1. THE MYSTERY OF ZION
1. Alexander Pope, “The Dunciad, Book III,” The Complete Poetical Works, ed. Henry W. Boynton (Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1903), 169–72.
2. Alan John Percivale Taylor, Bismarck: The Man and the Statesman (Vintage, 1967), 115.
3. Michael B. Oren, Power, Faith, and Fantasy: America in the Middle East, 1776 to the Present (W. W. Norton, 2007), 442.
4. Noah Lewin-Epstein and Yinon Cohen, “Ethnic Origin and Identity in the Jewish Population of Israel,” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies (June 2018), 9.
5. Oren, Power, Faith, and Fantasy, 91–95.
6. Lawrence Davidson, “The Past as Prelude: Zionism and the Betrayal of American Democratic Principles, 1917–48,” Journal of Palestine Studies 31, no. 3 (2002): 25.
7. Jay Walz, “Iran’s Shah Leads a ‘White Revolution,’ ” New York Times, October 27, 1963.
8. Nicholas Kristof, “Unfit for Democracy?,” New York Times, February 26, 2011.
9. Roger Cohen, “My Libya, Your Libya, Our Libya,” New York Times, April 30, 2011.
10. Editorial Board, “Turkey’s Leadership,” New York Times, September 20, 2011.
11. Fred Kaplan, “The Benefits of Butting Out,” Slate, October 11, 2021.
12. Oren, Power, Faith, and Fantasy, 158–66.
13. Dennis Ross, Doomed to Succeed: The U.S.-Israel Relationship from Truman to Obama (Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2016), 64–65.
14. Adam Garfinkle, Jewcentricity: Why the Jews Are Praised, Blamed, and Used to Explain Just About Everything (Wiley, 2009).
2. THE QUEST FOR PLANET VULCAN
1. Thomas Levenson, The Hunt for Vulcan (Random House, 2016), 33–41.
2. Richard Baum and William Sheehan, In Search of Planet Vulcan (Basic Books, 1997), 145–55.
3. Ibid., 196–210.
4. Ibid., 216.
5. Mike DeBonis and Rachael Bade, “Rep. Omar Apologizes After House Democratic Leadership Condemns Her Comments as ‘Anti-Semitic Tropes,’ ” Washington Post, February 11, 2019.
6. John W. Finney, “Chairman of Joint Chiefs Regrets Remarks on Jews,” New York Times, November 14, 1974.
7. Howard Kurtz, “Pat Buchanan: The Jewish Question,” Washington Post, September 20, 1990.
8. Eric Fingerhut, “Farrakhan: ‘Israeli lobby’ Controls U.S. Government,” Jewish Telegraphic Agency, March 31, 2009.
9. “Fulbright: Israel Controls Senate,” Jewish Telegraphic Agency, April 17, 1973.
10. Thomas Babington Macaulay, The History of England from the Accession of James II, vol. 3 (J. B. Lippincott & Company, 1879), 446.
11. Dean Acheson, Present at the Creation: My Years in the State Department (W. W. Norton, 1987), 375.
12. Library of Congress, “Alaska Purchase Treaty: Primary Documents in American History.”
13. Stephen Walt, “I Don’t Mean to Say I Told You So, But…” Foreign Policy, February 8, 2010.
14. “AARP Membership,” AARP, https://www.aarp.org.
15. Mark J. Perry, “Looking Back at the Remarkable History of the Nobel Prize from 1901–2020 Using Maps, Charts, and Tables,” American Enterprise Institute, October 12, 2020.
16. “A Portrait of Jewish Americans,” Pew Research Center, October 1, 2013.
17. “Nonprofit Explorer: American Israel Public Affairs Committee,” ProPublica.
18. “Your Career At AIPAC,” AIPAC, https://www.aipac.org/careers.
19. Frank Newport, “American Jews, Politics and Israel,” Gallup, August 27, 2019.
20. Eitan Hersh and Brian Schaffner, “The GOP’s Jewish Donors Are Abandoning Trump,” FiveThirtyEight, September 21, 2016.
21. Gil Troy, “The Jewish Vote: Political Power and Identity in US Elections,” The Ruderman Program for American Jewish Studies, September 2016.
22. David Philipson, Centenary Papers and Others (Ark Publishing Company, 1919), 26.
23. Howard M. Sachar, A History of the Jews in America (Vintage, 1993), 246–51.
24. Connie De Boer, “The Polls: Attitudes Toward the Arab-Israeli Conflict,” The Public Opinion Quarterly 47, no. 1 (1983): 123.
25. George Lardner Jr. and Michael Dobbs, “New Tapes Reveal Depth of Nixon’s Anti-Semitism,” Washington Post, October 6, 1999.
3. A KNOCK AT THE DOOR
1. David Ohana, The Shaping of Israeli Identity: Myth, Memory and Trauma (Taylor & Francis, 2014), 7.
2. Shlomo Avineri, Theodor Herzl and the Foundation of the Jewish State (Phoenix, 2014), 52.
3. Todd M. Endelman, “Disraeli’s Jewishness Reconsidered,” Modern Judaism 5, no. 2 (1985): 109–23.
4. Avineri, Theodor Herzl and the Foundation of the Jewish State, 27.
5. Ibid., 31, 35.
6. “ ‘Admission of Jews to Rights of Citizenship,’ 27 September 1791,” Liberté, Egalité, Fraternité: Exploring the French Revolution,https://revolution.chnm.org/d/287.
7. Avineri, Theodor Herzl and the Foundation of the Jewish State, 43.
8. Ibid., 57–58.
9. Theodor Herzl, The Complete Diaries of Theodor Herzl (Herzl Press and Thomas Yoseloff, 1960), 5.
10. Ernst Pawel, The Labyrinth of Exile: A Life of Theodor Herzl (Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2011), 152–53, 487.
11. Jacques Kornberg, Theodor Herzl: From Assimilation to Zionism (Indiana University Press, 1993), 52.
12. Pawel, The Labyrinth of Exile, 137–38.
13. Howard M. Sachar, A History of the Jews in America (Vintage, 1993), 117–18.
14. Léo Abram Errera, The Russian Jews: Extermination or Emancipation? (David Nutt, 1894), 18.
15. Sachar, A History of the Jews in America, 120–21, 130–31.
16. Avineri, Theodor Herzl and the Foundation of the Jewish State, 37–42, 51.
17. Ibid., 66.
18. Richard S. Geehr, Karl Lueger: Mayor of Fin de Siècle Vienna (Wayne State University Press, 1990), 91.
19. Avineri, Theodor Herzl and the Foundation of the Jewish State, 111–14.
20. Theodore Herzl, Altneuland, 350.
21. Avineri, Theodor Herzl and the Foundation of the Jewish State, 258.
22. Herzl, The Complete Diaries of Theodor Herzl, 308.
23. Ibid., 310.
24. Shalom Goldman, Zeal for Zion: Christians, Jews, and the Idea of the Promised Land (University of North Carolina Press, 2009), 109.
25. Albert M. Hyamson, “British Projects for the Restoration of Jews to Palestine,” Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society 26 (1918): 139–40.
26. Thomas Parnell Bach, “Throne and Altar: Halle Pietism and the Hohenzollerns. A Contribution to the History of Church State Relations in Eighteenth-Century Brandenburg-Prussia” (diss., Syracuse University, 2005).
27. Jill Storm, “Culture and Exchange: The Jews of Königsberg, 1700–1820” (diss., Washington University in St. Louis, 2010), 51.
28. Richard L. Gawthrop, Pietism and the Making of Eighteenth-Century Prussia (Cambridge University Press, 1993), 61, 122.
29. Barbara Tuchman, Bible and Sword: England and Palestine from the Bronze Age to Balfour (New York University Press, 1956), 162–65.
30. Goldman, Zeal for Zion, 106–7.
31. Herzl, The Complete Diaries of Theodor Herzl, 310.
32. Ibid., 311–13.
33. Ibid., 333–40.
34. Ibid., 352.
35. Ibid., 436.
36. Ibid., 656.
37. Norman Domeier, The Eulenburg Affair: A Cultural History of Politics in the German Empire (Camden House, 2015), 173–74.
38. John C. G. Röhl, The Kaiser and His Court: Wilhelm II and the Government of Germany (Cambridge University Press, 1996), 54.
39. Domeier, The Eulenburg Affair, 174–75.
40. Herzl, The Complete Diaries of Theodor Herzl, 660–64.
41. Ibid., 701.
42. Goldman, Zeal for Zion, 114.
43. Herzl, The Complete Diaries of Theodor Herzl, 735.
44. Ibid., 743.
45. Ibid., 720.
46. Ibid., 741.
47. Ibid., 756.
48. Domeier, The Eulenburg Affair, 177–78.
4. GEORGE WASHINGTON AND THE JEWS
1. Samuel Goldman, God’s Country: Christian Zionism in America (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2018), 34.
2. Peter Grose, Israel in the Mind of America (Alfred A. Knopf, 1983), 37–41.
3. Goldman, God’s Country, 65–68.
4. Philippa Byrne, “Why Were the Jews Expelled from England in 1290?,” Faculty of History, University of Oxford, 2017.
5. “7.3 The Prioress’ Prologue and Tale,” Harvard’s Geoffrey Chaucer website, 586–634.
6. “From George Washington to the Hebrew Congregation in Newport, Rhode Island, 18 August 1790,” Founders Online, National Archives. Punctuation has been lightly edited: I have inserted a period after the phrase “immunities of citizenship.”
7. Howard M. Sachar, A History of the Jews in America (Vintage, 1993), 26–31.
8. Stefan Rohrbacher, “The Charge of Deicide: An Anti-Jewish Motif in Medieval Christian Art,” Journal of Medieval History 17, no. 4 (1991).
9. E. Ray Canterbery, Harry S. Truman: The Economics of a Populist President (World Scientific Publishing Company, 2014), 17.
10. Goldman, God’s Country, 21.
11. Ibid., 13–14.
12. Gerald R. McDermott, ed., The New Christian Zionism: Fresh Perspectives on Israel and the Land (InterVarsity Academic, 2016), 59–60.
13. Jonathan Edwards, The Works of Jonathan Edwards, Vol. 5: Apocalyptic Writings, ed. Stephen J. Stein (Yale University Press, 1977), 134.
14. Goldman, God’s Country, 23–25.
15. McDermott, ed., The New Christian Zionism, 65.
16. John Milton, Paradise Regained, Book III, l, 433–40.
17. David Hackett Fischer, Albion’s Seed: Four British Folkways in America (Oxford University Press, 1989), 616.
18. Todd Gitlin and Liel Leibovitz, The Chosen Peoples: America, Israel, and the Ordeals of Divine Election (Simon & Schuster, 2010), 66.
19. Donald S. Lutz, “The Relative Influence of European Writers on Late Eighteenth-Century American Political Thought,” The American Political Science Review 78, no. 1 (1984): 192.
20. Grose, Israel in the Mind of America, 5.
21. “From Thomas Jefferson to William Short, 4 August 1820,” Founders Online, National Archives.
22. “From Haven to Home: 350 Years of Jewish Life in America—1800s,” Library of Congress.
23. J. H. Hollander, “Some Unpublished Material Relating to Dr. Jacob Lumbrozo, Of Maryland,” Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society 1 (1893): 26–28.
24. Leonard Dinnerstein, Antisemitism in America (Oxford University Press, 1995), 10.
25. Barbara Tuchman, Bible and Sword: England and Palestine from the Bronze Age to Balfour (New York University Press, 1956), 114.
5. THE “END OF HISTORY” AND THE AMERICAN MIND
1. Peter Grose, Israel in the Mind of America (Alfred A. Knopf, 1983), 31.
2. Amos Elon, Herzl (Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1975), 11, 33.
3. “A Century of Immigration, 1820–1924,” in “From Haven to Home: 350 Years of Jewish Life in America,” Library of Congress.
4. Grose, Israel in the Mind of America, 24.
5. Ibid., 30.
6. Steven R. Weisman, The Chosen Wars: How Judaism Became an American Religion (Simon & Schuster, 2018), 146.
7. Robert Kagan, Dangerous Nation (Alfred A. Knopf, 2006), 40, 49.
8. Ibid., 15, 40–41.
9. Eran Shalev, Rome Reborn on Western Shores: Historical Imagination and the Creation of the American Republic (University of Virginia Press, 2009), 28–33.
10. Max Savelle, Seeds of Liberty: The Genesis of the American Mind (Alfred A. Knopf, 1948), 84–85.
11. Michael B. Oren, Power, Faith, and Fantasy: America in the Middle East, 1776 to the Present (W. W. Norton, 2007), 109.
12. Kagan, Dangerous Nation, 255.
13. Walter Russell Mead, Special Providence: American Foreign Policy and How It Changed the World (Routledge, 2002), 164.
14. William Ewart Gladstone, Two Letters to the Earl of Aberdeen, on the State Prosecutions of the Neapolitan Government (John Murray, 1851), 9.
15. Oren, Power, Faith, and Fantasy, 158–59; Barbara Tuchman, Bible and Sword: England and Palestine from the Bronze Age to Balfour (New York University Press, 1956), 159.
16. Oren, Power, Faith, and Fantasy, 46.
17. Ibid., 257–58.
18. Tuchman, Bible and Sword, 158–65.
19. Ibid., 152–55.
20. Ibid., 177–79.
21. Ibid., 190.
22. Nakum Sokolow, History of Zionism, 1600–1918 (Longmans, Green & Co., 1919), 123.
23. Tuchman, Bible and Sword, 141.
24. “From John Adams to Mordecai M. Noah, 15 March 1819,” Founders Online, National Archives.
25. Grose, Israel in the Mind of America, 8–9.
26. Lester I. Vogel, To See a Promised Land: Americans and the Holy Land in the Nineteenth Century (Pennsylvania State University Press, 1993), 99–104.
27. Ibid., 129–59.
28. Grose, Israel in the Mind of America, 10–11, 25.
29. Susan Nance, “The Ottoman Empire and the American Flag: Patriotic Travel Before the Age of Package Tours, 1830–1870,” Journal of Tourism History 1, no. 1 (2009): 16.
30. Vogel, To See a Promised Land, 41–42, 54–56.
31. Oren, Power, Faith, and Fantasy, 359.
32. Vogel, To See a Promised Land, 44–46.
33. Oren, Power, Faith, and Fantasy, 249–50.
34. Burke O. Long, Imagining the Holy Land: Maps, Models and Fantasy Travels (Indiana University Press, 2002), 28.
35. Mark Twain and Daniel Morley McKeithan (compiler), Travelling with the Innocents Abroad: Mark Twain’s Original Reports from Europe and the Holy Land (University of Oklahoma Press, 2012).
36. Vogel, To See a Promised Land, 72.
37. Ibid., 105–6.
38. “The American Colony in Palestine,” New-York Daily Tribune, November 2, 1867.
39. Oren, Power, Faith, and Fantasy, 223.
40. Samuel Goldman, God’s Country: Christian Zionism in America (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2018), 57–58.
41. Kagan, Dangerous Nation, 157–59.
42. Henry Kissinger, World Order (Penguin, 2014), 67.
43. Otto Pflanze, “Nationalism in Europe, 1848–1871,” The Review of Politics 28, no. 2 (April 1966): 129.
44. Grose, Israel in the Mind of America, 31.
45. Kagan, Dangerous Nation, 286–87.
46. Ibid., 159.
47. Ibid.
48. Andrei S. Markovits, Uncouth Nation: Why Europe Dislikes America (Princeton University Press, 2007), 53.
49. Sir Leslie Stephen, ed., Dictionary of National Biography, vol. 19, Finch–Forman (Macmillan, 1889), 20–21.
50. Cecil Roth, “The Jews in the English Universities,” Miscellanies (Jewish Historical Society of England), vol. 4 (1942), 113.
51. Nancy Fitch, “Mass Culture, Mass Parliamentary Politics, and Modern Anti-Semitism: The Dreyfus Affair in Rural France,” The American Historical Review 97, no. 1 (February 1992): 73–74.
52. Markovits, Uncouth Nation, 53.
6. MAELSTROM
1. Sonja Weinberg, Pogroms and Riots: German Press Responses to Anti-Jewish Violence in Germany and Russia (1881–1882) (Peter Lang, 2010), 71–72; Hannah Pakula, An Uncommon Woman: The Empress Frederick: Daughter of Queen Victoria, Wife of the Crown Prince of Prussia, Mother of Kaiser Wilhelm (Simon & Schuster, 1995), 394–95.
2. Edvard Radzinsky, trans. Antonina Bouis, Alexander II: The Last Great Tsar (Free Press, 2005), 104, 144.
3. M. Şükrü Hanioğlu, A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire (Princeton University Press, 2008), 123–26.
4. Howard M. Sachar, A History of the Jews in America (Vintage, 1993), 117–18.
5. Mark Vishniak, “Antisemitism in Tsarist Russia,” in Essays on Antisemitism, ed. Koppel S. Pinson (Conference on Jewish Relations, 1942), 97.
6. Henry L. Feingold, Zion in America: The Jewish Experience from Colonial Times to the Present (Dover, 2002), 119–20.
7. François Ruegg and Rudolf Poledna, Interculturalism and Discrimination in Romania: Policies, Practices, Identities and Representations (Lit, 2006), 50.
8. Michal Oren-Nordheim and Ruth Kark, Jerusalem and Its Environs: Quarters, Neighborhoods, Villages, 1800–1948 (Wayne State University Press, 2001), 28.
9. Lauren Markoe, “Iraqi Jewish Archive to Go on the Road,” Religion News Service, September 5, 2014.
10. The Jewish Encyclopedia: A Descriptive Record of the History, Religion, Literature, and Customs of the Jewish People from the Earliest Times to the Present Day (Funk & Wagnalls Company, 1901), 531–32.
11. David A. Hollinger, Protestants Abroad: How Missionaries Tried to Change the World but Changed America (Princeton University Press, 2017), 6.
12. Michael C. LeMay, U.S. Immigration Policy, Ethnicity, and Religion in American History (ABC-CLIO, 2018), 93.
13. Abby Budiman, “Key Findings About U.S. Immigrants,” Pew Research Center, August 20, 2020.
14. Charles Abram Ellwood, Sociology and Modern Social Problems (American Book Company, 1910), 173–74.
15. Michael C. LeMay, Guarding the Gates: Immigration and National Security (Praeger Security International, 2006), 71.
16. William Paul Dillingham, Statistical Review of Immigration, 1820–1910 (U.S. Government Printing Office, 1911), 12.
17. Sachar, A History of the Jews in America, 117.
18. Alan M. Kraut, “Immigration, Ethnicity, and the Pandemic,” Public Health Reports 125, Supplement 3 (2010): 124, 130.
19. Feingold, Zion in America, 120.
20. Ken Drexler, “Homestead Act: Primary Documents in American History,” Library of Congress, December 3, 2020.
21. Greg Bradsher, “How the West Was Settled: The 150-Year-Old Homestead Act Lured Americans Looking for a New Life and New Opportunities,” Prologue: The Journal of the National Archives 44, no. 4 (Winter 2012): 27.
22. U.S. Census Bureau, “Urban and Rural Population, Metropolitan Districts; Center of Population,” 1930 Census, vol. 2, 8.
23. Meagan Flynn, “New Orleans to Apologize for Lynching of 11 Italians in 1891, Among Worst in American History,” Washington Post, April 1, 2019.
24. Sachar, A History of the Jews in America, 300–307.
7. GREAT DECISIONS
1. Thomas C. Leonard, Illiberal Reformers: Race, Eugenics, and American Economics in the Progressive Era (Princeton University Press, 2016), 144–45, 155–57, 162–67.
2. Ibid., 125–26, 142–45.
3. National Park Service, “A Distant Shore.”
4. Leonard, Illiberal Reformers, 143.
5. Committee on Immigration, Immigrants in Industries Part 1: Bituminous Coal Mining, vol. 2 (U.S. Government Printing Office, 1911), 11.
6. Howard M. Sachar, A History of the Jews in America (Vintage, 1993), 320.
7. Ibid., 322–24.
8. U. S. Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States, 1789–1945 (1949), 33.
9. American Jewish Community, The American Jewish Year Book, vol. 29 (The Jewish Publication Society of America, 1927–1928), 232.
10. Leonard Dinnerstein, Antisemitism in America (Oxford University Press, 1995), 10–14.
11. Sachar, A History of the Jews in America, 38–42, 72.
12. Increase Mather, The mystery of Israel’s salvation, explained and applyed (1669), 174–76.
13. “Friday 25th of August 1780,” Founders Online, National Archives.
14. Adam D. Mendelsohn, Jews and the Civil War: A Reader (NYU Press, 2011), 149.
15. Niles Weekly Register 37 (September 1829–March 1830), 214; Niles Weekly Register 49 (September 1835–March 1836), 41.
16. Lydia Maria Child, Letters from New York (C. S. Francis & Company, 1844), 45.
17. Frederic Cople Jaher, Scapegoat in the New Wilderness: The Origins and Rise of Anti-Semitism in America (Harvard University Press, 1994), 226.
18. George G. Foster, New York by Gas-Light and Other Urban Sketches (University of California Press, 1990), 128.
19. Jaher, Scapegoat in the New Wilderness, 229.
20. “Belmont’s Confederate Bonds,” Chicago Tribune, October 16, 1864.
21. Ron Chernow, Grant (Penguin, 2017), 233–36.
22. Jaher, Scapegoat in the New Wilderness, 227.
23. Dinnerstein, Antisemitism in America, 55–56.
24. Ibid., 36–39.
25. Sachar, A History of the Jews in America, 98.
26. Dinnerstein, Antisemitism in America, 70–72.
27. Sachar, A History of the Jews in America, 29–33, 327–33.
28. The Menorah 21 (July–December 1896): 102.
29. Dinnerstein, Antisemitism in America, 72.
30. Theodore A. Bingham, “Foreign Criminals in New York,” The North American Review 188, no. 634 (1908): 383.
31. Dinnerstein, Antisemitism in America, 97.
32. Max Nordau, Max Nordau to His People: A Summons and a Challenge, ed. B. Netanyahu (Nordau Zionist Society, 1941), 66.
33. Shlomo Avineri, The Making of Modern Zionism: The Intellectual Origins of the Jewish State (Basic Books, 1981).
34. Nordau, Max Nordau to His People, 66.
35. Joseph L. Grabill, Protestant Diplomacy and the Near East: Missionary Influence on American Policy, 1810–1927 (University of Minnesota Press, 1971), 159, 180–83, 200.
8. BLACKSTONE AND LODGE
1. Samuel Goldman, God’s Country: Christian Zionism in America (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2018), 65.
2. Michael B. Oren, Power, Faith, and Fantasy: America in the Middle East, 1776 to the Present (W. W. Norton, 2007), 278.
3. Rose Eveleth, “Peruse the Weird Medical History of Every Single U.S. President,” Smithsonian Magazine, December 12, 2013.
4. George Marsden, Understanding Fundamentalism and Evangelicalism (Wm. B. Eerdmans, 1991), 22; George Thomas Kurian and Mark A. Lamport, with a foreword by Martin E. Marty, Encyclopedia of Christianity in the United States, Vol. 5 (Rowman & Littlefield, 2016), 279–80.
5. Marsden, Understanding Fundamentalism and Evangelicalism, 21.
6. Stanley Gundry, Love Them In: The Proclamation Theology of D. L. Moody (Moody Press, 1976), 10.
7. “1891 Blackstone Memorial,” Wheaton College Billy Graham Center Archives, 3–4, 6–13.
8. Ibid., 6–7.
9. Goldman, God’s Country, 93; Marnin Feinstein, American Zionism, 1884–1904 (Herzl Press, 1965), 57.
10. “1891 Blackstone Memorial,” Wheaton College Billy Graham Center Archives, 1.
11. Ibid., 1–2.
12. Michael D. Evans, The American Prophecies: Ancient Scriptures Reveal Our Nation’s Future (Warner Books, 2004); Paul C. Merkley, The Politics of Christian Zionism: 1891–1948 (Routledge, 1998), 69.
13. Louis Dembitz Brandeis and Melvin L. Urofsky, Letters of Louis D. Brandeis, vol. 4, 1916–1921 (SUNY Press, 1975), 196; Robert O. Smith, More Desired than Our Owne Salvation: The Roots of Christian Zionism (Oxford University Press, 2013), 168; “Joint Resolution Favoring the Establishment in Palestine of a National Home for the Jewish People,” Statutes at Large, 67th Congress, Session 2 (1921–1922), Chapter 372, September 21, 1922.
14. “Aliens Act, 1905,” UK Public General Acts, Chapter 13, August 11, 1905.
15. “Aliens Bill,” House of Commons Debate, vol. 149, § 1281–86, July 19, 1905.
16. Oren, Power, Faith, and Fantasy, 360.
17. Ibid., 362.
18. Merkley, The Politics of Christian Zionism, 69.
19. “The American Expeditionary Forces,” Library of Congress.
20. Oren, Power, Faith, and Fantasy, 362.
21. David B. Green, “1917: General Allenby Shows How a ‘Moral Man’ Conquers Jerusalem,” Haaretz, December 10, 2014.
22. Ibid.
23. James Barr, Setting the Desert on Fire: T. E. Lawrence and Britain’s Secret War in Arabia, 1916–1918 (W. W. Norton, 2009), 214.
24. Ibid.
25. Oren, Power, Faith, and Fantasy, 359.
26. Charles Israel Goldblatt, “The Impact of the Balfour Declaration in America,” American Jewish Historical Quarterly 57, no. 4 (June 1968): 463.
27. Statutes of the United States of America Passed at the Second Session of the Sixty-Seventh Congress (U.S. Government Printing Office, 1922), 1012.
28. “Protest to Wilson Against Zionist State,” New York Times, March 5, 1919.
29. Oren, Power, Faith, and Fantasy, 383–84; Selig Adler, “The Palestine Question in the Wilson Era,” Jewish Social Studies 10, no. 4 (October 1948): 312; Thomas A. Kolsky, Jews Against Zionism: The American Council for Judaism, 1942–1948 (Temple University Press, 1990), 31; Menachem Mor, Eretz Israel, Israel, and the Jewish Diaspora Mutual Relations (University Press of America, 1991), 133.
30. Reuben Fink, The American War Congress and Zionism: Statements by Members of the American War Congress on the Jewish National Movement (Zionist Organization of America, 1919), 165.
31. Jonathan D. Sarna, “Converts to Zionism in the American Reform Movement,” in Shmuel Almog, Jehuda Reinharz, and Anita Shapira, eds., Zionism and Religion (Brandeis University Press, 1998), 189.
32. Robert L. MacDonald, “ ‘A Land Without a People for a People Without a Land’: Civilizing Mission and American Support For Zionism, 1880s–1929” (diss., Bowling Green State University, 2012), 283.
33. Peter Grose, Israel in the Mind of America (Alfred A. Knopf, 1983), 95.
34. Joseph Tovares (Director), “Breckinridge Long (1881–1958),” America and the Holocaust (PBS documentary).
35. Martin Kolinsky, “Premeditation in the Palestine Disturbances of August 1929?,” Middle Eastern Studies 26, no. 1 (1990): 18.
36. Oren, Power, Faith, and Fantasy, 425; Khaled Elgindy, Blind Spot: America and the Palestinians, from Balfour to Trump (Brookings Institution Press, 2019), 28; Lawrence Davidson, “Competing Responses to the 1929 Arab Uprising in Palestine: The Zionist Press Versus the State Department,” Middle East Policy 5, no. 2 (May 1997): 102.
37. “Wagner Says Arabs Planned ‘Murders,’ ” New York Times, September 2, 1929.
38. Nir Arielli, “Italian Involvement in the Arab Revolt in Palestine, 1936–1939,” British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 35, no. 2 (August 2008): 187–90.
39. Peter Hoffmann, Carl Goerdeler and the Jewish Question, 1933–1942 (Cambridge University Press, 2011), 73.
40. Marlon Bishop and Tatiana Fernandez, “80 Years On, Dominicans and Haitians Revisit Painful Memories of Parsley Massacre,” NPR, October 7, 2017.
41. “80 Years Ago: An International Conference to Discuss Jewish Refugees Ends in Failure,” USC Shoah Foundation, June 29, 2018.
42. “Refuge in Latin America,” United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
9. AMERICAN CYRUS
1. Clark Clifford, Counsel to the President: A Memoir (Random House, 1991), 3.
2. David McCullough, Truman (Simon & Schuster, 1992), 617.
3. “Memorandum of Conversation, by Secretary of State,” Foreign Relations of the United States, 1948, Volume V, Part 2, The Near East, South Asia, and Africa, 975.
4. Clifford, Counsel to the President, 12–13.
5. “Editorial Note,” Foreign Relations of the United States, 1948, Volume V, Part 2, 976.
6. “Memorandum of Conversation, by Secretary of State,” Foreign Relations of the United States, 1948, Volume 5, Part 2, 976.
7. Clifford, Counsel to the President, 15.
8. Michael B. Oren, Power, Faith, and Fantasy: America in the Middle East, 1776 to the Present (W. W. Norton, 2007), 499; McCullough, Truman, 618.
9. “Edward Jacobson Papers,” Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum.
10. John B. Judis, Genesis: Truman, American Jews, and the Origins of the Arab/Israeli Conflict (Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2014), 349.
11. McCullough, Truman, 607–8.
12. Evan M. Wilson, A Calculated Risk: The U.S. Decision to Recognize Israel (Clerisy Press, 2008), 269; Oren, Power, Faith, and Fantasy, 497.
13. S. J. Goldsmith, “New Montgomery Pro-Israel Stand,” Detroit Jewish News, June 26, 1964.
14. “Presidential Approval Ratings—Gallup Historical Statistics and Trends,” Gallup.
15. “Presidential Historians Survey 2017: Total Scores/Overall Rankings,” C-SPAN; Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., “Rating the Presidents: Washington to Clinton,” Political Science Quarterly 112, no. 2 (Summer 1997): 183.
16. John Chamberlain, “Truman’s Troubles: Washington Has Begun to Turn Against Him,” Life, November 26, 1945.
17. Arthur Krock, “Prestige of President Is Vital Problem Now,” New York Times, April 4, 1948.
18. McCullough, Truman, 302.
19. Jeff Greenfield, “The Year the Veepstakes Really Mattered,” Politico Magazine, July 10, 2016; McCullough, Truman, 306, 311.
20. McCullough, Truman, 303–10.
21. Ibid., 319.
22. David Leip, “1944 Presidential General Election Results,” Atlas of Presidential Elections.
23. “Presidential Approval Ratings—Gallup Historical Statistics and Trends,” Gallup; McCullough, Truman, 523.
24. McCullough, Truman, 503.
25. Winfred Mallon, “Baruch Predicts Plot for New War: Germans and Japanese Will Strive Through Science to Devise Means,” New York Times, November 2, 1945.
26. “My Day,” George Washington University Columbian College of Arts & Sciences Eleanor Roosevelt Papers Project.
27. Editorial, “The Task of the Assembly,” New York Times, October 23, 1946.
28. Geoffrey Matthews, “Robert A. Taft, The Constitution and American Foreign Policy, 1939–53,” Journal of Contemporary History 17, no. 3 (July 1982): 507–19.
29. Robert L. Beisner, “Patterns of Peril: Dean Acheson Joins the Cold Warriors, 1945–46,” Diplomatic History 20, no. 3 (1996): 324.
30. Hamby, “Henry A. Wallace, the Liberals, and Soviet-American Relations,” 167.
31. John C. Culver and John Hyde, American Dreamer: A Life of Henry A. Wallace (W. W. Norton; reprint, 2001), 404–5.
32. McCullough, Truman, 490–91.
33. Ibid., 517.
34. Ibid., 612.
35. Joseph P. Lash, Eleanor: The Years Alone (W. W. Norton, 1972), 82.
10. CYRUS AND BRITAIN
1. “President Truman to Prime Minister Churchill,” Foreign Relations of the United States, 1945, Document 1344.
2. “President Truman to the British Prime Minister (Attlee),” Foreign Relations of the United States, 1945, Document 867N.01/8–3145.
3. “DPs: Millions of Displaced Persons Stream Across Europe to Their Homes,” Life, July 30, 1945, 13.
4. Michael J. Cohen, Truman and Israel (University of California Press, 1990), 111.
5. Earl G. Harrison, Report of Earl G. Harrison, 1, 2, 7, https://www.eisenhowerlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/research/online-documents/holocaust/report-harrison.pdf.
6. Monty Noam Penkower, “The Earl Harrison Report: Its Genesis and Its Significance,” The American Jewish Archives Journal 68, no. 1 (2016): 22.
7. Michael J. Cohen, Palestine and the Great Powers, 1945–1948 (Princeton University Press, 2014), 60–61; Cohen, Truman and Israel, 122–23.
8. Cohen, Truman and Israel, 113.
9. Howard M. Sachar, A History of the Jews in America (Vintage, 1993), 595.
10. Ibid., 592.
11. William Averell Harriman and Elie Abel, Special Envoy to Churchill and Stalin, 1941–1946 (Random House, 1975), 531.
12. Derek Leebaert, Grand Improvisation: America Confronts the British Superpower, 1945–1957 (Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2018), 29–30.
13. Alan Bullock, Ernest Bevin: Foreign Secretary, 1945–1951 (W. W. Norton, 1983), 359.
14. Ibid., 170–71.
15. Ibid., 221.
16. Harrison, Report of Earl G. Harrison, 1, 3.
17. Associated Press, “House Votes Plea on Open Palestine; Senate-Passed Resolution Is Approved, Calling for Appeal for British Action,” New York Times, December 19, 1945.
18. Joseph P. Lash, Eleanor: The Years Alone (W. W. Norton, 1972), 105.
19. Herbert Feis, The Birth of Israel: The Tousled Diplomatic Bed (W. W. Norton, 1969), 25.
20. “Britain’s Big Banks Review Best Year; Optimistic About Future, They Voice Some Concern About Government Controls,” New York Times, January 22, 1946.
21. Randall Bennett Woods, A Changing of the Guard: Anglo American Relations, 1941–1946 (University of North Carolina Press, 1990), 313–16; Atomic Energy Act of 1946 (McMahon Act), Public Law 585, 79th Congress.
22. Thomas G. Paterson, On Every Front: The Making and the Unmaking of the Cold War (W. W. Norton, 1993), 77; Bullock, Ernest Bevin, 203.
23. Leebaert, Grand Improvisation, 59–63.
24. Congressional Record, 79th Congress, 2nd Session, vol. 92, part 7, 8915–16.
25. Harry S. Truman, Memoirs by Harry S. Truman, vol. 2, Years of Trial and Hope (Signet, 1965), 175.
26. Cohen, Palestine and the Great Powers, 107–13.
27. Ibid., 68–71, 79–83.
28. Eleanor Roosevelt, “June 22, 1946,” My Day.
29. Robert J. Donovan, Conflict and Crisis: The Presidency of Harry S. Truman, 1945–1948 (University of Missouri Press, 1996), 317.
30. Bullock, Ernest Bevin, 333.
31. Cohen, Palestine and the Great Powers, 121–22.
32. Donovan, Conflict and Crisis, 318–19.
33. Ronald Radosh and Allis Radosh, A Safe Haven: Harry S. Truman and the Founding of Israel (HarperCollins, 2009), 177–79.
34. Benny Morris, 1948: A History of the First Arab-Israeli War (Yale University Press, 2008), 35.
35. Henry Wallace, “Madison Square Garden Speech,” September 12, 1946.
36. Lash, Eleanor, 109.
37. Eleanor Roosevelt, “February 16, 1946,” My Day.
38. Alonzo L. Hamby, Man of the People: A Life of Harry S. Truman (Oxford University Press, 1995), 407.
39. Morris, 1948, 83–84.
40. Cohen, Palestine and the Great Powers, 139.
41. Bullock, Ernest Bevin, 294–96.
42. Cohen, Palestine and the Great Powers, 163.
43. Ibid., 191–200.
44. J. Bradford De Long and Barry Eichengreen, “The Marshall Plan: History’s Most Successful Structural Adjustment Program,” in Postwar Economic Reconstruction and Lessons for the East Today, ed. Rudiger Dornbusch, Wilhelm Nölling, and Richard Layard (MIT Press, 1993), 199; Bullock, Ernest Bevin, 362.
45. Michael L. Hoffman, “British Workmen Lose Utopian Glow,” New York Times, February 23, 1947.
46. Bullock, Ernest Bevin, 362.
47. Cohen, Palestine and the Great Powers, 222–23; Radosh and Radosh, A Safe Haven, 207.
11. CYRUS AND STALIN
1. Thomas W. Devine, Henry Wallace’s 1948 Presidential Campaign and the Future of Postwar Liberalism (University of North Carolina Press, 2015), 42, 48.
2. Joseph P. Lash, Eleanor: The Years Alone (W. W. Norton, 1972), 88–89.
3. Ronald Radosh and Allis Radosh, A Safe Haven: Harry S. Truman and the Founding of Israel (HarperCollins, 2009), 207–11.
4. William W. Epley, “America’s First Cold War Army, 1945–1950,” Land Warfare Paper No. 32 (August 1999).
5. Alonzo L. Hamby, Man of the People: A Life of Harry S. Truman (Oxford University Press, 1995), 453–54.
6. “Discussion of the Report of the First Committee on the Establishment of a Special Committee on Palestine,” United Nations, General Assembly, Seventy-Seventh Plenary Meeting, May 14, 1947.
7. Michael J. Cohen, Palestine and the Great Powers, 1945–1948 (Princeton University Press, 2014), 261.
8. Ibid., 252–54.
9. “Rev. J. S. Grauel, 68, A Supporter of Israel,” New York Times, September 10, 1986.
10. Benny Morris, 1948: The First Arab-Israeli War (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008), 45–46.
11. Ibid., 48; United Nations Special Committee on Palestine, “Report to the General Assembly, Volume 1,” 1947.
12. “U.N. Assembly Establishes Ad Hoc Committee on Palestine; Will Start Meetings Thursday,” Jewish Telegraph Agency, September 23, 1947.
13. Cohen, Palestine and the Great Powers, 280–83.
14. Peter Grose, “The Partition of Palestine 35 Years Ago,” New York Times, November 21, 1982.
15. “United Nations: Just Beginning,” Time, December 8, 1947.
16. Cohen, Palestine and the Great Powers, 298.
17. Alan Bullock, Ernest Bevin: Foreign Secretary, 1945–1951 (W. W. Norton, 1983), 449–50.
18. Pierre Birnbaum, Leon Blum: Prime Minister, Socialist, Zionist (Yale University Press, 2015), 156–58.
19. Lash, Eleanor, 116–20.
20. Wilson D. Miscamble, George F. Kennan and the Making of American Foreign Policy, 1947–1950 (Princeton University Press, 1993), 94.
21. Arnold Krammer, The Forgotten Friendship: Israel and the Soviet Bloc, 1947–53 (University of Illinois Press, 1974), 74–77.
22. Morris, 1948, 274.
23. “Editorial Note,” Foreign Relations of the United States, 1947, Volume V, 916.
24. “Memorandum by the Director of the Policy Planning Staff (Kennan) to the Secretary of State,” Foreign Relations of the United States, 1948, Volume V, Part 2, The Near East, South Asia, and Africa, 545–54.
25. “Memorandum by the Director of the Policy Planning Staff (Kennan) to the Under Secretary of State (Lovett),” Foreign Relations of the United States, 1948, Volume V, Part 2, The Near East, South Asia, and Africa, 573.
26. “The Palestine Partition Plan is manifestly unworkable…” Foreign Relations of the United States, 1948, Volume V, Part 2, 600–601.
27. “Editorial Note,” Foreign Relations of the United States, 1948, Volume V, Part 2, 633.
28. “Report by the Central Intelligence Agency,” Foreign Relations of the United States, 1948, Volume V, Part 2, 666.
29. “Memorandum by Mr. George H. Butler of the Policy Planning Staff to the Under Secretary of State (Lovett),” Foreign Relations of the United States, 1948, Volume V, Part 2, 619–25.
30. Morris, 1948, 112.
12. CYRUS AGONISTES
1. Benny Morris, 1948: A History of the First Arab-Israeli War (Yale University Press, 2008), 75–77.
2. Howard M. Sachar, A History of the Jews in America (Vintage, 1993), 604.
3. Michael J. Cohen, Palestine and the Great Powers, 1945–1948 (Princeton University Press, 2014), 345.
4. Morris, 1948, 206.
5. John C. Rogers, “Its Decision in Palestine May Decide the Fate of U.N.,” New York Herald Tribune, February 22, 1948.
6. Cohen, Palestine and the Great Powers, 348.
7. David McCullough, Truman (Simon & Schuster, 1992), 607.
8. William S. White, “Marshall Said to Explain U.S. Shift on Partition as Step to Aid Peace,” New York Times, March 25, 1948.
9. Cohen, Palestine and the Great Powers, 335.
10. Alonzo L. Hamby, Man of the People: A Life of Harry S. Truman (Oxford University Press, 1995), 409.
11. Eleanor Roosevelt to Harry S. Truman, March 22, 1948; McCullough, Truman, 612.
12. Eleanor Roosevelt, “March 26, 1948,” My Day.
13. Harry S. Truman, Off the Record: The Private Papers of Harry S. Truman (University of Missouri Press, 1997), 127.
14. Morris, 1948, 88.
15. Ibid., 201.
16. Arnold Krammer, The Forgotten Friendship: Israel and the Soviet Bloc, 1947–53 (University of Illinois Press, 1970), 59–61.
17. Krammer, The Forgotten Friendship, 83, 88–94.
18. Ernest Tucker, The Middle East in Modern World History (Taylor & Francis, 2016), 359.
19. Morris, 1948, 206.
20. William Claiborne, “Palestinian Guerrillas Put Aside Differences to Train in U.S.S.R.,” Washington Post, November 17, 1980.
21. Krammer, The Forgotten Friendship, 80–81.
22. Morris, 1948, 206.
23. Tom Segev, One Palestine, Complete: Jews and Arabs Under the British Mandate (Abacus, 2000), 452.
24. Cohen, Palestine and the Great Powers, 363–64.
25. Ibid., 372–74.
26. “Memorandum of Conversation, by Secretary of State,” Foreign Relations of the United States, 1948, Volume V, Part 2, The Near East, South Asia, and Africa, 972–74.
27. Morris, 1948, 168–71.
28. Howard Sachar, A History of Israel: From the Rise of Zionism to Our Time (Alfred A. Knopf, 2007), 310.
29. Ilan Pappé, “The State and the Tribe: Egypt and Jordan, 1948–88,” in Jordan in the Middle East: The Making of a Pivotal State, 1948–1988 (Routledge, 2013), 162.
30. Thomas Mayer, “Egypt’s 1948 Invasion of Palestine,” Middle Eastern Studies 22, no. 1 (1986): 31.
31. Mahmud A. Faksh, “The Alawai Community of Syria: A New Dominant Political Force,” Middle Eastern Studies 20, no. 2 (1984): 139.
32. Clark Clifford, Counsel to the President: A Memoir (Random House, 1991), 13.
33. “Memorandum of Conversation, by Secretary of State,” Foreign Relations of the United States, 1948, Volume V, Part 2, The Near East, South Asia, and Africa, 974.
34. Clifford, Counsel to the President, 11–12; “Memorandum of Conversation, by Secretary of State,” Foreign Relations of the United States, 1948, Volume V, Part 2, The Near East, South Asia, and Africa, 974.
35. Harry S. Truman, Memoirs by Harry S. Truman, vol. 2, Years of Trial and Hope (Signet, 1965), 145.
36. Ibid., 188–90; “Editorial Note,” Foreign Relations of the United States, 1948, Volume V, Part 2, The Near East, South Asia, and Africa, 737.
37. Michael Oren, “The Diplomatic Struggle for the Negev, 1946–1956,” Studies in Zionism 10, no. 2 (1989): 200.
38. Robert H. Ferrell, Harry S. Truman: A Life (University of Missouri Press, 1994), 311.
39. Ian J. Bickerton, “President Truman’s Recognition of Israel,” American Jewish Historical Quarterly 58, no. 2 (1968): 173–240.
40. Cohen, Palestine and the Great Powers, 357.
41. “Editorial Note,” Foreign Relations of the United States, 1948, Volume V, Part 2, The Near East, South Asia, and Africa, 993.
42. Eleanor and Harry: The Correspondence of Eleanor Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman, ed. Steve Neal (Scribner, 2002), 141–49.
43. Truman, Years of Trial and Hope, 193–94.
13. THE COLD PEACE
1. “Lublin/Majdanek Concentration Camp: Conditions,” United States Holocaust Museum.
2. Dan Stone, The Liberation of the Camps: The End of the Holocaust and Its Aftermath (Yale University Press, 2015), 37–40.
3. U.S. Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States, 89th edition (U.S. Government Printing Office, 1968), 92.
4. “387,000 Deaths Confirmed in WWII Air Raids in Japan; Toll Unknown in 15 Cities: Survey,” Mainichi Japan, August 23, 2020.
5. Barbara Salazar Torreon and Sofia Plagakis, “Instances of Use of United States Armed Forces Abroad, 1798–2020,” Congressional Research Service, July 20, 2020.
6. John Pomfret, The Beautiful Country and the Middle Kingdom: America and China, 1776 to the Present (Henry Holt, 2016), 10, 18–19.
7. Staley Lebergott, “Labor Force and Employment, 1800–1960,” in Output, Employment, and Productivity in the United States After 1800, ed. Dorothy S. Brady (National Bureau of Economic Research, 1966), 119.
8. David Killingray, “The Black Atlantic Missionary Movement and Africa, 1780s–1920s,” Journal of Religion in Africa 33, no. 1 (2003): 14.
9. Dana L. Robert, “The Influence of American Missionary Women on the World Back Home,” Religion and American Culture: A Journal of Interpretation 12, no. 1 (2002): 59–89.
10. U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, “Military Health History Pocket Card—Vietnam”; Graham A. Cosmas, The Joint Chiefs of Staff and the War in Vietnam, 1960–1968, Part III (Office of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, 2009), 167.
11. U.S. Government Accountability Office, “Military Presence: U.S. Personnel in the Pacific Theater” (August 1991), 70. Figures in this chapter adjusted to 2019 dollars using Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis’ Inflation Calculator.
12. Stephen Daggett, “Costs of Major U.S. Wars,” Congressional Research Service, June 29, 2010; Office of Management and Budget, “Historical Tables: Budget of the U.S. Government” (February 26, 2009), 48.
13. “American War and Military Operations Casualties: Lists and Statistics,” Congressional Research Service, July 29, 2020.
14. Bernard Gwertzman, “U.S. Papers Tell of ’53 Policy to Use A-Bomb in Korea,” New York Times, June 8, 1984.
15. D. E. Mungello, “Reinterpreting the History of Christianity in China,” The Historical Journal 55, no. 2 (2012): 533–34.
16. “Report by the Central Intelligence Agency,” Foreign Relations of the United States, 1948, Volume V, Part 2, The Near East, South Asia, and Africa, 1240–48.
17. Douglas Little, “Cold War and Covert Action: The United States and Syria, 1945–1958,” Middle East Journal 44, no. 1 (1990): 51–75.
18. Jerome Slater, Mythologies Without End: The US, Israel, and the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1917–2020 (Oxford University Press, 2020), 94–99.
19. Michael Doran, Ike’s Gamble: America’s Rise to Dominance in the Middle East (Free Press, 2017), 245–49.
20. U.S. Energy Information Administration, “U.S. Net Imports of Crude Oil.”
21. Doran, Ike’s Gamble, 76.
22. State Information Service, “The Egyptian Stock Exchange,” https://www.sis.gov.eg.
23. U.S. Agency for International Development, “Foreign Aid Explorer: The Official Record of U.S. Foreign Aid.”
24. Author’s calculations using statistics obtained from: Comptroller General of the United States, “Summary of United States Assistance to Jordan,” August 8, 1973; Israel Minister of Foreign Affairs, “Population of Israel—General Trends and Indicators,” December 4, 1998; Jeremy M. Sharp, “U.S. Foreign Assistance to the Middle East: Historical Background, Recent Trends, and the FY2011 Request,” Congressional Research Service, June 15, 2010; UNRWA Commissioner-General, “Report of the Commissioner-General of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East,” July 1, 1969–June 30, 1970.
25. Elie Podeh, “To Unite or Not to Unite—That Is Not the Question: The 1963 Tripartite Unity Talks Reassessed,” Middle Eastern Studies 39, no. 1 (2003): 157.
26. Guy Ziv, “Shimon Peres and the French-Israeli Alliance, 1954–9,” Journal of Contemporary History 45, no. 2 (2010): 407.
27. Matti Friedman, Spies of No Country: Israel’s Secret Agents at the Birth of the Mossad (Algonquin Books, 2019).
28. Dennis Ross, Doomed to Succeed: The U.S.-Israel Relationship from Truman to Obama (Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2016), 64–65.
29. Zaki Shalom, “Kennedy, Ben-Gurion and the Dimona Project, 1962–1963,” Israel Studies 1, no. 1 (1996): 3–33.
30. “Memorandum of Conversation,” Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961–1963, Volume XVIII, Near East, 1962–1963, 276–83.
31. “Johnson Puzzled over Lack of Jewish Support for His Vietnam Policy,” Jewish Telegraphic Agency, September 7, 1966.
32. Max Frankel, “Jewish Leaders Deny Johnson Linked Israel and War Support,” New York Times, September 13, 1966; “Goldberg Sees Jewish Leaders in Effort to Mend Johnson Rift,” New York Times, September 14, 1966.
33. Michael B. Oren, Power, Faith, and Fantasy: America in the Middle East, 1776 to the Present (W. W. Norton, 2007), 525.
34. Ibid., 533.
35. Ibid., 527.
14. ALIGNMENT
1. Associated Press, “Mrs. Meir Says Moses Made Israel Oil-Poor,” New York Times, June 11, 1973.
2. Federal Reserve, “The Postwar Drain on Foreign Gold and Dollar Reserves,” Federal Reserve Bulletin, April 1948; United Nations Department of Economic Affairs, “World Economic Report,” United Nations Publications, June 1949, 7, 54–57, 69–70.
3. “Paper Prepared in the Department of the Treasury,” Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Volume III, Foreign Economic Policy; International Monetary Policy, 1969–1972, 179–88; Department of Treasury, “Requirements for a Secure U.S. Balance-of-payments Position,” Washington National Records Center, Department of the Treasury, Office of International Monetary Affairs, September 10, 1971.
4. Interview with Henry Kissinger, October 14, 2021.
5. Carroll Kilpatrick, “Nixon Forces Firing of Cox; Richardson, Ruckelshaus Quit,” Washington Post, October 21, 1973.
6. Craig R. Whitney, “Willy Brandt Quits Post in Wake of Spy Scandal; Asks Scheel to Take Over,” New York Times, May 7, 1974.
7. Craig R. Whitney, “Helmut Schmidt Sworn In as West German Chancellor,” New York Times, May 17, 1974.
8. Nan Robertson, “French Name Poher Interim President,” New York Times, April 4, 1974.
9. Nan Robertson, “Giscard Is Inaugurated; Departs from Tradition,” New York Times, May 28, 1974.
10. David Butler and Dennis Kavanagh, The British General Election of October 1974 (Macmillan, 1975), 275.
11. “Tanaka Quits in Japan,” New York Times, November 26, 1974.
12. Vassilis Fouskas, “Reflections on the Cyprus Issue and the Turkish Invasions of 1974,” Mediterranean Quarterly 12, no. 3 (2000) 98–113.
13. “1974: Rebels Seize Control of Portugal,” BBC.
14. Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Richard M. Nixon, 1969 (U.S. Government Printing Office, 1999), 279.
15. Daniel Yergin, The Prize (Free Press, 1991), 26–34.
16. Monthly figures from U.S. Energy Information Administration, “U.S. Net Imports of Crude Oil.”
17. Yergin, The Prize, 612–32.
18. Michael Corbett, “Oil Shock of 1973–74,” Federal Reserve History, November 22, 2013; U.S. Energy Information Administration, “U.S. Crude Oil First Purchase Price.”
19. Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy, “Fact #915: March 7, 2016 Average Historical Annual Gasoline Pump Price, 1929–2015,” U.S. Department of Energy; U.S. Energy Information Administration, “Motor Vehicle Mileage, Fuel Consumption, and Fuel Economy, 1949–2010.”
20. Greg Myre, “Gas Lines Evoke Memories of Oil Crises in the 1970s,” NPR, November 10, 2012.
21. U.S. Census Bureau, “Money Income in 1973 of Families and Persons in the United States,” July 1974.
22. David Frum, How We Got Here: The 70’s (Basic Books, 2000), 318.
23. Connie De Boer, “The Polls: Attitudes Toward the Arab-Israeli Conflict,” The Public Opinion Quarterly 47, no. 1 (1983): 123.
24. Avner Cohen, “The Last Nuclear Moment,” New York Times, October 6, 2003.
25. Martin Indyk, Master of the Game: Henry Kissinger and the Art of Middle East Diplomacy (Alfred A. Knopf, 2021), 135–39, 169.
26. Ibid., 233.
27. Abraham Rabinovich, The Yom Kippur War: The Epic Encounter That Transformed the Middle East (Schocken, 2004), 493.
28. Carleton Jones, “When Agnew Resigned,” Baltimore Sun, October 6, 1991.
29. Lesley Oelsner, “Judges Rule 5–2,” New York Times, October 13, 1973.
30. Cohen, “The Last Nuclear Moment.”
31. Interview with Henry Kissinger, October 14, 2021.
32. William B. Quandt, “How Far Will Israel Go?,” Washington Post, November 24, 1991.
33. “Transcript of Telephone Conversation Between Secretary of State Kissinger and the President’s Deputy Assistant for National Security Affairs (Scowcroft),” Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Volume XXV, Arab-Israeli Crisis and War, 1973, 441.
34. Lyle J. Goldstein and Yuri M. Zhukov, “A Tale of Two Fleets: A Russian Perspective on the 1973 Naval Standoff in the Mediterranean,” Naval War College Review 57, no. 2 (2004): 48.
35. Tim Weiner, One Man Against the World: The Tragedy of Richard Nixon (Henry Holt, 2015), 289–92.
36. Martin A. Klein, Historical Dictionary of Slavery and Abolition (Rowman & Littlefield, 2014), 21.
37. Stephen Daggett, “Costs of Major U.S. Wars,” Congressional Research Service, June 29, 2010. Figures in this chapter adjusted to 2019 dollars using Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis’ Inflation Calculator.
38. Michael C. Jensen, “U.S. Arms Exports Boom, Particularly to the Mideast,” New York Times, April 14, 1975.
39. Doyle McManus, Free at Last! (New American Library, 1981), 241.
40. Joseph J. Collins, “The Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan: Methods, Motives, and Ramifications,” Naval War College Review 33, no. 6 (1980): 53.
41. U.S. Agency for International Development, “Foreign Aid Explorer: The Official Record of U.S. Foreign Aid.”
42. Rachel Bronson, Thicker Than Oil: America’s Uneasy Partnership with Saudi Arabia (Oxford University Press, 2008), 158–60.
43. Bernard Gwertzman, “Reagan Says U.S. Has Not Altered Policy on Israel,” New York Times, February 17, 1982.
44. “Israel’s Qualitative Military Edge and Possible U.S. Arms Sales to the United Arab Emirates,” Congressional Research Service, October 26, 2020.
45. Wolf Blitzer, “The AIPAC Formula,” Moment, November 1981, 23.
46. “Algeria and France Settle Bitter Dispute on Oil,” New York Times, December 16, 1971.
47. Associated Press, “Saudis Said to Buy Rest of Aramco,” New York Times, September 4, 1980.
48. Fuad Itayim, “Overhaul for Mideast Oil,” New York Times, October 15, 1972.
49. Ann E. Healy, “Tsarist Anti-Semitism and Russian-American Relations,” Slavic Review 42, no. 3 (1983): 408–25.
50. George Perkovich, “Soviet Jewry and American Foreign Policy,” World Policy Journal 5, no. 3 (1988): 438–40.
15. THE GREAT MISCALCULATION
1. Joseph Stalin, “Problems of the Collective-Farm Movement,” Pravda, March 2, 1930.
2. United Nations Security Council, Resolution 678, November 29, 1990.
3. Michael Schwirtz, Anne Barnard, and C. J. Chivers, “Russia and Georgia Clash Over Separatist Region,” New York Times, August 8, 2008; Vikas Bajaj and Michael M. Grynbaum, “For Stocks, Worst Single-Day Drop in Two Decades,” New York Times, September 29, 2008.
4. Office of Policy Development and Research, Department of Housing and Urban Development, “Homeownership—Past, Present, and Future,” Summer 1994; U.S. Census Bureau, “Homeownership Rate for the United States,” Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis.
5. Kenneth T. Jackson, Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization of the United States (Oxford University Press, 1987), 283.
6. William I. Hitchcock, The Age of Eisenhower: America and the World in the 1950s (Simon & Schuster, 2018), 118.
7. “For Our Country,” The Book of Common Prayer (Episcopal Church in the United States, 1928), 36.
8. U.S. Census Bureau, “We, the Americans: Blacks,” September 1993, 2.
9. Patrick Bayer and Kerwin Kofi Charles, “Divergent Paths: Structural Change, Economic Rank, and the Evolution of Black-White Earnings Differences, 1940–2014” (National Bureau of Economic Research, November 2016), 40.
10. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, “Households; Owners’ Equity in Real Estate, Level,” Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis.
11. Edward N. Wolff, “Household Wealth Trends in the United States, 1962 To 2016: Has Middle Class Wealth Recovered?” (National Bureau of Economic Research, November 2017), 51.
12. U.S. Census Bureau, “Quarterly Residential Vacancies and Homeownership, First Quarter 2021,” April 27, 2021.
13. H. L. Dam, “The Black-White Economic Divide Is as Wide as It Was in 1968,” Washington Post, June 4, 2020.
14. Emily Moss, Kriston McIntosh, Wendy Edelberg, and Kristen Broady, “The Black-White Wealth Gap Left Black Households More Vulnerable,” Brookings Institute, December 8, 2020.
15. James Hansen, Storms of My Grandchildren: The Truth About the Coming Climate Catastrophe and Our Last Chance to Save Humanity (Bloomsbury, 2009), 222–36.
16. THE GREAT MACGUFFIN AND THE QUEST FOR THE HOLY GRAIL
1. Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, “Israel-PLO Recognition-Exchange of Letters Between PM Rabin and Chairman Arafat—Sept 9, 1993,” September 9, 1993.
2. The timeline of these events is drawn from Dennis Ross, Doomed to Succeed: The U.S.-Israel Relationship from Truman to Obama (Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2016).
3. Ibid., 243.
4. R. Jeffrey Smith, “Pakistan’s Nuclear-Bomb Maker Says North Korea Paid Bribes for Know-how,” Washington Post, July 6, 2011; Larry A. Niksch, “North Korea’s Nuclear Weapons Development and Diplomacy,” Congressional Research Service, January 5, 2010.
5. Dennis Ross, “Don’t Play with Maps,” New York Times, January 9, 2007.
6. Ross, Doomed to Succeed, 296–97.
7. Michael Doran, Ike’s Gamble: America’s Rise to Dominance in the Middle East (Free Press, 2017), 90–93.
8. See, for example: Agence France-Presse and Times of Israel Staff, “Top Iran Revolutionary Guard Warns Netanyahu Will Have to ‘Flee into the Sea,’ ” Times of Israel, October 5, 2018; Amir Vahdat and Jon Gambrell, “Iran Leader Says Israel a ‘Cancerous Tumor’ to Be Destroyed,” Associated Press, May 22, 2020.
9. Michael Fry and Miles Hochstein, “The Forgotten Middle Eastern Crisis of 1957: Gaza and Sharm-el-Sheikh,” The International History Review 15, no. 1 (1993): 62.
10. Ross, Doomed to Succeed, 82–95.
11. United Nations Security Council, Resolution 425, March 19, 1978; United Nations Security Council, Resolution 426, March 19, 1978.
12. Shaan Shaikh and Ian Williams, “Missiles and Rockets of Hezbollah,” Missile Threat, Center for Strategic and International Studies, June 26, 2018, last modified August 10, 2021.
13. “Scenes from Hell: 1995 Srebrenica Genocide in Photos,” Associated Press, July 10, 2020.
14. George Perkovich, “Soviet Jewry and American Foreign Policy,” World Policy Journal 5, no. 3 (1988): 453–55.
15. Noah Lewin-Epstein and Yinon Cohen, “Ethnic Origin and Identity in the Jewish Population of Israel,” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies (June 2018), 9.
16. Shlomo Avineri, Herzl: Theodore Herzl and the Foundation of the Jewish State (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2014), 179–82.
17. Washington Institute for Near East Policy, “Settlements and Solutions.”
18. Martin Indyk, Master of the Game: Henry Kissinger and the Art of Middle East Diplomacy (Alfred A. Knopf, 2021), 61–76, 549–50.
19. Efraim Karsh, “The Palestinians, Alone,” New York Times, August 1, 2010.
20. Clyde Mark, “Palestinians and Middle East Peace: Issues for the United States,” Congressional Research Service, April 26, 2005.
21. Scott Lasensky, “Paying for Peace: The Oslo Process and the Limits of American Foreign Aid,” Middle East Journal 58, no. 2 (2004): 220.
22. Anas Iqtait, “Economic Desperation and Dependence Are Driving the Palestinian Authority’s Political Decisions,” Middle East Institute, December 2, 2020.
17. RIGHT NATION
1. Theodor Herzl, The Complete Diaries of Theodor Herzl (Herzl Press and Thomas Yoseloff, 1960), 83–84.
2. Robert North Roberts, Valerie A. Sulfaro, and Scott J. Hammond, Presidential Campaigns, Slogans, Issues, and Platforms: The Complete Encyclopedia (Greenwood, 2012), 231–32.
3. Michael Perman, Road to Redemption: Southern Politics, 1869–1879 (University of North Carolina Press, 1983), 80, 173–74.
4. Ibid., 231–34.
5. Arthur S. Link, “The Progressive Movement in the South, 1870–1914,” The North Carolina Historical Review 23, no. 2 (1946): 177–88.
6. “Per Capita Personal Income by State, Annual,” Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis.
7. U.S. Census Bureau, “A Half-Century of Learning: Historical Statistics on Educational Attainment in the United States, 1940 to 2000,” April 6, 2006.
8. U.S. Census Bureau, “United States Summary,” 1940 Census, 83.
9. A. F. Hinrichs, “Wages in Cotton-Goods Manufacturing,” U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, November 1938, 71.
10. George Brown Tindall and Wendell Holmes Stephenson, The Emergence of the New South, 1913–1945: A History of the South (LSU Press, 1967), 77.
11. John Chandler Bancroft Davis, Henry Putzel, Frank D. Wagner, and Henry C. Lind, United States Reports: Cases Adjudged in the Supreme Court at October Term, 1963 (U.S. Government Printing Office, 1964), 533.
12. Darren Dochuk, Anointed with Oil: How Christianity and Crude Made Modern America (Basic Books, 2019), 67–70.
13. Ibid., 426–29.
14. Ibid., 412, 426.
15. Daniel Bell, “The Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism,” The Public Interest, Fall 1970.
16. Rodney Stark and Roger Finke, “Catholic Religious Vocations: Decline and Revival,” Review of Religious Research 42, no. 2 (2000): 125.
17. Steven Miller, Billy Graham and the Rise of the Republican South (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011), 28.
18. Joe Carter, “FactChecker: Are All Christian Denominations in Decline?,” The Gospel Coalition, March 17, 2015.
19. Billy Graham, Just as I Am: The Autobiography of Billy Graham (HarperCollins, 2007), 149.
20. “Sickle for the Harvest,” Time, November 14, 1949, 63; “A New Evangelist Arises,” Life, November 21, 1949, 97.
21. Edmund Wilson, “The Scrolls from the Dead Sea,” The New Yorker, May 6, 1955.
22. James Brooke, “Yigael Yadin, Famed Israeli, Dies; Was Archeologist and War Hero,” New York Times, June 29, 1984.
23. Joel Greenberg, “Benjamin Mazar, 89, Israeli Biblical Archaeologist,” New York Times, September 11, 1995.
24. Steven Erlanger, “King David’s Palace Is Found, Archaeologist Says,” New York Times, August 5, 2005.
25. Sean Savage, “At 3.1 Million Members, CUFI Continues to Promote Israel Support as Core Christian Value,” Jewish News Syndicate, July 22, 2016.
26. “387,000 Deaths Confirmed in WWII Air Raids in Japan; Toll Unknown in 15 Cities: Survey,” Mainichi Japan, August 23, 2020.
27. Diego Lopes da Silva, Nan Tian, and Alexandra Marksteiner, “Trends in World Military Expenditure, 2020,” Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, April 2021: 2.
18. APOCALYPSE NOW: ISRAEL POLICY UNDER GEORGE W. BUSH
1. Peter Baker, Days of Fire: Bush and Cheney in the White House (Doubleday, 2014), 204.
2. Dennis Ross, Doomed to Succeed: The U.S.-Israel Relationship from Truman to Obama (Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2016), 243.
3. Thomas L. Friedman, “Israel, Ignoring Bush, Presses for Loan Guarantees,” New York Times, September 7, 1991.
4. Ronald Reagan, An American Life (Simon & Schuster, 1990), 419; George W. Bush, Decision Points (Crown, 2010), 399–400.
5. Elliott Abrams, Tested by Zion: The Bush Administration and the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict (Cambridge University Press, 2013), 6–8.
6. Joel Greenberg, “Sharon Touches a Nerve, and Jerusalem Explodes,” New York Times, September 29, 2000.
7. Bush, Decision Points, 398.
8. David Samuels, “The Aspiring Novelist Who Became Obama’s Foreign-Policy Guru,” New York Times, May 5, 2016.
9. United States Department of Justice, “Amerithrax Investigation Summary,” February 19, 2010: 1–3.
10. Gavin W. Jones, “A Demographic Perspective on the Muslim World,” Journal of Population Research 23, no. 2 (2006): 246.
11. Ann Byle, “LaHaye, Co-Author of Left Behind Series, Leaves a Lasting Impact,” Publishers Weekly, July 27, 2016.
12. Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, “Suicide and Other Bombing Attacks in Israel Since the Declaration of Principles (September 1993).”
13. Bush, Decision Points, 229.
14. A. J. C. Edwards, Nuclear Weapons, the Balance of Terror, the Quest for Peace (State University of New York Press, 1986), 238.
15. “Bush Official: Libya’s Nuclear Program a Surprise,” CNN, December 19, 2003; Stephen Farrell, “Israel Admits Bombing Suspected Syrian Nuclear Reactor in 2007, Warns Iran,” Reuters, March 20, 2018.
16. Pew Research Center, “Public Attitudes Toward the War in Iraq: 2003–2008,” March 19, 2008.
17. Colin Powell, “Remarks to the United Nations Security Council,” February 5, 2003.
18. Abrams, Tested by Zion, 122–23.
19. I addressed these arguments at length here: Walter Russell Mead, “Jerusalem Syndrome,” Foreign Affairs, November/December 2007.
20. Bush, Decision Points, 404.
21. Ibid., 400–403.
22. Kirk Semple, “U.N. Resolution Condemns Israeli Barrier,” New York Times, October 22, 2003.
23. Abrams, Tested by Zion,163.
19. ISRAEL AND THE EXCEPTIONAL AMERICAN LEFT
1. Pew Research Center, “Issues and the 2008 Election,” August 21, 2008.
2. Anne Barnard, Andrew E. Kramer, and C. J. Chivers, “Russians Push Past Separatist Area to Assault Central Georgia,” New York Times, August 10, 2008.
3. Nicholas Eberstadt, “Our Miserable 21st Century,” Commentary, March 2017.
4. Moritz Kuhn, Moritz Schularick, and Ulrike I. Steins, “Income and Wealth Inequality in America, 1949–2016,” Journal of Political Economy 128, no. 9 (September 2020): 3469–3519.
5. Jeffrey M. Jones, “In U.S., Obama Effect on Racial Matters Falls Short of Hopes,” Gallup, August 11, 2016.
6. “The Polls: Western Partisanship in the Middle East,” The Public Opinion Quarterly 33, no. 4 (1969): 630; Maud S. Mandel, Muslims and Jews in France: History of a Conflict (Princeton University Press, 2014), 81.
7. J. A. Klinghoffer, “The Transformation of the Holocaust Legacy,” Shofar 14, no. 2 (1996): 70.
8. Naseer H. Aruri and Natali Hevener, “France and the Middle East, 1967–1968,” Middle East Journal 23, no. 4 (1969): 487, n13.
9. Martin Gilbert, Israel: A History, rev. ed. (Harper Perennial, 2008), 283.
10. Joshua Muravchik, Making David into Goliath: How the World Turned Against Israel (Encounter Books, 2015), 14.
11. Michelle Mart, “Eleanor Roosevelt, Liberalism, and Israel,” Shofar 24, no. 3 (2006): 58.
12. “ ‘Show of Shows’ Nets $80,000 for War Fund,” New York Times, March 14, 1944.
13. “An Appeal by Black Americans for United States Support to Israel,” New York Times, June 28, 1970.
14. “Black Americans to Support Israel Committee,” New York Times, November 23, 1975.
15. Henning Sussner, “Still Yearning for the Lost Heimat? Ethnic German Expellees and the Politics of Belonging,” German Politics & Society 22, no. 2 (71): 2004: 1–5.
16. Vidhi Doshi and Nisar Mehdi, “70 Years Later, Survivors Recall the Horrors of India-Pakistan Partition,” Washington Post, August 14, 2017.
17. Martin Smith, Burma: Insurgency and the Politics of Ethnicity, rev. ed. (Dhaka: The University Press, 1999), 98.
18. Alper Kaliber, “Re-engaging the Self/Other Problematic in Post-Positivist International Relations: The 1964 Expulsion from Istanbul Revisited,” Southeast European and Black Sea Studies 19, no. 3 (2019): 365.
19. Daniel Geary, “ ‘Becoming International Again’: C. Wright Mills and the Emergence of a Global New Left, 1956–1962,” Journal of American History 95, no. 3 (2008): 730; Giuseppe Morosini, “The European Left and the Third World,” Social Justice 2 (1980): 71.
20. Barack Obama, A Promised Land (Crown, 2020), 627–29.
21. “Exit polls 2012: How the Vote Has Shifted,” Washington Post, November 8, 2012.
22. Joseph L. Grabill, Protestant Diplomacy and the Near East: Missionary Influence on American Policy, 1810–1927 (University of Minnesota Press, 1971), 163, 231, 307–8.
23. Lydia Saad, “Americans’ Views Toward Israel Remain Firmly Positive,” Gallup, February 29, 2016.
20. COOL HANDS, HOT WORLD
1. Shadi Hamid, Islamic Exceptionalism: How the Struggle over Islam Is Reshaping the World (St. Martin’s, 2016), 103.
2. Barack Obama, A Promised Land (Crown, 2020), 627.
3. Ibid., 637–41.
4. Office of the Press Secretary, The White House, “Remarks by President Obama to the Turkish Parliament,” April 6, 2009; Office of the Press Secretary, The White House, “Remarks by the President on a New Beginning,” June 4, 2009.
5. Ben Rhodes, The World as It Is: A Memoir of the Obama White House (Random House, 2019), 100–107.
6. David D. Kirkpatrick, “Named Egypt’s Winner, Islamist Makes History,” New York Times, June 24, 2012.
7. David D. Kirkpatrick, “Army Ousts Egypt’s President; Morsi Is Taken into Military Custody,” New York Times, July 3, 2013.
8. David D. Kirkpatrick, “At Swearing-in, Ex-General Vows ‘Inclusive’ Egypt,” New York Times, June 8, 2014.
9. Rhodes, The World as It Is, 109–20.
10. Tim Gaynor and Taha Zargoun, “Gaddafi Caught Like ‘Rat’ in a Drain, Humiliated and Shot,” Reuters, October 21, 2011.
11. United Nations Security Council, Resolution 1973, March 17, 2011.
12. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, “ ‘Detained and Dehumanised’: Report on Human Rights Abuses Against Migrants in Libya,” December 13, 2016.
13. Spencer S. Hsu and Ann E. Marimow, “Screams, Explosions and Fire in Benghazi: Bodyguard Details Ambassador’s Last Moments,” Washington Post, October 3, 2017.
14. Rebecca Elliott and Luis Santiago, “A Decade in Which Fracking Rocked the Oil World,” Wall Street Journal, December 17, 2019.
15. U.S. Energy Information Administration, “U.S. Field Production of Crude Oil.”
16. Nancy Gibbs and John F. Dickerson, “Inside the Mind of George W. Bush,” Time, September 6, 2004.
17. Rick Klein, “Obama’s Evolving Take on Meeting with Iran,” ABC News, July 21, 2008.
18. Office of the Press Secretary, The White House, “Remarks by President Barack Obama in Prague as Delivered,” April 5, 2009.
19. Michael Crowley, “Hillary Clinton’s Secret Iran Man,” Politico, April 3, 2015.
20. “George Mitchell Named Special Envoy for the Middle East,” CNN, January 22, 2009.
21. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, “Address by PM Netanyahu at Bar-Ilan University,” June 14, 2009.
22. Ari Rabinovitch, “Israeli Settlement Freeze Ends with Peace Talks in Doubt,” Reuters, September 26, 2010.
23. Ben Birnbaum and Amir Tibon, “The Explosive, Inside Story of How John Kerry Built an Israel-Palestine Peace Plan—and Watched It Crumble,” The New Republic, July 20, 2014.
24. United Nations Security Council, Resolution 2334, December 23, 2016.
25. Jodi Rudoren and Isabel Kershner, “Arc of a Failed Deal: How Nine Months of Mideast Talks Ended in Disarray,” New York Times, April 28, 2014.
26. Uri Friedman, “Martin Indyk Explains the Collapse of the Middle East Peace Process,” The Atlantic, July 3, 2014.
27. Birnbaum and Tibon, “The Explosive, Inside Story of How John Kerry Built an Israel-Palestine Peace Plan—and Watched It Crumble.”
28. Martin Indyk, “The Middle East Isn’t Worth It Anymore,” Wall Street Journal, January 17, 2020.
29. Birnbaum and Tibon, “The Explosive, Inside Story of How John Kerry Built an Israel-Palestine Peace Plan—and Watched It Crumble.”
30. Ibid.
31. “Jewish, Arab Fertility Rates in Israel on Par for First Time,” Times of Israel, November 15, 2016.
32. “H. E. Dr. Ola Awad, Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS) President Presents a Brief on the Status of Palestinian People at the End of 2020,” Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, December 31, 2020.
33. Elhanan Miller, “Right-Wing Annexation Drive Fueled by False Demographics, Experts Say,” Times of Israel, January 5, 2015.
34. David B. Green, “Rage, Neglect and Transfer: The Israeli Arab Region Lieberman Wants to ‘Give’ to the Palestinians,” Haaretz, December 11, 2017.
35. Palestinian Center for Policy and Survey Research and the Evens Program in Mediation and Conflict Management, “Palestinian-Israeli Pulse: A Joint Poll,” October 26, 2020.
36. Jodi Rudoren and Anne Barnard, “Israeli Military Invades Gaza, with Sights Set on Hamas Operations,” New York Times, July 17, 2014; David D. Kirkpatrick, “Arab Leaders, Viewing Hamas as Worse Than Israel, Stay Silent,” New York Times, July 30, 2014.
37. Scott Clement and Carol Morello, “New Poll Shows How Sharply Partisan the Debate on Iran Deal Has Become,” Washington Post, September 1, 2015.
38. “Support for Iran Nuclear Agreement Falls,” Pew Research Center, September 8, 2015.
39. Richard Halloran, “Majority in Congress Urge Reagan Not to Sell AWACS to Saudi Arabia,” New York Times, June 25, 1981.
40. Andrew J. Pierre, “Arms Sales: The New Diplomacy,” Foreign Affairs (Winter 1981/82).
41. Manu Raju, “How the White House Kept Democrats from Killing the Iran Deal,” CNN, September 11, 2015.
42. “New Poll: U.S. Jews Support Iran Deal, Despite Misgivings,” Jewish Journal, July 23, 2015.
43. Robert P. Jones and Daniel Cox, “Chosen for What? Jewish Values in 2012,” Public Religion Research Institute, April 3, 2012.
44. “AJC 2015 Survey of American Jewish Opinion,” American Jewish Committee, September 11, 2015.
45. Birnbaum and Tibon, “The Explosive, Inside Story of How John Kerry Built an Israel-Palestine Peace Plan—and Watched It Crumble.”
21. AMERICAN CRISIS AND THE FATE OF THE JEWISH PEOPLE
1. Frank Newport and Riley Brands, “Gallup Review: Americans, Immigration and the Election,” Gallup, October 27, 2016.
2. Jennifer Agiesta, “Most Say Race Relations Worsened Under Obama, Poll Finds,” CNN, October 5, 2016.
3. Jeffrey M. Jones, “Last Trump Job Approval 34%; Average Is Record-Low 41%,” Gallup, January 18, 2021.
4. Stephen Farrell, “Why Is the U.S. Moving Its Embassy to Jerusalem?,” Reuters, May 7, 2018.
5. Lara Jakes and David M. Halbfinger, “In Shift, U.S. Says Israeli Settlements in West Bank Do Not Violate International Law,” New York Times, November 18, 2019.
6. Vanessa Romo, “Trump Formally Recognizes Israeli Sovereignty over Golan Heights,” NPR, March 25, 2019.
7. “First Jerusalem-Born American Gets U.S. Passport That Lists ‘Israel’ as Birthplace,” Reuters, October 30, 2020.
8. Quint Forgey, “ ‘The Dawn of a New Middle East’: Trump Celebrates Abraham Accords with White House Signing Ceremony,” Politico, September 15, 2020.
9. Andrew Witherspoon and Courtenay Brown, “Southern States Won the Most Auto Manufacturing Jobs,” Axios, December 16, 2018.
10. Richard Deitz and James Orr, “A Leaner, More Skilled U.S. Manufacturing Workforce,” Current Issues in Economics and Finance 12, no. 2 (February/March 2006), 4.
11. Heather Long, “Reality Check: U.S. Manufacturing Jobs at 1940s Levels,” CNN, April 7, 2017.
12. “Real Wage Trends, 1979 to 2019,” Congressional Research Service, December 28, 2020.
13. Office of Immigration Statistics, U.S. Department of Homeland Security, “2019 Yearbook of Immigration Statistics” (September 2020), 5.
14. Abby Budiman, “Key Findings About U.S. Immigrants,” Pew Research Center, August 20, 2020.
15. H. L. Dam, “The Black-White Economic Divide Is as Wide as It Was in 1968,” Washington Post, June 4, 2020.
16. Robert Weisbrot and G. Calvin Mackenzie, The Liberal Hour: Washington and the Politics of Change in the 1960s (Penguin, 2008), 48.
17. James F. Peltz, “As Defense Cuts Deepen, Southern California’s Aerospace Industry Is Down but Not Out,” Los Angeles Times, September 26, 1993.
18. “Israel Premier and Parliament to Move to Jerusalem; Ben Gurion Reads Declaration,” Jewish Telegraphic Agency, December 14, 1949.
19. Kimberly Katz, “Administering Jordanian Jerusalem: Constructing National Identity,” in Jerusalem: Idea and Reality, ed. Tamar Mayer and Suleiman A. Mourad (Taylor & Francis, 2008), 260.
20. Larry Rohter, “Obama’s Comments on Israel Stir Criticism in U.S.,” New York Times, June 7, 2008.
21. Raphael Ahren and Times of Israel Staff, “US Confirms No More Presidential Waivers for Jerusalem Embassy Act,” Times of Israel, May 8, 2019.
22. Mark Landler, “Trump Recognizes Jerusalem as Israel’s Capital and Orders U.S. Embassy to Move,” New York Times, December 6, 2017.
23. Matt Korade, Kevin Bohn, and Daniel Burke, “Controversial US Pastors Take Part in Jerusalem Embassy Opening,” CNN, May 14, 2018.
24. Bill Chappell, “U.S. Closes Jerusalem Consulate That Gave Palestinians a Link to Washington,” NPR, March 4, 2019.
25. Sewell Chan, “Nearly Every Former U.S. Ambassador to Israel Disagrees with Trump’s Jerusalem Decision,” New York Times, December 7, 2017.
26. Ben Sales, “Proud Boys Leader Trying to Rebrand the Group as Explicitly Antisemitic,” Jerusalem Post, November 12, 2020.
27. “Trump Ally Alex Jones: The Emanuel Brothers Are the Leaders of ‘The Jewish Mafia,’ ” Media Matters, October 25, 2016.
28. Collier Meyerson, “Can You Be a Zionist Feminist? Linda Sarsour Says No,” The Nation, March 13, 2017.
29. Eric Cortellessa, “In Platform, Movement for Black Lives Accuses Israel of ‘Genocide,’ Backs BDS,” Times of Israel, August 3, 2016.
30. Peter Jamison and Valerie Strauss, “D.C. Lawmaker Says Recent Snowfall Caused by ‘Rothschilds Controlling the Climate,’ ” Washington Post, March 18, 2018.
31. Jack Dutton, “Marjorie Taylor Greene’s ‘Jewish Space Lasers’ Conspiracy Theory Met with Derision, Jokes,” Newsweek, January 29, 2021.