NOTES

PROLOGUE: UNPREPARED AND UNPROTECTED

1. Richard O’Brien to Thomas Jefferson, August 24, 1785.

CHAPTER 1: AMERICANS ABROAD

1. Elizabeth Wayles Eppes to Thomas Jefferson, October 13, 1784.

2. Thomas Jefferson to Mary Jefferson, September 20, 1785.

3. Mary Jefferson to Thomas Jefferson, ca. May 1786.

4. Thomas Jefferson to Francis Eppes, August 30, 1785.

5. Ibid.

6. Thomas Jefferson to Francis Eppes, December 11, 1785.

7. Lambert, The Barbary Wars, p. 16.

8. Thomas Jefferson to Nathaniel Greene, January 12, 1785.

9. M. Le Veillard to Dr. Franklin, October 9, 1785.

10. John Adams to Thomas Jefferson, February 17, 1786.

11. Ibid.

12. John Adams to John Jay, February 20, 1786.

13. Thomas Jefferson to William Carmichael, May 5, 1786.

14. George Washington address to Congress, December 30, 1790.

15. “American Commissioners to John Jay,” March 28, 1786.

16. John Adams to Thomas Jefferson, July 3, 1786.

17. Thomas Jefferson to John Adams, July 11, 1786.

18. John Adams to Thomas Jefferson, July 31, 1786.

CHAPTER 2: SECRETARY JEFFERSON

1. Thomas Jefferson to James Monroe, November 11, 1784.

2. “Mediterranean Trade,” December 30, 1790.

3. Ibid.

4. David Humphreys to Michael Murphy, October 6, 1793.

5. Edward Church to Thomas Jefferson, October 12, 1793.

6. “Appointment of Joel Barlow as U.S. Agent, Algiers,” February 10, 1796.

7. Eaton, The Life of the Late Gen. William Eaton, p. 17.

8. Ibid., pp. 19–20.

9. Ibid., p. 26.

CHAPTER 3: THE HUMILIATION OF THE USS GEORGE WASHINGTON

1. Log of the USS George Washington.

2. Ibid.

3. Richard O’Brien to the secretary of state, May 16, 1800.

4. London, Victory in Tripoli (2005), p. 4.

5. Richard O’Brien to the secretary of state, September 20, 1800.

6. Ibid.

7. William Bainbridge to Richard O’Brien, October 9, 1800.

8. Richard O’Brien to William Eaton, October 19, 1800.

9. Log of the USS George Washington.

10. William Eaton, personal note on letter to Richard O’Brien, October 19, 1800.

CHAPTER 4: JEFFERSON TAKES CHARGE

1. “Treaty of Peace and Friendship Between the United States of America and the Bey and Subjects of Tripoli of Barbary.”

2. William Eaton to Timothy Pickering, June 24, 1800.

3. Dearborn, The Life of William Bainbridge, p. 40.

4. Jefferson, notes, May 15, 1801–April 8, 1803.

5. Ibid.

CHAPTER 5: A FLAGPOLE FALLS

1. Joel Barlow to the secretary of state, August 18, 1797.

2. James L. Cathcart, “Circular Letter,” February 21, 1801.

3. James L. Cathcart to Secretary of State James Madison, May 11, 1801.

4. Ibid., May 16, 1801.

5. James L. Cathcart to Nicholas C. Nissen, May 15, 1801.

6. James L. Cathcart to Secretary of State James Madison, June 4, 1801.

CHAPTER 6: THE FIRST FLOTILLA

1. Richard Dale to Andrew Sterett, July 30, 1801.

2. Captain Richard Dale to the secretary of the navy, July 2, 1801.

3. Ibid.

4. Captain Richard Dale to Samuel Barron, July 4, 1801.

CHAPTER 7: SKIRMISH AT SEA

1. Richard Dale to the dey of Algiers and the bey of Tunis, July 10, 1801.

2. William Eaton to James Madison, July 10, 1801.

3. Eaton, The Life of the Late Gen. William Eaton, p. 59.

4. William Eaton, “Journal,” February 22, 1799.

5. William Eaton to Secretary of State Timothy Pickering, June 15, 1799.

6. William Eaton to Eliza Eaton, April 6, 1799.

7. William Eaton to Secretary of State Timothy Pickering, June 15, 1799.

8. Richard Dale to the secretary of the navy, July 19, 1801.

9. Richard Dale to the bashaw of Tripoli, July 25, 1801.

10. Richard Dale to Andrew Sterett, July 30, 1801.

11. Extract of a letter from Andrew Sterett.

12. “Capture of the Ship of War Tripoli by U.S. Schooner Enterprize,” National Intelligencer and Washington Advertiser, November 18, 1801.

13. Newton Keene to William W. Burrows, August 10, 1801.

14. “Capture of the Ship of War Tripoli by U.S. Schooner Enterprize,” National Intelligencer and Washington Advertiser, November 18, 1801.

15. Thomas Jefferson, “Presidential Message,” December 8, 1801.

CHAPTER 8: PATIENCE WEARS THIN

1. Annals of Congress, Seventh Congress, First Session, pp. 325–26.

2. Newton Keene to William W. Burrows, September 28, 1801.

3. James Brown to James Leander Cathcart, September 16, 1801.

4. Richard Dale to the secretary of the navy, December 13, 1801.

5. Ibid.

6. Richard Dale to William Bainbridge, December 15, 1801.

7. William Eaton to Secretary of State James Madison, September 5, 1801.

8. Edwards, Barbary General, p. 95.

9. William Eaton to James Madison, September 5, 1801.

10. Richard O’Brien to James Madison, July 22, 1801.

CHAPTER 9: THE DOLDRUMS OF SUMMER

1. Henry Wadsworth, from his personal journal, September 13, 1802, reprinted in Naval Documents.

2. Richard V. Morris to the secretary of the navy, May 31, 1802.

3. Alexander Murray to the secretary of the navy, June 1, 1802.

4. William Eaton to James Madison, August 9, 1802.

5. Secretary of the navy to Richard V. Morris, April 20, 1802.

6. William Eaton to James L. Cathcart, April 26, 1802.

7. Alexander Murray, “Journal of the U.S. Frigate Constellation,” July 22, 1802.

8. Cooper, History of the Navy of the United States of America (1856), pp. 157–58.

9. Alexander Murray, “Journal of the U.S. Frigate Constellation,” July 22, 1802.

10. Alexander Murray to the secretary of the navy, July 30, 1802.

11. William Eaton to James Madison, August 23, 1802.

12. Secretary of the navy to Richard V. Morris, April 20, 1802.

13. Richard V. Morris to the secretary of the navy, October 15, 1802.

14. Thomas Jefferson to Albert Gallatin, March 28, 1803.

15. William Eaton to Hamet Qaramanli, August 6, 1802.

16. James L. Cathcart, journal notes for James Madison, March 14, 1803.

17. Richard V. Morris to the secretary of the navy, March 30, 1803.

18. Abbot, The Naval History of the United States, p. 189.

19. “Journal of Midshipman Henry Wadsworth,” April 2, 1803.

20. Eaton, The Life of the Late Gen. William Eaton, p. 244.

21. Secretary of the navy to Richard V. Morris, June 21, 1803.

22. “Concerning Commodore Morris’ Squadron in the Mediterranean.”

23. Thomas Jefferson to Phillip Mazzei, July 18, 1804.

24. William Eaton to James Madison, August 23, 1802.

CHAPTER 10: THE OMENS OF OCTOBER

1. Edward Preble to Mary Deering, August 13, 1803.

2. Quoted in Flexner, George Washington and the New Nation, vol. 3, pp. 321–22, 377.

3. Secretary of the navy to Edward Preble, August 2, 1803.

4. Ibid., July 13, 1803.

5. Edward Preble to the secretary of the navy, September 23, 1803.

6. Edward Preble, Diary, October 6, 1803.

7. Edward Preble, quoted in Tucker, Dawn Like Thunder, p. 205.

8. Tobias Lear to Mrs. Lear, October 13, 1803.

9. Ralph Izard Jr. to Mrs. Ralph Izard Sr., October 11, 1803.

10. Edward Preble to the secretary of the navy, October 10, 1803.

11. Emperor of Morocco to Thomas Jefferson, October 11, 1803.

12. Edward Preble to Mary Deering, ca. October 1803.

CHAPTER 11: THE PHILADELPHIA DISASTER

1. William Bainbridge to Edward Preble, November 12, 1803.

2. William Bainbridge to Tobias Lear, February 8, 1804.

3. William Bainbridge to Susan Bainbridge, November 1, 1803.

4. Whipple, To the Shores of Tripoli, p. 118.

5. Cowdery, in Baepler, White Slaves, African Masters, p. 162.

6. Ibid., p. 190.

7. Ibid., p. 191.

8. Shaw, A Short Sketch, p. 23, reprinted in Baepler, White Slaves, African Masters (1999), p. 19.

9. William Bainbridge to the Secretary of the Navy, November 1, 1803.

CHAPTER 12: BY THE COVER OF DARKNESS

1. Edward Preble to Mary Deering, November 20, 1803.

2. Charles Stewart to Susan Decatur, December 12, 1826.

3. Edward Preble to the secretary of the navy, December 10, 1803.

4. Tucker, Stephen Decatur, pp. 42–43.

5. Dearborn, The Life of William Bainbridge, p. 60.

6. William Bainbridge to Edward Preble, December 5, 1803.

7. Edward Preble to the secretary of the navy, January 17, 1804.

8. Edward Preble to Stephen Decatur, January 31, 1804.

9. Ibid.

10. Morris, The Autobiography of Commodore Charles Morris, U.S. Navy (Boston: A. Williams, 1880), p. 27.

11. Lewis Heermann, quoted in McKee, Edward Preble: A Naval Biography, 1761–1807 (1972), p. 197.

12. Ralph Izard Jr. to Mrs. Ralph Izard Sr., February 20, 1804.

13. William Ray, Horrors of Slavery; or, The American Tars in Tripoli (2008), p. 76.

14. Ibid.

CHAPTER 13: THE BATTLE OF TRIPOLI

1. Stephen Decatur to Keith Spence, January 9, 1805.

2. Edward Preble to the secretary of the navy, February 3, 1804.

3. New York Evening Post, March 28, 1804.

4. Secretary of the navy to Edward Preble, May 22, 1804.

5. James Madison to Thomas FitzSimons, April 13, 1804.

6. The oft-quoted words might or might not have been Nelson’s but have long been attributed to him, though by a biographer some forty years after the burning of the USS Philadelphia. Allen, Our Navy and the Barbary Corsairs (1905), p. 173.

7. George Davis to the secretary of state, March 26, 1804.

8. Edward Preble to the secretary of the navy, June 14, 1804.

9. Edward Preble to Richard O’Brien, June 13, 1804.

10. Preble, Diary, June 14, 1804.

11. Eaton, The Life of the Late Gen. William Eaton, p. 242.

12. Ibid., p. 262.

13. Edwards, Barbary General (1968), p. 131.

14. Eaton, The Life of the Late Gen. William Eaton, p. 265.

15. Thomas Jefferson to John Page, June 25, 1804.

16. James Madison to Tobias Lear, June 6, 1804.

17. Secretary of the navy to Samuel Barron, June 6, 1804.

18. Edward Preble to James L. Cathcart, May 28, 1804.

19. Edward Preble to the secretary of the navy, September 18, 1804.

20. Ibid.; McKee, Edward Preble: A Naval Biography, 1761–1807, p. 262.

21. Stephen Decatur to Keith Spence, January 9, 1805.

22. Edward Preble to the secretary of the navy, September 18, 1804.

23. Mackenzie, Life of Stephen Decatur, p. 97.

24. Edward Preble to the secretary of the navy, September 18, 1804.

25. Dearborn, The Life of William Bainbridge, Esq., pp. 74–75.

26. Edward Preble to Mary Deering, quoted in McKee, Edward Preble: A Naval Biography, 1761–1807 (1972), p. 307.

CHAPTER 14: OPENING A NEW FRONT

1. William Eaton to Congressman Samuel Lyman, October 12, 1801.

2. William Eaton to Alexander Ball, December 13, 1804.

3. William Eaton, “Journal,” December 7, 1804.

4. William Eaton to the secretary of the navy, December 13, 1804.

5. Hamet Qaramanli to William Eaton, January 3, 1805.

6. Alexander Murray to Richard V. Morris, August 22, 1802.

CHAPTER 15: WIN IN THE DESERT OR DIE IN THE DESERT

1. William Eaton, “Journal,” April 2, 1805; The Life of the Late Gen. William Eaton, p. 317.

2. William Eaton, The Life of the Late Gen. William Eaton, p. 323.

3. William Eaton, “Journal,” April 2, 1805; The Life of the Late Gen. William Eaton, p. 323.

4. Eaton, ibid., April 16, 1805; ibid., p. 329.

5. Eaton,ibid.,” April 25, 1805; ibid., p. 330.

6. William Eaton to the Governor of Derne, April 26, 1805; ibid., p. 337.

7. William Eaton to Samuel Barron, April 29, 1805; ibid., p. 337.

8. Ibid.

9. Edwards, Barbary General (1968), p. 214.

CHAPTER 16: ENDGAME

1. Tobias Lear to John Rodgers, May 1, 1805.

2. Jonathan Cowdery, “Journal,” May 24, 1805.

3. William Eaton, “Journal,” May 12, 1805; The Life of the Late Gen. William Eaton, p. 340.

4. William Eaton to Samuel Barron, May 29, 1805.

5. William Eaton to John Rodgers, June 13, 1805.

6. Timothy Pickering to unknown, March 21, 1806.

7. “Report of the Committee,” March 17, 1806.

CHAPTER 17: FAIR WINDS AND FOLLOWING SEAS

1. National Intelligencer, November 6, 1805.

EPILOGUE

1. John Quincy Adams to Stephen Decatur, quoted in Mackenzie, Decatur, p. 27.