FOREWORD
1.Caroline Brettell, ‘The Emigrant, the Nation, and Twentieth-century Portugal: An Anthropological Approach’, Portuguese Studies Review, 2, no. 2 (1993), 51.
1.EMIGRATIONS, DIASPORAS AND PEOPLE ON THE MOVE
1.Toby Green, The Rise of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade in Western Africa, 1300–1589, Cambridge University Press (Cambridge, 2012).
2.William H. McNeill, ‘Human Migration: A Historical Overview’, in W. H. McNeill and Ruth S. Adams, Human Migration Patterns and Policies, Indiana University Press (Bloomington, 1978), 3–19.
3.James H. Sweet, Recreating Africa, University of North Carolina Press (Chapel Hill, NC, 2003).
4.Miriam Halpern Pereira, A Política Portuguesa de Emigração 1850–1930, A Regra do Jogo (Lisbon, 1981), 7.
5.Joel Serrão, A Emigração Portuguesa. Sondagem Histórica, 2nd edn, Livros Horizonte (Lisbon, 1974), 86–7.
6.This point is concisely argued in Suner Åkerman, ‘Towards an Understanding of Emigrational Processes’, in W. H. McNeill and Ruth S. Adams, Human Migration Patterns and Policies, 287–306.
7.Ibid., 287–8; see discussion in Brettell, ‘The Emigrant, the Nation, and Twentieth-century Portugal: An Anthropological Approach’, 52.
8.John Darwin, ‘Decolonisation and Diaspora’, in Eric Morier-Genoud and Michel Cahen, Imperial Migrations. Colonial Communities and Diaspora in the Portuguese World, Palgrave Macmillan (Basingstoke, 2012), 316–26; quotation from 322.
9.Linda Colley, Britons. Forging the Nation 1707–1837, 2nd edn, Yale University Press (New Haven and London, 2005).
10.Edward Shils, ‘Roots—The Sense of Place and Past: The Cultural Gains and Losses of Migration’, in McNeill and Adams, Human Migration Patterns and Policies, 411.
11.Helena Carreiras, Diego Bussola, Maria Xavier, Beatriz Padilla and Andrés Malamud, ‘Portuguese Gauchos: Associations, Social Integration and Collective Identity in Twenty-first Century Argentina, Uruguay and Southern Brazil’, Portuguese Studies Review, 14, no. 2 (2006–7), 290–1.
12.An excellent introduction to the vast literature on the Portuguese diaspora is Edward A. Alpers and Molly Ball, ‘“Portuguese” Diasporas: a Survey of the Scholarly Literature’, in Eric Morier-Genoud and Michel Cahen, Imperial Migrations. Colonial Communities and Diaspora in the Portuguese World, Palgrave Macmillan (Basingstoke, 2012), 31–71.
13.A. J. R. Russell-Wood, A World on the Move, Carcanet (Manchester, 1992).
14.Stefan Halikowski-Smith, Creolization and Diaspora in the Portuguese Indies. The Social World of Ayutthaya 1640–1720, Brill (Leiden, 2011), 2.
15.Green, The Rise of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade in Western Africa, 1300–1589, 263.
16.Ibid., 143.
17.Priscilla Doel, ‘The White Fleet and the Iconography of Control’, in Carlos Teixeira and Victor M. P. Da Rosa, The Portuguese in Canada, University of Toronto Press (Toronto, 2000), 37–52. Quotation from page 43.
18.Carreiras et al., ‘Portuguese Gauchos: Associations, Social Integration and Collective Identity in Twenty-first Century Argentina, Uruguay and Southern Brazil’, 288.
19.Shils, ‘Roots—The Sense of Place and Past: The Cultural Gains and Losses of Migration’, 408.
20.See ch. 4 of Malyn Newitt, Portugal in European and World History, Reaktion Books (London, 2009).
2.POINTS OF DEPARTURE: PORTUGAL FROM THE FIFTEENTH TO THE NINETEENTH CENTURY
1.José Maria Ferreira de Castro, Emigrantes, first published 1928, Guimarães (Lisbon, 1946), 30.
2.For the Portuguese military nobility, see J. G. Monteiro, A Guerra em Portugal nos Finais da Idade Média, Editorial Notícias (Lisbon, 1998), and discussion in Malyn Newitt, ‘The Portuguese Nobility and the Rise and Decline of Portuguese Military Power 1400–1650’, in D. J. B. Trim, ed., The Chivalric Ethos and the Development of Military Professionalism, Brill (Leiden, 2003), 89–116.
3.A. H. de Oliveira Marques, A Expansão Quatrocentista, vol. 2 of Nova História da Expansão Portuguesa, Joel Serrão and A. H. de Oliveira Marques, eds, Editorial Estampa (Lisbon, 1998), 203.
4.Ibid., 300–1.
5.‘Letter of João de Meneses to Dom Manuel, 1514’, in Pierre de Cenival, ed., Les sources inédites de l’histoire du Maroc: archives et bibliothèques de Portugal, Tome 1 (1486–1516), Geuthner (Paris, 1934), 545–8. Translation in M. Newitt, The Portuguese in West Africa 1415–670, Cambridge University Press (New York, 2010), 37–40.
6.Oliveira Marques, A Expansão Quatrocentista, 298.
7.‘O vector social dinâmico é o cavaleiro-mercador’, quoted in Alberto Vieira, ‘A Emigração portuguesa nos Descobrimentos: Do Littoral às Ilhas’, Portuguese Studies Review, 15, nos. 1–2 (2007), 69.
8.François Pyrard, The Voyage of François Pyrard, A. Gray, ed., 2 vols., Hakluyt Society (London, 1887–90), 86.
9.Alan Villiers, The Quest of the Schooner Argus, Hodder and Stoughton (London, 1951).
10.Caroline Brettell, Anthropology and Migration, Altamira (Oxford, 2003), 14–15.
11.Richard Robinson, Contemporary Portugal, George Allen and Unwin (London, 1979), 153.
12.For a good summary of Ericeira’s policies see A. R. Disney, A History of Portugal and the Portuguese Empire, Cambridge University Press (Cambridge, 2009), vol. 1, 245–8.
13.Figures from A. H. de Oliveira Marques, History of Portugal, Columbia University Press (New York, 1972), vol. 1, 387–92.
14.António Costa Pinto, ‘Elites, Single Parties and Political Decision-making in Fascist-era Dictatorships’, Contemporary European History, II (2002), 434.
15.Oliveira Marques, A Expansão Quatrocentista, 305.
16.Pyrard, The Voyage of François Pyrard, 122.
17.Oliveira Marques, A Expansão Quatrocentista, 302–3; Vitor Luís Pinto Gaspar da Conceição Rodrigues, ‘A Guiné nas Cartas de Perdão (1463–1500)’, in Congresso Internacional Bartolomeu Dias e a sua Época, Comissão Nacional para as Comemorações dos Descobrimentos Portugueses (Porto, 1989), vol. IV, 397–412.
18.Timothy J. Coates, Convicts and Orphans. Forced and State-Sponsored Colonizers in the Portuguese Empire, 1550–1755, Stanford University Press (Stanford, CA, 2001), 25.
19.Malyn Newitt, History of Mozambique, Hurst & Co. (London, 1995), pp. 22, 24, 54.
20.Figures from Coates, Convicts and Orphans, 40.
21.Adolfo Coelho, Os Ciganos de Portugal, Publicações Dom Quixote (Lisbon, 1995); Coates, Convicts and Orphans, 45–6.
22.Pyrard, The Voyage of François Pyrard, 80.
23.Maria Helena Vilas-Boas e Alvim, ‘A Mulher e a Expansão na Perspectiva de alguns Cronistas e Historiadores seus Coevos’, in O Rosto Feminino da Expansão Portuguesa, 2 vols., Comissão para a Igualdade e para os Direitos das Mulheres (Lisbon, 1995), vol. 1, 265; Coates, Convicts and Orphans, 141–77.
3.POINTS OF DEPARTURE: THE ATLANTIC ISLANDS
1.Rinaldo Caddeo, ed., Le Navigazioni Atlantiche di Alvise da Cá da Mosto (Milan, 1929), printed in Viagens de Luís de Cadamosto e de Pedro de Sintra, Academia Portuguesa de História (Lisbon, 1948), 9–13.
2.John Barrow, A Voyage to Cochinchina in the Years 1792 and 1793, Cadell and Davies (London, 1806), 23.
3.Ibid., 15.
4.Numbers from T. Bentley Duncan, Atlantic Islands. Madeira, the Azores and the Cape Verdes in Seventeenth-Century Commerce and Navigation, Chicago University Press (Chicago, 1972), 255.
5.Alberto Vieira, ‘Emigration from the Portuguese Islands in the Second Half of the Nineteenth Century: the Case of Madeira’, in David Higgs, ed., Portuguese Migration in Global Perspective, Multicultural History Society of Ontario (Toronto, 1990), 47.
6.Jo-Anne S. Ferreira, ‘Madeiran Portuguese Migration to Guyana, St Vincent, Antigua and Trinidad: A Comparative View’, Portuguese Studies Review, 14, 2 (2009), 67–8.
7.Vieira, ‘Emigration from the Portuguese Islands in the Second Half of the Nineteenth Century: the Case of Madeira’, 42–60.
8.Victor Pereira da Rosa and Salvato Trigo, Azorean Emigration. A Preliminary Overview, Fernando Pessoa University Press (Porto, 1994), 68.
9.Oliveira Marques, History of Portugal, 371; Francis M. Rogers, Atlantic Islanders of the Azores and Madeira, Christopher Publishing House (North Quincy, MA, 1979), 30.
10.Luís Mendonça and José Ávila, Emigração Açoriana (sécs. XVIII a XX) (Lisbon, 2002), 13.
11.Victor Pereira da Rosa and Salvato Trigo, Azorean Emigration. A preliminary overview, Fernando Pessoa University Press (Porto, 1994), 69.
12.Ibid., 14.
13.Ibid., 24–7.
14.Luís da Silva Mouzinho de Albuquerque, ‘Observações sobre a Ilha de S. Miguel’, quoted in Mendonça and Ávila, Emigração Açoriana (sécs. XVIII a XX), 20.
15.Ibid., 20–21.
16.Ibid., 32.
17.José Carlos Garcia, O Museu dos Baleeiros e a Cultura da Baleação, O Museu do Ilha do Pico (Lajes do Pico, 2002), 13.
18.Jerry Williams, ‘Azorean Migration Patterns in the United States’, in Higgs, ed., Portuguese Migration in Global Perspective, 145–57; quotation from p. 146.
19.Francisco Soares de Lacerda Machado, História do Concelho das Lages, Tipografia Popular (Figueira da Foz, 1936). Facsimile edition 1991, 127–34.
20.Mendonça and Ávila, Emigração Açoriana (sécs. XVIII a XX), 35.
21.Pereira da Rosa and Trigo, Azorean Emigration. A Preliminary Overview, 67.
22.Alfred Lewis, Home is an Island, first published 1951, Tagus Press (Dartmouth, MA, 2012), 124.
23.Maria Emília Madeira Santos, ed., História Geral de Cabo Verde, 3 vols., Centro de Estudos de História e Cartografia Antiga and Instituto de Investigação Científica Tropical (Lisbon, 1991–2002); quotation from vol. 2, 229–30.
24.Ibid., 231–2.
25.Ibid., 240–44.
26.Arquivo Histórico Nacional (Cabo Verde), Descoberta das Ilhas de Cabo Verde/Découverte des Îles du Cap-Vert, AHN Praia and Sépia Paris (Praia) (1998), 58/54.
27.Elisa Silva Andrade, Les Îles du Cap-Vert de la découverte à l’Indépendance Nationale (1460–1975), L’Harmattan (Paris, 1996), 45.
28.C. R. Boxer, Race Relations in the Portuguese Colonial Empire 1415–1825, Clarendon Press (Oxford, 1963), 14.
29.Ibid.
30.‘The Voyage of M. George Fenner to Guinie, and the Islands of Cape Verde, in the yeere of 1566…’, in Richard Hakluyt, The Principal Navigations, Voyage Traffiques & Discoveries of the English Nation, 8 vols., J. M. Dent (London, 1907), vol. 4, 147.
31.Linhas Gerais da História do Desenvolvimento Urbano da Cidade de Mindelo, República de Cabo Verde (Lisbon, 1984), 13.
32.António Carreira, The People of the Cape Verde Islands, Christopher Fyfe trans., Hurst & Co. (London, 1962), 8.
33.Barrow, A Voyage to Cochinchina in the Years 1792 and 1793, 65–6.
34.Ibid., 70–71.
35.Ibid., 67–8.
36.Ibid., 70.
37.Carreira, The People of the Cape Verde Islands, 52, 77.
38.Vieira, ‘A Emigração portuguesa nos Descobrimentos: Do Littoral às Ilhas’, 75.
39.Ibid., 72.
40.Ibid., 78.
41.Ibid., 79.
42.Rogers, Atlantic Islanders of the Azores and Madeira, 48–9.
43.Augusto Reis Machado, ed., Viagem de Lisboa à Ilha de S.Tomé. Escrita por um pilôto Português (século XVI), Portugália (Lisbon, n.d.), 51.
44.Francisco Tenreiro, A Ilha de São Tomé, Junta de Investigações do Ultramar (Lisbon, 1961), 63.
45.Machado, ed., Viagem de Lisboa à Ilha de S.Tomé, 52.
46.Ibid., 51.
4.THE DIASPORA OF THE SEPHARDIC JEWS
1.Miriam Bodian, ‘“Men of the Nation”: the Shaping of Converso Identity in Early Modern Europe’, Past and Present, 143 (1994), 54–6.
2.Quoted in Yosef Yerushalmi, ‘Exile and Expulsion in Jewish History’, in Benjamin R. Gampel, Crisis and Creativity in the Sephardic World 1391–1648, Columbia University Press (New York, 1997), 22.
3.António José Saraiva, A Inquisição Portuguesa, 3rd ed, Europa-América (Lisbon, 1964) and Inquisição e Cristãos-Novos, Editorial Nova (Porto, 1969).
4.Daviken Studnicki-Gizbert, A Nation upon the Open Sea. Portugal’s Atlantic Diaspora and the Crisis of the Spanish Empire, 1492–1640, Oxford University Press (Oxford, 2007), 25–6.
5.Ibid., 44; Daniel Swetschinski, Reluctant Cosmopolitans. The Portuguese Jews of Seventeenth Century Amsterdam, Littman Library of Jewish Civilization (Oxford, 2000), 64.
6.Studnicki-Gizbert, A Nation upon the Open Sea. Portugal’s Atlantic Diaspora and the Crisis of the Spanish Empire, 43.
7.Ibid., 72.
8.George E. Brooks, Eurafricans in Western Africa, Oxford University Press (Oxford, 2003), 93.
9.Green, The Rise of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade in Western Africa, 1300–1589, 134.
10.Malyn Newitt, ‘Portugal, the Inquisition and the Triumph of English Merchant Capitalism’, ch. 7 in Portugal in European and World History, Reaktion Books (London, 2009).
11.See discussion in Newitt, Portugal in European and World History, ch. 7.
12.Swetschinski, Reluctant Cosmopolitans. The Portuguese Jews of Seventeenth Century Amsterdam, 115.
13.Linda Rupert, ‘Trading Globally, Speaking Locally: Curaçao’s Sephardim in the Making of a Caribbean Creole’, 109–22, and Francesca Trivellato, ‘The Port Jews of Livorno and their Global Networks of Trade in the Early Modern Period,’ 31–48, in David Cesarini and Gemma Romain, eds, Jews and Port Cities 1590–1990, Vallentine Mitchell (London, 2006).
14.Renata Segre, ‘Sephardic Refugees in Ferrara: Two Notable Families’, in Gampel, ed., Crisis and Creativity in the Sephardic World 1391–1648, 164.
15.Trivellato, ‘The Port Jews of Livorno and their Global Networks of Trade in the Early Modern Period’, 33.
16.Yosef Kaplan, ‘The Self-definition of the Sephardic Jews of Western Europe and their Relation to the Alien and the Stranger’, in Gampel, ed., Crisis and Creativity in the Sephardic World 1391–1648, 121.
17.Miriam Bodian, Hebrews of the Portuguese Nation: Conversos and Community in Early Modern Amsterdam, Indiana University Press (Bloomington, 1997), 45.
18.Ibid., 61.
19.Ibid., 134.
20.Ibid., 50–51.
21.Ibid., 75.
22.Ibid., 142.
23.Adam Sutcliffe, ‘Identity, Space and Intercultural Contact in the Urban Entrepôt: The Sephardic Bounding of Community in Early Modern Amsterdam and London’, in Cesarini and Romain, eds, Jews and Port Cities 1590–1990, 105.
24.Kaplan, ‘The Self-definition of the Sephardic Jews of Western Europe and their Relation to the Alien and the Stranger’, 122.
25.Judith C. E. Belinfante et al., The Esnoga. A Monument to Portuguese–Jewish Culture, D’Arts (Amsterdam, 1991).
26.Kaplan, ‘The Self-definition of the Sephardic Jews of Western Europe and their Relation to the Alien and the Stranger’, 123, 125, 127, 144.
27.Evelyne Oliel-Grausz, ‘Networks and Communication in the Sephardi Diaspora: An Added Dimension to the Concept of Port Jews and Port Jewries’, in Cesarini and Romain, eds, Jews and Port Cities 1590–1990, 66.
28.Bodian, Hebrews of the Portuguese Nation: Conversos and Community in Early Modern Amsterdam, 160; Kaplan, ‘The Self-definition of the Sephardic Jews of Western Europe and their Relation to the Alien and the Stranger’, 141.
29.Klaus Weber, ‘Were Merchants more Tolerant? “Patrons of the Jews” and the Decline of the Sephardi Community in Late Seventeenth Century Hamburg’, in David Cesarini and Gemma Romain, eds, Jews and Port Cities 1590–1990, Vallentine Mitchell (London, 2006), 77, 79, 80.
30.Swetschinski, Reluctant Cosmopolitans. The Portuguese Jews of Seventeenth Century Amsterdam, 95.
31.Todd M. Endelman, The Jews of Georgian England 1714–1830, University of Michigan Press (Ann Arbor, MI, 1999), 168.
32.Ibid.
33.Yerushalmi, ‘Exile and Expulsion in Jewish History’, 11.
34.Bodian, Hebrews of the Portuguese Nation: Conversos and Community in Early Modern Amsterdam, 75.
35.Swetschinski, Reluctant Cosmopolitans. The Portuguese Jews of Seventeenth Century Amsterdam, 312.
36.Bodian, Hebrews of the Portuguese Nation: Conversos and Community in Early Modern Amsterdam, 37.
37.Swetschinski, Reluctant Cosmopolitans. The Portuguese Jews of Seventeenth Century Amsterdam, 119.
38.Ibid., 88.
39.Lois C. Dubin, ‘“Wings on their Feet…and Wings on their Head”: Reflections on the Study of Port Jews’, Cesarini and Romain, eds, Jews and Port Cities 1590–1990, 23.
40.Bodian, Hebrews of the Portuguese Nation: Conversos and Community in Early Modern Amsterdam, 95.
41.Segre, ‘Sephardic Refugees in Ferrara: Two Notable Families’, 182.
42.Dubin, ‘“Wings on their Feet…and Wings on their Head”: Reflections on the Study of Port Jews’, 21.
43.Segre, ‘Sephardic Refugees in Ferrara: Two Notable Families’, 161.
44.Dubin, ‘“Wings on their Feet…and Wings on their Head”: Reflections on the Study of Port Jews’, 25.
45.Swetschinski, Reluctant Cosmopolitans. The Portuguese Jews of Seventeenth Century Amsterdam, 113.
5.PORTUGUESE MIGRATION AND SETTLEMENT IN ASIA
1.C. R. Boxer, The Portuguese Seaborne Empire, 1415–1825, Hutchinson (London, 1969), 52.
2.Figures from T. Bentley Duncan, ‘Navigation between Portugal and Asia in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries’, in C. K. Pullapilly and E. J. Van Kley, eds, Asia and the West. Encounters and Exchanges from the Age of Explorations, Cross Cultural Publications (Notre Dame, IN, 1986), 24.
3.Boxer, The Portuguese Seaborne Empire, 1415–1825, 53.
4.John Villiers, ‘The Estado da India in Southeast Asia’, in Malyn Newitt, ed., The First Portuguese Colonial Empire, University of Exeter Press (Exeter, 1986), 50.
5.Francesco Carletti, My Voyage Round the World, ed. Herbert Weinstock, Methuen (London, 1964), 208–9.
6.Jan Huyghen van Linschoten, The Voyage of Jan Huyghen van Linschoten to the East Indies, A. C. Burnell, ed., 2 vols., Hakluyt Society (London, 1885), especially chapters 28–32, pages 175–222.
7.Pyrard, The Voyage of François Pyrard, 74.
8.Ibid., 121.
9.Ibid.
10.Jean Baptiste Tavernier, Travels in India by Jean Baptiste Tavernier, V. Ball, ed., Macmillan (London, 1889), vol. 1, 188.
11.Ibid.
12.R. S. Whiteway, The Rise of Portuguese Power in India, 1497–1550, 1st edn 1899, reprinted Susil Gupta, Augustus Kelley (New York, 1967), 25.
13.Ibid., 136.
14.Carletti, My Voyage Round the World, 128.
15.Ibid., 210.
16.M. H. Goonatilleka, ‘A Portuguese Creole in Sri Lanka. A Brief Socio-linguistic Survey’, in Teotonio R. de Souza, ed., Indo-Portuguese History. Old Issues, New Questions, Concept Publishing Company (New Delhi, 1984), 149.
17.Cesar Fedrici, ‘The Voyage and Travell of M. Caesar Fredericke, Marchant of Venice, into the East India and beyond the Indies’, in Richard Hakluyt, ed., The Principal Navigations Voyages, Traffiques & Discoveries of the English Nation, 8 vols., Dent (London, 1927), vol. 3, 198–269; quotes from 24–43.
18.Maurice Collis, The Land of the Great Image, New Directions (New York, 1985), 109–11; Alexandra Pelúcia, Corsários e Piratas Portugueses, A Esfera dos Livros (Lisbon, 2010).
19.António Pinto da França, A Influência Portuguesa na Indonésia, 3rd edn, Prefácio (Lisbon, 2003), 28.
20.Abbé Carré, The Travels of the Abbé Carré in India and the Near East, 1672 to 1674, Charles Fawcett, ed., 3 vols., Hakluyt Society (London, 1947), 521–2.
21.Ibid., 731–47.
22.Stefan Halikowski-Smith, Creolization and Diaspora in the Portuguese Indies. The Social World of Ayutthaya 1640–1720, Brill (Leiden, 2011), 2.
23.Shihan de Silva Jayasuriya, The Portuguese in the East, Tauris Academic Studies (London, 2008), 6.
24.Goonatilleka, ‘A Portuguese Creole in Sri Lanka. A Brief Socio-linguistic Survey’, 149.
25.Halikowski-Smith, Creolization and Diaspora in the Portuguese Indies, 10.
26.Ibid., 6.
27.Jayasuriya, The Portuguese in the East, 12.
28.For these events and their aftermath see C. R. Boxer, Francisco Vieira de Figueiredo: A Portuguese Merchant-Adventurer in South East Asia, 1624–1667, Martinus Nijhoff (The Hague, 1967).
29.Goonatilleka, ‘A Portuguese Creole in Sri Lanka. A Brief Socio-linguistic Survey’, 152.
30.Carré, The Travels of the Abbé Carré in India and the Near East, 1672 to 1674, 445.
31.William Dampier, A Voyage to New Holland in the Year 1699, Argonaut Press (London, 1939), 171–2.
32.Gervase Clarence Smith, The Third Portuguese Empire 1825–1975, Manchester University Press (Manchester, 1985), 30.
33.Pinto da França, A Influência Portuguesa na Indonésia.
34.Joseph Conrad, An Outcast of the Islands, first published 1896, Collins Classics (London, 1955), 19.
35.Ibid., 19.
36.Ibid.
37.Ibid., 19–20.
38.Ibid., 20.
39.Ibid., 22.
40.Clarence Smith, The Third Portuguese Empire 1825–1975, 28.
41.Ibid., 71.
42.Maria Beatriz Rocha-Trindade, ‘The Portuguese Diaspora’, in Carlos Teixeira and Victor M. P. Da Rosa, eds, The Portuguese in Canada, University of Toronto Press (Toronto, 2000), 21.
43.M. N. Pearson, The New Cambridge History of India. I.1. The Portuguese in India, Cambridge University Press (Cambridge, 1967), 149.
44.‘Abbé Faria (1746–1819)’ at http://www.durbinhypnosis.com/abbe%20faria.htm. (Faria’s dates are actually 1756–1819); Chirly dos Santos-Stubbe, ‘Abade Faria (1756–1819) in Scientific and Fine Arts Literature’, in Charles Borges, Óscar Pereira and Hannes Stubbe, Goa and Portugal History and Development, Concept Publishing (New Delhi, 2000), 336–45.
45.Alexandre Dumas, The Count of Monte Cristo, Harper Perennial (London, 2008), 149.
46.Ibid., 150, 152.
47.Ibid., 163.
48.Ibid., 167.
49.Margret Frenz, ‘Representing the Portuguese Empire: Goan Consuls in British Africa, c.1910–1963’, in Eric Morier-Genoud and Michel Cahen, Imperial Migrations. Colonial Communities and Diaspora in the Portuguese World, Palgrave Macmillan (Basingstoke, 2012), 201.
50.See for example Pedro Machado, ‘Without Scales and Balances. Gujerati Merchants in Mozambique, c.1680–1800’, Portuguese Studies Review, 9, nos. 1–2 (2001), 254–80.
51.Caroline Brettell, ‘Portugal’s First Post-Colonials: Citizenship, Identity, and the Repatriation of Goans’, Portuguese Studies, 14, no. 2 (2006–7), 48–9.
52.Ibid., 157.
53.Ibid.
54.Rupa Chanda and Sriparna Ghosh, ‘Goans in Portugal: Role of History and Identity in Shaping Diaspora Linkages’, Working Paper 368, Indian Institute of Management (Bangalore, July 2012): ttp://www.iimb.ernet.in/research/working-papers/goans-portugal-role-history-and-identity-shaping-diaspora-linkages, 6.
55.Rocha-Trindade, ‘The Portuguese Diaspora’, 21.
56.‘Observatório da Emigração’ produced by CIES Centro de Investigação de Estudos de Sociologia, http://www.observatorioemigracao.secomunidades.pt/np4/paises.html?id=14
6.THE PORTUGUESE IN BRAZIL
1.Guilhermino César, O ‘Brasileiro’ na Ficção Portuguesa, Parceria A. M. Pereira (Lisbon, 1969), 25.
2.Mendonça and Ávila, Emigração Açoriana (sécs. XVIII a XX), 44.
3.Janina Klawe, ‘O Papel das Mulheres nos Descobrimentos e na Expansão Portuguesa’, in O Rosto Feminino da Expansão Portuguesa, 2 vols., Comissão para a Igualdade e para os Direitos das Mulheres (Lisbon, 1995) vol. 1, 254–5.
4.Euclides da Cunha, Rebellion in the Backlands, Samuel Putnam trans., University of Chicago Press (Chicago, 1964), 68–9.
5.Guillaume-Thomas Raynal, Histoire Philosophique et Politique des Etablissements et de Commerce des Européens dans les deuz Indes, first published 1770, 10 vols., Jean-Leonard Pellet (Geneva, 1782), vol. 5, 6.
6.James Lockhart and Stuart Schwartz, Early Latin America: a Short History of Spanish America and Brazil, Cambridge University Press (Cambridge, 1983), 188–9.
7.N. P. Macdonald, The Making of Brazil: Portuguese Roots 1500–1822, Book Guild (Lewes, 1996), 188–9.
8.Fréderic Mauro, O Império Luso-Brasilero 1620–1750, Estampa (Lisbon, 1991), 212.
9.Lockhart and Schwartz, Early Latin America: a Short History of Spanish America and Brazil, 228; Macdonald, The Making of Brazil: Portuguese Roots 1500–1822, 193.
10.Mauro, O Império Luso-Brasilero 1620–1750, 214.
11.Lockhart and Schwartz, Early Latin America: a Short History of Spanish America and Brazil, 234.
12.Robert Southey, History of Brazil, 1st edn 1817, Longman, Hurst, Rees and Orme (London, 1910), 691.
13.Daniel Defoe, The Life and Strange Surprizing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe of York, Mariner, first published 1719, Oxford University Press (Oxford, 1999), 282.
14.Magalhães Godinho, ‘L’Emigration Portugaise (XVe-XXe Siècles)’, 9.
15.Lockhart and Schwartz, Early Latin America: a Short History of Spanish America and Brazil, 370.
16.André João Antonil, Cultura e opulência do Brasil por suas drogas e minas, André Mansuy Diniz Silva, ed., Comissão Nacional para as Comemorações dos Descobrimentos Portugueses (Lisbon, 2001), 243–4.
17.Macdonald, The Making of Brazil: Portuguese Roots 1500–1822, 318.
18.Cunha, Rebellion in the Backlands, 44.
19.Laird Bergad, Slavery and the Demographic and Economic History of Minas Gerais, Brazil, 1720–1888, Cambridge University Press (Cambridge, 1999), 91.
20.Macdonald, The Making of Brazil: Portuguese Roots 1500–1822, 349.
21.Antonil, Cultura e opulência do Brasil por suas drogas e minas, 310, 311.
22.Cunha, Rebellion in the Backlands, 44.
23.Macdonald, The Making of Brazil: Portuguese Roots 1500–1822, 361–2.
24.Thomas Merrick and Douglas Graham, Population and Economic Development in Brazil 1800 to the Present, Johns Hopkins University Press (Baltimore and London, 1979), 34.
25.Marcus Carvalho, ‘O Antilusitanismo e a questão social em Pernambuco, 1822–1848’, in Emigração/Imigração em Portugal, Actas do Coloquio Internacional sobre Emigração e Imigração em Portugal (sec xix-xx), Fragmentos (Alges, 1993), 145, 150.
26.Pereira, A Política Portuguesa de Emigração 1850–1930, (Lisbon, 1981), 7.
27.Ibid., 21.
28.Brettell, Anthropology and Migration, 12.
29.Pereira, A Política Portuguesa de Emigração 1850–1930, 16–17, 49.
30.Quoted in Pereira, A Política Portuguesa de Emigração 1850–1930, 65–6.
31.Ibid., 18, 23–5.
32.Ibid., 28, 31.
33.Ibid., 165.
34.Ibid., 22.
35.Ibid., 26.
36.George Reid Andrews, Blacks and Whites in São Paulo, Brazil, 1888–1988, University of Wisconsin Press (Madison, 1991), 97.
37.Quoted in Pereira, A Política Portuguesa de Emigração 1850–1930, 155.
38.Andrews, Blacks and Whites in São Paulo, Brazil, 1888–1988, 88.
39.Ibid., 111.
40.Rosana Barbosa Nunes, ‘Portuguese Immigrants in Brazil: an Overview’, Portuguese Studies Review, 8, no. 2 (2000), 27.
41.Herbert S. Klein, ‘The Social and Economic Integration of Portuguese Immigrants in Brazil in the Late Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries’, Journal of Latin American Studies, 23 (1991), 318.
42.Merrick and Graham, Population and Economic Development in Brazil 1800 to the Present, 93.
43.Nunes, ‘Portuguese Immigrants in Brazil: an Overview’, 27–44; figure from p. 38.
44.Ibid., 31.
45.‘Resposta ao questionário’, António de Almeida Campos to João de Andrade Corvo, 30 July 1872, in Pereira, A Política Portuguesa de Emigração, 164–9.
46.Ibid.
47.Klein, ‘The Social and Economic Integration of Portuguese Immigrants in Brazil in the Late Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries’, Journal of Latin American Studies: 23, (1991), 317.
48.Pereira, A Política Portuguesa de Emigração, 31.
49.César, O ‘Brasileiro’ na Ficção Portuguesa.
50.Pereira, A Política Portuguesa de Emigração, 34–5.
51.‘Resposta ao questionário’, António de Almeida Campos to João de Andrade Corvo, 30 July 1872, in Pereira, A Política Portuguesa de Emigração, 167.
52.Ibid., 199.
53.Ferreira do Castro, Emigrantes, 49.
54.‘Resposta ao questionário’, António de Almeida Campos to João de Andrade Corvo, 30 July 1872, in Pereira, A Política Portuguesa de Emigração, 200.
55.Ibid., 169.
56.Klein, ‘The Social and Economic Integration of Portuguese Immigrants in Brazil in the Late Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries’, 323–7.
57.Ibid., 327.
58.Serrão, A Emigração Portuguesa. Sondagem Histórica, 52–3.
59.Quoted in Cecilia Maria Westphalen and Altiva Pilatti Balhana, ‘Politica Legislação Imigratórias Brasileiras e a Imigração Portuguesa’, in Emigração/Imigração em Portugal, Actas do Coloquio Internacional sobre Emigração e Imigração em Portugal (sec xix-xx), Fragmentos (Alges, 1993), 22.
7.PORTUGUESE EMIGRATION IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY
1.A general discussion of the problem as it affects Portuguese emigration to the UK can be found in José Carlos Pina Almeida, ‘Citizens of the World: Migration and Citizenship of the Portuguese in the UK’, Portuguese Studies, 23 (2007), 214–17.
2.Magalhães Godinho, ‘L’Emigration portugaise (XVe-XXe siècles), une constante structurale et les réponses aux changements du monde’, 12.
3.Serrão, A Emigração Portuguesa. Sondagem Histórica, 37.
4.Francisco Carvalho, A Emigração Portuguesa nos anos 60 do século XX. Porque não revisitá-la hoje? CPES Centro de Pesquisa e Estudos Sociais (Lisbon, 2011), 22.
5.Maria Ioannis Baganha, ‘Portuguese Emigration after World War II’, 19; Maria Beatriz Rocha-Trindade, ‘The Portuguese Diaspora’, in Carlos Teixeira and Victor M. P. Da Rosa, eds, The Portuguese in Canada, University of Toronto Press (Toronto, 2000), 20.
6.José Carlos Pina Almeida and David Corkill, ‘Portuguese Migrant Workers in the UK: A Case Study of Thetford, Norfolk’, Portuguese Studies, 26, no. 1 (2010), 29.
7.Philip Curtin, The Atlantic Slave Trade: a Census, University of Wisconsin Press (Madison, 1969), ch. 1.
8.Cláudia Castelo, Passagens para África. O Povoamento de Angola e Moçambique com Naturais da Metrópole (1920–1974), Edições Afrontamento (Porto, 2007), 172.
9.Jorge Carvalho Arroteia, A emigração portuguesa—suas origens e distribuição, Biblioteca Breve (Lisbon, 1983), 77, 101.
10.Merrick and Graham, Population and Economic Development in Brazil 1800 to the Present, 91, 94.
11.Engerman and Neves, ‘The Bricks of Empire 1415–1999: 585 Years of Portuguese Emigration’, 485.
12.Carreira, The People of the Cape Verde Islands, 205–6.
13.Valdimir Nobre Monteiro, Portugal/Crioulo, ICL Estudos e Ensaios (Mindelo, 1995), 129–34.
14.This estimate comes from Nunes, Bela, Mata and Valério, ‘Portuguese Economic Growth 1833–1985’, 326.
15.Alessandra Venturini, Postwar Migration in Southern Europe 1950–2000, Cambridge University Press (Cambridge, 2004), 17.
16.Venturini, Postwar Migration in Southern Europe 1950–2000, 10.
17.Baganha, ‘Portuguese Emigration after World War II’, 10.
18.Castelo, Passagens para África. O Povoamento de Angola e Moçambique com Naturais da Metrópole (1920–1974), 180.
19.Arroteia, A emigração portuguesa—suas origens e distribuição, 99.
20.Carvalho, A Emigração Portuguesa nos anos 60 do século XX, 88–9.
21.David Higgs and Grace M. Anderson, A Future to Inherit. The Portuguese Communities of Canada, McClelland and Stewart (Toronto, 1976), 71–2.
22.Castelo, Passagens para África. O Povoamento de Angola e Moçambique com Naturais da Metrópole (1920–1974), 188, 199.
23.Ibid., 189–90.
24.Lewis, Home is an Island, 177.
25.For example the case of António José Rodrigues described in Caroline Brettell, Men Who Migrate, Women Who Wait. Population and History in a Portuguese Parish, Princeton University Press (Princeton, 1986), 70–72.
26.Serrão, A Emigração Portuguesa. Sondagem Histórica, 38.
27.Nunes, Mata and Valério, ‘Portuguese Economic Growth 1833–1985’, 325–6.
28.Magalhães Godinho, ‘L’Emigration portugaise (XVe-XXe Siècles)’, 19.
29.Peixoto, ‘A Emigração’, 177.
30.Baganha, ‘Portuguese Emigration after World War II’, 13–14.
31.Maria Ioannis Baganha, Portuguese Emigration to the United States 1820–1930, Garland Publishing (New York, 1990), 94.
32.Baganha, Portuguese Emigration to the United States 1820–1930, 95–6; for a discussion see Brettell, ‘The Emigrant, the Nation, and Twentieth-century Portugal: An Anthropological Approach’.
33.Magalhães Godinho, ‘L’Emigration Portugaise (XVe-XXe Siècles)’, 28.
34.Ibid.
35.Helen Graham, ‘Money and Migration in Modern Portugal: an Economist’s View’, in David Higgs, ed., Portuguese Migration in Global Perspective, The Multicultural History Society of Ontario (Toronto, 1990), 83.
36.Magalhães Godinho, ‘L’Emigration portugaise (XVe-XXe siècles)’, 29; Carvalho, A Emigração Portuguesa nos anos 60 do século XX, 123; Stephen Syrett, Contemporary Portugal. Dimensions of Economic and Political Change, Ashgate (Aldershot, 2002), 28.
37.Graham, ‘Money and Migration in Modern Portugal’, 84.
38.Caroline Brettell, ‘Leaving, Remaining and Returning: Some Thoughts on the Multifaceted Portuguese Migratory System’, in David Higgs, ed., Portuguese Migration in Global Perspective, The Multicultural History Society of Ontario (Toronto, 1990), 71.
39.Baganha, ‘Portuguese Emigration after World War II’, 4.
40.Baganha, Portuguese Emigration to the United States 1820–1930, 96, 103.
41.Carvalho, A Emigração Portuguesa nos anos 60 do século XX, 87.
42.Arroteia, A emigração portuguesa—suas origens e distribuição, 121, 128; Carvalho, A Emigração Portuguesa nos anos 60 do século XX, 93, 117.
43.Brettell, ‘Leaving, Remaining and Returning: Some Thoughts on the Multifaceted Portuguese Migratory System’, 69.
44.Caroline Brettell, We Have Already Cried Many Tears, Schenkman Books (Rochester, VT, 1982), 73.
45.Lewis, Home is an Island, 180.
46.Wenona Giles, ‘The Gender Relations of Nationalism, Remittance, and Return among Portuguese Immigrants Women in Canada: an Era of Transformation—the 1960s-1980s’, Portuguese Studies Review, 11, no. 2 (2003–4), 25–40; quotation from 39.
47.Brettell, Anthropology and Migration, 80–92.
48.For example, Stanley L. Engerman, and João César da Neves, ‘The Bricks of Empire 1415–1999: 585 Years of Portuguese Emigration’, European Journal of Economics, 26 (1997), 476.
49.Quoted in Giles, ‘The Gender Relations of Nationalism, Remittance, and Return among Portuguese Immigrants Women in Canada: an Era of Transformation—the 1960s-1980s’, 11, no. 2 (2003–4), 34.
50.Manuela Aguiar, Emigration Policy and Portuguese Communities, Secretaria de Estado das Comunidades Portuguesas Centro de Estudos (SECP) (Lisbon, 1987), 28–30.
51.Andrea Klimt, ‘Divergent Trajectories: Identity and Community among Portuguese in Germany and the United States’, Portuguese Studies Review, 14, no. 2 (2006–7), 233.
52.Robert Henry Moser and Antonio Luciano de Andrade Tosta, Luso-American Literature. Writings by Portuguese-speaking Authors in North America, Rutgers University Press (New Jersey, 2011), xxiv.
53.Rogers, Atlantic Islanders of the Azores and Madeira, 362.
54.Moser and Tosta, Luso-American Literature. Writings by Portuguese-speaking Authors in North America, xxiv.
8.THE PORTUGUESE DIASPORA IN EUROPE
1.For the Collège Sainte-Barbe see Agnès Pellerin, Les Portugais à Paris au fil des siècles et des arrondissements, Chandeigne (Paris, 2009), 46–9.
2.João Pedro Rosa Ferreira, O Jornalismo na Emigração, Instituto Nacional de Investigação Científica (Lisbon, 1992).
3.Lewis, Home is an Island, 112.
4.Marcelo Borges, ‘Migration Systems in Southern Portugal: Regional and Transatlantic Circuits of Labor Migration in the Algarve (18th to 20th Centuries)’, International Review of Social History, 45 (2000), 173.
5.Ibid., 181, 184.
6.José Maria Abecassis, Genealogia hebraica: Portugal e Gibraltar, Sécs. XVII a XX, Sociedade Industrial Gráfica Telles da Silva (Lisbon, 1990–91).
7.Borges, ‘Migration Systems in Southern Portugal: Regional and Transatlantic Circuits of Labor Migration in the Algarve (18th to 20th centuries)’, 191–202.
8.Serrão, A Emigração Portuguesa, 56, 59.
9.The above figures calculated from Baganha, ‘Portuguese Emigration after World War II’, 19.
10.Carvalho, A Emigração Portuguesa nos anos 60 do século XX, 79. Baganha gives 350,000 for the whole period 1950–88.
11.Thomas Bauer, Pedro T. Pereira, Michael Vogler and Klaus F. Zimmerman, ‘Portuguese Migrants in the German Labor Market: Selection and Performance’, International Migration Review, 36 (2002), 470.
12.Serrão, A Emigração Portuguesa, 64.
13.Ibid., 35.
14.Ibid., 66.
15.Pellerin, Les Portugais à Paris au fil des siècles et des arrondissements, 201–2, 214–17.
16.Quotations from Maria do Ceu Cunha, Portugais de France, CIEMI L’Harmattan (Paris, 1988), 79, 80, 33.
17.Film made by Jacinto Godinho, História da Emigração Portuguesa: Primeiros Emigrantes, Episódio 1 can be seen on YouTube. The film was also presented in Oxford and London by the Instituto Camões.
18.swissinfo.ch ‘Why Portuguese Seek Work in Switzerland’ http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/swiss_news/Why_Portuguese_seek_work_in_Switzerland.html?cid=34262848. Interview with Rosita Fibbi.
19.Alexandre Afonso, ‘History, Facts and Figures of Portuguese Immigration in Switzerland’, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=947727, 5.
20.Ibid., 7.
21.Ibid., 6.
22.Ibid., 9, 10.
23.Ibid., 9.
24.Ibid., 7.
25.Klimt, ‘Divergent Trajectories: Identity and Community among Portuguese in Germany and the United States’, 215.
26.Bauer et al., ‘Portuguese Migrants in the German Labor Market: Selection and Performance’, 470–71.
27.Ibid., 471.
28.Carvalho, A Emigração Portuguesa nos anos 60 do século XX, 59, 60.
29.Olga Barradas, ‘Now You See Them, Now You Don’t: Portuguese Students, Social Inclusion and Academic Attainment’, Goldsmiths Journal of Education, 3, no. 1 (2000), 2.
30.Martin Eaton, ‘Portuguese Migrant Worker Experiences in Northern Ireland’s Market Town Economy’, Portuguese Studies, 26, no. 1 (2010), 13.
31.Quotations from Barradas, ‘Now You See Them, Now You Don’t: Portuguese Students, Social Inclusion and Academic Attainment’, 1, 7, 10.
32.Vanessa Mar-Molinero, ‘Family and Transmission: Collective Memory in Identification Practices of Madeirans on Jersey’, Portuguese Studies, 26, no. 1 (2010), 97.
33.Ibid., 98.
34.Quoted in ibid., 98.
35.Ibid., 99.
36.Eaton, ‘Portuguese Migrant Worker Experiences in Northern Ireland’s Market Town Economy’, 14–15.
37.José Carlos Pina Almeida and David Corkill, ‘Portuguese Migrant Workers in the UK: A Case Study of Thetford, Norfolk’, Portuguese Studies, 26, no. 1 (2010), 33.
38.Pina Almeida and Corkill, ‘Portuguese Migrant Workers in the UK: A Case Study of Thetford, Norfolk’, 37.
39.Barradas, ‘Now You See Them, Now You Don’t: Portuguese Students, Social Inclusion and Academic Attainment’, 7.
9.THE CARIBBEAN, CANADA AND SOUTH AMERICA
1.Jo-Anne S. Ferreira, ‘Madeiran Portuguese Migration to Guyana, St Vincent, Antigua and Trinidad: a Comparative Overview’, Portuguese Studies Review, 14, no. 2 (2006–7), 65.
2.Ferreira, ‘Madeiran Portuguese Migration to Guyana, St Vincent, Antigua and Trinidad: a Comparative Overview’, 70; Vieira, ‘Emigration from the Portuguese Islands in the Second Half of the Nineteenth Century: the Case of Madeira’, 47.
3.Vieira, ‘Emigration from the Portuguese Islands in the Second Half of the Nineteenth Century: the Case of Madeira’, 47.
4.Ibid., 45.
5.Quoted in Jo-Anne Ferreira, The Portuguese of Trinidad and Tobago, University of the West Indies (St Augustine, 1994), 19.
6.Ferreira, The Portuguese of Trinidad and Tobago, 49–50.
7.Ibid., 1.
8.For example, http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~portwestind/general/index.htm
9.Arnold Thomas, ‘Portuguese and Indian Immigration to St Vincent (1885–1890)’, Journal of Caribbean Studies, 14, 1&2 (1999–2000), 43.
10.Ibid., 44.
11.Ferreira, ‘Madeiran Portuguese Migration to Guyana, St Vincent, Antigua and Trinidad: a Comparative Overview’, 72–3.
12.K. O. Laurence, Immigration into the West Indies in the 19th Century, Caribbean Universities Press (St Lawrence, Barbados, 1971), 31.
13.‘The story of Portuguese Bermudans’, http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~bmuwgw/portuguese.htm
14.Quoted in Rocha-Trindade, ‘The Portuguese Diaspora’, 21.
15.Quoted in Mary Noel Menezes, The Portuguese of Guyana: a Study in Culture and Conflict, self-published (1993), 24.
16.Quoted in Menezes, The Portuguese of Guyana: a Study in Culture and Conflict, 31.
17.Ibid., 111–13.
18.Quoted in ibid., 72.
19.Ibid., 76–7.
20.Brian L. Moore, ‘The Social Impact of Portuguese Immigration into British Guiana after Emancipation’, Boletin de Estudios Latinoamericanos e Caribe, 19 (1975), 3.
21.Kathleen J. Mundell de Calado, ‘At Odds and against all Odds: a Glimpse into the Portuguese Experience in British Guiana, through the Eyes of Edward Jenkins’, Revista de Estudos Anglo-Portugueses, 19 (2010), 241.
22.Moore, ‘The Social Impact of Portuguese Immigration into British Guiana after Emancipation’, 10–15.
23.Observatório da Emigração, http://www.observatorioemigracao.secomunidades.pt/np4/paises.html?id=244
24.Marcelo J. Borges, ‘Portuguese Migration in Argentina: Transatlantic Networks and Local Experiences’, Portuguese Studies Review, 14, no. 2 (2006–7), 90.
25.Ibid., 90.
26.Helena Carreiras, Diego Bussola, Maria Xavier, Beatriz Padilla and Andrés Malamud, ‘Portuguese Gauchos: Associations, Social Integration and Collective Identity in Twenty-first Century Argentina, Uruguay and Southern Brazil’, Portuguese Studies Review, 14, no. 2 (2006–7), 275.
27.Borges, ‘Portuguese Migration in Argentina: Transatlantic Networks and Local Experiences’, 95.
28.Ibid., 99, 106.
29.Ibid., 102.
30.Ibid., 112.
31.Ibid., 123.
32.Carreiras, Bussola, Xavier, Padilla and Malamud, ‘Portuguese Gauchos: Associations, Social Integration and Collective Identity in Twenty-first Century Argentina, Uruguay and Southern Brazil’, 271.
33.Ibid., 275–8.
34.Marta Maffia, ‘Cape Verdeans in Argentina’, in Luís Batalha and Jørgen Carling, Transnational Archipelago. Perspectives on Cape Verdean Migration and Diaspora, Amsterdam University Press (Amsterdam, 2008), 47–8.
35.Carreiras, Bussola, Xavier, Padilla and Malamud, ‘Portuguese Gauchos: Associations, Social Integration and Collective Identity in Twenty-first Century Argentina, Uruguay and Southern Brazil’, 287.
36.For the description of this event see ibid., 288.
37.Ibid., 285.
38.Arroteia, A emigração portuguesa—suas origens e distribuição, 39–40.
39.Rocha-Trindade, ‘The Portuguese Diaspora’, 20.
40.Nancy Gomes, ‘Os portugueses na Venezuela’, Relações Internacionais, 24 (2009) http://www.scielo.oces.mctes.pt/scielo.php?pid=S1645–91992009000400010&script=sci_arttext
41.Higgs and Anderson, A Future to Inherit. The Portuguese Communities of Canada, chs. 1 and 2.
42.Afua Cooper, The Hanging of Angélique, University of Georgia Press (Athens, 2006).
43.Brettell, Anthropology and Migration, 110; Baganha, ‘Portuguese Emigration after World War II’, 7.
44.Arroteia, A emigração portuguesa—suas origens e distribuição, 41–5.
45.Canadian Census 2006 summarised in Wikipedia; the same number is to be found in Observatório da Emigração.
46.Carlos Teixeira, ‘On the Move: Portuguese in Toronto’, in Carlos Teixeira and Victor M. P. Da Rosa, eds, The Portuguese in Canada, University of Toronto Press (Toronto, 2000), 207–20; quotation from p. 212.
47.Giles, ‘The Gender Relations of Nationalism, Remittance, and Return among Portuguese Immigrants Women in Canada’, 28.
48.Brettell, Anthropology and Migration, 102.
49.Teixeira, ‘On the Move: Portuguese in Toronto’, 211–12.
50.Quoted in Higgs and Anderson, A Future to Inherit. The Portuguese Communities of Canada, 71.
51.Brettell, Anthropology and Migration, 130–32, 136.
52.Fernando Nunes, ‘Portuguese–Canadian Youth and their Academic Underachievment: a Literature Review’, Portuguese Studies Review, 11, no. 2 (2003–4), 41–87; quotation from p. 42.
53.Ibid., 42–3.
54.Ibid., 50.
55.Ibid., 52.
56.Ilda Januario and Manuele Marujo, ‘Voices of Portuguese Immigrant Women’, in Carlos Teixeira and Victor M. P. Da Rosa, eds, The Portuguese in Canada, University of Toronto Press (Toronto, 2000), 107.
10.THE PORTUGUESE DIASPORA IN THE UNITED STATES
1.John D. McDermott, ‘The Famous Ride of John ‘Portuguese’ Phillips, http://www.philkearny.vcn.com/phillips.htm
2.Sandra Wolforth, The Portuguese in America, R&E Research Associates (San Francisco, 1978), 33.
3.Arroteia, A emigração portuguesa—suas origens e distribuição, 35.
4.Brettell, Anthropology and Migration, xii.
5.Ibid.
6.Baganha, Portuguese Emigration to the United States 1820–1930, 55, 67, 91.
7.Edward Alsworth Ross, The Old World and the New, T. Fisher Unwin (London, 1914), 311–12.
8.Brettell, Anthropology and Migration, xii.
9.Figures from Jerry Williams, ‘Azorean Migration Patterns in the United States’, in David Higgs, ed., Portuguese Migration in Global Perspective, Multicultural History Society of Ontario (Toronto, 1990), 149, 156.
10.Gordon Thomas, ‘The Portuguese “Gloucesterman”’, Gloucester, the Magazine of the New England Coast, 2, no. 3 (1978), 4–7.
11.Ibid.
12.John N. Morris, Alone at Sea: Gloucester in the Age of the Dorymen (1623–1939), Commonwealth Editions (Beverly, MA, 2010), 84.
13.Ibid., 86.
14.Marilyn Myett, ‘Men from Azores marched into heart of Gloucester’, Gloucester Daily Times, 12 February 1967.
15.John Laidler, ‘Many Portuguese still chasing the American dream’, Boston Sunday Globe, 4 December 1991.
16.Williams, ‘Azorean Migration Patterns in the United States’, 151.
17.Vieira, ‘Emigration from the Portuguese Islands in the Second Half of the Nineteenth Century: the Case of Madeira’, 48.
18.Recorded in Leo Pap, The Portuguese-Americans, Twayne Publishers (Boston, MA, 1981), 75.
19.Robert F. Harney, ‘“Portygees and Other Caucasians”: Portuguese Migrants and the Racialism of the English-speaking World’, in David Higgs, ed., Portuguese Migration in Global Perspective, Multicultural History Society of Ontario (Toronto, 1990), 115.
20.Pap, The Portuguese-Americans, 78.
21.F. T. Bullen, The Cruise of the ‘Cachalot’, first published 1899, Collins (London, 1953), 20.
22.Ibid., 21.
23.Ibid., 25.
24.Ibid., 27.
25.Ibid., 32.
26.Ibid., 36.
27.Marilyn Halter, ‘Cape Verdians in the United States’, in Batalha and Carling, Transnational Archipelago. Perspectives on Cape Verdean Migration and Diaspora, 36.
28.Wolforth, The Portuguese in America, 24.
29.Figures from Carreira, The People of the Cape Verde Islands, 80.
30.Wolforth, The Portuguese in America, 80.
31.Carreira, The People of the Cape Verde Islands, 48.
32.Ibid., 47.
33.Sidney Greenfield, ‘The Cape Verde Islands: Their Settlement, the Emergence of their Creole Culture, and the Subsequent Migrations of their People’, in David Higgs, ed., Portuguese Migration in Global Perspective, Multicultural History Society of Ontario (Toronto, 1990), 173.
34.Halter, ‘Cape Verdians in the United States’, 37.
35.Ibid., 45.
36.Pap, The Portuguese-Americans, 68.
37.Ibid., 109.
38.Diane Beeson and Donald Warrin, ‘Portuguese Women on the American Frontier’, in O Rosto Feminino da Expansão Portuguesa, 2 vols., Comissão para a Igualdade e para os Direitos das Mulheres (Lisbon, 1995), vol. 2, 78.
39.Jack London, Martin Eden, first published 1909, Penguin Books (London, 1993), 241.
40.Jack London, The Valley of the Moon, first published 1913, The Echo Library (Teddington, 2008), 194.
41.Ibid., 200.
42.For details of the Portuguese communities in California see Meg Rogers, The Portuguese in San Leandro, Arcadia Publishing (San Francisco, 2008) and Portuguese in San Jose, Arcadia Publishing (San Francisco, 2007).
43.John Steinbeck, ‘Tortilla Flat’, in The Steinbeck Omnibus, Heinemann (London, 1950), 93–136; quotation from p. 116.
44.Ibid., 117.
45.Beeson and Warrin, ‘Portuguese Women on the American Frontier’, 81.
46.David Brookshaw, ‘Unwriting American History: Frank X. Gaspar’s Leaving Pico’, in John Kinsella and Carmen Ramos Villar, Mid-Atlantic Margins, Transatlantic Identities: Azorean Literature in Context, Department of Hispanic, Portuguese and Latin American Studies, University of Bristol, Lusophone Studies, 5 (Bristol, 2007), 140.
47.Klimt, ‘Divergent Trajectories: Identity and Community among Portuguese in Germany and the United States’, 226.
48.Ibid., 227.
49.See discussion in Harney, ‘“Portygees and Other Caucasians”: Portuguese Migrants and the Racialism of the English-speaking World’, 118, 128.
50.Frank X. Gaspar, Leaving Pico, University Press of New England (Hanover, NH, 1999). For a discussion of the novel see Brookshaw, ‘Unwriting American History: Frank X. Gaspar’s Leaving Pico.’
51.Francisco Cota Fagundes, Hard Knocks: An Azorean-American Odyssey, Gávea-Brown (Providence, RI, 2000).
52.Harney, ‘“Portygees and Other Caucasians”: Portuguese Migrants and the Racialism of the English-speaking World’, 113, 117.
53.Donald R. Taft, Two Portuguese Communities in New England, Columbia University Press (New York, 1923), 18–19.
54.Wolforth, The Portuguese in America, 46, 17.
55.Ross, The Old World and the New, 179.
56.Ibid., 180.
57.Ibid., 180–81.
58.Gilberto Freyre, Casa Grande e Senzala (1933), translated as The Masters and the Slaves, Alfred Knopf (New York, 1946).
59.For an elaborate defence of this legend see Manuel Mira, The Forgotten Portuguese. The Melungeons and other Groups. The Portuguese Making of America, Portuguese American Historical Research Foundation (Franklin, NC, 1998).
60.Klimt, ‘Divergent Trajectories: Identity and Community among Portuguese in Germany and the United States’, 233.
11.PORTUGUESE EMIGRATION TO AFRICA
1.George E. Brooks, Eurafricans in Western Africa, Oxford University Press (Oxford, 2003), 49.
2.Ibid., 78.
3.Peter Mark, ‘Portuguese Style’ and Luso-African Identity, Indiana University Press (Bloomington, 2002), 22.
4.Brooks, Eurafricans in Western Africa, 77.
5.Ibid., 84.
6.Ibid., 50.
7.José Lingna Nafafé, Colonial Encounters: Issues of Culture, Hybridity and Creolisation. Portuguese Mercantile Settlers in West Africa, Peter Lang (Frankfurt am Main, 2007), ch. 5, especially 169–70.
8.Quoted in Brooks, Eurafricans in Western Africa, 89.
9.Philip Havik, ‘Sóciais, Intermediárias e Empresárias: o Género e a Expansão Colonial na Guiné’, in O Rosto Feminino da Expansão Portuguesa, 2 vols., Comissão para a Igualdade e para os Direitos das Mulheres (Lisbon, 1995), vol. 2, 87.
10.Mark, ‘Portuguese Style’ and Luso-African Identity, 89–90.
11.Ibid., 24–5.
12.Bruce Chatwin, The Viceroy of Ouidah, Picador Pan (London, 1982); Robin Law, ‘The Evolution of the Brazilian Community in Ouidah’, in Kristin Mann and Edna G. Bay, Rethinking the African Diaspora, Cass (London, 2001), 22–41.
13.Malyn Newitt, ‘British Travellers’ Accounts of Portuguese Africa in the Nineteenth Century’, Revista de Estudos Anglo-Portugueses, 11 (2002), 102–29.
14.H. Rider Haggard, King Solomon’s Mines, first published 1885, Cassell and Co. (London, 1893), 23.
15.John Buchan, Prester John, first published 1910, Nelson (London and Edinburgh, 1912), 26.
16.Ibid., 27.
17.Ibid., 121.
18.Ibid., 157.
19.Ibid., 210.
20.For the founding of Mossamedes see W. G. Clarence-Smith, Slaves, Peasants and Capitalists in Southern Angola 1840–1926.
21.For these debates see Castelo, Passagens para África. O Povoamento de Angola e Moçambique com Naturais da Metrópole (1920–1974), 50–55.
22.Ibid., 81, 82, 88.
23.G. Bender, Angola under the Portuguese: the Myth and the Reality, Heinemann (London, 1978).
24.Cláudia Castelo, ‘Colonial Migration to Angola and Mozambique: Constraints and Illusions’, in Eric Morier-Genoud and Michel Cahen, Imperial Migrations. Colonial Communities and Diaspora in the Portuguese World, Palgrave Macmillan (Basingstoke, 2012), 113.
25.Ibid., 76–9.
26.For the Portuguese colonies during the Second World War see Malyn Newitt, ‘The Portuguese African Colonies during the Second World War’, in Judith Byfield, ed., Africa in World War Two, Cambridge University Press, forthcoming.
27.Ibid., 133–4.
28.Numbers from Castelo, ‘Colonial Migration to Angola and Mozambique: Constraints and Illusions’, 116–17, 120.
29.Ibid., 120.
30.Castelo, Passagens para África. O Povoamento de Angola e Moçambique com Naturais da Metrópole (1920–1974), 189–90.
31.Newitt, ‘The Portuguese African Colonies during the Second World War’, and the sources quoted.
32.Castelo, ‘Colonial Migration to Angola and Mozambique: Constraints and Illusions’, 122.
33.Alexander Keese, ‘Managing the Prospect of Famine. Cape Verdean Officials, Subsistence Emergencies, and the Change of Elite Attitudes during Portugal’s Late Colonial Phase, 1939–1961’, Itinerario, 36, no. 1 (2012), 53.
34.Ibid., 62.
35.Carreira, The People of the Cape Verde Islands, 101.
36.Figures from ibid., 201–14.
37.Augusto Nascimento, ‘Cape Verdeans in São Tomé and Príncipe’, in Luís Batalha and Jørgen Carling, Transnational Archipelago. Perspectives on Cape Verdean Migration and Diaspora, Amsterdam University Press (Amsterdam, 2008), 56.
38.Ibid., 59.
39.Clive Glaser, ‘The Making of a Portuguese Community in South Africa, 1900–1994’, in Eric Morier-Genoud and Michel Cahen, Imperial Migrations. Colonial Communities and Diaspora in the Portuguese World, Palgrave Macmillan (Basingstoke, 2012), 222–3.
40.Victor Pereira da Rosa and Salvato Trigo, ‘Islands in a Segregated Land: Portuguese in South Africa’, in David Higgs, ed., Portuguese Migration in Global Perspective, Multicultural History Society of Ontario (Toronto, 1990), 183.
41.Glaser, ‘The Making of a Portuguese Community in South Africa, 1900–1994’, 217.
42.Pereira da Rosa and Trigo, ‘Islands in a Segregated Land: Portuguese in South Africa’, 185.
43.Ibid., 191.
44.Ibid., 194.
45.Ibid., 185–6.
46.Observatório da Emigração, http://www.observatorioemigracao.secomunidades.pt/np4/paises.html?id=244
47.Pereira da Rosa and Trigo, ‘Islands in a Segregated Land: Portuguese in South Africa’, 184.
48.Glaser, ‘The Making of a Portuguese Community in South Africa, 1900–1994’, 231–2.
12.THE PORTUGUESE AND THE SEA
1.Rudyard Kipling, Captains Courageous, first published 1897, Macmillan (London, 1932), 13.
2.Ibid., 38.
3.Ibid., 41.
4.Ibid., 81.
5.Ibid., 95.
6.Ibid., 139.
7.Ibid., 103–4.
8.Alan Villiers, The Quest of the Schooner Argus, Hodder and Stoughton (London, 1951), 185.
9.Ibid., 84–5.
10.Ibid., 45.
11.Ibid., 81.
12.Ibid., 143.
13.Ibid., 84–5.
14.Ibid., 107.
15.Ibid., 113.
16.Ibid., 142.
17.Ibid., 148.
18.Ibid., 152.
19.Ibid., 153.