133.
67. Bobrick, Angel in the Whirlwind, p. 101.
68. Ibid., p. 102.
69. PAH, vol. 2, p. 166, letter to John Laurens, September 11, 1779.
70. McDonough, Christopher Gadsden and Henry Laurens, p. 240.
71. PAH, vol. 2, pp. 34–35, letter to John Laurens, April 1779.
72. Ibid., p. 165, letter to John Laurens, September 11, 1779.
73. Ibid., p. 91, letter from John Brooks, July 4, 1779.
74. Ibid., p. 99, letter to Francis Dana, July 11, 1779.
75. Ibid., p. 154, letter to William Gordon, September 5, 1779.
76. Ibid., p. 167, letter to John Laurens, September 11, 1779.
Seven: The Lovesick Colonel
1. Smith, John Marshall, p. 68.
2. PAH, vol. 2, p. 37, letter to John Laurens, April 1779.
3. Rosenfeld, American Aurora, p. 377.
4. PAH, vol. 2, p. 255, letter to John Laurens, January 8, 1780.
5. Ibid., p. 261.
6. Brooks, Dames and Daughters of Colonial Days, p. 237.
7. Mitchell, Alexander Hamilton: Youth to Maturity, p. 198.
8. Lossing, Hours with the Living Men and Women of the Revolution, p. 140.
9. Van Doren, Benjamin Franklin, p. 544.
10. Humphreys, Catherine Schuyler, p. 136.
11. PAH, vol. 2, p. 270, letter to Margarita Schuyler, February 1780.
12. Flexner, Young Hamilton, p. 277.
13. Chastellux, Travels in North America, p. 375, and Warville, New Travels in the United States of America, p. 148.
14. Hamilton, Intimate Life of Alexander Hamilton, p. 105.
15. Ibid., p. 106.
16. Baxter, Godchild of Washington, p. 222.
17. Atlantic Monthly, August 1896.
18. The William and Mary Quarterly, January 1955.
19. PAH, vol. 2, p. 354, letter to Anthony Wayne, July 6, 1780.
20. Hamilton, Intimate Life of Alexander Hamilton, p. 126.
21. CU-HFP, box 1, letter from Elizabeth Hamilton to Philip Church, n.d.
22. LC-AHP, reel 30, letter from Elizabeth Hamilton to Mrs. Cochran, October 25, 1819.
23. PAH, vol. 2, p. 348, letter to John Laurens, June 30, 1780.
24. Ibid., p. 431, letter to John Laurens, September 16, 1780.
25. Ibid., vol. 21, p. 177, letter to Elizabeth Hamilton, July 21, 1797.
26. Steiner, Life and Correspondence of James McHenry, p. 45.
27. Ibid.
28. PAH, vol. 21, p. 481, letter to Oliver Wolcott, Jr., June 2, 1798.
29. Riedesel, Letters and Memoirs Relating to the War of American Independence, p. 196.
30. Humphreys, Catherine Schuyler, p. 88
31. Graydon, Memoirs of His Own Time, p. 144.
32. Gerlach, Proud Patriot, p. 320.
33. PAH, vol. 2, pp. 286–87, letter to Elizabeth Schuyler, March 17, 1780.
34. Ibid., pp. 309–10, letter to Catherine Schuyler, April 14, 1780.
35. Hamilton, Life of Alexander Hamilton, vol. 2, p. 336.
36. Ketcham, James Madison, p. 90.
37. PAH, vol. 2, p. 250, “Letter on Currency,” December 1779–March 1780.
38. Ibid.
39. Ibid., p. 242.
40. Ibid., p. 237.
41. Emery, Alexander Hamilton, p. 48.
42. PAH, vol. 2, p. 422, letter to Elizabeth Schuyler, September 6, 1780.
43. Ibid., p. 401, letter to James Duane, September 3, 1780.
44. Ibid., p. 405.
45. Ibid., p. 406.
46. Ibid., p. 347, letter to John Laurens, May 12, 1780.
47. Ibid., p. 428, letter to John Laurens, September 12, 1780.
48. Bobrick, Angel in the Whirlwind, p. 412.
49. Van Doren, Secret History of the American Revolution, p. 346.
50. Flexner, Young Hamilton, p. 308.
51. PAH, vol. 2, pp. 440–41, letter to Nathanael Greene, September 25, 1780.
52. Ibid., p. 439, letter from Benedict Arnold to George Washington, September 25, 1780.
53. Flexner, Young Hamilton, p. 314.
54. PAH, vol. 2, p. 442, letter to Elizabeth Schuyler, September 25, 1780.
55. Ibid., p. 467, letter to John Laurens, October 11, 1780.
56. Van Doren, Secret History of the American Revolution, p. 366.
57. PAH, vol. 3, p. 92, letter to Henry Knox, June 7, 1782.
58. Bobrick, Angel in the Whirlwind, p. 420.
59. PAH, vol. 2, p. 468.
60. Ibid., p. 467.
61. Ibid., p. 449, letter to Elizabeth Schuyler, October 2, 1780.
62. Ibid., p. 474, letter to Elizabeth Schuyler, October 13, 1780.
63. Ibid., p. 385, letter to Elizabeth Schuyler, August 31, 1780.
64. Ibid., p. 455, letter to Elizabeth Schuyler, October 5, 1780.
65. Ibid., p. 374, letter to Elizabeth Schuyler, August 8, 1780.
66. Ibid., p. 422, letter to Elizabeth Schuyler, September 6, 1780.
67. Ibid., p. 351, letter to Elizabeth Schuyler, July 2–4, 1780.
68. Ibid., p. 493, letter to Elizabeth Schuyler, October 27, 1780.
69. Ibid., p. 398, letter to Elizabeth Schuyler, August 1780.
70. Ibid., vol. 21, p. 78, letter to William Hamilton, May 2, 1797.
71. Ibid., vol. 2, p. 418, letter to Elizabeth Schuyler, September 3, 1780.
72. Ibid., p. 374, letter to Elizabeth Schuyler, August 8, 1780.
73. Rogow, Fatal Friendship, p. 59.
74. Gerlach, Proud Patriot, pp. 437–38.
75. PAH, vol. 2, p. 350, letter to Elizabeth Schuyler, June–October 1780.
76. Ibid., p. 521.
77. Ibid., p. 539, letter to Margarita Schuyler, January 21, 1781.
78. Mitchell, Alexander Hamilton: Youth to Maturity, p. 202.
79. Gerlach, Proud Patriot, p. 403.
80. Ibid., p. 191.
81. Mitchell, Alexander Hamilton: Youth to Maturity, p. 568.
82. PAH, vol. 2, p. 509, letter to George Washington, November 22, 1780.
83. Ibid., p. 255, letter to John Laurens, January 8, 1780.
84. Ibid., p. 565, letter to Philip Schuyler, February 18, 1781.
85. Ibid., p. 549, letter to John Laurens, February 4, 1781.
86. Ibid., pp. 563–64, letter to Philip Schuyler, February 18, 1781.
87. Ibid., p. 564.
88. Ibid., p. 565.
89. Ibid., pp. 566–67.
90. Ibid., p. 569, letter to James McHenry, February 18, 1781.
Eight: Glory
1. “Hamilton’s Quarrel with Washington, 1781,”
The William and Mary Quarterly, April 1955.
2. Flexner, Young Hamilton, p. 338.
3. PAH, vol. 2, p. 595, letter to Nathanael Greene,
April 19, 1781.
4. Hamilton, Life of Alexander Hamilton, vol. 2, p. 191.
5. PAH, vol. 2, p. 601, letter to George Washington, April 27, 1781.
6. Ibid., p. 602, letter from George Washington, April 27, 1781.
7. Ibid., p. 235.
8. Ibid., p. 606, letter to Robert Morris, April 30, 1781.
9. Ibid., p. 605.
10. Ibid., p. 618.
11. Ibid., p. 631.
12. Ibid., p. 635.
13. Ibid., p. 554, letter to the marquis de Barbé-Marbois, February 7, 1781.
14. Smith, John Marshall, p. 5.
15. PAH, vol. 2, p. 650, “The Continentalist No. I,” July 12, 1781.
16. Ibid., p. 651.
17. Ibid., p. 674, “The Continentalist No. IV,” August 30, 1781.
18. Cooke, Alexander Hamilton, p. 136.
19. PAH, vol. 2, p. 636, letter to George Washington, May 2, 1781.
20. Ibid., p. 641, letter from John B. Church, May 18, 1781.
21. Ibid., p. 647, letter to Elizabeth Hamilton, July 10, 1781.
22. Kaminski, George Clinton, p. 40.
23. NYPL-PSP, reel 17.
24. Cunningham, Schuyler Mansion, p. 205.
25. NYPL-PSP, reel 17.
26. PAH, vol. 2, p. 666, letter to Elizabeth Hamilton, August 16, 1781.
27. Ibid., p. 667, letter to Elizabeth Hamilton, August 22, 1781.
28. Ibid., p. 675, letter to Elizabeth Hamilton, September 6, 1781.
29. Tuchman, First Salute, p. 267.
30. Flexner, Young Hamilton, p. 357.
31. Tuchman, First Salute, p. 281.
32. McDonald, Alexander Hamilton, p. 25.
33. Rosenfeld, American Aurora, p. 420.
34. PAH, vol. 2, p. 678, letter to Elizabeth Hamilton, October 12, 1781.
35. Flexner, Young Hamilton, p. 364.
36. Bobrick, Angel in the Whirlwind, p. 461.
37. Hamilton, Life of Alexander Hamilton, vol. 2, p. 270.
38. Bobrick, Angel in the Whirlwind, p. 461.
39. Mitchell, Alexander Hamilton: Youth to Maturity, p. 259.
40. PAH, vol. 2, p. 683, letter to Elizabeth Hamilton, October 18, 1781.
41. Ibid., vol. 26, p. 421, letter to the vicomte de Noailles, November–December 1781.
42. Ibid., pp. 424–25, letter to the vicomte de Noailles, April 4, 1782.
43. Mitchell, Alexander Hamilton: Youth to Maturity, p. 261.
44. PAH, vol. 5, p. 348, “Eulogy for Nathanael Greene, July 4, 1789.”
Nine: Raging Billows
1. PAH, vol. 3, p. 69, letter to Richard Kidder Meade, March 1782.
2. Ibid., pp. 150–51, letter to Richard Kidder Meade, August 27, 1782.
3. Ibid., pp. 69–70, letter to Richard Kidder Meade, March 1782.
4. McDonald, Alexander Hamilton, pp. 60–61.
5. LPAH, vol. 1, p. 52.
6. PAH, vol. 3, p. 192, letter to the marquis de Lafayette, November 3, 1782.
7. Ibid., p. 471.
8. NYPL-PSP, reel 17, letter from Alexander McDougall to Philip Schuyler, October 12, 1781.
9. The New-York Packet and the American Advertiser, April 18, 1782.
10. PAH, vol. 3, p. 78, “The Continentalist No. V,” April 18, 1782.
11. Ibid., p. 89, letter to Robert Morris, May 18, 1782.
12. Ibid., p. 105, “The Continentalist No. VI,” July 4, 1782.
13. Ibid., p. 102.
14. Ibid., p. 169, letter to Robert Morris, September 28, 1782.
15. Ibid., p. 135, letter to Robert Morris, August 13, 1782.
16. LC-AHP, reel 30, letter from James Kent to Elizabeth Hamilton, December 20, 1832.
17. PAH, vol. 3, p. 121, letter from John Laurens, July 1782.
18. Ibid., p. 145, letter to John Laurens, August 15, 1782.
19. Wallace, Life of Henry Laurens, p. 489.
20. McDonough, Christopher Gadsden and Henry Laurens, p. 262.
21. PAH, vol. 3, p. 192, letter to the marquis de Lafayette, November 3, 1782.
22. Bowen, Miracle at Philadelphia, p. 97.
23. PAH, vol. 3, p. 226, letter to Elizabeth Hamilton, December 18, 1782.
24. Ibid., p. 238, letter to Elizabeth Hamilton, January 8, 1783.
25. Ibid., p. 424, memo of July 1783.
26. Ketcham, James Madison, p. 112.
27. Wills, James Madison, p. 19.
28. Brodie, Thomas Jefferson, p. 301.
29. Wills, James Madison, p. 20.
30. Ibid., p. 35.
31. Ketcham, James Madison, p. 119.
32. The American Historical Review, January 1957.
33. PAH, vol. 3, p. 216, “Continental Congress Report on a Letter from the Speaker of the Rhode Island Assembly,” December 16, 1782.
34. Elkins and McKitrick, Age of Federalism, p. 102.
35. The American Historical Review, January 1957.
36. Mitchell, Alexander Hamilton: Youth to Maturity, p. 292.
37. PAH, vol. 3, p. 256, letter to George Clinton, February 14, 1783.
38. Ibid., p. 254, letter to George Washington, February 13, 1783.
39. Brookhiser, Gentleman Revolutionary, p. 72.
40. PAH, vol. 3, p. 254, letter to George Washington, February 13, 1783.
41. Ibid., p. 264, James Madison notes on the conversation on the evening of February 20, 1783.
42. Ibid., p. 278, letter from George Washington, March 4, 1783.
43. Bobrick, Angel in the Whirlwind, p. 474.
44. PAH, vol. 3, p. 286, letter from George Washington, March 12, 1783.
45. Ibid., p. 287.
46. Flexner, Washington, p. 174.
47. Ellis, Founding Brothers, p. 130.
48. PAH, vol. 3, p. 291, letter to George Washington, March 17, 1783.
49. Ibid., p. 293.
50. Ibid., p. 310, letter from George Washington, March 31, 1783.
51. Flexner, Young Hamilton, p. 412.
52. PAH, vol. 3, p. 335, letter from George Washington, April 22, 1783.
53. Ibid., p. 397, letter to William Jackson, June 19, 1783.
54. Ketcham, James Madison, p. 142.
55. PAH, vol. 3, p. 451, letter to John Dickinson, September 25–30, 1783.
56. Ibid., p. 401, “Continental Congress Resolutions on Measures to Be Taken in Consequence of the Pennsylvania Mutiny,” June 21, 1783.
57. Ibid., p. 406, “Continental Congress Report of a Committee Appointed to Confer with the Supreme Executive Council of Pennsylvania on the Mutiny,” June 24, 1783.
58. Ibid., p. 407, letter to George Clinton, June 29, 1783.
59. Ketcham, James Madison, p. 142.
60. Malone, Jefferson and His Time, vol. 1, p. 404.
61. PAH, vol. 3, p. 412, letter to James Madison, July 6, 1783.
62. Ibid., p. 376, letter to Nathanael Greene, June 10, 1783.
63. Ibid., “Continental Congress Unsubmitted Resolution Calling for a Convention to Amend the Articles of Confederation,” July 1783.
64. Wood, American Revolution, p. 148.
65. PAH, vol. 3, p. 413, letter to Elizabeth Hamilton, July 22, 1783.
66. Ibid., p. 431, letter to Robert R. Livingston, August 13, 1783.
67. Wood, American Revolution, p. 87.
68. LPAH, vol. 1, p. 223.
69. Bobrick, Angel in the Whirlwind, p. 421.
70. PAH, vol. 3, p. 492, “Letter from Phocion,” January 1784.
71. Schecter, Battle for New York, p. 377.
72. Lomask, Aaron Burr: The Years from Princeton to Vice President, p. 82.
73. PAH, vol. 3, p. 481, letter to Samuel Loudon, December 27, 1783.
74. King, Life and Correspondence of Rufus King, vol. 4, p. 407.
Ten: A Grave, Silent, Strange Sort of Animal
1. Hamilton, Intimate Life of Alexander Hamilton, p. 240.
2. NYPL-JAHP, box 1.
3. Ames, Sketch of the Character of Alexander Hamilton, pp. 7–8.
4. Kent, Memoirs and Letters of James Kent, p. 228.
5. Sullivan, Public Men of the Revolution, p. 260.
6. Hamilton, Intimate Life of Alexander Hamilton, p. 37.
7. LPAH, vol. 1, p. 46.
8. King, Life and Correspondence of Rufus King, vol. 3, p. 460.
9. NYPL-JAHP, box 1.
10. Ibid.
11. Hamilton, Reminiscences of James A. Hamilton, p. 6.
12. Ibid.
13. LPAH, vol. 1, p. 689.
14. McDonald, Alexander Hamilton, p. 63.
15. Ibid., p. 314.
16. LC-AHP, reel 30, letter from James Kent to Elizabeth Hamilton, December 20, 1832.
17. Ibid., letter from Robert Troup to Timothy Pickering, March 31, 1828.
18. Ames, Sketch of the Character of Alexander Hamilton, p. 10.
19. LPAH, vol. 1, p. 7.
20. PAH, vol. 26, p. 239.
21. Parton, Life and Times of Aaron Burr, p. 368.
22. Lomask, Aaron Burr: The Years from Princeton to Vice President, p. 14.
23. Ibid., p. 97.
24. LC-WPP, reel 1, diary entry of January 22, 1807.
25. The New York Review of Books, February 2, 1984.
26. Hamilton, Intimate Life of Alexander Hamilton, p. 427.
27. PAH, vol. 25, p. 321, letter to James A. Bayard, January 16, 1801.
28. Ibid., p. 296, letter to John Rutledge, Jr., January 4, 1801.
29. Rogow, Fatal Friendship, p. 91.
30. Ibid., p. 93.
31. Lodge, Alexander Hamilton, p. 188.
32. Parton, Life and Times of Aaron Burr, p. 153.
33. PAH, vol. 25, p. 298, letter to John Rutledge, Jr., January 4, 1801.
34. LC-WPP, reel 1, diary entry, January 22, 1807.
35. Brookhiser, Alexander Hamilton, p. 150.
36. Parton, Life and Times of Aaron Burr, p. 149
37. PAH, vol. 3, p. 141, letter to Robert Morris, August 13, 1782.
38. Ibid., p. 459, letter from John Jay, September 28, 1783.
39. Bobrick, Angel in the Whirlwind, p. 481.
40. PAH, vol. 3, p. 484, “Letter from Phocion,” ] January 1784.
41. Ibid., p. 485.
42. Ibid., p. 556, “Second Letter from Phocion,” April 1784.
43. Hamilton, Intimate Life of Alexander Hamilton, p. 152.
44. LPAH, vol. 1, p. 307.
45. Brookhiser, Alexander Hamilton, p. 58.
46. Hamilton, Intimate Life of Alexander Hamilton, p. 153.
47. LPAH, vol. 1, p. 301.
48. Cheetham, Narrative of the Suppression by Col. Burr, p. 55.
49. PAH, vol. 3, p. 524, letter to Gouverneur Morris, March 21, 1784.
50. Ibid., p. 521, letter to John B. Church, March 10, 1784.
51. Ibid.
52. Ibid., p. 514, “Constitution of the Bank of New York.”
Eleven: Ghosts
1. Hamilton, Reminiscences of James A. Hamilton, p. 3.
2. PAH, vol. 4, p. 279, letter from Angelica Church, October 2, 1787.
3. Ibid., vol. 3, p. 620, letter to Angelica Church, August 3, 1785.
4. Ibid., pp. 3–4.
5. Ibid., p. 3.
6. Ibid., vol. 4, p. 120.
7. Menz, Historic Furnishing Report, pp. 70–71.
8. Hamilton, Reminiscences of James A. Hamilton, p. 65.
9. Original Will Transcript Book of South Carolina, 1780–1783, “Will of Peter Lavien.” Copy in the South Carolina Room, Charleston County Public Library, Charleston, S.C.
10. PAH, vol. 3, p. 235, letter to Elizabeth Hamilton, 1782.
11. Hamilton, Intimate Life of Alexander Hamilton, p. 184.
12. PAH, vol. 3, p. 474, letter from Hugh Knox, October 27, 1783.
13. Ibid., p. 573, letter from Hugh Knox, July 28, 1784.
14. Proceedings of the New Jersey Historical Society, April 1951.
15. PAH, vol. 3, p. 617, letter to James Hamilton, June 22, 1785.
16. Ibid.
17. Ibid.
18. Ibid., vol. 20, p. 459, “From Ann Mitchell,” [1796].
19. Ibid., vol. 1, p. 484, letter from Edward Stevens, May 8, 1778.
20. Ibid., vol. 3, p. 574, letter from Hugh Knox, July 28, 1784.
21. Bailyn, Ideological Origins of the American Revolution, p. 244.
22. Hamilton, Intimate Life of Alexander Hamilton, p. 96.
23. PAH, vol. 2, p. 642, letter to George Clinton, May 22, 1781.
24. McDonald, Alexander Hamilton, p. 373.
25. PAH, vol. 19, p. 204, letter from Philip Schuyler, August 31, 1795; LPAH, vol. 5, p. 409, cashbook entry for March 23, 1796.
26. William-Myers, Long Hammering, p. 23.
27. McCullough, John Adams, p. 134.
28. Ferling, John Adams, p. 172.
29. Ibid., p. 173.
30. Morgan, Benjamin Franklin, p. 105.
31. The New York Review of Books, November 4, 1999.
32. Ketcham, James Madison, p. 374.
33. Rakove, James Madison and the Creation of the American Republic, p. 144.
34. Ibid., pp. 144–45.
35. PAH, vol. 18, p. 519, “The Defence No. III,” July 29, 1795.
36. Brookhiser, Gentleman Revolutionary, p. 34.
37. NYHS-NYCMS, reel 1, February 4, 1785.
38. Burrows and Wallace, Gotham, p. 286.
39. Lomask, Aaron Burr: The Conspiracy and Years of Exile, p. 403.
40. NYHS-NYCMS, reel 2, [ca. August–September 1786].
41. Ibid., [ca. March 1786].
42. Wood, American Revolution, p. 120.
43. PAH, vol. 3, p. 639, letter from George Washington, December 11, 1785.
44. Extract from the Proceedings of the New-York State Society, of the Cincinnati, p. 6.
45. Ibid., p. 10.
46. Ibid., p. 12.
Twelve: August and Respectable Assembly
1. PAH, vol. 25, p. 479, “The Examination,” no. 5; New-York Evening Post, December 29, 1801.
2. Ibid., vol. 3, p. 609, letter to Robert Livingston, April 25, 1785.
3. The New-York Packet, April 7, 1785.
4. Kaminski, George Clinton, p. 107.
5. Knott, Alexander Hamilton and the Persistence of Myth, p. 87.
6. Kaminski, George Clinton, p. 246.
7. PAH, vol. 3, pp. 137–38, letter to Robert Morris, August 13, 1782.
8. Ibid., vol. 5, p. 290, “H. G. Letter XI,” March 6, 1789.
9. Kaminski, George Clinton, p. 18.
10. LC-WPP, reel 1, diary entry, March 15, 1806.
11. PAH, vol. 21, pp. 77–78, letter to William Hamilton, May 2, 1797.
12. The William and Mary Quarterly, April 1947.
13. Kaminski, George Clinton, p. 115.
14. Mitchell, Alexander Hamilton: Youth to Maturity, p. 356.
15. Wood, American Revolution, p. 152.
16. Hamilton, Federalist, pp. lviii–lix.
17. PAH, vol. 3, p. 684, letter to Elizabeth Hamilton, September 8, 1786.
18. Wills, Explaining America, p. 12.
19. PAH, vol. 3, p. 687, “Address of the Annapolis Convention,” September 14, 1786.
20. Mitchell, Alexander Hamilton: Youth to Maturity, p. 367.
21. Cooke, Alexander Hamilton, p. xviii.
22. Bowen, Miracle at Philadelphia, p. 5.
23. Brookhiser, Gentleman Revolutionary, p. 80.
24. Ferling, John Adams, p. 309.
25. Wills, Explaining America, p. 7.
26. Wilson and Stanton, Jefferson Abroad, p. 120.
27. McCullough, John Adams, p. 371.
28. PAH, vol. 19, p. 18, “The Defence of the Funding System,” July 1795.
29. Ibid., vol. 4, p. 312, “The Federalist No. 6,” November 14, 1787.
30. LC-AHP, reel 30, letter from Samuel Jones to Elizabeth Hamilton, June 1, 1818.
31. PAH, vol. 4, p. 86, speech to New York Assembly, February 1787.
32. Ibid., pp. 89–90.
33. CU-HPPP, box 261, letter from Margaret Livingston to Robert R. Livingston, March 3, 1787.
34. The Daily Advertiser, February 10, 1787.
35. Ibid.
36. Kaminski, George Clinton, p. 119.
37. “Hamilton and Washington: The Origins of the American Party System,” The William and Mary Quarterly, April 1955.
38. Bobrick, Angel in the Whirlwind, p. 488.
39. Ketcham, James Madison, p. 195.
40. PAH, vol. 12, p. 355, “Amicus,” National Gazette, September 11, 1792.
41. Bowen, Miracle at Philadelphia, p. 30.
42. Ibid., p. 236.
43. Butzner, Constitutional Chaff, p. 162.
44. Ketcham, James Madison, p. 195.
45. Bowen, Miracle at Philadelphia, p. 61.
46. Ketcham, James Madison, p. 196.
47. Ibid.
48. Bowen, Miracle at Philadelphia, pp. 104–5.
49. PAH, vol. 4, p. 178, “Constitutional Convention Speech on a Plan of Government.”
50. Ibid., p. 187, Madison’s notes, June 18, 1787.
51. Ibid., p. 195, Robert Yates notes, June 18, 1787.
52. Bowen, Miracle at Philadelphia, p. 113.
53. PAH, vol. 4, p. 194, Madison’s notes, June 18, 1787.
54. Ibid., p. 186, Hamilton’s notes, June 18, 1787.
55. Ibid., p. 192, Madison’s notes, June 18, 1787.
56. The Mississippi Valley Historical Review, March 1950.
57. PAH, vol. 4, p. 165, “Notes Taken in the Federal Convention.”
58. Ibid., p. 186, Hamilton’s notes, June 18, 1787.
59. Ibid., p. 192, Madison’s notes, June 18, 1787.
60. Bowen, Miracle at Philadelphia, p. 101.
61. Mitchell, Alexander Hamilton: Youth to Maturity, p. 391.
62. Ibid.
63. Bowen, Miracle at Philadelphia, p. 114.
64. Ibid., p. 188.
65. Ibid., p. 14.
66. Rosenfeld, American Aurora, p. 471.
67. Ferling, John Adams, p. 309.
68. Isaacson, Benjamin Franklin, p. 451.
69. The William and Mary Quarterly, 1955.
70. PAH, vol. 4, p. 221, “Remarks on Equality of Representation of the States in the Congress,” June 29, 1787.
71. Ibid.
72. Ibid., pp. 224–25, letter to George Washington, July 3, 1787.
73. Ibid., p. 225, letter from George Washington, July 10, 1787.
74. Jefferson, Anas of Thomas Jefferson, p. 87.
75. PAH, vol. 4, p. 235, letter to Rufus King, August 20, 1787.
76. Bowen, Miracle at Philadelphia, p. 311.
77. PAH, vol. 5, p. 289, “H.G. Letter XI,” March 6, 1789.
78. Mitchell, Alexander Hamilton: Youth to Maturity, p. 407.
79. The Daily Advertiser, July 21, 1787.
80. New-York Journal, September 20, 1787.
81. PAH, vol. 4, p. 280, letter to George Washington, October 11–15, 1787.
82. Ibid., p. 284, letter from George Washington, October 18, 1787.
83. Ibid., p. 226, letter to Nathaniel Mitchell, July 20, 1787.
84. Bowen, Miracle at Philadelphia, p. 208.
85. Ellis, Founding Brothers, p. 91.
86. Ibid., p. 92.
87. Ibid., p. 201.
88. NYHS-NYCMS, reel 1, August 1787.
89. Ibid., January 26, 1788.
90. Emery, Alexander Hamilton, p. 103.
91. Berkin, Brilliant Solution, p. 113.
92. Brookhiser, Gentleman Revolutionary, p. 88.
93. Ibid., p. 60.
94. Bowen, Miracle at Philadelphia, p. 42.
95. Fleming, Duel, p. 22.
96. Brookhiser, Alexander Hamilton, p. 7.
97. PAH, vol. 7, p. 72, “Conversation with George Beckwith,” September 25–30, 1790.
98. Elkins and McKitrick, Age of Federalism, p. 317.
99. Bowen, Miracle at Philadelphia, p. 195.
100. Brookhiser, Gentleman Revolutionary, p. 26.
101. Bowen, Miracle at Philadelphia, p. 263.
102. PAH, vol. 4, p. 253, “Remarks on Signing the Constitution,” September 17, 1787.
103. Colimore, The Philadelphia Inquirer’s Guide to Historic Philadelphia, p. 9.
Thirteen: Publius
1. Kaminski, George Clinton, p. 131.
2. Bowen, Miracle at Philadelphia, p. 271.
3. Burrows and Wallace, Gotham, p. 289.
4. Kaminski, George Clinton, p. 125.
5. Ibid.
6. Ibid., p. 127.
7. The Daily Advertiser, September 15, 1787.
8. Ibid.
9. New-York Journal, September 20, 1787.
10. Ibid., October 4, 1787.
11. PAH, vol. 4, p. 276, “Conjectures About the New Constitution,” September 17–30, 1787.
12. Custis, Recollections and Private Memoirs of Washington, p. 215.
13. Kent, Memoirs and Letters of James Kent, pp. 301–2.
14. Baxter, Godchild of Washington, p. 219.
15. PAH, vol. 4, p. 288.
16. Ibid.
17. Ibid., vol. 25, p. 558, “The Examination,” no. 15, New-York Evening Post, March 3, 1802.
18. PAH, vol. 4, p. 308, letter from George Washington, November 10, 1787.
19. CU-HPPP, box 261, letter from Archibald McLean to Robert Troup, October 14, 1788.
20. Mitchell, Alexander Hamilton: Youth to Maturity, p. 418.
21. Knott, Alexander Hamilton and the Persistence of Myth, p. 89.
22. Mitchell, Alexander Hamilton: Youth to Maturity, p. 417.
23. Bailyn, To Begin the World Anew, p. 102.
24. Madison, Papers of James Madison, vol. 10, p. 260.
25. The William and Mary Quarterly, April 1947.
26. NYHS-NPP.
27. Sullivan, Public Men of the Revolution, p. 261.
28. Ketcham, James Madison, p. 236.
29. Warville, New Travels in the United States of America, p. 147.
30. Ibid.
31. Scigliano, Federalist, p. 290.
32. Ibid., p. 331.
33. Ibid.
34. Bailyn, To Begin the World Anew, p. 113.
35. PAH, vol. 4, p. 301, “The Federalist No. 1,” October 27, 1787.
36. Ibid.
37. Ibid., p. 304.
38. Ibid., p. 313, “The Federalist No. 6,” November 14, 1787.
39. Ibid., p. 331, “The Federalist No. 8,” November 20, 1787.
40. Ibid., p. 333, “The Federalist No. 9,” November 21, 1787.
41. Ibid., p. 340, “The Federalist No. 11,” November 24, 1787.
42. Ibid., p. 347, “The Federalist No. 12,” November 27, 1787.
43. Ibid., p. 356, “The Federalist No. 15,” December 1, 1787.
44. Ibid., p. 395, “The Federalist No. 20,” December 11, 1787.
45. Ibid., p. 400, “The Federalist No. 21,” December 12, 1787.
46. Ibid., p. 409, “The Federalist No. 22,” December 14, 1787.
47. Ibid.
48. Ibid., p. 426, “The Federalist No. 25,” December 21, 1787.
49. Ibid., p. 420, “The Federalist No. 24,” December 19, 1787.
50. Ibid., p. 421.
51. Ibid., p. 439, “The Federalist No. 28,” December 26, 1787.
52. Ibid., p. 450, “The Federalist No. 30,” December 28, 1787.
53. Ibid., p. 451.
54. Ibid., p. 472, “The Federalist No. 34,” January 5, 1788.
55. Ibid., p. 456, “The Federalist No. 31,” January 1, 1788.
56. Ibid., p. 472, “The Federalist No. 34,” January 5, 1788.
57. Ibid., p. 461, “The Federalist No. 32,” January 2, 1788.
58. Ibid., p. 482, “The Federalist No. 35,” January 5, 1788.
59. Ibid., p. 483, “The Federalist No. 36,” January 8, 1788.
60. Ibid., p. 548, “The Federalist No. 60,” February 23, 1788.
61. Ibid., p. 567, “The Federalist No. 63,” March 1, 1788.
62. Ibid., p. 575, “The Federalist No. 66,” March 7, 1788.
63. Ibid., p. 599, “The Federalist No. 70,” March 15, 1788.
64. Ibid., p. 605.
65. Ibid., p. 609, “The Federalist No. 71,” March 18, 1788.
66. Ibid., p. 612, “The Federalist No. 72,” March 19, 1788.
67. Ibid., p. 625, “The Federalist No. 74,” March 25, 1788.
68. Ibid., p. 636, “The Federalist No. 76,” April 1, 1788.
69. Ibid., vol. 25, p. 550, “The Examination,” no. 14, New-York Evening Post, March 2, 1801.
70. Ibid., vol. 4, p. 658, “The Federalist No. 78,” May 28, 1778.
71. Ibid., p. 697, “The Federalist No. 83,” May 28, 1788.
72. Ibid., p. 706, “The Federalist No. 84,” May 28, 1788.
73. Ibid., p. 705.
74. Ibid., p. 721, “The Federalist No. 85,” May 28, 1788.
75. Ibid.
76. PAH, vol. 4, p. 650, letter to Gouverneur Morris, May 19, 1788.
77. Wills, Explaining America, p. xvi.
78. Bailyn, To Begin the World Anew, p. 101.
79. Jefferson, Papers of Thomas Jefferson, vol. 13, p. 156.
80. PAH, vol. 4, p. 409, “The Federalist No. 22,” December 14, 1787.
81. LC-AHP, reel 30, letter from James Kent to Elizabeth Hamilton, December 20, 1832.
82. PAH, vol. 4, pp. 649–50, letter to James Madison, May 19, 1788.
83. NYPL-AYP.
84. PAH, vol. 4, p. 649, letter to James Madison, May 19, 1788.
85. Bowen, Miracle at Philadelphia, p. 293.
86. PAH, vol. 5, p. 3, letter to James Madison, June 8, 1788.
87. Ibid., vol. 4, p. 641, “Federalist No. 77,” April 2, 1788.
88. Hamilton, Intimate Life of Alexander Hamilton, p. 49.
89. The William and Mary Quarterly, July 1967.
90. PAH, vol. 5, p. 10, letter to James Madison, June 19, 1788.
91. Cooke, Alexander Hamilton, p. 15.
92. LC-AHP, reel 30, letter from James Kent to Elizabeth Hamilton, December 20, 1832.
93. Burrows and Wallace, Gotham, p. 292.
94. PAH, vol. 5, p. 16, speech of June 19, 1788.
95. Ibid., p. 18, speech of June 20, 1788.
96. Ibid., p. 26.
97. Ibid., p. 43, speech of June 21, 1788.
98. Ibid., p. 37.
99. Kaminski, George Clinton, p. 151.
100. Ibid.
101. The William and Mary Quarterly, July 1967.
102. PAH, vol. 5, p. 68, speech of June 24, 1788.
103. Ibid., p. 67.
104. Ibid., p. 91, letter to James Madison, June 27, 1788.
105. The Daily Advertiser, July 4, 1788.
106. NYPL-AYP.
107. NYHS-MM, reel 4, letter from Abraham Bancker to Evert Bancker, June 28, 1788.
108. Smith, John Marshall, p. 119.
109. Berkin, Brilliant Solution, p. 188.
110. The Daily Advertiser, July 12, 1788.
111. Kaminski, George Clinton, p. 166.
112. Burrows and Wallace, Gotham, p. 293.
113. The William and Mary Quarterly, July 1967.
114. Ibid.
115. Burrows and Wallace, Gotham, p. 293.
116. Brookhiser, Alexander Hamilton, p. 74.
Fourteen: Putting the Machine in Motion
1. PAH, vol. 5, p. 202, letter to George Washington, August 13, 1788.
2. Ibid., p. 207, letter from George Washington, August 28, 1788.
3. Ibid., p. 221, letter to George Washington, September 1788.
4. Ibid., p. 223, letter from George Washington, October 3, 1788.
5. Ibid., p. 234, letter to George Washington, November 18, 1788.
6. Ferling, John Adams, p. 298.
7. PAH, vol. 5, p. 248, letter to James Wilson, January 25, 1789.
8. Ibid., p. 225, letter to Theodore Sedgwick, October 9, 1788.
9. Ibid., p. 231, letter to Theodore Sedgwick, November 9, 1788.
10. Ferling, John Adams, p. 299.
11. McCullough, John Adams, p. 409.
12. PAH, vol. 25, p. 191, Letter from Alexander Hamilton, October 24, 1800.
13. Kaminski, George Clinton, p. 178.
14. PAH, vol. 26, p. 479, letter to Isaac Ledyard, February 18, 1789.
15. Ibid., vol. 5, p. 263, “H. G. Letter I,” The Daily Advertiser, February 20, 1789.
16. Ibid., p. 265, “H. G. Letter II,” The Daily Advertiser, February 21, 1789.
17. Ibid., p. 269, “H. G. Letter IV,” The Daily Advertiser, February 24, 1789.
18. Ibid., p. 292, “H. G. Letter XI,” The Daily Advertiser, March 7, 1789.
19. Ibid., p. 298, “H. G. Letter XIII,” The Daily Advertiser, March 9, 1789.
20. Kaminski, George Clinton, p. 182.
21. Ibid., p. 187.
22. Ibid., p. 182.
23. Ibid., p. 186.
24. Ibid., p. 187.
25. Mitchell, Alexander Hamilton: The National Adventure, p. 560.
26. PAH, vol. 5, pp. 321–22, letter of April 7, 1789, to the New York State Electors.
27. Burrows and Wallace, Gotham, p. 297.
28. Ketcham, James Madison, p. 283.
29. Baxter, Godchild of Washington, p. 224.
30. Ibid.
31. Sullivan, Public Men of the Revolution, p. 117.
32. Van Doren, Benjamin Franklin, p. 772.
33. Ferling, John Adams, p. 302.
34. Elkins and McKitrick, Age of Federalism, p. 48.
35. Hamilton, Intimate Life of Alexander Hamilton, p. 315.
36. Smith, Patriarch, p. 291.
37. McCullough, John Adams, p. 413.
38. Hamilton, Intimate Life of Alexander Hamilton, p. 208.
39. Freeman, Affairs of Honor, p. 40.
40. LC-AHP, reel 30, letter from James Kent to Elizabeth Hamilton, December 20, 1832.
41. Freeman, Affairs of Honor, p. 9.
42. PAH, vol. 4, p. 375, letter to Angelica Church, December 6, 1787.
43. Ibid., p. 279, letter from Angelica Church, October 2, 1787.
44. Humphreys, Catherine Schuyler, p. 201.
45. Foreman, Georgiana, p. 45.
46. CU-HPPP, box 264, letter from Angelica Church to Elizabeth Hamilton, January 23, 1792.
47. Ibid.
48. Ibid., June 3, 1792.
49. Emery, Alexander Hamilton, p. 126.
50. PAH, vol. 5, p. 501, letter to Angelica Church, November 8, 1789.
51. Ibid.
52. Ibid.
53. Ibid., p. 502, letter from Elizabeth Hamilton to Angelica Church, November 8, 1789.
54. Flexner, Washington, p. 219.
55. PAH, vol. 6, p. 334, Greenleaf’s New York Journal and Patriotic Register, April 15, 1790.
56. MHi-TPP, reel 51, p. 153.
57. PAH, vol. 5, p. 348, “Eulogy on Nathanael Greene,” July 4, 1789.
58. Ibid., p. 350.
59. Meleny, Public Life of Aedanus Burke, p. 193.
60. PAH, vol. 5, p. 351, “Eulogy on Nathanael Greene,” July 4, 1789.
61. Lomask, Aaron Burr: The Years from Princeton to Vice President, p. 138.
62. Ibid., p. 139.
63. PAH, vol. 5, p. 360, letter from Robert Troup, July 12, 1789.
64. Custis, Recollections and Private Memoirs of Washington, pp. 349–50.
65. McDonald, Alexander Hamilton, p. 128.
66. Custis, Recollections and Private Memoirs of Washington, p. 351.
67. Mitchell, Alexander Hamilton: The National Adventure, p. 22.
68. LC-AHP, reel 31, “Additional Facts Relative to the Life and Character of General Hamilton,” January 1, 1821.
69. PAH, vol. 21, p. 78, letter to William Hamilton, May 2, 1797.
70. Madison, Papers of James Madison, vol. 12, p. 185.
71. NYHS-MM, reel 4, letter from Abraham Bancker to Evert Bancker, July 16, 1789.
72. PAH, vol. 2, p. 417, letter to James Duane, September 3, 1780.
73. Cooke, Alexander Hamilton, p. 27.
74. PAH, vol. 9, p. 30, “Conversations with George Beckwith,” August 12, 1791.
75. Ellis, Founding Brothers, p. 124.
76. PAH, vol. 25, p. 214, Letter from Alexander Hamilton, October 24, 1800.
77. Custis, Recollections and Private Memoirs of George Washington, p. 214.
Fifteen: Villainous Business
1. Callahan, Henry Knox, pp. 235–36.
2. Freeman, Affairs of Honor, p. 46.
3. PAH, vol. 5, p. 579, letter to Elizabeth Hamilton, November 1789.
4. Ibid., p. 422, letter to Jeremiah Wadsworth, October 3, 1789.
5. Ibid., vol. 18, p. 292, letter to Joseph Anthony, March 11, 1795.
6. Ibid., vol. 5, p. 369, letter to Samuel Meredith, September 13, 1789.
7. “William Duer and the Business of Government in the Era of the American Revolution,” The William and Mary Quarterly, July 1975.
8. Ibid.
9. PAH, vol. 13, p. 526, “On James Blanchard,” January 1793.
10. Ibid., vol. 5, p. 486, “Conversation with George Beckwith,” October 1789.
11. Ibid., p. 482.
12. Ibid., p. 488.
13. Ibid., p. 482.
14. Ibid.
15. Ibid., p. 487.
16. Ibid., vol. 6, p. 53.
17. Ibid., p. 54.
18. Ibid., vol. 5, p. 464, letter from John Witherspoon, October 26, 1789.
19. Ibid., p. 439, letter to James Madison, October 12, 1789.
20. Elkins and McKitrick, Age of Federalism, p. 114.
21. PAH, vol. 5, p. 526, letter from James Madison, November 19, 1789.
22. Ibid., vol. 6, p. 69, Report on Public Credit, January 1790.
23. Ibid., p. 67.
24. Ibid., p. 96.
25. Ibid., p. 73.
26. Ibid., p. 78.
27. Knott, Alexander Hamilton and the Persistence of Myth, p. 95.
28. PAH, vol. 6, p. 98, Report on Public Credit, January 1790.
29. Ibid., p. 100.
30. Ibid., p. 106.
31. Ibid., vol. 12, p. 570, “Fact No. II,” National Gazette, Philadelphia, October 16, 1792.
32. Ibid., vol. 18, p. 102, “Report on a Plan for the Further Support of the Public Credit,” January 16, 1795.
33. Ibid.
34. PAH, vol. 6, p. 1, letter to Henry Lee, December 1, 1789.
35. Ibid., p. 50, letter to Angelica Church, January 7, 1790.
36. Gordon, Hamilton’s Blessing, pp. 40–41.
37. PAH, vol. 18, p. 116, “Report on a Plan for the Further Support of the Public Credit,” January 16, 1795.
38. Maclay, Journal of William Maclay, p. 177.
39. Ibid.
40. Ibid., p. 188.
41. PAH, vol. 12, p. 249, letter to George Washington, August 18, 1792.
42. Maclay, Journal of William Maclay, p. 332.
43. Burrows and Wallace, Gotham, p. 304.
44. Elkins and McKitrick, Age of Federalism, p. 141.
45. Mitchell, Alexander Hamilton: The National Adventure, p. 45.
46. Madison, Papers of James Madison, vol. 13, p. 98.
47. Gordon, Hamilton’s Blessing, p. 28.
48. PAH, vol. 6, p. 436, letter to George Washington May 28, 1790.
49. Maclay, Journal of William Maclay, p. 189.
50. Ibid., p. 194.
51. Hamilton, Intimate Life of Alexander Hamilton, p. 279.
52. Adams, New Letters of Abigail Adams, p. 37.
53. Maclay, Journal of William Maclay, p. 201.
54. Madison, Papers of James Madison, vol. 13, p. 147.
55. Ibid.
56. Ketcham, James Madison, p. 310.
57. Ellis, Founding Brothers, p. 84.
58. Hamilton, Life of Alexander Hamilton, vol. 4, p. 99.
59. Ellis, Founding Brothers, p. 114.
60. New York Historical Society Quarterly, October 1948.
61. The New Yorker, March 10, 2003.
62. Greenleaf’s New York Journal and Patriotic Register, April 15, 1790.
63. Freeman, Affairs of Honor, p. 30.
64. Ibid., p. 29.
65. Ibid., p. 30.
66. Ames, Sketch of the Character of Alexander Hamilton, p. 8.
67. Meleny, Public Life of Aedanus Burke, p. 194.
68. Ibid., p. 196.
69. PAH, vol. 6, pp. 333–34, letter to Aedanus Burke, April 1, 1790.
70. Ibid., p. 336, letter from Aedanus Burke, April 1, 1790.
71. Maclay, Journal of William Maclay, p. 227.
Sixteen: Dr. Pangloss
1. Wilson and Stanton, Jefferson Abroad, p. 205.
2. Ibid., p. 210.
3. Ibid., p. 279.
4. Maclay, Journal of William Maclay, p. 272.
5. Malone, Jefferson and His Time, vol. 1, p. 69.
6. Ibid., p. 55.
7. Ibid., vol. 2, p. 77.
8. Bailyn, Ideological Origins of the American Revolution, p. 236.
9. Bobrick, Angel in the Whirlwind, p. 359.
10. McCullough, John Adams, p. 633.
11. Hamilton, Life of Alexander Hamilton, vol. 2, p. 168.
12. “Phocion No. IX,” Gazette of the United States, October 21, 1796.
13. Wilson and Stanton, Jefferson Abroad, p. 11.
14. Malone, Jefferson and His Time, vol. 1, p. 201.
15. Ibid., vol. 2, p. 204.
16. Wilson and Stanton, Jefferson Abroad, p. 42.
17. Malone, Jefferson and His Time, vol. 2, p. 171.
18. Ibid., p. 46.
19. Brodie, Thomas Jefferson, p. 216.
20. Ibid., p. 227.
21. Jefferson, Papers of Thomas Jefferson, vol. 14, p. 554.
22. Ibid., p. 261.
23. Malone, Jefferson and His Time, vol. 2, p. 142.
24. PAH, vol. 4, p. 294.
25. Brodie, Thomas Jefferson, p. 228.
26. Wilson and Stanton, Jefferson Abroad, p. 268.
27. Elkins and McKitrick, Age of Federalism, p. 314.
28. Wilson and Stanton, Jefferson Abroad, p. 283.
29. Schama, Citizens, p. 326.
30. Ibid., p. 436.
31. Wilson and Stanton, Jefferson Abroad, p. 292.
32. Ibid., pp. 290–91.
33. PAH, vol. 5, p. 425, letter to the marquis de Lafayette, October 6, 1789.
34. Ibid., vol. 11, p. 439, letter to Edward Carrington, May 26, 1792.
35. Wilson and Stanton, Jefferson Abroad, p. 215.
36. Ibid., p. 73.
37. Ibid., p. 270.
38. Ferling, John Adams, p. 306.
39. Jefferson, Papers of Thomas Jefferson, vol. 16, p. 549.
40. Malone, Jefferson and His Time, vol. 2, p. 170.
41. Hamilton, Intimate Life of Alexander Hamilton, p. 49.
42. Jefferson, Anas of Thomas Jefferson, p. 30.
43. Ibid., p. 91.
44. Ibid.
45. The William and Mary Quarterly, January 1992.
46. Ellis, Passionate Sage, p. 64.
47. Ibid., p. 115.
48. Ellis, Founding Brothers, p. 53.
49. Jefferson, Complete Anas of Thomas Jefferson, p. 32.
50. Ellis, Founding Brothers, p. 57.
51. PAH, vol. 11, p. 428, letter to Edward Carrington, May 26, 1792.
52. Madison, Papers of James Madison, vol. 16, p. 248.
53. PAH, vol. 11, p. 440, letter to Edward Carrington, May 26, 1792.
54. Ketcham, James Madison, p. 473.
55. Ellis, Founding Brothers, p. 149.
56. Ketcham, James Madison, p. 360.
57. PAH, vol. 12, p. 238, letter to George Washington, August 18, 1792.
58. Ibid., vol. 19, p. 39, “The Defence of the Funding System,” July 1795.
59. Ibid., vol. 12, p. 256, letter to George Washington, August 18, 1792.
60. Flexner, Washington, p. 232.
61. Cooke, Alexander Hamilton, pp. 225–26.
62. Freeman, Affairs of Honor, pp. 27, 234; McCullough, John Adams, p. 407.
63. McCullough, John Adams, p. 407.
64. Madison, Papers of James Madison, vol. 13, p. 146.
65. Maclay, Journal of William Maclay, p. 234.
66. Bowen, Miracle at Philadelphia, p. 210.
67. PAH, vol. 5, p. 209, letter to William Livingston, August 29, 1788.
68. Ibid., pp. 276–77.
69. Maclay, Journal of William Maclay, p. 178.
70. Madison, Papers of James Madison, vol. 13, p. 145.
71. Elkins and McKitrick, Age of Federalism, p. 170.
72. Ellis, Founding Brothers, p. 58.
73. Jefferson, Anas of Thomas Jefferson, p. 32.
74. NYPL-PSP, reel 17, letter from Philip Schuyler to Stephen Van Rensselaer, May 16, 1790.
75. Maclay, Journal of William Maclay, p. 273.
76. Ibid., p. 292.
77. Freeman, Affairs of Honor, p. 51.
78. Maclay, Journal of William Maclay, p. 299.
79. Elkins and McKitrick, Age of Federalism, p. 155.
80. Jefferson, Anas of Thomas Jefferson, p. 32.
81. Ibid.
82. Ellis, Founding Brothers, p. 49.
83. Freeman, Affairs of Honor, p. 49.
84. Malone, Jefferson and His Time, vol. 2, p. 303.
85. Maclay, Journal of William Maclay, p. 304.
86. Ibid., p. 310.
87. Ibid., p. 331.
88. Freeman, Affairs of Honor, p. 32.
89. CU-HPPP, box 262.
90. Mitchell, Alexander Hamilton: The National Adventure, p. 83.
91. Ibid.
92. Jefferson, Anas of Thomas Jefferson, p. 35.
93. Gazette of the United States, September 1, 1790.
Seventeen: The First Town in America
1. PAH, vol. 7, p. 608, letter to Angelica Church, January 31, 1791.
2. Hamilton, Intimate Life of Alexander Hamilton, pp. 42–43.
3. PAH, vol. 9, p. 404, letter from Henry Lee, October 18, 1791.
4. CU-HPPP, letter from Tench Coxe to William Duer, September 6, 1791.
5. LC-AHP, reel 29, letter from Angelica Church to Elizabeth Hamilton, April 25, 1792.
6. “Life Portraits of Alexander Hamilton,” The William and Mary Quarterly, April 1955.
7. Ibid.
8. Sullivan, Public Men of the Revolution, pp. 261–62.
9. PAH, vol. 12, p. 571, “Fact No. II,” National Gazette, October 16, 1792.
10. Freeman, Affairs of Honor, p. 106.
11. Hamilton, Intimate Life of Alexander Hamilton, p. 241.
12. PAH, vol. 24, p. 64, letter from James Wilkinson, November 21, 1799.
13. Ibid., vol. 6, p. 511, letter from Morgan Lewis, July 26, 1790.
14. Ibid., vol. 13, p. 480, letter from James Tillary, January 14, 1793.
15. Ibid., vol. 7, p. 132, letter to Tobias Lear, October 29, 1790.
16. Baxter, Godchild of Washington, p. 224.
17. Steiner, Life and Correspondence of James McHenry, p. 129.
18. NYHS-NPP, letter from Elizabeth Hamilton to George Cabot, September 20, 1804.
19. Hamilton, Intimate Life of Alexander Hamilton, p. 227.
20. Ibid., p. 216.
21. PAH, vol. 15, p. 432, letter to Angelica Hamilton, November 1793.
22. Menz, Historic Furnishing Report, p. 13.
23. PAH, vol. 3, p. 468, letter to George Clinton, October 3, 1783.
24. Ibid., vol. 19, p. 460, “Draft of George Washington’s Seventh Annual Address to Congress,” November 28–December 7, 1795.
25. Ibid., pp. 146–47, “Hamilton-Oneida Academy Mortgage,” August 15, 1795.
26. Burrows and Wallace, Gotham, p. 305.
27. Furnas, Americans, p. 197.
28. St. Méry, Moreau de St. Méry’s American Journey, p. 135.
29. PAH, vol. 6, p. 545, letter to Walter Stewart, August 5, 1790.
30. Ibid., p. 297, letter to Benjamin Lincoln, March 10, 1790.
31. Ibid., p. 469, letter to George Washington, June 21, 1790.
32. Ibid., vol. 7, p. 31, letter to George Washington, September 10, 1790.
33. Ibid., vol. 6, p. 408, “Treasury Department Circular to the Collectors of the Customs,” June 1, 1791.
34. Ibid., vol. 8, p. 432, “Treasury Department Circular to the Captains of the Revenue Cutters,” June 4, 1791.
35. Freeman, Affairs of Honor, p. 88.
36. PAH, vol. 9, p. 370, letter to Otho Williams, October 11, 1791.
37. Madison, Papers of James Madison, vol. 13, p. 143.
38. PAH, vol. 7, p. 197, letter from Benjamin Lincoln, December 4, 1790.
39. Madison, Papers of James Madison, vol. 13, p. 344.
40. Ibid., p. 366.
41. Maclay, Journal of William Maclay, p. 385.
42. Ibid., p. 387.
43. PAH, vol. 8, p. 375, “Treasury Department Circular to the Collectors of the Customs,” May 26, 1791.
44. Ibid., vol. 11, p. 77, “Report on the Difficulties in the Execution of the Act Laying Duties on Distilled Spirits,” March 5, 1792.
45. Ibid., vol. 19, p. 41, “The Defence of the Funding System,” July 1795.
Eighteen: Of Avarice and Enterprise
1. The New York Review of Books, April 13, 2000.
2. PAH, vol. 19, p. 190, “The Defence No. XI,” August 28, 1795.
3. Ibid., p. 32, “The Defence of the Funding System,” July 1795.
4. Mitchell, Alexander Hamilton: The National Adventure, p. 351.
5. Ibid., p. 61.
6. Marsh, Monroe’s Defense of Jefferson and Freneau Against Hamilton, p. 31.
7. Ellis, Passionate Sage, p. 161.
8. The William and Mary Quarterly, April 1955.
9. Ellis, Passionate Sage, p. 136.
10. PAH, vol. 14, p. 112, “Report on the State of the Treasury at the Commencement of Each Quarter During the Years 1791 and 1792,” February 19, 1793.
11. Ibid., vol. 2, p. 414, letter to James Duane, September 3, 1780.
12. Ibid., vol. 7, p. 305, “Report on the Bank,” December 13, 1790.
13. Ibid., p. 308.
14. Ibid., p. 314.
15. Ibid., p. 315.
16. Ibid., p. 321.
17. Ibid., p. 327.
18. Ibid., p. 331.
19. PAH, vol. 8, p. 218, “Notes on the Advantages of a National Bank,” March 27, 1791.
20. Miller, Alexander Hamilton, p. 272.
21. PAH, vol. 8, pp. 218, 221, letter to George Washington, March 27, 1791.
22. Ketcham, James Madison, p. 322.
23. Ammon, James Monroe, p. 86.
24. Mitchell, Alexander Hamilton: The National Adventure, p. 95.
25. PAH, vol. 8, p. 113, “Opinion on Constitutionality of Bank,” February 23, 1791.
26. Ibid., p. 290.
27. Smith, John Marshall, p. 170.
28. Malone, Jefferson and His Time, vol. 2, p. 338.
29. Cooke, Alexander Hamilton, p. 77.
30. PAH, vol. 12, p. 85, letter from Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, October 1, 1792.
31. Cooke, Alexander Hamilton, p. 77.
32. PAH, vol. 8, p. 58, letter to George Washington, February 21, 1791.
33. Ibid., p. 62, letter to George Washington, February 23, 1791.
34. Mitchell, Alexander Hamilton: The National Adventure, p. 99.
35. PAH, vol. 8, p. 97, “Final Version of an Opinion on the Constitutionality of an Act to Establish a Bank,” February 23, 1791.
36. Ibid., p. 98.
37. Ibid., p. 99.
38. Ibid., p. 132.
39. Lodge, Alexander Hamilton, p. 103.
40. Cooke, Alexander Hamilton, p. xvii.
41. PAH, vol. 7, p. 586, Report on the Mint, January 28, 1791.
42. Ibid., p. 601.
43. Ibid., p. 598.
44. Ibid., p. 577.
45. Ibid., p. 572.
46. PAH, vol. 7, p. 451, letter from Thomas Jefferson, January 24, 1791.
47. Mitchell, Alexander Hamilton: The National Adventure, p. 104.
48. PAH, vol. 7, p. 516, letter to Benjamin Goodhue, June 30, 1791.
49. New York Historical Society Quarterly, October 1948.
50. Smith, Patriarch, p. 108.
51. New York Historical Society Quarterly, October 1948.
52. PAH, vol. 8, p. 589, letter from Fisher Ames, July 31, 1791.
53. Ibid.
54. McDonald, Alexander Hamilton, p. 223.
55. Smith, Patriarch, p. 109.
56. PAH, vol. 9, p. 60, letter from Rufus King, August 15, 1791.
57. Ibid.
58. Ibid., p. 75, letter to Rufus King, August 17, 1791.
59. Ibid., p. 71, letter to William Seton, August 16, 1791.
60. Ibid., p. 74, letter to William Duer, August 17, 1791.
61. Ibid., p. 75.
62. Ibid., vol. 26, p. 617, letter from William Duer, August 16, 1791.
63. Davis, Essays in the Earlier History of American Corporations, p. 208.
64. Ibid.
Nineteen: City of the Future
1. Ketcham, James Madison, p. 385.
2. PAH, vol. 8, pp. 343–44, letter from Philip Schuyler, May 15, 1791.
3. Freeman, Affairs of Honor, p. 149; Cooke, Alexander Hamilton, p. 20; Latrobe, Correspondence and Miscellaneous Papers of Benjamin Henry Latrobe, p. 331.
4. PAH, vol. 8, pp. 522–23, letter to Mercy Warren, July 1, 1791.
5. Ibid., vol. 13, p. 385, letter to Susanna Livingston, December 29, 1792.
6. Ibid., vol. 8, p. 526, letter to Martha Walker, July 2, 1791.
7. Ibid., vol. 21, p. 250, “The Reynolds Pamphlet,” August 1797.
8. Ibid.
9. Ibid., p. 251.
10. Ibid., p. 252.
11. Ibid., vol. 21, p. 187, letter to Jeremiah Wadsworth, July 28, 1797.
12. Ibid., pp. 189–90, Richard Folwell statement, August 12, 1797.
13. Ibid.
14. Ibid., p. 262, “The Reynolds Pamphlet,” August 1797.
15. Ibid., vol. 9, pp. 6–7, letter to Elizabeth Hamilton, August 2, 1791.
16. Ibid., p. 69, letter to Elizabeth Hamilton, August 17, 1791.
17. Ibid., p. 87, letter to Elizabeth Hamilton, August 21, 1791.
18. Ibid., p. 172, letter to Elizabeth Hamilton, September 4, 1791.
19. Ibid., vol. 21, p. 264, “The Reynolds Pamphlet,” August 1797.
20. Ibid., p. 252.
21. Ibid., vol. 10, pp. 378–79, letter from Maria Reynolds, December 15, 1791.
22. Ibid., p. 376, letter from James Reynolds, December 15, 1791.
23. Ibid., vol. 21, p. 253, “The Reynolds Pamphlet,” August 1797.
24. Ibid., vol. 10, p. 388, letter from James Reynolds, December 17, 1791.
25. Ibid., pp. 389–90, letter to an unnamed correspondent, December 18, 1791.
26. Ibid, vol. 21, p. 253, “The Reynolds Pamphlet,” August 1797.
27. Ibid.
28. Cooke, Alexander Hamilton, p. 148.
29. Gordon, Business of America, p. 16.
30. PAH, vol. 26, p. 520, letter from Tench Coxe, February 1790.
31. “Tench Coxe, Alexander Hamilton, and the Encouragement of American Manufactures,” The William and Mary Quarterly, July 1975.
32. Ibid.
33. Ibid.
34. Passaic County Historical Society, Gledhill Collection, SEUM, box 2, prospectus for the Society for Establishing Useful Manufactures, April 29, 1791.
35. McDonald, Alexander Hamilton, p. 231.
36. Passaic County Historical Society, Gledhill Collection, SEUM, box 2, prospectus for the Society for Establishing Useful Manufactures, April 29, 1791.
37. Ibid.
38. “Tench Coxe, Alexander Hamilton, and the Encouragement of American Manufactures,” The William and Mary Quarterly, July 1975.
39. PAH, vol. 8, p. 571, letter from Thomas Marshall, July 24–31, 1791.
40. Flexner, Young Hamilton, p. 437.
41. PAH, vol. 10, p. 13.
42. Ibid., p. 291, Report on Manufactures, December 5, 1791.
43. Ibid., vol. 8, p. 497, “Treasury Department Circular to the Supervisors of the Revenue,” June 22, 1791.
44. Ibid., vol. 19, p. 97, letter to Oliver Wolcott, Jr., August 5, 1795.
45. Wilson and Stanton, Jefferson Abroad, p. 249.
46. PAH, vol. 10, p. 236, Report on Manufactures, December 5, 1791.
47. Ibid., p. 246.
48. Ibid., p. 249.
49. Ibid., p. 253.
50. Ibid., p. 255.
51. Ibid., vol. 25, p. 467, “The Examination,” no. 3. New-York Evening Post, December 24, 1801.
52. Ibid., vol. 10, p. 266, Report on Manufactures, December 5, 1791.
53. Ibid., p. 268.
54. The New York Review of Books, December 21, 2000.
55. PAH, vol. 10, p. 268, Report on Manufactures, December 5, 1791.
56. Ibid., p. 321.
57. Ibid., p. 317.
58. Ibid., p. 338.
59. Ibid., p. 302.
60. Malone, Thomas Jefferson and His Time, vol. 2, p. 430.
61. Jefferson, Anas of Thomas Jefferson, p. 55.
62. Mitchell, Alexander Hamilton: The National Adventure, p. 170.
63. Ibid.
64. “Tench Coxe, Alexander Hamilton, and the Encouragement of American Manufactures,” The William and Mary Quarterly, July 1975.
65. PAH, vol. 11, p. 110, letter from James Tillary, March 6, 1792.
66. Ibid., vol. 10, p. 525, letter to William Seton, January 18, 1792.
67. Ibid., p. 528, letter from William Seton, January 22, 1792.
68. Ibid., vol. 11, p. 28, letter to William Seton, February 10, 1792.
69. Ibid.
70. Jefferson, Anas of Thomas Jefferson, p. 55.
71. Malone, Jefferson and His Time, vol. 3, p. 17.
72. PAH, vol. 14, p. 100, “Report on the State of the Treasury at the Commencement of Each Quarter,” February 19, 1793.
73. “Tench Coxe, Alexander Hamilton, and the Encouragement of American Manufactures,” The William and Mary Quarterly, July 1975.
74. PAH, vol. 11, p. 156, letter from Robert Troup, March 19, 1792.
75. Ibid., p. 126, letter from William Duer, March 12, 1792.
76. Ibid., pp. 131–32, letter to William Duer, March 14, 1792.
77. Brodie, Thomas Jefferson, p. 267.
78. PAH, vol. 11, p. 273, letter to William Seton, April 12, 1792.
79. Ibid., p. 190, letter to William Seton, March 25, 1792.
80. Ibid., p. 156, letter from Robert Troup, March 19, 1792.
81. Gordon, Business of America, p. 169.
82. The Diary; or, Loudon’s Register, April 20, 1792.
83. PAH, vol. 11, pp. 218–19, letter to Philip Livingston, April 2, 1792.
84. Malone, Jefferson and His Time, vol. 2, p. 436.
85. Mitchell, Alexander Hamilton: The National Adventure, pp. 175–76.
86. PAH, vol. 11, p. 434, letter to Edward Carrington, May 26, 1792.
87. Adams, New Letters of Abigail Adams, p. 83.
88. PAH, vol. 10, p. 482, letter to Roger Alden et al., January 15, 1792.
89. Ibid., vol. 11, p. 171, letter to William Duer, March 23, 1792.
90. Ibid., p. 247, letter from Archibald Mercer, April 6, 1792.
91. Ibid., p. 425, letter to William Seton, May 25, 1792.
92. Ibid., vol. 14, p. 303, letter to Peter Colt, April 10, 1793.
93. Ibid., p. 549, “To the Directors of the Society for Establishing Useful Manufactures,” October 12, 1792.
94. Mitchell, Alexander Hamilton: The National Adventure, p. 172.
95. PAH, vol. 12, p. 369, letter from Elisha Boudinot, September 13, 1792.
96. Ibid., vol. 14, p. 283, letter to John Brown, April 5, 1793.
97. Ibid., vol. 26, p. 764, letter from William Duer, February 16, 1799.
Twenty: Corrupt Squadrons
1. Hamilton, Life of Alexander Hamilton, vol. 5, p. 49.
2. Elkins and McKitrick, Age of Federalism, p. 241.
3. Malone, Jefferson and His Time, vol. 2, p. 362.
4. Elkins and McKitrick, Age of Federalism, p. 77.
5. Malone, Jefferson and His Time, vol. 4, p. 430.
6. McCullough, John Adams, p. 346.
7. PAH, vol. 13, p. 393, “The Defence No. I,” [1792–1795].
8. Kent, Memoirs and Letters of James Kent, p. 207.
9. PAH, vol. 4, p. 432, “Federalist No. 26,” December 22, 1787.
10. Ibid., p. 435, “Federalist No. 27,” December 25, 1787.
11. Malone, Jefferson and His Time, vol. 3, pp. 364–65.
12. Elkins and McKitrick, Age of Federalism, p. 24.
13. Flexner, Washington, p. 241.
14. Wilson and Stanton, Jefferson Abroad, p. 73.
15. PAH, vol. 25, p. 201, Letter from Alexander Hamilton, October 24, 1800.
16. Brookhiser, Alexander Hamilton, p. 104.
17. Smith, John Marshall, p. 38.
18. Malone, Jefferson and His Time, vol. 1, p. 212.
19. PAH, vol. 10, p. 373, “Conversation with George Hammond,” December 15–16, 1791.
20. Ibid.
21. Malone, Jefferson and His Time, vol. 2, p. 413.
22. Elkins and McKitrick, Age of Federalism, p. 254.
23. Ibid., p. 255.
24. Malone, Jefferson and His Time, vol. 2, p. 424.
25. Smith, Patriarch, p. 83.
26. Bobrick, Angel in the Whirlwind, p. 149.
27. PAH, vol. 12, p. 101.
28. Ibid., p. 192, “An American No. II,” Gazette of the United States, August 11, 1792.
29. Parton, Life and Times of Aaron Burr, p. 224.
30. McDonald, Sermon on the Premature and Lamented Death of General Alexander Hamilton, p. 31.
31. Freeman, Affairs of Honor, p. 146.
32. Ketcham, James Madison, p. 327.
33. Jefferson, Anas of Thomas Jefferson, p. 97.
34. Brodie, Thomas Jefferson, p. 267.
35. Jefferson, Anas of Thomas Jefferson, p. 44.
36. Brodie, Thomas Jefferson, pp. 318–19.
37. Knott, Alexander Hamilton and the Persistence of Myth, p. 253.
38. Jefferson, Anas of Thomas Jefferson, p. 51.
39. Jefferson, Anas of Thomas Jefferson, p. 71.
40. McDonald, Alexander Hamilton, p. 251.
41. Wills, James Madison, p. 44.
42. Ketcham, James Madison, p. 329.
43. Elkins and McKitrick, Age of Federalism, p. 277.
44. Adams, New Letters of Abigail Adams, pp. 80–81.
45. Ketcham, James Madison, p. 333.
46. McDonald, Alexander Hamilton, p. 241.
47. Malone, Jefferson and His Time, vol. 2, p. 446.
48. Smith, Patriarch, p. 132.
49. PAH, vol. 11, p. 429, letter to Edward Carrington, May 26, 1792.
50. Ibid., p. 440.
51. Ibid., p. 432.
52. Ibid., p. 443.
53. Ibid., p. 444.
54. Ibid.
55. Maclay, Journal of William Maclay, p. 375.
56. Malone, Jefferson and His Time, vol. 3, p. 271.
57. Elkins and McKitrick, Age of Federalism, p. 497.
58. Malone, Jefferson and His Time, vol. 2, p. 460.
59. Jefferson, Anas of Thomas Jefferson, p. 104.
60. Smith, Patriarch, p. 139.
61. PAH, vol. 12, p. 107, Gazette of the United States, July 25, 1792.
62. Ibid., p. 124, National Gazette, July 28, 1792.
63. Ibid., p. 131, letter from George Washington, July 29, 1792.
64. Ibid., p. 137, letter to George Washington, August 3, 1792.
65. Ibid., p. 160, “An American No. I,” Gazette of the United States, August 4, 1792.
66. Ibid., p. 191, “An American No. II,” Gazette of the United States, August 11, 1792.
67. Ibid., p. 228, letter to George Washington, August 18, 1792.
68. Ibid., p. 247.
69. Ibid., p. 249.
70. Ibid., p. 248.
71. Ibid., pp. 276–77, letter from George Washington, August 26, 1792.
72. Gazette of the United States, September 8, 1792.
73. PAH, vol. 12, p. 347, letter to George Washington, September 9, 1792.
74. Ibid., p. 348.
75. Ibid., p. 349.
76. Ibid., p. 348.
77. Malone, Jefferson and His Time, vol. 2, pp. 466–67.
78. National Gazette, September 12, 1792.
79. Ibid., p. 365.
80. Ibid., p. 505, “Catullus No. III,” Gazette of th United States, September 29, 1792.
81. Ibid., p. 504.
82. Ketcham, James Madison, p. 331.
83. Freeman, Affairs of Honor, p. 78.
84. Jefferson, Anas of Thomas Jefferson, p. 90.
85. Ibid.
86. Ibid., p. 91.
87. Freeman, Affairs of Honor, p. 76.
Twenty-one: Exposure
1. PAH, vol. 21, p. 272, “The Reynolds Pamphlet,” Jacob Clingman affidavit, December 13, 1792.
2. PAH, vol. 10, p. 557, letter from Maria Reynolds, January 23–March 18, 1792.
3. Ibid., vol. 11, p. 177, letter from Maria Reynolds, March 24, 1792.
4. Ibid., p. 176, letter from James Reynolds, March 24, 1792.
5. Ibid., p. 222, letter from James Reynolds, April 3, 1792.
6. Ibid., p. 254, letter to James Reynolds, April 7, 1792.
7. Ibid., vol. 21, p. 244, “The Reynolds Pamphlet,” August 1797.
8. Ibid., p. 246.
9. Ibid., vol. 11, p. 297, letter from James Reynolds, April 17, 1792.
10. Ibid., p. 330, letter from James Reynolds, April 23, 1792.
11. Ibid., p. 354, letter from James Reynolds, May 2, 1792.
12. Ibid., p. 354, “The Reynolds Pamphlet,” August 1797.
13. Ibid., p. 481, letter from Maria Reynolds, June 2, 1792.
14. Ibid., p. 482, letter to James Reynolds, June 3–22, 1792.
15. Ibid., p. 491, letter to David Ross, September 26, 1792.
16. Ibid., vol. 26, p. 682, letter to Tobias Lear, September 6, 1792.
17. Ibid., vol. 12, p. 543, letter to Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, October 10, 1792.
18. Mitchell, Alexander Hamilton: The National Adventure, p. 403.
19. PAH, vol. 21, p. 264, “The Reynolds Pamphlet,” August 1797.
20. Ibid., p. 130.
21. Ibid., p. 268.
22. Ibid., p. 269.
23. Jefferson, Papers of Thomas Jefferson, vol. 18, p. 635.
24. Callender, History of the United States for 1796, p. 216.
25. Ibid.
26. PAH, vol. 21, p. 257, “The Reynolds Pamphlet,” August 1797.
27. Ibid., p. 258.
28. Ibid.
29. Ibid., p. 135.
30. Callender, History of the United States for 1796, p. 218.
31. PAH, vol. 21, p. 134.
32. Gazette of the United States, January 5, 1793.
33. PAH, vol. 14, p. 267, “For Gazette of the United States,” March–April 1793.]
Twenty-two: Stabbed in the Dark
1. Smith, Patriarch, p. 135.
2. PAH, vol. 12, p. 567, letter to John Steele, October 15, 1792.
3. McCullough, John Adams, p. 434.
4. Malone, Jefferson and His Time, vol. 2, p. 457.
5. PAH, vol. 12, p. 342, letter to John Adams, September 9, 1792.
6. Ferling, John Adams, p. 318.
7. Ibid.
8. Kaminski, George Clinton, p. 230.
9. PAH, vol. 12, p. 387, letter from Rufus King, September 17, 1792.
10. Ellis, Founding Brothers, p. 175.
11. Tripp, “Robert Troup,” p. 105.
12. PAH, vol. 12, p. 408, letter to an unnamed correspondent, September 21, 1792.
13. Ibid., p. 480, letter to an unnamed correspondent, September 26, 1792.
14. Mitchell, Alexander Hamilton: The National Adventure, p. 209.
15. Ibid.
16. Ammon, James Monroe, p. 44.
17. PAH, vol. 13, p. 227, letter from David Ross, November 23, 1792.
18. Ibid., vol. 12, p. 573, letter from John F. Mercer, October 16[–28], 1792.
19. Ibid., vol. 13, p. 513, letter from John F. Mercer, January 31, 1793.
20. Jefferson, Anas of Thomas Jefferson, p. 186.
21. Gazette of the United States, December 8, 1792.
22. Smith, Patriarch, p. 152.
23. McCullough, John Adams, p. 441.
24. PAH, vol. 13, p. 338, letter to John Jay, December 18, 1792.
25. Smith, Patriarch, p. 157.
26. Ibid.
27. Mitchell, Alexander Hamilton: The National Adventure, p. 255.
28. PAH, vol. 11, p. 432, letter to Edward Carrington, May 26, 1792.
29. Malone, Jefferson and His Time, vol. 3, p. 18.
30. PAH, vol. 14, p. 58, “Report Relative to the Loans Negotiated under the Acts of the Fourth and Twelfth of August, 1790,” February 13–14, 1793.
31. The William and Mary Quarterly, October 1992.
32. Mitchell, Alexander Hamilton: The National Adventure, p. 260.
33. Elkins and McKitrick, Age of Federalism, p. 301.
34. King, Life and Correspondence of Rufus King, vol. 1, p. 483.
35. PAH, vol. 14, p. 276, letter to Rufus King, April 2, 1793.
36. Ibid., vol. 13, p. 523, “On James Blanchard,” January 1793.
37. Ibid.
38. Ibid., vol. 21, p. 132, letter from Henry Lee, May 6, 1793.
39. PAH, vol. 14, p. 466, letter from John Beckley to an unnamed recipient, June 22, 1793.
40. Ibid.
41. Ibid.
42. Freeman, Affairs of Honor, p. 102.
43. PAH, vol. 14, p. 467, letter from John Beckley to an unknown recipient, July 2, 1793.
44. Ibid., vol. 15, p. 165, letter to Andrew G. Fraunces, August 2, 1793.
45. Ibid., p. 171, letter to Andrew G. Fraunces, August 3, 1793.
46. The Diary, October 11, 1793.
47. The Daily Advertiser, October 12, 1793.
Twenty-three: Citizen Genêt
1. Hamilton, Life of Alexander Hamilton, vol. 5, p. 213.
2. Elkins and McKitrick, Age of Federalism, p. 312.
3. Hamilton, Intimate Life of Alexander Hamilton, p. 300.
4. Elkins and McKitrick, Age of Federalism, p. 316.
5. Schama, Citizens, p. 615.
6. McCullough, John Adams, p. 438.
7. Ibid.
8. Schama, Citizens, p. 687.
9. Malone, Jefferson and His Time, vol. 3, p. 61.
10. Hamilton, Life of Alexander Hamilton, vol. 5, p. 222.
11. McCullough, John Adams, p. 444.
12. Elkins and McKitrick, Age of Federalism, p. 357.
13. Ketcham, James Madison, pp. 337, 338–39.
14. Ibid., p. 341.
15. Hamilton, Life of Alexander Hamilton, vol. 6, p. 222.
16. PAH, vol. 14, pp. 85–86, letter from Gouverneur Morris, February 6, 1793.
17. Jefferson, Anas of Thomas Jefferson, p. 69.
18. Ketcham, James Madison, p. 338.
19. Ellis, Founding Brothers, p. 170.
20. PAH, vol. 21, p. 450, letter to the marquis de Lafayette, April 28, 1798.
21. Ibid., vol. 14, p. 386, letter from Alexander Hamilton and Henry Knox to George Washington, May 2, 1793.
22. Ibid., p. 371.
23. Ibid., vol. 17, pp. 586–87, “The French Revolution,” unpublished fragment, 1794.
24. Ibid., p. 588.
25. Ibid., vol. 14, p. 291, letter to George Washington, April 5, 1793.
26. Malone, Jefferson and His Time, vol. 3, p. 67.
27. PAH, vol. 14, p. 504, “Defence of the President’s Neutrality Proclamation,” May 1793.
28. Ibid., p. 328, “Cabinet Meeting: Opinion on a Proclamation of Neutrality and on Receiving the French Minister,” April 19, 1793.
29. Ketcham, James Madison, p. 342.
30. Lodge, Alexander Hamilton, p. 161.
31. Malone, Jefferson and His Time, vol. 3, p. 70.
32. Political Science Quarterly, March 1956.
33. Ketcham, James Madison, p. 342.
34. Brookhiser, Gentleman Revolutionary, pp. 139–40.
35. PAH, vol. 15, p. 246, “No Jacobin No. V,” August 14, 1793, Dunlap’s American Daily Advertiser; vol. 19, p. 519, “American Jacobins,” [1795–1796].
36. Elkins and McKitrick, Age of Federalism, p. 357.
37. Ketcham, James Madison, p. 342.
38. Malone, Jefferson and His Time, vol. 3, p. 83.
39. Brookhiser, Gentleman Revolutionary, p. 140.
40. Elkins and McKitrick, Age of Federalism, p. 360.
41. Adams, Correspondence Between the Hon. John Adams, and the Late Wm. Cunningham, p. 35.
42. Parton, Life and Times of Aaron Burr, p. 220.
43. Mitchell, Alexander Hamilton: The National Adventure, p. 299.
44. Elkins and McKitrick, Age of Federalism, p. 344.
45. Mitchell, Alexander Hamilton: The National Adventure, p. 227.
46. PAH, vol. 15, p. 74, “Reasons for the Opinion of the Secretary of the Treasury and the Secretary at War Respecting the Brigantine Little Sarah,” July 8, 1793.
47. Elkins and McKitrick, Age of Federalism, p. 348.
48. Malone, Jefferson and His Time, vol. 3, p. 114.
49. PAH, vol. 15, p. 77, “Reasons for the Opinion of the Secretary of the Treasury and the Secretary at War Respecting the Brigantine Little Sarah,” July 8, 1793.
50. Ibid., vol. 15, p. 34, “Pacificus No. I,” June 29, 1793.
51. Ibid., p. 67, “Pacificus No. III,” July 6, 1793.
52. Ibid., p. 94, “Pacificus No. V,” July 13–17, 1793.
53. Ibid., p. 92.
54. Ibid., pp. 103, 106, “Pacificus No. VI,” July 17, 1793.
55. Hamilton, Federalist, p. c.
56. Elkins and McKitrick, Age of Federalism, p. 362.
57. Ketcham, James Madison, pp. 345–46.
58. Political Science Quarterly, March 1956.
59. Ketcham, James Madison, p. 436.
60. Flexner, Washington, p. 288.
61. Jefferson, Anas of Thomas Jefferson, p. 150.
62. PAH, vol. 15, p. 145, “No Jacobin No. I,” American Daily Advertiser, July 31, 1793.
63. Ibid., p. 282, “No Jacobin No. VIII,” American Daily Advertiser, August 26, 1793.
64. Jefferson, Anas of Thomas Jefferson, p. 157.
65. Ibid.
66. Ibid., p. 158.
67. Ibid., p. 157.
68. Ibid., p. 158.
69. Mitchell, Alexander Hamilton: The National Adventure, p. 242.
70. Jefferson, Anas of Thomas Jefferson, p. 162.
71. Malone, Jefferson and His Time, vol. 3, p. 125.
72. PAH, vol. 15, p. 234, letter from Edmond Charles Genêt to George Washington, August 13, 1793.
73. Freeman, Affairs of Honor, p. 97.
74. Ketcham, James Madison, p. 344.
Twenty-four: A Disagreeable Trade
1. McCullough, John Adams, p. 133.
2. Colimore, The Philadelphia Inquirer’s Guide to Historic Philadelphia, p. 46.
3. Mitchell, Alexander Hamilton: The National Adventure, p. 282.
4. PAH, vol. 15, p. 324, letter from George Washington, September 6, 1793.
5. Ibid., p. 325, in editorial note.
6. Ibid., p. 331, “To the College of Physicians,” September 11, 1793.
7. Smith, Patriarch, p. 180.
8. Day, Edward Stevens, p. 81.
9. Ibid., pp. 80–81.
10. CU-HPPP, box 267, letter from Philip Schuyler to Abraham Yates, Jr., September 25, 1793.
11. PAH, vol. 15, p. 347, letter to Abraham Yates, Jr., September 26, 1793.
12. Ibid., p. 360, letter from Tobias Lear, October 10, 1793.
13. Ibid., p. 361, letter from George Washington, October 14, 1793.
14. Ibid., p. 374, letter to George Washington, October 24, 1793.
15. Day, Edward Stevens, p. 82.
16. PAH, vol. 15, p. 455, letter to Thomas Jefferson, December 11, 1793.
17. Ibid., p. 593, letter to Angelica Church, December 27, 1793.
18. McCullough, John Adams, p. 448.
19. Jefferson, Papers of Thomas Jefferson, vol. 26, p. 215.
20. Ibid., vol. 27, p. 449.
21. Malone, Jefferson and His Time, vol. 3, p. 182.
22. Brodie, Thomas Jefferson, p. 263.
23. Ibid.
24. PAH, vol. 11, p. 441, letter to Edward Carrington, May 26, 1792.
25. CU-JCHP, box 20.
26. PAH, vol. 15, p. 593, letter to Angelica Church, December 27, 1793.
27. Ibid., vol. 16, p. 356, letter to——, April–May 1794.
28. Ibid., vol. 15, p. 465, letter to Frederick A. C. Muhlenberg, December 16, 1793.
29. Ibid., vol. 16, p. 49, letter to John Adams, February 22, 1794.
30. Ibid., p. 249, letter from George Washington, April 8, 1794.
31. Ibid., p. 249, letter from James Madison to Thomas Jefferson, April 14, 1794.
32. Ibid., p. 252, letter to George Washington, April 8, 1794.
33. Ibid., p. 495.
34. Ibid., vol. 21, pp. 241–42, “The Reynolds Pamphlet,” August 1797.
35. NYPL-JAHP, box 1, letter from Alexander Hamilton to Angelica Church, April 4, 1794.
Twenty-five: Seas of Blood
1. Hamilton, Life of Alexander Hamilton, vol. 5, p. 450.
2. PAH, vol. 15, p. 671, “Americanus No. I,” January 31, 1794.
3. Hamilton, Life of Alexander Hamilton, vol. 5, pp. 532–33.
4. PAH, vol. 16, p. 134, letter to George Washington, March 8, 1794.
5. Ketcham, James Madison, p. 351.
6. Hamilton, Life of Alexander Hamilton, vol. 5, pp. 532–33.
7. McDonald, Alexander Hamilton, p. 291.
8. PAH, vol. 16, p. 264.
9. Mitchell, Alexander Hamilton: The National Adventure, p. 332.
10. Malone, Jefferson and His Time, vol. 3, p. 184.
11. PAH, vol. 16, p. 273, letter to George Washington, April 14, 1794.
12. Ibid.
13. Ibid.
14. Ibid.
15. Ibid., vol. 3, p. 295, “Remarks on the Provisional Peace Treaty,” March 19, 1783.
16. Ibid., vol. 16, p. 281, “Conversation with George Hammond,” April 15–16, 1794.
17. Ibid.
18. Ibid., p. 381, letter to John Jay, May 6, 1794.
19. Ketcham, James Madison, p. 352.
20. Ellis, Founding Brothers, p. 142.
21. Elkins and McKitrick, Age of Federalism, p. 409.
22. PAH, vol. 26, p. 738, “Views on the French Revolution,” [1794].
23. Ibid., p. 739.
24. The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, July 1967.
25. Baxter, Godchild of Washington, p. 224.
26. St. Méry, Moreau de St. Méry’s American Journey, p. 138.
27. Harcourt, Memoirs of Madame de la Tour du Pin, p. 273.
28. Hamilton, Intimate Life of Alexander Hamilton, p. 36.
29. PAH, vol. 17, p. 428, letter to Angelica Church, December 8, 1794.
30. Ibid., vol. 15, p. 600, “List of French Distressed Persons,” 1793.
31. Brookhiser, Gentleman Revolutionary, p. 106.
32. Cooper, Talleyrand, p. 28.
33. Schama, Citizens, p. 678.
34. PAH, vol. 16, p. 380, letter from Angelica Church to Elizabeth Hamilton, February 4, 1794.
35. Hamilton, Life of Alexander Hamilton, vol. 7, p. 134.
36. PAH, vol. 16, p. 387, letter from George Washington, May 6, 1794.
37. Baxter, Godchild of Washington, p. 224.
38. Flexner, Young Hamilton, p. 449.
39. Hamilton, Life of Alexander Hamilton, vol. 6, p. 251.
40. Cooper, Talleyrand, p. 73.
41. Talleyrand, Memoirs of the Prince de Talleyrand, p. 185.
42. Hamilton, Intimate Life of Alexander Hamilton, p. 239.
Twenty-six: The Wicked Insurgents of the West
1. PAH, vol. 4, p. 348, “The Federalist No. 12,” November 27, 1787.
2. National Gazette, June 18, 1792.
3. PAH, vol. 12, p. 306, letter from John Neville to George Clymer, August 23, 1792.
4. CU-HPPP, box 265.
5. Mitchell, Alexander Hamilton: The National Adventure, p. 317.
6. PAH, vol. 12, pp. 311–12, letter to George Washington, September 1, 1792.
7. Ibid., p. 390, letter from George Washington, September 17, 1792.
8. Ibid., vol. 16, p. 591, letter to George Washington, July 11, 1794.
9. Ibid., p. 616, letter to George Washington, July 23, 1794.
10. Ibid., vol. 17, p. 16, letter to George Washington, August 2, 1794.
11. Elkins and McKitrick, Age of Federalism, p. 475.
12. The Journal of American History, December 1972; Elkins and McKitrick, Age of Federalism, p. 479.
13. PAH, vol. 22, p. 552, letter to James McHenry, March 18, 1799.
14. The Journal of American History, December 1972.
15. PAH, vol. 17, pp. 76–77, letter to William Bradford, August 8, 1794.
16. The Journal of American History, December 1972.
17. PAH, vol. 17, pp. 14–15, letter to Elizabeth Hamilton, August 2, 1794.
18. Ibid.
19. Ibid., p. 85, letter to Elizabeth Hamilton, August 12, 1794.
20. Ibid., p. 148, “Tully No. II,” Claypoole’s American Daily Advertiser, August 26, 1794.
21. Ibid., p. 159, “Tully No. III,” Claypoole’s American Daily Advertiser, August 28, 1794.
22. Smith, Patriarch, p. 214.
23. PAH, vol. 17, p. 285, letter to George Gale, September 28, 1794.
24. Ibid., p. 241, letter to Rufus King, September 17, 1794.
25. Ibid., p. 255, letter to George Washington, September 19, 1794.
26. Hamilton, Life of Alexander Hamilton, vol. 6, p. 101.
27. PAH, vol. 17, p. 287, letter to Philip A. and Alexander Hamilton, Jr., September 29, 1794.
28. Ibid., p. 309, letter to Samuel Hodgdon, October 7, 1794.
29. Findley, History of the Insurrection in the Four Western Counties of Pennsylvania, p. 142.
30. Hamilton, Life of Alexander Hamilton, vol. 6, p. 106.
31. Ibid.
32. Ibid., p. 108.
33. PAH, vol. 22, p. 453, letter to Theodore Sedgwick, February 2, 1799.
34. Rakove, James Madison and the Creation of the American Republic, p. 135.
35. PAH, vol. 17, p. 340, letter to Angelica Church, October 23, 1794.
36. Aurora General Advertiser, November 8, 1794.
37. PAH, vol. 17, p. 366, letter to George Washington, November 11, 1794.
38. Ibid., p. 348, letter to Rufus King, October 30, 1794.
39. Findley, History of the Insurrection in the Four Western Counties of Pennsylvania, p. 228.
40. PAH, vol. 17, p. 383, “Examination of Hugh Henry Brackenridge,” November 18–19, 1794.
41. Findley, History of the Insurrection in the Four Western Counties of Pennsylvania, p. 236.
42. Ibid., p. 238.
43. Ibid., p. 245.
44. Ketcham, James Madison, p. 354.
45. Rakove, James Madison and the Creation of the American Republic, p. 136.
46. Madison, Papers of James Madison, vol. 16, p. 440.
47. Ellis, Founding Brothers, p. 140.
48. MHi-TPP, reel 47, p. 180.
49. NYHS-MM, reel 64, letter from Angelica Church to Elizabeth Hamilton, December 11, 1794.]
50. PAH, vol. 17, p. 392, letter from Henry Knox, November 24, 1794.
51. Ibid., p. 428, letter to Angelica Church, December 8, 1794.
52. LC-AHP, reel 29, letter from Angelica Church to Elizabeth Hamilton, January 25, 1795.
53. Hamilton, Intimate Life of Alexander Hamilton, p. 164.
54. LC-AHP, reel 30, memo of Timothy Pickering, talk with John Marshall, February 13, 1811.
55. PAH, vol. 18, p. 248, letter from George Washington, February 2, 1795.
56. Ibid., p. 58, Report on a Plan for the Further Support of Public Credit, January 16, 1795.
57. PAH, vol. 19, p. 56, “The Defence of the Funding System,” July 1795.
58. Malone, Jefferson and His Time, vol. 3, p. 35.
59. PAH, vol. 18, p. 278, letter to Rufus King, February 21, 1795.
60. Ibid., pp. 278–79.
61. Knott, Alexander Hamilton and the Persistence of Myth, p. 238.
62. Lodge, Alexander Hamilton, p. 184.
Twenty-seven: Sugar Plums and Toys
1. The Daily Advertiser, February 28, 1795.
2. Hamilton, Intimate Life of Alexander Hamilton, p. 205.
3. PAH, vol. 18, p. 344, letter to Richard Varick, May 12, 1795.
4. Ibid., p. 196, letter from David Campbell, January 27, 1795.
5. Ibid., vol. 17, p. 428, letter to Angelica Church, December 8, 1794.
6. Ibid., vol. 16, p. 356, letter to Angelica Church, April–May 1794.
7. Hamilton, Life of Alexander Hamilton, vol. 6, p. 213.
8. Custis, Recollections and Private Memoirs of Washington, p. 352.
9. LC-AHP, reel 31, Robert Troup, “Additional Facts Relative to the Life, and Character, of General Hamilton,” January 1, 1821.
10. PAH, vol. 18, p. 310, letter from Robert Troup, March 31, 1795.
11. Ibid., pp. 328–29, letter to Robert Troup, April 13, 1795.
12. NYSL, letter from Alexander Hamilton to Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton, April 8, 1795.
13. PAH, vol. 16, p. 609, letter from John Jay, July 18[–August 5], 1794.
14. Ibid.
15. Political Science Quarterly, March 1956.
16. Rakove, James Madison and the Creation of the American Republic, p. 137.
17. Ellis, Founding Brothers, p. 136.
18. PAH, vol. 18, p. 383, letter to Rufus King, June 20, 1795.
19. Ibid., p. 391.
20. Ellis, Founding Brothers, p. 137.
21. Lomask, Aaron Burr: The Years from Princeton to Vice President, p. 182.
22. Elkins and McKitrick, Age of Federalism, p. 375.
23. PAH, vol. 18, p. 531.
24. Ellis, Founding Brothers, p. 137.
25. PAH, vol. 18, p. 399, letter from George Washington, July, 1795.
26. Ibid., p. 451, letter to George Washington, July 9–11, 1795.
27. Ibid., p. 461, letter from George Washington, July 13, 1795.
28. Ibid., p. 512, letter to Oliver Wolcott, Jr., June 18, 1795.
29. Madison, Papers of James Madison, vol. 16, p. 9.
30. Mitchell, Alexander Hamilton: The National Adventure, p. 341.
31. The Argus, or Greenleaf’s New Daily Advertiser, July 20, 1795.
32. Ibid.
33. Mitchell, Alexander Hamilton: The National Adventure, p. 342.
34. King, Life and Correspondence of Rufus King, vol. 2, p. 20.
35. Malone, Jefferson and His Time, vol. 3, p. 248.
36. Ibid., p. 383.
37. The Minerva, and Mercantile Evening Advertiser, December 12, 1796.
38. PAH, vol. 20, p. 42.
39. Ibid.
40. Freeman, Affairs of Honor, p. xiv.
41. PAH, vol. 18, p. 471, letter to James Nicholson, July 20, 1795.
42. Ibid., p. 473, letter to James Nicholson, July 20, 1795.
43. Ibid., vol. 21, p. 143.
44. Ibid., vol. 14, p. 537, letter from James Hamilton, June 12, 1793.
45. Ibid., vol. 18, p. 503, letter to Robert Troup, July 25, 1795.
46. Ibid.
47. Ibid., p. 505.
48. King, Life and Correspondence of Rufus King, vol. 2, p. 13.
49. LC-AHP, letter from James Kent to Elizabeth Hamilton, December 20, 1832.
50. PAH, vol. 18, p. 481, “The Defence No. I,” July 22, 1795.
51. Ibid., p. 478, letter from George Washington, July 29, 1795.
52. Ibid., p. 524, letter from George Washington, July 20, 1795.
53. Ibid., p. 493, “The Defence No. II,” July 25, 1795.
54. Ibid., p. 498.
55. Ibid., vol. 19, p. 75, “Horatius No. II,” July 1795.
56. Ibid., vol. 18, p. 526, “Address on the Jay Treaty,” July 30, 1795.
57. Ibid., p. 527, letter from Oliver Wolcott, Jr., July 30, 1795.
58. Ibid., p. 513, “The Defence No. III,” July 29, 1795.
59. Ibid.
60. Ibid., vol. 19, p. 102, “Philo Camillus No. II,” August 7, 1795.
61. Ibid., p. 96, “The Defence No. V,” August 5, 1795.
62. Ketcham, James Madison, p. 357.
63. PAH, vol. 19, p. 172, “The Defence No. X,” August 26, 1795.
64. Ibid, p. 174.
65. Elkins and McKitrick, Age of Federalism, p. 436.
66. PAH, vol. 18, p. 478.
67. Ibid.
68. Wills, James Madison, p. 42.
69. Hamilton, Life of Alexander Hamilton, vol. 6, p. 454.
70. PAH, vol. 20, p. 13, “The Defence No. XXX,”
January 6, 1796.
71. McCullough, John Adams, p. 459.
72. Hamilton, Life of Alexander Hamilton, vol. 6, p. 315.
73. Ellis, Founding Brothers, p. 143.
74. PAH, vol. 20, p. 68, letter to George Washington, March 7, 1796.
75. Ibid., p. 83, letter to George Washington, March 28, 1796.
76. Ibid., p. 89, letter to George Washington, March 29, 1796.
77. Ibid., p. 113, letter to Rufus King, April 15, 1796.
78. Smith, Patriarch, p. 264.
79. PAH, vol. 20, p. 133, “To the Citizens Who Shall Be Convened This Day in the Fields in the City of New York,” April 22, 1796.
80. Ellis, Founding Brothers, p. 138.
81. Mitchell, Alexander Hamilton: The National Adventure, p. 350.
82. Wills, James Madison, p. 42.
83. Ketcham, James Madison, p. 364.
84. Ellis, Founding Brothers, p. 138.
85. PAH, vol. 20, p. 104, letter from George Washington, March 31, 1796.
Twenty-eight: Spare Cassius
1. PAH, vol. 20, p. 515, letter to Rufus King, February 15, 1797.
2. CU-JCHP, box 20.
3. PAH, vol. 18, p. 397, letter from William Bradford, July 2, 1795.
4. Hamilton, Life of Alexander Hamilton, vol. 6, p. 343.
5. Mitchell, Alexander Hamilton: The National Adventure, p. 381.
6. King, Life and Correspondence of Rufus King, vol. 2, p. 98.
7. PAH, vol. 20, p. 353, letter to Elizabeth Hamilton, October 25, 1796.
8. Baxter, Godchild of Washington, p. 225.
9. Gottschalk, Letters of Lafayette to Washington, p. 363.
10. PAH, vol. 21, p. 451, letter to the marquis de Lafayette, pril 28, 1798.
1112. Ibid., p. 511, ltter from Oliver Wolcott, Jr., July 28, 1795.
. Ibid., vol. 18, p. 324, letter to Oliver Wolcott, Jr., April 10, 1795.
13. Ibid., vol. 19, p. 295, letter from Oliver Wolcott, Jr., September 26, 1795.
14. Ibid., vol. 19, p. 236, letter to George Washington, September 4, 1795.
15. LC-WPP, reel 2, letter from William Plumer to Jeremiah Smith, February 19, 1796.
16. PAH, vol. 19, p. 356, letter from George Washington, October 29, 1795.
17. Ibid., p. 395, letter to George Washington, November 5, 1795.
18. Smith, Patriarch, p. 252.
19. Ketcham, James Madison, p. 359.
20. PAH, vol. 20, p. 239, letter from George Washington, June 26, 1796.
21. Cooke, Alexander Hamilton, p. 111.
22. PAH, vol. 20, pp. 173–74, letter from George Washington, May 10, 1796.
23. Smith, Patriarch, p. 267.
24. PAH, vol. 20, p. 293, letter from George Washington, August 10, 1796.
25. Grafton, Declaration of Independence and Other Great Documents of American History, p. 53.
26. PAH, vol. 20, p. 164, letter from George Washington, May 8, 1796.
27. Ibid., p. 282, “Draft of Washington’s Farewell Address,” July 30, 1796.
28. Ibid., p. 280.
29. Cooke, Alexander Hamilton, p. 119.
30. Ellis, Founding Brothers, p. 160.
31. Ibid., p. 126.
32. PAH, vol. 20, p. 172.
33. Ibid., p. 173.
34. Ibid., p. 172.
35. Brodie, Thomas Jefferson, p. 303.
36. Wills, James Madison, p. xvii.
37. Madison, Papers of James Madison, vol. 16, p. 440.
38. Callender, History of the United States for 1796, p. 208.
39. Ferling, John Adams, p. 326.
40. PAH, vol. 20, p. 376, letter to an unnamed recipient, November 8, 1796.
41. Ibid., vol. 25, p. 193, Letter from Alexander Hamilton, October 24, 1800.
42. MHi-TPP, reel 51, p. 133.
43. PAH, vol. 25, p. 196, Letter from Alexander Hamilton, October 24, 1800.
44. Elkins and McKitrick, Age of Federalism, p. 540.
45. Emery, Alexander Hamilton, p. 176.
46. McCullough, John Adams, p. 463.
47. PAH, vol. 25, p. 195.
48. Ellis, Passionate Sage, p. 27.
49. Smith, Patriarch, p. 284.
50. PAH, vol. 12, pp. 504–5, “Catullus No. III,” Gazette of the United States, September 29, 1792.
51. “Phocion No. IV,” Gazette of the United States, October 19, 1796.
52. “Phocion No. IX,” Gazette of the United States, October 25, 1796.
53. Brodie, Thomas Jefferson, p. 287.
54. Ibid., p. 296.
55. “Phocion No. I,” Gazette of the United States, October 14, 1796.
56. Ibid.
57. “Phocion No. II,” Gazette of the United States, October 15, 1796.
58. Brodie, Thomas Jefferson, p. 158.
59. “Phocion No. I,” Gazette of the United States, October 14, 1796.
60. “Phocion No. II,” Gazette of the United States, October 15, 1796.
61. Brodie, Thomas Jefferson, p. 352.
62. “Phocion No. II,” Gazette of the United States, October 15, 1796.
63. Ibid.
64. “Phocion No. VI,” Gazette of the United States, October 21, 1796.
65. PAH, vol. 12, p. 510, “Catullus No. III,” Gazette of the United States, September 29, 1792.
66. “Phocion No. VIII,” Gazette of the United States, October 24, 1796.
67. Mitchell, Alexander Hamilton: The National Adventure, p. 394.
68. Malone, Jefferson and His Time, vol. 4, pp. 163–64.
69. McCullough, John Adams, p. 464.
70. Madison, Papers of James Madison, vol. 16, p. 440.
71. Ibid.
72. PAH, vol. 20, p. 515, letter to Rufus King, February 15, 1797.
73. Ibid., p. 465, letter from Stephen Higginson, January 12, 1797.
Twenty-nine: The Man in the Glass Bubble
1. McCullough, John Adams, p. 414.
2. Ellis, Passionate Sage, p. 50.
3. Ferling, John Adams, p. 98.
4. McCullough, John Adams, p. 106.
5. Ferling, John Adams, p. 203.
6. Rosenfeld, American Aurora, p. 440.
7. Van Doren, Benjamin Franklin, p. 695.
8. Morgan, Benjamin Franklin, p. 293.
9. Bailyn, To Begin the World Anew, p. 64.
10. Brookhiser, America’s First Dynasty, p. 67.
11. Ketcham, James Madison, p. 123.
12. Wilson and Stanton, Jefferson Abroad, p. 122.
13. Brookhiser, America’s First Dynasty, p. 46.
14. Ellis, Founding Brothers, p. 207.
15. Ferling, John Adams, p. 440.
16. Bobrick, Angel in the Whirlwind, p. 97.
17. Ferling, John Adams, p. 159.
18. Ibid., p. 19.
19. Ibid., p. 233.
20. Ellis, Passionate Sage, p. 60.
21. Hamilton, Life of Alexander Hamilton, vol. 3, p. 598.
22. Ellis, Founding Brothers, p. 217; Adams, Old Family Letters, p. 164.
23. Brookhiser, America’s First Dynasty, p. 53.
24. Freeman, Affairs of Honor, p. 138.
25. Ellis, Passionate Sage, p. 57.
26. McCullough, John Adams, p. 373.
27. Ellis, Passionate Sage, p. 146.
28. Ferling, John Adams, p. 312.
29. Ibid.
30. McCullough, John Adams, p. 48.
31. Ellis, Passionate Sage, p. 116.
32. Cooke, Alexander Hamilton, p. vii.
33. Knott, Alexander Hamilton and the Persistence of Myth, p. 19.
34. Brookhiser, Alexander Hamilton, p. 31; Adams, Statesman and Friend, p. 116; Gerlach, Proud Patriot, p. 400.
35. Pickering, Review of the Correspondence Between the Hon. John Adams and the Late Wm. Cunningham, p. 156.
36. Adams, Old Family Letters, pp. 163–64.
37. Ferling, John Adams, p. 360.
38. Flexner, Young Hamilton, p. 62.
39. Adams, Old Family Letters, pp. 163–64.
40. Adams, Statesman and Friend, pp. 157–58.
41. Ferling, John Adams, p. 429.
42. Ellis, Founding Brothers, p. 166.
43. Ibid., p. 176.
44. Ellis, Passionate Sage, p. 62.
45. Emery, Alexander Hamilton, p. 183.
46. McCullough, John Adams, p. 471.
47. PAH, vol. 25, p. 214, Letter from Alexander Hamilton, October 24, 1800.
48. Hamilton, Life of Alexander Hamilton, vol. 7, p. 598.
49. Ferling, John Adams, p. 424.
50. PAH, vol. 25, p. 183.
51. The Boston Patriot, May 29, 1809.
52. Hamilton, Life of Alexander Hamilton, vol. 7, p. 329.
53. Ferling, John Adams, pp. 316–17.
54. Hamilton, Life of Alexander Hamilton, vol. 7, p. 326.
55. Brookhiser, Alexander Hamilton, p. 131.
56. McCullough, John Adams, p. 526.
Thirty: Flying Too Near the Sun
1. PAH, vol. 21, p. 79, letter to William Hamilton, May 2, 1797.
2. Ibid., pp. 78–79.
3. Ibid., p. 78.
4. Hamilton, Intimate Life of Alexander Hamilton, p. 227.
5. PAH, vol. 18, p. 287, letter to Angelica Church, March 6, 1795.
6. LC-AHP, reel 29, letter from Angelica Church to Elizabeth Hamilton, January 24, 1795.
7. Menz, Historic Furnishing Report, p. 65.
8. PAH, vol. 20, p. 56, letter from Angelica Church, February 19, 1796.
9. Hamilton, Intimate Life of Alexander Hamilton, p. 108.
10. PAH, vol. 20, p. 236, letter to Angelica Church, June 25, 1796.
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid., vol. 9, p. 266, letter to Angelica Church, October 2, 1791.
13. LC-AHP, reel 29, letter from Angelica Church to Elizabeth Hamilton, July 9, 1796.
14. NYHS-RTP, letter from Robert Troup to Rufus King, June 3, 1797.
15. PAH, vol. 21, p. 259, “The Reynolds Pamphlet,” August 1797.
16. Ibid., p. 149, letter to John Fenno, July 6, 1797.
17. Malone, Jefferson and His Time, vol. 3, p. 331.
18. Ibid., p. 470.
19. Brodie, Thomas Jefferson, p. 319; Brookhiser, Alexander Hamilton, p. 132.
20. Callender, History of the United States for 1796, p. 204.
21. Ibid., p. 205.
22. Ibid.
23. Ibid.
24. Ibid., p. 220.
25. Ibid., p. 222.
26. Ibid., p. 207.
27. “Phocion No. IV,” Gazette of the United States, October 19, 1796.
28. PAH, vol. 21, p. 132.
29. Ibid.
30. Ibid., p. 133.
31. Hamilton, Life of Alexander Hamilton, vol. 5, p. 30.
32. Ketcham, James Madison, p. 335.
33. Brodie, Thomas Jefferson, p. 317.
34. PAH, vol. 21, p. 145, letter from Oliver Wolcott, Jr., July 3, 1797.
35. Ibid., p. 194, letter from Jeremiah Wadsworth, August 2, 1797.
36. The [Philadelphia] Merchants’ Daily Advertiser, July 12, 1797.
37. CU-HPPP, box 272, letter from William Loughton Smith to Rufus King, December 14, 1797.
38. PAH, vol. 21, p. 238, “The Reynolds Pamphlet,” August 1797.
39. Ibid.
40. Ibid., p. 240.
41. Ibid., p. 243.
42. Ibid., pp. 244–45.
43. Ibid., p. 239.
44. Ibid., pp. 243–44.
45. Ibid., p. 267.
46. Ames, Sketch of the Character of Alexander Hamilton, p. 12.
47. Lomask, Aaron Burr: The Years from Princeton to Vice President, p. 208.
48. NYHS-RTP, letter from Robert Troup to Rufus King, September 3, 1797.
49. CU-HPPP, box 272, letter from William Loughton Smith to Rufus King, December 14, 1797.
50. Mitchell, Alexander Hamilton: The National Adventure, p. 408.
51. PAH, vol. 21, p. 140.
52. Rosenfeld, American Aurora, p. 33.
53. Mitchell, Alexander Hamilton: The National Adventure, p. 713.
54. Rosenfeld, American Aurora, p. 33.
55. PAH, vol. 21, p. 139.
56. McCullough, John Adams, p. 480.
57. MHi-TPP, reel 51, pp. 164–65.
58. McCullough, John Adams, p. 493.
59. Adams, Correspondence Between the Hon. John Adams, and the Late Wm. Cunningham, p. 159.
60. Fleming, Duel, p. 360.
61. Lomask, Aaron Burr: The Years from Princeton to Vice President, pp. 208–9.
62. Adams, Correspondence Between the Hon. John Adams, and the Late Wm. Cunningham, p. 161.
63. PAH, vol. 21, p. 214, letter from George Washington, August 21, 1797.
64. Hamilton, Intimate Life of Alexander Hamilton, p. 59.
65. PAH, vol. 21, p. 259, “The Reynolds Pamphlet,” August 1797.
66. Ibid., p. 159, letter from Abraham B. Venable, July 10, 1797.
67. Ibid., p. 157, letter to James Monroe, July 10, 1797.
68. Ammon, James Monroe, p. 30.
69. Knott, Alexander Hamilton and the Persistence of Myth, p. 12.
70. Ammon, James Monroe, p. 106.
71. Ibid., p. 168.
72. PAH, vol. 21, p. 160, “David Gelston Account of a Meeting Between Alexander Hamilton and James Monroe,” July 11, 1797.
73. Ibid.
74. Ibid.
75. Ibid.
76. Ibid.
77. Aurora General Advertiser, July 17, 1797.
78. PAH, vol. 21, pp. 180–81, letter to James Monroe, July 21, 1797.
79. Ibid., p. 186, letter to James Monroe, July 25, 1797.
80. PAH, vol. 21, p. 201.
81. Ibid., p. 202.
82. Ibid., p. 211.
83. Ibid., p. 317.
84. Davis, Memoirs of Aaron Burr, vol. 2, p. 434.
85. PAH, vol. 21, p. 286, letter to George Washington, August 28, 1797.
86. Aurora General Advertiser, September 19, 1797.
87. PAH, vol. 21, p. 163, letter from John B. Church, July 13, 1797. The word scoundrels appears in brackets because Hamilton’s editors guessed at the difficult-to-decipher word.
88. Aurora General Advertiser, September 19, 1797.
89. PAH, vol. 21, p. 164, letter from John B. Church, July 13, 1797.
90. Ibid., p. 175, letter to Elizabeth Hamilton, July 19, 1797.
91. Ibid., p. 177, letter to Elizabeth Hamilton, July 21, 1797.
92. Mitchell, Alexander Hamilton: The National Adventure, pp. 417–18.
93. Ibid.
94. PAH, vol. 21, p. 295.
95. Ibid., vol. 21, p. 294, letter to Elizabeth Hamilton, September 12, 1797.
96. LC-AHP, reel 30, letter from Dr. David Hosack to Elizabeth Hamilton, January 1, 1833.
97. Ibid.
98. PAH, vol. 25, p. 436.
99. Ibid.
Thirty-one: An Instrument of Hell
1. PAH, vol. 20, p. 492, “The Warning No. I,” January 27, 1797.
2. Ibid., p. 509, “The Warning No. II,” February 7, 1797.
3. Ibid., p. 545, letter to Timothy Pickering, March 22, 1797.
4. Ibid., p. 568, letter to Oliver Wolcott, Jr., March 30, 1797.
5. Ibid., vol. 21, p. 99, letter to Oliver Wolcott, Jr., June 6, 1797.
6. Ibid., p. 21, letter to William Loughton Smith, April 5, 1797.
7. Elkins and McKitrick, Age of Federalism, p. 545.
8. PAH, vol. 21, p. 26, letter to Rufus King, April 8, 1797.
9. Elkins and McKitrick, Age of Federalism, p. 566.
10. Smith, John Marshall, p. 190.
11. McCullough, John Adams, p. 484.
12. Aurora General Advertiser, July 14, 1797.
13. Ellis, Founding Brothers, pp. 188–89.
14. PAH, vol. 21, p. 99, letter to Oliver Wolcott, Jr., June 6, 1797.
15. Ibid., vol. 20, p. 558, letter to Timothy Pickering, March 30, 1797.
16. Harcourt, Memoirs of Madame de la Tour du Pin, p. 248.
17. Hamilton, Intimate Life of Alexander Hamilton, p. 75.
18. Ibid., p. 195.
19. Smith, John Marshall, p. 198.
20. Ibid., p. 226.
21. PAH, vol. 21, p. 365, letter to Timothy Pickering, March 17, 1798.
22. Ibid.
23. Ferling, John Adams, p. 354.
24. PAH, vol. 21, p. 371, letter to Timothy Pickering, March 25, 1798.
25. The New Republic, July 2, 2001.
26. King, Life and Correspondence of Rufus King, vol. 2, p. 329.
27. Ellis, Founding Brothers, p. 196.
28. Elkins and McKitrick, Age of Federalism, p. 588.
29. Smith, John Marshall, p. 227.
30. Rakove, James Madison and the Creation of the American Republic, p. 149; Ketcham, James Madison, p. 392.
31. Rosenfeld, American Aurora, p. 67.
32. PAH, vol. 21, p. 432, “The Stand No. V,” The [New York] Commercial Advertiser, April 16, 1798.
33. Ibid., p. 442, “The Stand No. VII,” The [New York] Commercial Advertiser, April 21, 1798.
34. Ellis, Founding Brothers, p. 186.
35. PAH, vol. 21, p. 436, “The Stand No. VI,” The [New York] Commercial Advertiser, April 19, 1798.
36. Wood, American Revolution, p. 106.
37. Isaacson, Benjamin Franklin, p. 456.
38. Wills, James Madison, p. 62.
39. Ferling, John Adams, p. 355.
40. The Boston Patriot, May 29, 1809.
41. Lind, Hamilton’s Republic, p. 136.
42. PAH, vol. 21, p. 462, letter to James McHenry, May 17, 1798.
43. Hamilton, Life of Alexander Hamilton, vol. 7, p. 169.
44. PAH, vol. 21, p. 435, “The Stand No. VI,” The [New York] Commercial Advertiser, April 19, 1798.
45. King, Life and Correspondence of Rufus King, vol. 2, p. 330.
46. PAH, vol. 21, p. 482, letter to Elizabeth Hamilton, June 3, 1798.
47. Ibid., p. 496, letter to Elizabeth Hamilton, June 8, 1798.
48. Ibid., p. 434, letter from John Jay, April 19, 1798.
49. Ames, Sketch of the Character of Alexander Hamilton, p. 14.
50. NYHS-RTP, letter from Robert Troup to Rufus King, June 10, 1797.
51. Ferling, John Adams, p. 133.
52. PAH, vol. 21, p. 468, letter to George Washington, May 19, 1798.
53. Ibid., p. 470, letter from George Washington, May 27, 1798.
54. Ibid., p. 479, letter to George Washington, June 2, 1798.
55. Ibid., p. 486, letter to Oliver Wolcott, Jr., June 5, 1798.
56. Hamilton, Intimate Life of Alexander Hamilton, p. 323.
57. Ibid.
58. PAH, vol. 21, p. 535.
59. Ibid., p. 534, letter to George Washington, July 8, 1798.
60. Ibid.
61. Elkins and McKitrick, Age of Federalism, p. 602.
62. Malone, Jefferson and His Time, vol. 3, p. 426.
63. PAH, vol. 22, p. 83, letter to James McHenry, August 19, 1798.
64. Ibid., vol. 17, p. 312, letter from Henry Knox, October 8, 1794.
65. Rosenfeld, American Aurora, p. 198.
66. Ibid., p. 431.
67. Elkins and McKitrick, Age of Federalism, p. 603.
68. PAH, vol. 22, p. 10.
69. Elkins and McKitrick, Age of Federalism, p. 605.
70. Ibid.
71. Ferling, John Adams, p. 362.
72. Smith, Patriarch, p. 331.
73. CU-HPPP, box 273, letter from George Washington to John Adams, September 25, 1798.
74. Smith, Patriarch, p. 332.
75. PAH, vol. 22, p. 202.
76. CU-HPPP, box 273, letter from George Washington to Timothy Pickering, September 9, 1798.
77. CU-FFP, letter from Timothy Pickering to Nicholas Fish, December 5, 1823.
78. Ibid.
79. Ferling, John Adams, p. 361.
80. PAH, vol. 24, p. 524, letter to John Adams, May 24, 1800.
81. Ibid., p. 593, letter from John Adams, June 20, 1800.
82. King, Life and Correspondence of Rufus King, vol. 3, p. 263.
83. Ibid., vol. 2, p. 346.
84. Parton, Life and Times of Aaron Burr, p. 237.
85. PAH, vol. 21, p. 521, letter to Oliver Wolcott, Jr., June 28, 1798.
86. Lomask, Aaron Burr: The Years from Princeton to Vice President, p. 216.
87. Parton, Life and Times of Aaron Burr, p. 235.
88. Ibid.
89. PAH, vol. 24, p. 136, “Battle Plans,” December 1799–March 1800.
90. Ibid., vol. 22, p. 478, letter to James Wilkinson, February 12, 1799.
91. Ibid., p. 368, letter to James McHenry, December 16, 1798.
92. Ibid., vol. 24, p. 229, letter to Elizabeth Hamilton, February 10, 1800.
93. Ibid., vol. 22, p. 161, letter to John Adams, August 24, 1798.
94. Ibid., vol. 24, p. 127, letter to James McHenry, December 1799.
95. Ibid., vol. 23, p. 493, letter to James McHenry, October 3, 1799.
96. Ibid., vol. 24, p. 143, “Elements of the Tactics of the Infantry,” 1799.
97. Ibid., vol. 22, p. 252, letter to John Jay, November 19, 1798.
98. Ibid., p. 29, letter to Louis le Bègue du Portail, July 23, 1798.
99. Ibid., vol. 24, p. 70, letter to James McHenry, November 23, 1799.
100. Ibid., vol. 23, p. 433, letter to James McHenry, September 17, 1799.
101. Ibid., vol. 22, p. 65, letter from Oliver Wolcott, Jr., August 9, 1798.
102. Ibid., p. 62, letter from George Washington, August 9, 1798.
103. Ibid., p. 38, letter to George Washington, July 29[–August 1], 1798.
104. Smith, Patriarch, p. 340.
105. PAH, vol. 21, p. 345, letter to James McHenry, January 27–February 11, 1798.
106. Robertson, Life of Miranda, vol. 1, p. 177.
107. PAH, vol. 22, p. 155, letter to Francisco de Miranda, August 22, 1798.
108. Ibid.
109. Ibid., p. 154, letter to Rufus King, August 22, 1798.
110. Ibid., p. 345, letter from George Washington to James McHenry, December 13, 1798.
111. Ibid., p. 441, letter to Harrison Gray Otis, January 26, 1799.
112. Emery, Alexander Hamilton, p. 180.
113. Elkins and McKitrick, Age of Federalism, p. 671.]
114. Morison, Harrison Gray Otis, p. 158.
115. Lomask, Aaron Burr: The Conspiracy and Years of Exile, p. 180.
116. PAH, vol. 23, p. 383, letter from James Wilkinson, September 6, 1799.
Thirty-two: Reign of Witches
1. PAH, vol. 21, p. 506, Gazette of the United States, June 13, 1798.
2. Malone, Jefferson and His Time, vol. 3, p. 360.
3. Smith, John Marshall, p. 239.
4. Rosenfeld, American Aurora, p. 43.
5. Bailyn, To Begin the World Anew, p. 156.
6. Rosenfeld, American Aurora, p. 235.
7. Ferling, John Adams, p. 366.
8. Ellis, Founding Brothers, p. 191.
9. Ibid.
10. Rosenfeld, American Aurora, p. 132.
11. PAH, vol. 21, p. 468, The Time Piece, May 21, 1798.
12. Ibid., May 22, 1798.
13. The Boston Patriot, May 29, 1809.
14. The Review of Politics, July 1954.
15. PAH, vol. 21, p. 522, letter to Oliver Wolcott, Jr., June 29, 1798.
16. Ibid., vol. 23, p. 604, letter to Jonathan Dayton, October–November, 1799.
17. Speeches at Full Length of Mr. Van Ness, p. 76.
18. Rosenfeld, American Aurora, pp. 128, 136.
19. Ibid., p. 136.
20. Jefferson, Anas of Thomas Jefferson, p. 38.
21. Ibid., p. 381.
22. Ibid., vol. 4, p. 155.
23. Wills, James Madison, p. 49.
24. Rakove, James Madison and the Creation of the American Republic, p. 151.
25. Wills, James Madison, p. 49.
26. Ketcham, James Madison, p. 397.
27. Knott, Alexander Hamilton and the Persistence of Myth, p. 48.
28. Brookhiser, Alexander Hamilton, p. 142.
29. PAH, vol. 22, p. 452, letter to Theodore Sedgwick, February 2, 1799.
30. Ibid.
31. Ibid., p. 465, letter to Rufus King, February 6, 1799.
32. The New York Times, July 3, 2001.
33. Brodie, Thomas Jefferson, p. 321.
34. The Review of Politics, July 1954.
35. Rosenfeld, American Aurora, p. 689.
36. The Argus, or Greenleaf’s New Daily Advertiser, November 6, 1799.
37. PAH, vol. 24, p. 5, letter to Josiah Ogden Hoffman, November 6, 1799.
38. Greenleaf’s New York Journal and Patriotic Register, December 11, 1799.
39. Aurora, November 25, 1799.
40. Rosenfeld, American Aurora, p. 716.
41. Greenleaf’s New York Journal and Patriotic Register, November 20, 1799.
42. Rosenfeld, American Aurora, p. 547.
43. PAH, vol. 22, p. 394, letter to Harrison Gray Otis, December 27, 1798.
44. Ibid., p. 415, letter from William Heth, January 14, 1799.
45. Ibid., p. 453, letter to Theodore Sedgwick, February 2, 1799.
46. Malone, Jefferson and His Time, vol. 3, p. 440.
47. PAH, vol. 22, p. 532.
48. Ibid., vol. 23, p. 7, letter to George Washington, April 3, 1799.
49. Ibid., p. 1, letter from Oliver Wolcott, Jr., April 1, 1799.
50. Brookhiser, America’s First Dynasty, p. 197.
51. The Boston Patriot, May 29, 1809.
52. Ellis, Founding Brothers, pp. 206–7.
Thirty-three: Works Godly and Ungodly
1. NYHS-NYCMS, reel 2, “Minutes of the Standing Committee,” March 7 [?], 1799.
2. LC-AHP, reel 30, Alexander Hamilton, Jr., memo about Elizabeth Hamilton.
3. Hamilton, Reminiscences of James A. Hamilton, p. 65.
4. Pettit, “Women, Sunday Schools, and Politics,” p. 37.
5. Bethune, Memoirs of Mrs. Joanna Bethune, p. 112.
6. Rosenfeld, American Aurora, p. 725.
7. PAH, vol. 22, p. 313, letter to Elizabeth Hamilton, November 1798.
8. Ibid., p. 251, letter to Elizabeth Hamilton, November 19, 1798.
9. Ibid., p. 236, letter to Elizabeth Hamilton, November 11, 1798.
10. PAH, vol. 24, p. 211, letter to Angelica Church, January 22, 1800.
11. King, Life and Correspondence of Rufus King, vol. 3, p. 34.
12. PAH, vol. 22, p. 232, letter to Elizabeth Hamilton, November 10, 1798.
13. Ibid., vol. 24, p. 212, letter to Angelica Church, January 22, 1800.
14. Ibid., vol. 22, p. 450, letter from Philip Schuyler, January 31, 1799.
15. Hamilton, Intimate Life of Alexander Hamilton, p. 349.
16. PAH, vol. 22, p. 450.
17. Ibid., p. 451.
18. Pettit, “Women, Sunday Schools, and Politics,” p. 44.
19. King, Life and Correspondence of Rufus King, vol. 2, p. 429.
20. Political Science Quarterly, December 1957.
21. PAH, vol. 21, p. 481, letter to Oliver Wolcott, Jr., June 2, 1798.
22. Lomask, Aaron Burr: The Years from Princeton to Vice President, p. 226.
23. PAH, vol. 22, p. 447.
24. Ibid., vol. 25, p. 321, letter to James A. Bayard, January 16, 1801.
25. Burr, Political Correspondence and Public Papers of Aaron Burr, vol. 1, p. 402.
26. Ibid., p. 399.
27. Ibid., p. 403.
28. The New-York Gazette and General Advertiser, September 14, 1799.
29. Burr, Political Correspondence and Public Papers of Aaron Burr, vol. 2, p. 410.
30. PAH, vol. 21, p. 481, letter to Oliver Wolcott, Jr., June 2, 1798.
31. Biddle, Autobiography of Charles Biddle, p. 303.
32. Davis, Memoirs of Aaron Burr, vol. 1, p. 417.
33. Burr, Political Correspondence and Public Papers of Aaron Burr, vol. 2, p. 410.
Thirty-four: In an Evil Hour
1. Brookhiser, America’s First Dynasty, p. 49.
2. The Boston Patriot, May 29, 1809.
3. PAH, vol. 22, p. 405.
4. Ibid., p. 472, letter from James McHenry, February 8, 1799.
5. Ibid., p. 482, letter to George Washington, February 15, 1799.
6. Ibid., p. 471, letter from Theodore Sedgwick, February 7, 1799.
7. McCullough, John Adams, p. 523.
8. Ferling, John Adams, p. 370.
9. PAH, vol. 22, p. 500, letter from Timothy Pickering, February 25, 1799.
10. Ferling, John Adams, p. 390.
11. MHi-TPP, reel 15, p. 267, letter from Timothy Pickering to Richard Stockton, December 31, 1821.
12. PAH, vol. 22, p. 494, letter from Theodore Sedgwick, February 22, 1799.
13. Ibid., p. 493, letter to Theodore Sedgwick, February 21, 1799.
14. Ibid., vol. 25, p. 207, Letter from Alexander Hamilton, October 24, 1800.
15. Ibid., vol. 22, p. 493, letter to Theodore Sedgwick, February 21, 1799.
16. Malone, Jefferson and His Time, vol. 3, p. 437.
17. PAH, vol. 22, p. 507, letter from George Washington, February 25, 1799.
18. Ibid., p. 586, letter from George Washington, March 25, 1799.
19. Ibid., vol. 23, p. 122, letter to James McHenry, May 18, 1799.
20. Ibid., pp. 186–87, letter to James McHenry, June 14, 1799.
21. Ibid., p. 223, letter from James McHenry, June 26, 1799.
22. Ibid., p. 227, letter to James McHenry, June 27, 1799.
23. Ibid.
24. Ibid., p. 313, letter to James McHenry, August
13, 1799.
25. Ibid.
26. Ferling, John Adams, p. 381.
27. Ibid., p. 384.
28. Brodie, Thomas Jefferson, p. 334.
29. Ferling, John Adams, p. 386.
30. Elkins and McKitrick, Age of Federalism, p. 640.
31. Mitchell, Alexander Hamilton: The National Adventure, p. 482.
32. PAH, vol. 25, p. 22, Letter from Alexander Hamilton, October 24, 1800.
33. Ibid., vol. 23, p. 546.
34. McCullough, John Adams, p. 531.
35. PAH, vol. 23, p. 547.
36. Ibid.
37. Ibid., p. 545, letter to George Washington, October 21, 1799.
38. Ibid., p. 574, letter from George Washington, October 27, 1799.
39. Elkins and McKitrick, Age of Federalism, p. 730.
40. PAH, vol. 23, p. 100.
41. Ibid., vol. 23, p. 602, letter to Jonathan Dayton, October–November 1799.
42. Ibid., p. 604.
43. Ibid.
44. Ibid., vol. 24, p. 99, letter from George Washington, December 12, 1799.
45. Ibid., p. 116, letter to Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, December 22, 1799.
46. Ibid., p. 155, letter to Tobias Lear, January 2, 1800.
47. Ibid., p. 184, letter to Martha Washington, January 12, 1800.
48. McCullough, John Adams, p. 533.
49. Ellis, Passionate Sage, p. 67.
50. PAH, vol. 24, p. 168, letter to Rufus King, January 5, 1800.
51. Baxter, Godchild of Washington, p. 226.
52. The New York Review of Books, April 25, 2002.
53. PAH, vol. 24, p. 267, letter to George Izard, February 27, 1800.
54. Rosenfeld, American Aurora, p. 791.
55. McCullough, John Adams, p. 540.
56. Elkins and McKitrick, Age of Federalism, p. 719.
57. Adams, New Letters of Abigail Adams, p. 252.
Thirty-five: Gusts of Passion
1. LPAH, vol. 1, p. 721.
2. Ibid., pp. 693–94.
3. Lomask, Aaron Burr: The Years from Princeton to Vice President, p. 90; LPAH, vol. 1, p. 706.
4. LPAH, vol. 1, p. 694.
5. Lomask, Aaron Burr: The Years from Princeton to Vice President, p. 91.
6. LPAH, vol. 1, p. 747.
7. Lodge, Alexander Hamilton, p. 239.
8. Parton, Life and Times of Aaron Burr, p. 148.
9. LPAH, vol. 1, p. 761.
10. Lomask, Aaron Burr: The Years from Princeton to Vice President, p. 93; LPAH, vol. 1, p. 704.
11. LPAH, vol. 1, p. 774.
12. Hamilton, Intimate Life of Alexander Hamilton, p. 186.
13. Rosenfeld, American Aurora, p. 751.
14. King, Life and Correspondence of Rufus King, vol. 3, p. 208.
15. Lomask, Aaron Burr: The Years from Princeton to Vice President, p. 240.
16. Freeman, Affairs of Honor, p. 209.
17. Lomask, Aaron Burr: The Years from Princeton to Vice President, p. 239.
18. The New York Times Book Review, February 13, 2000.
19. Freeman, Affairs of Honor, p. 232.
20. Ibid.
21. Lomask, Aaron Burr: The Years from Princeton to Vice President, p. 244.
22. Ammon, James Monroe, p. 185.
23. Lomask, Aaron Burr: The Years from Princeton to Vice President, p. 246.
24. Ibid.
25. Knott, Alexander Hamilton and the Persistence of Myth, p. 89.
26. Rosenfeld, American Aurora, p. 785.
27. Ibid.
28. PAH, vol. 24, p. 465, letter to John Jay, May 7, 1800.
29. Ibid.
30. Ibid.
31. Lodge, Alexander Hamilton, p. 224.
32. PAH, vol. 24, p. 467.
33. Ellis, American Sphinx, p. 212.
34. Jefferson, Anas of Thomas Jefferson, p. 227.
35. Ibid., pp. 227–28.
36. Parton, Life and Times of Aaron Burr, p. 255.
37. Ferling, John Adams, p. 310.
38. PAH, vol. 25, p. 5.
39. Ibid.
40. Ellis, Passionate Sage, p. 37.
41. Ibid.
42. PAH, vol. 25, p. 71, letter from James A. Bayard, August 18, 1800.
43. Ellis, American Sphinx, p. 222.
44. Rosenfeld, American Aurora, p. 804; Aurora. General Advertiser, June 3, 1800.
45. PAH, vol. 24, p. 452, letter to Theodore Sedgwick, May 4, 1800.
46. Freeman, Affairs of Honor, p. 105.
47. PAH, vol. 24, p. 555, letter from James McHenry, June 2, 1800.
48. Ibid, p. 557.
49. McCullough, John Adams, p. 538.
50. Steiner, Life and Correspondence of James McHenry, p. 454; PAH, vol. 24, p. 508, letter from James McHenry, May 20, 1800.
51. PAH, vol. 25, p. 222, Letter from Alexander Hamilton, October 24, 1800.
52. Steiner, Life and Correspondence of James McHenry, p. 569.
53. PAH, vol. 20, p. 374, letter to George Washington, November 5, 1796.
54. Adams, Correspondence Between the Hon. John Adams and the Late Wm. Cunningham, p. 50.
55. Ibid., p. 39.
56. Ibid.
57. MHi-TPP, reel 55, p. 208.
58. King, Life and Correspondence of Rufus King, vol. 3, p. 262.
59. MHi-TPP, reel 55, p. 47.
60. Ibid., reel 15, p. 267, letter from Timothy Pickering to Richard Stockton, December 31, 1821.
61. PAH, vol. 24, p. 485.
62. Ibid., p. 573, letter to James McHenry, June 6, 1800.
63. Elkins and McKitrick, Age of Federalism, p. 740.
64. The [Boston] Independent Chronicle and Universal Advertiser, July 28–31, 1800.
65. PAH, vol. 25, p. 88, letter to William Jackson, August 26, 1800.
66. Ibid., p. 89.
67. Ibid., p. 111, letter from James McHenry, September 4, 1800.
68. J. Russell’s Gazette Commercial and Political, June 23, 1800.
69. Ibid.
70. PAH, vol. 24, p. 584.
71. Ibid., p. 580.
72. Ibid., p. 576.
73. Ellis, Passionate Sage, p. 33.
74. McCullough, John Adams, p. 545.
75. PAH, vol. 24, p. 574.
76. Ibid., p. 575.
77. Ibid., p. 4, letter to Oliver Wolcott, Jr., July 1, 1800.
78. Ibid., p. 596, “Conversation with Arthur Fenner,” June 25–26, 1800.
79. Ibid.
80. Ibid., vol. 25, p. 30, letter from John Rutledge, Jr., July 17, 1800.
Thirty-six: In a Very Belligerent Humor
1. Sparks, Life of Gouverneur Morris, pp. 260–61.
2. NYHS-NPP, n.d.
3. Rogow, Fatal Friendship, p. 275.
4. PAH, vol. 24, p. 487, letter to Timothy Pickering, May 14, 1800.
5. Ibid., p. 491, letter from Timothy Pickering, May 15, 1800.
6. Ibid., p. 573, letter to James McHenry, June 6, 1800.
7. CU-HPPP, box 276, letter from Oliver Wolcott, Jr., to Fisher Ames, August 10, 1800.
8. PAH, vol. 25, p. 15, letter from Oliver Wolcott, Jr., July 7, 1800.
9. Ferling, John Adams, p. 397.
10. PAH, vol. 25, p. 15, letter from Oliver Wolcott, Jr., July 7, 1800.
11. Adams, Correspondence Between the Hon. John Adams, and the Late Wm. Cunningham, p. 40.
12. Freeman, Affairs of Honor, p. 137.
13. Aurora. General Advertiser, July 12, 1800.
14. PAH, vol. 25, p. 54, letter to Oliver Wolcott, Jr., August 3, 1800.
15. Ibid., p. 51, letter to John Adams, August 1, 1800.
16. Ibid., p. 125, letter to John Adams, October 1, 1800.
17. Ibid., p. 74, letter from George Cabot, August 21, 1800.
18. CU-HPPP, box 276, letter from John Beckley to Ephraim King, October 25, 1800.
19. Ibid., letter from William S. Shaw to William Smith, November 8, 1800.
20. Elkins and McKitrick, Age of Federalism, p. 739.
21. Parton, Life and Times of Aaron Burr, p. 257.
22. Fleming, Duel, p. 78.
23. Lodge, Alexander Hamilton, p. 229.
24. PAH, vol. 25, p. 186, Letter from Alexander Hamilton, October 24, 1800.
25. Ibid., p. 190.
26. Ibid., p. 202.
27. Ibid., p. 223.
28. Ibid., p. 228.
29. Ibid., p. 233.
30. Ellis, Passionate Sage, p. 24.
31. PAH, vol. 25, p. 238, letter from Benjamin Goodhue, November 15, 1800.
32. Ibid., p. 242, quoted in letter from James McHenry, November 19, 1800.
33. LC-WPP, reel 2, letter from William Plumer to Jeremiah Smith, December 10, 1800.
34. King, Life and Correspondence of Rufus King, vol. 3, p. 331.
35. Ibid.
36. CU-HPPP, box 276, letter from George Cabot to Oliver Wolcott, Jr., November 28, 1800.
37. King, Life and Correspondence of Rufus King, vol. 3, p. 350.
38. PAH, vol. 25, p. 137, letter to Timothy Pickering, November 13, 1800.
39. Ibid., p. 182.
40. “Hamilton’s Quarrel with Washington, 1781,” The William and Mary Quarterly, April 1955.
41. Adams, New Letters of Abigail Adams, p. 255.
42. Freeman, Affairs of Honor, p. 108.
43. The Boston Patriot, May 29, 1809.
44. McCullough, John Adams, p. 556.
45. Parton, Life and Times of Aaron Burr, p. 258.
46. Ferling, John Adams, p. 404.
47. Freeman, Affairs of Honor, p. 119.
48. Adams, Correspondence Between the Hon. John Adams, and the Late Wm. Cunningham, p. 28.
49. Emery, Alexander Hamilton, p. 186.
50. Freeman, Affairs of Honor, pp. 90–91.
51. Knott, Alexander Hamilton and the Persistence of Myth, p. 16.
52. CU-HPPP, box 276, letter from Harrison Gray Otis to John Rutledge, Jr., August 25, 1800.
53. Brookhiser, America’s First Dynasty, p. 67.
54. Brodie, Thomas Jefferson, p. 338.
55. Ibid., p. 101.
Thirty-seven: Deadlock
1. PAH, vol. 25, p. 307.
2. Mitchell, Alexander Hamilton: The National Adventure, p. 462.
3. Ferling, John Adams, p. 449; Ellis, Passionate Sage, p. 76.
4. Ellis, Passionate Sage, p. 78.
5. LC-WPP, reel 1, diary entry of March 15, 1806.
6. CU-HPPP, box 276, letter from Aaron Burr to Samuel Smith, December 16, 1800.
7. PAH, vol. 25, p. 257, letter to Oliver Wolcott, Jr., December 16, 1800.
8. Ibid.
9. Ibid., p. 323, letter to James A. Bayard, January 16, 1801.
10. McCullough, John Adams, p. 558.
11. Bergh, Writings of Thomas Jefferson, vol. 11, p. 191.
12. CU-HPPP, box 276, letter from Aaron Burr to John Taylor, October 23, 1800.
13. Ibid., letter from Fisher Ames to Theodore Sedgwick, December 31, 1800.
14. PAH, vol. 25, p. 286, letter to Oliver Wolcott, Jr., December 1800.
15. Ibid., p. 270, letter to Theodore Sedgwick, December 22, 1800.
16. Ibid., p. 272, letter to Gouverneur Morris, December 24, 1800.
17. The William and Mary Quarterly, April 1947.
18. PAH, vol. 25, p. 292, letter to James McHenry, January 4, 1801.
19. Fleming, Duel, p. 92.
20. PAH, vol. 25, p. 319, letter to James A. Bayard, January 16, 1801.
21. Ellis, Founding Brothers, p. 202.
22. PAH, vol. 25, p. 320, letter to James A. Bayard, January 16, 1801.
23. Lomask, Aaron Burr: The Years from Princeton to Vice President, p. 288.
24. Malone, Jefferson and His Time, vol. 3, p. 495.
25. PAH, vol. 25, p. 608, letter to James A. Bayard, April [16–21], 1802.
26. Washington Federalist, February 12, 1801.
27. Brodie, Thomas Jefferson, p. 335.
28. King, Life and Correspondence of Rufus King, vol. 3, p. 391.
29. PAH, vol. 25, p. 272, letter to Gouverneur Morris, December 24, 1800.
30. Freeman, Affairs of Honor, p. 248.
31. Rufus King, Life and Correspondence of Rufus King, vol. 4, p. 160.
32. Malone, Jefferson and His Time, vol. 4, p. 11.
33. Brookhiser, America’s First Dynasty, p. 70.
34. PAH, vol. 25, p. 321, letter to James A. Bayard, January 16, 1801.
35. Lomask, Aaron Burr: The Years from Princeton to Vice President, p. 291.
36. MHi-TPP, reel 47, p. 57.
37. The New York Times, August 11, 2000.
38. Lomask, Aaron Burr: The Years from Princeton to Vice President, p. 297.
39. Brookhiser, Gentleman Revolutionary, p. 167.
40. PAH, vol. 25, p. 365, “An Address to the Electors of the State of New York,” March 21, 1801.
Thirty-eight: A World Full of Folly
1. PAH, vol. 24, p. 220, letter to Elizabeth Hamilton, January 26, 1800.
2. Ibid., vol. 22, p. 251, letter to Elizabeth Hamilton, November 19, 1798.
3. Ibid., vol. 26, p. 69, letter to Richard Peters, December 29, 1802.
4. Ibid., vol. 25, p. 481, letter to Elizabeth Hamilton, possibly February 19, 1801.
5. Ibid., vol. 24, p. 588, letter to Elizabeth Hamilton, June 8, 1800.
6. The New York Times, March 26, 1965.
7. PAH, vol. 26, p. 69, letter to Richard Peters, December 29, 1802.
8. Ibid., pp. 182–83, “Plan for a Garden,” 1803.
9. Ibid., vol. 25, p. 388, letter to William Beekman, June 15, 1801.
10. NYHS-NPP, letter from Elizabeth Hamilton to Nathaniel Pendleton, September 29, 1804.
11. PAH, vol. 26, p. 95, letter to Elizabeth Hamilton, March 20, 1803.
12. King, Life and Correspondence of Rufus King, vol. 3, p. 459.
13. PAH, vol. 25, p. 339, letter to Elizabeth Hamilton, February 20, 1801.
14. Ibid., p. 348, letter to Elizabeth Hamilton, March 16, 1801.
15. Ibid., p. 354, “An Address to the Electors of the State of New York,” March 21, 1801.
16. McDonald, Alexander Hamilton, p. 353.
17. [Newark] Centinel of Freedom, April 28, 1801.
18. PAH, vol. 25, p. 376.
19. King, Life and Correspondence of Rufus King, vol. 3, p. 459.
20. Ellis, American Sphinx, p. 201.
21. Malone, Jefferson and His Time, vol. 3, p. 486.
22. Hamilton, Reminiscences of James A. Hamilton, p. 23.
23. Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, July 1937.
24. Knott, Alexander Hamilton and the Persistence of Myth, p. 244.
25. CU-HPPP, box 276, letter from Thomas Jefferson to Joseph Vanmetre, September 4, 1800.
26. Smith, John Marshall, p. 303.
27. Ibid.
28. Ibid., p. 11.
29. Ibid.
30. Brookhiser, Alexander Hamilton, p. 10.
31. Knott, Alexander Hamilton and the Persistence of Myth, p. 17.
32. Lomask, Aaron Burr: The Conspiracy and Years of Exile, p. 126.
33. PAH, vol. 25, pp. 550–51, “The Examination,” no. 14, New-York Evening Post, March 2, 1802.
34. Ibid., p. 549.
35. Ibid., pp. 529–30, “The Examination,” no. 12, New-York Evening Post, February 23, 1802.
36. Ibid., p. 450.
37. MHi-TPP, reel 44, letter from William Coleman to Octavius Pickering, February 15, 1829.
38. Ibid., reel 15, letter from Timothy Pickering to Nicholas Fish, July 30, 1822.
39. CU-HPPP, box 277, letter from William Coleman to Thomas Jefferson, 1801.
40. Nevins, Evening Post, p. 17.
41. Columbia University Quarterly, March 1938.
42. New-York Evening Post, November 25, 1801.
43. Mitchell, Alexander Hamilton: The National Adventure, p. 495.
44. Nevins, Evening Post, p. 20.
45. Hamilton, Intimate Life of Alexander Hamilton, p. 72.
46. Ibid., p. 212.
47. Ibid., p. 103.
48. McDonald, Alexander Hamilton, p. 356.
49. King, Life and Correspondence of Rufus King, vol. 4, p. 28.
50. Hamilton, Intimate Life of Alexander Hamilton, p. 217.
51. Fleming, Duel, p. 7.
52. PAH, vol. 25, p. 428, letter to Elizabeth Hamilton, October 21, 1801.
53. Mitchell, Alexander Hamilton: The National Adventure, p. 496.
54. American Citizen, November 26, 1802.
55. New-York Evening Post, November 24, 1801.
56. PAH, vol. 25, p. 436.
57. The Historical Magazine, October 1867.
58. Ibid.
59. PAH, vol. 25, p. 437.
60. LC-AHP, reel 30, letter from Dr. David Hosack to John C. Hamilton, January 1, 1833.
61. King, Life and Correspondence of Rufus King, vol. 4, p. 28.
62. The Historical Magazine, October 1867.
63. Hamilton, Intimate Life of Alexander Hamilton, p. 213.
64. Ibid., p. 218.
65. New-York Evening Post, November 24, 1801.
66. Ibid.
67. PAH, vol. 26, p. 71, letter to Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, December 29, 1802.
68. Kent, Memoirs and Letters of James Kent, p. 143.
69. Menz, Historic Furnishing Report, p. 20.
70. CU-HFP, box 3, letter from Elizabeth H. Holly to Catharine Cochran, December 16, ca. 1856.
71. King, Life and Correspondence of Rufus King, vol. 4, p. 28.
72. PAH, vol. 25, p. 584, letter to Benjamin Rush, March 29, 1802.
73. McDonald, Alexander Hamilton, p. 356.
Thirty-nine: Pamphlet Wars
1. King, Life and Correspondence of Rufus King, vol. 4, p. 103.
2. PAH, vol. 25, p. 544, letter to Gouverneur Morris, February 27, 1802.
3. Ibid., p. 496, “The Examination,” no. 8, New-York Evening Post, January 12, 1802.
4. Ibid., p. 494, “The Examination,” no. 7, New-York Evening Post, January 7, 1702.
5. Ibid., p. 576, “The Examination,” no. 17, New-York Evening Post, March 20, 1802.
6. Ibid., p. 605, letter to James A. Bayard, April [16–21], 1802.
7. PAH, vol. 2, p. 168, letter to John Laurens, September 11, 1779.
8. Ibid., vol. 17, p. 585, “The Cause of France,” 1794, unpublished fragment.
9. “Phocion No. X,” Gazette of the United States, October 27, 1796.
10. Ibid.
11. PAH, vol. 25, p. 583, letter to John Dickinson, March 29, 1802.
12. Ibid., vol. 26, p. 219, letter to an unknown recipient, April 13, 1804.
13. CU-JCHP, box 20.
14. Ibid.
15. Ibid.
16. Davis, Memoirs of Aaron Burr, vol. 2, p. 185.
17. Fleming, Duel, p. 79.
18. Lomask, Aaron Burr: The Years from Princeton to Vice President, p. 307.
19. Ibid., p. 313.
20. PAH, vol. 25, p. 587, letter to James A. Bayard, April 6, 1802.
21. Ibid., p. 559, letter to Gouverneur Morris, March 4, 1802.
22. Fleming, Duel, p. 83.
23. Mitchell, Alexander Hamilton: The National Adventure, p. 525.
24. Latrobe, Correspondence and Miscellaneous Papers of Benjamin Henry Latrobe, vol. 2, p. 331.
25. American Citizen, April 22, 1803.
26. PAH, vol. 26, p. 114.
27. Davis, Memoirs of Aaron Burr, vol. 2, p. 316.
28. King, Life and Correspondence of Rufus King, vol. 4, p. 121.
29. Cheetham, Narrative of the Suppression by Col. Burr, p. 52.
30. Ibid., p. 54.
31. Ibid., p. 18.
32. Freeman, Affairs of Honor, p. 167.
33. Lomask, Aaron Burr: The Years from Princeton to Vice President, p. 319.
34. Hamilton, Intimate Life of Alexander Hamilton, p. 72.
35. Schachner, Alexander Hamilton, p. 1.
36. PAH, vol. 26, p. 37.
37. McCullough, John Adams, p. 578; Brodie, Thomas Jefferson, p. 349.
38. Malone, Jefferson and His Time, vol. 4, p. 212.
39. Brodie, Thomas Jefferson, p. 352.
40. Ibid., p. 360.
41. Malone, Jefferson and His Time, vol. 4, p. 231; Brodie, Thomas Jefferson, p. 353.
42. Brodie, Thomas Jefferson, p. 352.
43. Brookhiser, America’s First Dynasty, p. 55.
44. Ellis, Passionate Sage, p. 115.
45. Brodie, Thomas Jefferson, p. 353.
46. PAH, vol. 26, p. 36, letter from Philip Schuyler, August 19, 1802.
47. The William and Mary Quarterly, 1955.
48. Brodie, Thomas Jefferson, p. 356.
49. Ibid., p. 350.
50. Ibid., p. 356.
Forty: The Price of Truth
1. King, Life and Correspondence of Rufus King, vol. 4, p. 326.
2. Hamilton, Federalist, p. cxi.
3. Kent, Memoirs and Letters of James Kent, p. 143.
4. Ibid., p. 317.
5. Ibid., p. 328.
6. Ibid., p. 143.
7. Ibid., p. 33.
8. PAH, vol. 26, p. 93, letter to Elizabeth Hamilton, March 13, 1803.
9. Ibid., pp. 94–95, letter to Elizabeth Hamilton, March [16–17], 1803.
10. King, Life and Correspondence of Rufus King, vol. 4, p. 135.
11. The New York Times, July 3, 2001.
12. Knott, Alexander Hamilton and the Persistence of Myth, p. 21; Bailyn, To Begin the World Anew, p. 53.
13. LPAH, vol. 1, p. 776.
14. Fleming, Duel, p. 167.
15. Malone, Jefferson and His Time, vol. 4, p. 232.
16. LPAH, vol. 1, p. 784.
17. Hamilton, Intimate Life of Alexander Hamilton, p. 178.
18. Speeches at Full Length of Mr. Van Ness, p. 62.
19. Ibid., p. 64.
20. Ibid., p. 65.
21. Ibid.
22. Ibid., p. 69.
23. Ibid., p. 70.
24. Ibid., p. 76.
25. Ibid., p. 72.
26. Ibid., p. 77.
27. Fleming, Duel, p. 175.
28. MHi-TPP, reel 16, p. 340, letter from Thomas Pickering to William Coleman, September 11, 1827.
29. LC-AHP, reel 30, letter from James Kent to Elizabeth Hamilton, December 20, 1832.
30. The New Criterion, May 1999.
31. Malone, Jefferson and His Time, vol. 4, p. 331.
32. New-York Evening Post, February 8, 1803.
33. Ibid., July 5, 1803.
34. Jefferson, Anas of Thomas Jefferson, p. 224.
35. Ibid.
36. Jefferson, Works of Thomas Jefferson, p. 378.
37. Lomask, Aaron Burr: The Years from Princeton to Vice President, p. 341.
38. Biddle, Autobiography of Charles Biddle, p. 302.
39. Fleming, Duel, p. 209.
40. American Citizen, January 6, 1804.
41. Ibid., January 14, 1804.
42. PAH, vol. 26, p. 187, “Speech at a Meeting of Federalists in Albany,” February 10, 1804.
43. Davis, Memoirs of Aaron Burr, vol. 2, p. 277.
44. American Citizen, March 1, 1804.
45. PAH, vol. 26, p. 193, letter to Robert G. Harper, February 19, 1804.
46. Davis, Memoirs of Aaron Burr, vol. 2, p. 293.
47. Strong, Letters of George W. Strong, p. 218.
48. PAH, vol. 26, p. 200, letter to George Clinton, February 27, 1804.
49. Ibid., p. 210, letter from George Clinton, March 6, 1804.
50. Fleming, Duel, p. 228.
51. Lomask, Aaron Burr: The Years from Princeton to Vice President, p. 343.
52. Parton, Life and Times of Aaron Burr, p. 364.
53. NYPL-KVB, p. v.4.
54. Ibid.
55. Ibid.
56. Ibid.
57. Ibid.
58. Davis, Memoirs of Aaron Burr, vol. 2, p. 281.
59. Ibid.
60. Ibid.
61. Steiner, Life and Correspondence of James McHenry, p. 530.
62. PAH, vol. 26, p. 225, letter to Philip Jeremiah Schuyler, April 20, 1804.
63. Fleming, Duel, p. 235.
64. Ellis, Founding Brothers, pp. 46–47.
65. Biddle, Autobiography of Charles Biddle, p. 309.
66. Parton, Life and Times of Aaron Burr, p. 335.
67. Burr, Political Correspondence and Public Papers of Aaron Burr, vol. 2, p. 839.
68. Davis, Memoirs of Aaron Burr, vol. 2, p. 285.
69. LC-AHP, reel 30, letter from Adam Hoops to James A. Hamilton, March 30, 1829.
70. Ibid.
71. Ibid.
72. Morris, Diary and Letters of Gouverneur Morris, p. 454.
73. Malone, Jefferson and His Time, vol. 4, p. 403.
74. LC-AHP, reel 30, letter from Major James Fairlie to John Church Hamilton, March 21, 1829.
75. Malone, Jefferson and His Time, vol. 4, p. 430.
76. PAH, vol. 26, p. 310.
Forty-one: A Despicable Opinion
1. CU-DWCP, reel 1, letter from John Tayler to De Witt Clinton, April 8, 1804.
2. American Citizen, July 23, 1804.
3. Fleming, Duel, p. 232.
4. NYPL-KVB, p. v.4, letter from Charles D. Cooper to Philip Schuyler, April 23, 1804, quoted in an anonymous handbill.
5. Ibid.
6. New-York Evening Post, October 13, 1802.
7. PAH, vol. 26, p. 240.
8. Freeman, Affairs of Honor, p. 188.
9. Biddle, Autobiography of Charles Biddle, p. 305.
10. Lomask, Aaron Burr: The Years from Princeton to Vice President, p. 326.
11. Fleming, Duel, p. 283.
12. PAH, vol. 26, p. 237.
13. Van Doren, Benjamin Franklin, p. 711.
14. Sullivan, Public Men of the Revolution, p. 266.
15. PAH, vol. 24, p. 5, letter to Josiah Ogden Hoffman, November 6, 1799.
16. Biddle, Autobiography of Charles Biddle, p. 302.
17. Ogden, Four Letters on the Death of Alexander Hamilton, p. 9.
18. Speeches at Full Length of Mr. Van Ness, p. 67.
19. NYHS-MM, reel 11, Nathaniel Pendleton, obituary notice for Alexander Hamilton.
20. PAH, vol. 26, p. 243, letter from Aaron Burr, June 18, 1804.
21. Ibid., p. 247, “William P. Van Ness’s Narrative of the Events of June 18–21, 1804.”
22. Ibid.
23. Ibid., p. 248, letter to Aaron Burr, June 20, 1804.
24. Ibid.
25. Ibid., p. 249.
26. Ibid., p. 250, letter from Aaron Burr, June 21, 1804.
27. Ibid., p. 251, “William P. Van Ness’s Narrative of the Events of June 22, 1804.”
28. Ibid.
29. Ibid., p. 252.
30. Davis, Memoirs of Aaron Burr, vol. 2, p. 303.
31. PAH, vol. 26, p. 252, “Nathaniel Pendleton’s Narrative of the Events of June 22, 1804.”
32. Ibid., p. 264, “William P. Van Ness’s Narrative of Later Events of June 25, 1804.”
33. Ibid., p. 253, letter to Aaron Burr, June 22, 1804.
34. Ibid., vol. 19, p. 397, letter to George Washington, November 5, 1795.
35. Fleming, Duel, p. 347.
36. LC-WPP, reel 1, diary entry of March 15, 1806.
37. PAH, vol. 26, pp. 255–56, letter from Aaron Burr, June 22, 1804.
38. Ibid., p. 260, “Nathaniel Pendleton’s Narrative of the Events of June 23–25, 1804.”
39. Ibid., p. 257, “Aaron Burr’s Instructions to William P. Van Ness,” June 22–23, 1804.
40. Ibid., p. 261, “Nathaniel Pendleton’s First Account of Alexander Hamilton’s Conversation at John Tayler’s House,” June 25, 1804.
41. Ibid., p. 264, “William P. Van Ness’s Narrative of the Events of June 25, 1804”; ibid., p. 265, letter from Aaron Burr to William P. Van Ness, June 25, 1804.
42. Ibid, p. 271, letter from Nathaniel Pendleton to William P. Van Ness, June 26, 1804.
43. Ibid., p. 278, “Remarks on the Letter of June 27, 1804.”
44. New-York Evening Post, November 28, 1801.
45. Freeman, Affairs of Honor, p. 163.
46. King, Life and Correspondence of Rufus King, vol. 4, p. 396.
47. Knott, Alexander Hamilton and the Persistence of Myth, p. 17.
48. The William and Mary Quarterly, April 1996.
49. Kennedy, Burr, Hamilton, and Jefferson, p. 12.
50. Ellis, Founding Brothers, p. 23.
51. Ogden, Four Letters on the Death of Alexander Hamilton, p. 15.
52. The William and Mary Quarterly, April 1996.
53. PAH, vol. 24, p. 299, letter to Henry Lee, March 7, 1800.
54. LC-AHP, reel 30, letter from Robert Troup to Timothy Pickering, March 31, 1828.
55. Ibid.
56. The Balance and Columbian Repository, August 14, 1804.
57. Van Vechten, Memoirs of John Mason, p. 187.
58. J. P. Morgan Chase Archives, RG 11, letter from John B. Church to Philip Church, July 16, 1804, New York, N.Y.
59. Biddle, Autobiography of Charles Biddle, p. 303.
60. Strong, Letters of George W. Strong, p. 16.
61. Biddle, Autobiography of Charles Biddle, p. 303.
62. Ellis, Founding Brothers, p. 36.
63. Parton, Life and Times of Aaron Burr, p. 348.
64. PAH, vol. 26, p. 281, letter to James A. Hamilton, June 1804.
65. Ibid., p. 282.
66. CU-JCHP, box 20.
67. PAH, vol. 26, p. 288, “Statement of My Property and Debts, July 1, 1804.”
68. Ibid., p. 289.
69. Ibid.
70. Ibid., p. 280, “Statement on Impending Duel with Aaron Burr,” June 28–July 10, 1804.
71. Ibid., p. 279.
72. Ibid.
73. Ibid., p. 280.
74. Parton, Life and Times of Aaron Burr, p. 617.
Forty-two: Fatal Errand
1. PAH, vol. 26, p. 310.
2. Ibid., p. 311.
3. Ibid., p. 305, “Last Will and Testament of Alexander Hamilton,” July 9, 1804.
4. Ibid.
5. Ibid.
6. Ibid., p. 300, letter from Aaron Burr to William P. Van Ness, July 9, 1804.
7. Ibid., p. 301.
8. Mitchell, Alexander Hamilton: The National Adventure, p. 533.
9. L. Tom Perry Special Collections Library, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, Weir Family Papers, Vault Manuscripts 51, box 1, folder 11, letter from Dirck Ten Broeck to Abraham Ten Broeck, July 12, 1804.
10. PAH, vol. 26, p. 311.
11. LC-AHP, reel 31, “Robert Troup Memoir of General Hamilton,” March 22, 1821.
12. New-York Evening Post, July 19, 1804.
13. PAH, vol. 26, p. 309, letter to Theodore Sedgwick, July 10, 1804.
14. Ibid.
15. Ibid., p. 307, letter to Elizabeth Hamilton, July 10, 1804.
16. Ibid., p. 308.
17. Ibid.
18. Hamilton, Life of Alexander Hamilton, vol. 7, p. 802.
19. Parton, Life and Times of Aaron Burr, p. 347.
20. Davis, Memoirs of Aaron Burr, vol. 2, p. 322.
21. Ibid.
22. Biddle, Autobiography of Charles Biddle, p. 309.
23. Freeman, Affairs of Honor, p. 192.
24. CU-JCHP, box 24.
25. Ogden, Four Letters on the Death of Alexander Hamilton, p. 8.
26. CU-JCHP, box 24.
27. Mitchell, Alexander Hamilton: The National Adventure, p. 534.
28. Lomask, Aaron Burr: The Years from Princeton to
Vice President, p. 354.
29. New-York Evening Post, July 19, 1804.
30. NYHS-WVNP, “Duel Papers,” letter from William Van Ness to Charles Biddle, n.d.
31. Ibid.
32. Parton, Life and Times of Aaron Burr, p. 617.
33. Burr, Political Correspondence and Public Papers of Aaron Burr, vol. 2, p. 887.
34. Ellis, Founding Brothers, p. 40.
35. Burr, Political Correspondence and Public Papers of Aaron Burr, vol. 2, p. 884.
36. Ibid., p. 887.
37. NYHS-WVNP, “Duel Papers,” letter from William Van Ness to Charles Biddle, n.d.
38. LC-AHP, reel 33, letter from William Van Ness to an unnamed recipient, n.d.
39. Parton, Life and Times of Aaron Burr, p. 617.
40. PAH, vol. 26, p. 344, letter from David Hosack to William Coleman, August 17, 1804.
41. Ibid., p. 345.
42. Ibid.
43. Fleming, Duel, p. 325.
44. PAH, vol. 26, p. 345, letter from David Hosack to William Coleman, August 17, 1804.
45. Ibid.
46. Parton, Life and Times of Aaron Burr, p. 346.
47. L. Tom Perry Special Collections Library, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, Weir Family Papers, Vault Manuscripts 51, box 1, folder 11, letter from Dirck Ten Broeck to Abraham Ten Broeck, July 12, 1804.
48. Ogden, Four Letters on the Death of Alexander Hamilton, p. 7.
49. PAH, vol. 26, p. 317.
50. Ibid., p. 346, letter from David Hosack to William Coleman, August 17, 1804.
51. Ibid., p. 345.
52. Ogden, Four Letters on the Death of Alexander Hamilton, pp. 9–10.
53. Phelan, Man Who Owned the Pistols, p. 111.
54. Hamilton, Intimate Life of Alexander Hamilton, p. 404.
55. PAH, vol. 25, p. 403, letter to Rufus King, July 28, 1801.
56. Van Vechten, Memoirs of John Mason, p. 182.
57. Ibid.
58. Ibid., p. 183.
59. Ibid.
60. Ibid., p. 184.
61. Ogden, Four Letters on the Death of Alexander Hamilton, p. 8.
62. PAH, vol. 26, p. 315, letter from Benjamin Moore to William Coleman, July 12, 1804.
63. Ibid.
64. Ibid., p. 316.
65. Ibid., p. 347, letter from David Hosack to William Coleman, August 17, 1804.
66. Ogden, Four Letters on the Death of Alexander Hamilton, p. 11.
67. Fleming, Duel, p. 331.
68. Brookhiser, Gentleman Revolutionary, p. 173.
69. Hamilton, Federalist, p. lxxxix.
70. Hamilton, Intimate Life of Alexander Hamilton, pp. 405–6.
71. Ogden, Four Letters on the Death of Alexander Hamilton, p. 12.
72. PAH, vol. 26, p. 293, letter to Elizabeth Hamilton, July 4, 1804.
Forty-three: The Melting Scene
1. King, Life and Correspondence of Rufus King, vol. 4, p. 575.
2. Biddle, Autobiography of Charles Biddle, p. 302.
3. McDonald, Sermon on the Premature and Lamented Death of General Alexander Hamilton, p. 14.
4. Knott, Alexander Hamilton and the Persistence of Myth, p. 49.
5. Brookhiser, Gentleman Revolutionary, p. 173.
6. Knott, Alexander Hamilton and the Persistence of Myth, p. 2.
7. Ogden, Four Letters on the Death of Alexander Hamilton, p. 13.
8. Freeman, Affairs of Honor, p. 191.
9. Morris, Diary and Letters of Gouverneur Morris, pp. 456–57.
10. Ibid., p. 458.
11. Ibid., p. 457.
12. PAH, vol. 26, p. 324.
13. New-York Evening Post, July 17, 1804.
14. American Citizen, July 16, 1804.
15. Knott, Alexander Hamilton and the Persistence of Myth, p. 2.
16. Bowen, Miracle at Philadelphia, p. 111.
17. Van Vechten, Memoirs of John Mason, p. 187.
18. Hamilton, Intimate Life of Alexander Hamilton, p. 422.
19. Malone, Jefferson and His Time, vol. 4, p. 426.
20. Knott, Alexander Hamilton and the Persistence of Myth, p. 19.
21. Ibid., p. 13.
22. Malone, Jefferson and His Time, vol. 4, p. 425.
23. Parton, Life and Times of Aaron Burr, p. 364.
24. Biddle, Autobiography of Charles Biddle, p. 305.
25. L. Tom Perry Special Collections Library, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, Weir Family Papers, Vault Manuscripts 51, box 1, folder 11, letter from Dirck Ten Broeck to Abraham Ten Broeck, July 12, 1804.
26. The Balance and Columbian Repository, August 14, 1804.
27. Parton, Life and Times of Aaron Burr, p. 358.
28. LC-AHP, reel 31, “Remembrancer,” New York Mirror, n.d.
29. Journal of the Early Republic, spring 1995.
30. Ibid.
31. Davis, Memoirs of Aaron Burr, vol. 2, p. 327.
32. Burr, Political Correspondence and Public Papers of Aaron Burr, vol. 2, p. 885.
33. Ibid., p. 884.
34. Davis, Memoirs of Aaron Burr, vol. 2, p. 328.
35. Lomask, aron Burr: The Years from Princeton to Vice President, p. 357.
36. Lomask, Aaron Burr: The Conspiracy and Years of Exile, p. 29.
37. Parton, Life and Times of Aaron Burr, p. 358.
38. Lomask, Aaron Burr: The Years from Princeton to Vice President, p. 358.
39. Fleming, Duel, p. 352.
40. Lomask, Aaron Burr: The Years from Princeton to Vice President, p. 360.
41. Ibid., p. 361.
42. Fleming, Duel, p. 357.
43. Burr, Political Correspondence and Public Papers of Aaron Burr, vol. 2, p. 818.
44. Freeman, Affairs of Honor, p. 178.
45. Burr, Political Correspondence and Public Papers of Aaron Burr, vol. 2, p. 899.
46. Ibid., p. 896.
47. Adams, Diary of John Quincy Adams, p. 32.
48. Fleming, Duel, p. 369.
49. Lomask, Aaron Burr: The Conspiracy and Years of Exile, p. 48.
50. Davis, Memoirs of Aaron Burr, vol. 2, p. 365.
51. Smith, John Marshall, p. 362.
52. Hamilton, Intimate Life of Alexander Hamilton, p. 427.
53. Lomask, Aaron Burr: The Conspiracy and Years of Exile, p. 309.
54. “Life Portraits of Alexander Hamilton,” The William and Mary Quarterly, April 1955.
55. Lomask, Aaron Burr: The Conspiracy and Years of Exile, p. 364.
56. Ibid., p. 372.
57. Kent, Memoirs and Letters of James Kent, p. 36.
58. Hamilton, Intimate Life of Alexander Hamilton, pp. 427–28.
59. Knott, Alexander Hamilton and the Persistence of Myth, p. 50.
60. Parton, Life and Times of Aaron Burr, p. 616.
61. Fleming, Duel, p. 404.
62. The New Republic, June 13, 1983.
Epilogue: Eliza
1. Hamilton, Intimate Life of Alexander Hamilton, p. 411.
2. LC-AHP, reel 30, letter from Elizabeth Hamilton to William S. Smith, August 11, 1804.
3. NYHS-NPP, letter from Elizabeth Hamilton to Nathaniel Pendleton, September 20, 1804.
4. King, Life and Correspondence of Rufus King, vol. 4, pp. 403–4.
5. NYHS-NPP.
6. PAH, vol. 3, p. 506, “Petition to the New York Legislature,” February 4, 1784.
7. NYHS-MM, letter from Elizabeth Hamilton to Philip Schuyler, January 9, 1813; Hamilton, Intimate Life of Alexander Hamilton, p. 140.
8. NYHS-NPP, letter from Elizabeth Hamilton to George Cabot, September 20, 1804.
9. Ibid., letter from Elizabeth Hamilton to Nathaniel Pendleton, September 17, 1804.
10. Emery, Alexander Hamilton, p. 246.
11. Bethune, Memoirs of Mrs. Joanna Bethune, p. 116.
12. Hamilton, Intimate Life of Alexander Hamilton, p. 115.
13. Ibid., p. 116.
14. Ibid., p. 117.
15. Ibid.
16. Matthews, Short History of the Orphan Asylum Society in the City of New York, p. 12.
17. Frémont, Souvenirs of My Time, p. 117.
18. Hamilton, Reminiscences of James A. Hamilton, p. 65.
19. Bethune, Memoirs of Mrs. Joanna Bethune, p. 111.
20. Frémont, Souvenirs of My Time, p. 117.
21. Ibid., p. 120.
22. Ibid., p. 118.
23. Ibid., p. 115.
24. Knott, Alexander Hamilton and the Persistence of Myth, p. 242.
25. Baxter, Godchild of Washington, p. 222.
26. NYHS-DGFP, letter from Elizabeth Hawley to her aunt, January 4, 1853.
27. LC-AHP, reel 32.