CHAPTER 1. EARLY JAPAN
1. Wm. Theodore de Bary et al., eds., Sources of Japanese Tradition, vol. 1: From Earliest Times to 1600, 2nd ed. (New York: Columbia University Press, 2001), 8.
2. Ibid., 14. Adapted from W.G. Aston, trans., Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697, vol. 1 (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co., 1896), 10–14.
3. W.G. Aston, trans., Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697, vol. 2 (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co., 1896; repr., New York: Paragon, 1956), 66.
CHAPTER 2. FORGING A CENTRALIZED STATE
1. Wm. Theodore de Bary et al., eds., Sources of Japanese Tradition, vol. 1: From Earliest Times to 1600, 2nd ed. (New York: Columbia University Press, 2001), 42.
2. Ibid., 51.
3. Ibid.
4. Joan R. Piggott, “The Last Classical Female Sovereign: Kōken-Shōtoku Tennō,” in Women and Confucian Cultures in Premodern China, Korea, and Japan, ed. Dorothy Ko, JaHyun Kim Haboush, and Joan R. Piggott (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2003), 60.
5. Ibid., 64.
6. Steven D. Carter, trans., Traditional Japanese Poetry: An Anthology (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1991), 46.
7. Edwin Cranston, A Waka Anthology, vol. 1: The Gem-Glistening Cap (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1993), 362–363.
8. Donald Keene, Anthology of Japanese Literature: From the Earliest Era to the Mid-Nineteenth Century (New York: Grove Press, 1955), 40.
9. Ibid., 53.
10. Nihon Gakujutsu Shinkōkai, trans., The Manyōshū: One Thousand Poems (New York: Columbia University Press, 1965), 281.
11. Ibid., 283.
12. Earl Miner, An Introduction to Japanese Court Poetry (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1948), 48–49.
CHAPTER 3. THE RULE OF TASTE: LIVES OF HEIAN ARISTOCRATS
1. Geoffrey Bownas and Anthony Thwaite, trans., The Penguin Book of Japanese Verse (London: Puffin, 1986; repr., London: Penguin, 1998), 75.
2. Murasaki Shikibu, Murasaki Shikibu Nikki, ed. Mochizuki Seikyo (Tokyo: Kobundo, 1929), 113–114. Quoted in Ivan Morris, The World of the Shining Prince: Court Life in Ancient Japan (New York: Kodansha America, 1994), 206.
3. Edward Seidensticker, trans., The Gosammer Years: The Diary of a Noblewoman of Heian Japan (Tokyo: Charles E. Tuttle, 1964; repr., Tokyo: Tuttle, 2011), 44.
4. Bownas and Thwaite, Penguin Book of Japanese Verse, 68.
5. Ibid., 70. The final couplet was omitted.
6. Ibid., 71.
7. Helen McCullough, trans., Kokin wakashū: The First Imperial Anthology of Japanese Poetry (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1985), 3–5.
8. Ivan Morris, trans., The Pillow Book of Sei Shōnagon (New York: Columbia University Press, 1991), 71, 69, 83.
9. Ibid., 117. Quoted in Haruo Shirane, ed., Traditional Japanese Literature: An Anthology, Beginnings to 1600 (New York: Columbia University Press, 2012), 155–156.
10. Janet R. Goodwin, Selling Songs and Smiles: The Sex Trade in Heian and Kamakura Japan (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2006), 16.
11. Morris, Pillow Book of Sei Shōnagon, 260.
CHAPTER 4. THE RISE AND RULE OF THE WARRIOR CLASS
1. G.B. Sansom, Japan: A Short Cultural History (New York: Century, 1931; repr., Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1978), 353.
2. Donald Keene, Anthology of Japanese Literature: From the Earliest Era to the Mid-Nineteenth Century (New York: Grove Press, 1955), 197.
3. Kōun Yamada, The Gateless Gate: The Classic Book of Zen Koans (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2005), https://books.google.com/books?id=VUA6AwAAQBAJ (accessed May 11, 2017).
4. Dōgen and Kosho Uchiyama Roshi, How to Cook Your Life: From the Zen Kitchen to Enlightenment (Boston: Shambhala, 2005), https://books.google.com/books?id=IKOvrBtWJHUC (accessed May 11, 2017). Note that the six flavors are bitter, sour, sweet, hot, mild, and salty; the three qualities are light, clean, and dignified.
5. Paul Varley, Japanese Culture, 4th ed. (Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 2000), 116.
6. Donald Keene, Nō and Bunraku: Two Forms of Japanese Theatre (New York: Columbia University Press, 1990), 32.
7. Quoted in Wm. Theodore de Bary et al., eds., Sources of Japanese Tradition, vol. 1: From Earliest Times to 1600, 2nd ed. (New York: Columbia University Press, 2001), 204.
8. Keene, Anthology of Japanese Literature, 196.
9. de Bary et al., Sources of Japanese Tradition, vol. 1, 271.
10. Edwin O. Reischauer and Joseph K. Yamagiwa, Translations from Early Japanese Literature (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1972), 301–302. Quoted in de Bary et al., Sources of Japanese Tradition, vol. 1, 275.
11. Royall Tyler, trans., The Tale of the Heike (New York: Penguin, 2012), 504.
12. Helen McCullough, trans., The Tale of the Heike (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1988), 23.
CHAPTER 5. DISINTEGRATION AND REUNIFICATION
1. Wm. Theodore de Bary et al., eds., Sources of Japanese Tradition, vol. 1: From Earliest Times to 1600, 2nd ed. (New York: Columbia University Press, 2001), 433.
2. Ibid., 445–446.
3. Ibid.
4. Ibid., 439–440. Numerals of the clauses have been omitted.
5. Ibid., 467.
6. Ibid., 468–469.
7. Michael Cooper, They Came to Japan: An Anthology of European Reports on Japan, 1543–1640 (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1982), 134–135.
8. Geoffrey Bownas and Anthony Thwaite, trans., The Penguin Book of Japanese Verse (London: Puffin, 1986; repr., London: Penguin, 1998), 100.
9. Dennis Hirota, Wind in the Pines: Classic Writings of the Way of Tea as a Buddhist Path (Asian Humanities Press, 2002), 217.
10. Kawasaki Momoto, Hideyoshi to bunroku no eki (Tokyo: Chūo kōronsha, 1979), 60–61.
11. Donald Richie, The Masters’ Book of Ikebana: Background & Principles of Japanese Flower Arrangement (Tokyo: Bijutsu Shuppan-sha, 1966), 56.
12. Quoted in Richie, The Masters’ Book of Ikebana, 57.
13. Wm. Theodore de Bary et al., eds., Sources of Japanese Tradition, vol. 2: 1600 to 2000, 2nd ed. (New York: Columbia University Press, 2005), 180–181.
14. N. Murakami and K. Murakawa, eds., Letters Written by the English Residents in Japan, 1611–1623, with Other Documents on the English Trading Settlement in Japan in the Seventeenth Century (Tokyo: The Sankosha, 1900), 23–24. The spelling has been modernized.
CHAPTER 6. MAINTAINING CONTROL: TOKUGAWA OFFICIAL CULTURE
1. Constantine N. Vaporis, Tour of Duty: Samurai, Military Service in Edo, and the Culture of Early Modern Japan (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2009), 62–101.
2. Constantine N. Vaporis, Voices of Early Modern Japan: Contemporary Accounts of Daily Life during the Age of the Shoguns (Westview Press, 2013), 90–91.
3. E.S. Crawcour, “Some Observations of Merchants: A Translation of Mitsui Takafusa’s Chōnin Kōken Roku,” in David J. Lu, ed., Japan: A Documentary History, vol. 1 (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1997), 230–231.
4. Wm. Theodore de Bary et al., eds., Sources of Japanese Tradition, vol. 2: 1600 to 2000, 2nd ed. (New York: Columbia University Press, 2005), 186–187.
5. Ibid., 193–194.
6. Ibid., 326–330.
7. Basil Hall Chamberlain, Things Japanese (London: John Murray, 1890; repr., Cambridge, UK: University of Cambridge Press, 2015), 371–374.
8. de Bary et al., Sources of Japanese Tradition, vol. 2, 571–572.
9. Nam-lin Hur, Prayer and Play in Late Tokugawa Japan: Asakusa Sensōji and Edo Society (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center, 2000), 87.
CHAPTER 7. EDO POPULAR CULTURE: THE FLOATING WORLD
1. Mary Elizabeth Berry, Japan in Print: Information and Nation in the Early Modern Period (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007), 15.
2. Howard Hibbett, The Chrysanthemum and the Fish: Japanese Humor since the Age of the Shoguns (New York: Kodansha America, 2002), 54.
3. Ibid., 56.
4. Donald Keene, World within Walls: Japanese Literature of the Premodern Era, 1600–1867 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999), 189.
5. Ihara Saikaku, Five Women Who Loved Love, trans. W. Theodore de Bary, in Donald Keene, Anthology of Japanese Literature: From the Earliest Era to the Mid-Nineteenth Century (New York: Grove Press, 1955), 336–337.
6. Wm. Theodore de Bary et al., eds., Sources of Japanese Tradition, vol. 2: 1600 to 2000, 2nd ed. (New York: Columbia University Press, 2005), 348.
7. Geoffrey Bownas and Anthony Thwaite, trans., The Penguin Book of Japanese Verse (London: Puffin, 1986; repr., London: Penguin, 1998), 125–127.
8. Matsuo Bashō, Narrow Road to the Interior, trans. Sam Hamill (Boston: Shambhala, 2006), 1.
9. Ibid., 50–51.
10. Karen Brazell, ed., Traditional Japanese Theater: An Anthology of Plays (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999), 357.
11. Cecilia S. Seigle, Yoshiwara: The Glittering World of the Japanese Courtesan (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1993), 35.
CHAPTER 8. FACING AND EMBRACING THE WEST
1. Harold S. Williams, Tales of the Foreign Settlements in Japan (Tokyo: C.E. Tuttle, 1958), 33.
2. Wm. Theodore de Bary et al., eds., Sources of Japanese Tradition, vol. 2: 1600 to 2000, 2nd ed. (New York: Columbia University Press, 2005), 672.
3. Kanagaki Robun, “The Beefeater,” in Modern Japanese Literature: From 1868 to the Present Day, ed. Donald Keene (New York: Grove Press), 31–32.
4. Steven Ericson, The Sound of the Whistle: Railroads and the State in Meiji Japan (Cambridge, MA: Harvard East Asian Monographs, 1996), 54.
5. E. Patricia Tsurumi, Factory Girls: Women in the Threadmills of Meiji Japan (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1990), 93.
6. Ibid.
7. Ibid., 98.
8. Fukuzawa Yukichi, “An Outline of a Theory of Civilization,” in de Bary et al., Sources of Japanese Tradition, vol. 2, 703.
9. Ibid., 706.
10. Natsume Sōseki, Kokoro, trans. Edwin McClellan (Washington, DC: Regnery Gateway, 1957), 128–129.
11. de Bary et al., Sources of Japanese Tradition, vol. 2, 747.
12. Uchimura Kanzō, “Two Js,” in de Bary et al., Sources of Japanese Tradition, vol. 2, 1167.
CHAPTER 9. MODERNITY AND ITS DISCONTENTS
1. Thomas C. Smith, Native Sources of Japanese Industrialization, 1750–1920 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), 242.
2. Akira Kurosawa, Something Like an Autobiography (New York: Knopf Doubleday, 2011), 48.
3. William J. Tyler, ed., Modanizumu: Modernist Fiction from Japan, 1913–1938 (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2008), 19.
4. T. Philip Terry, Terry’s Japanese Empire (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1914), 368.
5. Junichirō Tanizaki, Naomi, trans. Anthony H. Chambers (New York: Alfred Knopf, 1985; repr., New York: Vintage, 2001), vii–viii.
6. Yasunari Kawabata, The Scarlet Gang of Asakusa, trans. Alisa Freedman (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005), 30.
7. Ibid., 120.
8. Ibid., xxxix.
9. Gennifer Weisenfeld, MAVO: Japanese Artists and the Avant-Garde, 1905–1931 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001), 95.
10. Okakura Kakuzō, The Ideals of the East, in Wm. Theodore de Bary et al., eds., Sources of East Asian Tradition, vol. 2: The Modern Period (New York: Columbia University Press, 2008), 549.
11. Okakura Kakuzō, The Book of Tea (Boulder, CO: Shambhala, 2003 reprint), 72.
12. Ibid., 93.
13. Sōetsu Yanagi, The Unknown Craftsman: A Japanese Insight into Beauty (Tokyo: Kodansha, 1972), 107.
14. Ronald A. Morse, ed., Folk Legends from Tono: Japan’s Spirits, Deities, and Phantastic Creatures (London: Rowman & Littlefield, 2015), 85.
15. Jun’ichirō Tanizaki, In Praise of Shadows (New Haven, CT: Leet’s Island Books, 1977), 5–6.
CHAPTER 10. CULTURES OF EMPIRE AND WAR
1. Maria Rosa Henson, Comfort Woman: A Filipina’s Story of Prostitution and Slavery under the Japanese Military (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 1999), 36–37.
2. Louise Young, “Colonizing Manchuria: The Making of an Imperial Myth,” in Mirror of Modernity: Invented Traditions of Modern Japan, ed. Stephen Vlastos (Berkeley: University of California, 1998), 102.
3. Faye Yuan Kleeman, Under an Imperial Sun: Japanese Colonial Literature of Taiwan and the South (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2003), 30.
4. Jiwon Shin, “Recasting Colonial Space: Naturalist Vision and Modern Fiction in 1920s Korea,” Journal of International and Area Studies 11, no. 3 (2004): 51–74. Another translation of the story is available in Sunyoung Park and Jefferson J.A. Gattrall, trans., On the Eve of the Uprising and Other Stories from Colonial Korea (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2010).
5. Michael Baskett, Attractive Empire: Transnational Film Culture in Imperial Japan, (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2008), 23.
6. Noriko Aso, Public Properties: Museums in Imperial Japan (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2013), 114.
7. Kenneth J. Ruoff, Imperial Japan at Its Zenith: The Wartime Celebration of the Empire’s 2,600th Anniversary (New York: Columbia University Press, 2014), 121.
CHAPTER 11. DEFEAT AND RECONSTRUCTION
1. Wm. Theodore de Bary et al., eds., Sources of Japanese Tradition, vol. 2: 1600 to 2000, 2nd ed. (New York: Columbia University Press, 2005), 1016.
2. John W. Dower, Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II (New York: W.W. Norton, 2000), 127.
3. Michael Schaller, The American Occupation of Japan (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985), 125.
4. Kenzaburō Ōe, “Sheep,” trans. Frank T. Motofuji, Japan Quarterly 17, no. 2 (April–June 1970): 171.
5. Ibid., 177.
6. Angus Hone, “Expo ’70: A Japanese Fair,” Economic and Political Weekly 5, no. 38 (September 1970): 1564–1565.
7. Frederik L. Schodt, Manga! Manga! The World of Japanese Comics, 2nd ed. (New York: Kodansha USA, 2012), 17.
8. Ming Tiampo and Alexandra Munroe, eds., Gutai: Splendid Playground (New York: The Guggenheim Foundation, 2013), 45.
CHAPTER 12. “COOL” JAPAN AS CULTURAL SUPERPOWER
1. Norma Field, “Somehow: The Postmodern as Atmosphere,” in Postmodernism and Japan, ed. Masao Miyoshi and Harry Harootunian (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1989), 178.
2. Shintarō Ishihara, The Japan That Can Say No, trans. Frank Baldwin (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1991), 30.
3. Rachel B., “Kimokawaii: Both Cute and Gross at the Same Time,” Tofugu, June 18, 2013, https://www.tofugu.com/japan/kimokawaii/.
4. Yoshimoto Banana, Kitchen (New York: Grove Press, 1988), 59.
5. Haruki Murakami “Town of Cats,” New Yorker, September 5, 2011, http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2011/09/05/town-of-cats.
6. Quoted in Hiroshi Aoyagi, “Pop Idols and the Asian Identity,” in Japan Pop! Inside the World of Japanese Popular Culture, ed. Timothy J. Craig (M.E. Sharpe, 2000), 313.
7. Ibid., 309.
8. Murakami Takashi, “Earth in My Window,” in Little Boy: The Arts of Japan’s Exploding Subculture, ed. Murakami Takashi (New York: Japan Society, 2005), 100–101.