INTRODUCTION
Page VII
“from President Trump’s rumour-mongering... to Labour Party members in the UK accusing Jews of various Zionist plots”: Cody Fenwick, “Trump has a long history of anti-Semitic dog whistles”, salon.com, 30 October 2018; Steerpike, “Labour’s pockets of anti-Semitism: the evidence”, Spectator, 30 March 2018
“In Europe and America, antisemitic incidents have reached an historic high”: Community Security Trust, Antisemitic Incidents Report 2020, Anti-Defamation League, US Antisemitic Incidents Remained at Historic High in 2020, 27 April 2021
Page IX
“Respected actor Maxine Peake”: Alexandra Pollard, “Maxine Peake: ‘People who couldn’t vote Labour because of Corbyn? They voted Tory as far as I’m concerned’”, Independent, 25 June 2020
“Deborah Lipstadt”: Deborah Lipstadt, Denying the Holocaust, 1994, New York: Plume, p23; pp56-58
Page X
“As the historian Tony Kushner has shown”: Tony Kushner, The Holocaust and the Liberal Imagination, Oxford: Wiley,1994, pp133, 227
“Some commentators have put this visibility down to the rise of populist politics”: Jonathan Freedland, “The roots of Labour’s antisemitism lie deep within the populist left”, Guardian, 12 July 2019; Peter Pulzer, The Rise of Political Anti-Semitism in Germany and Austria, Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 1988, p287
“Nor can antisemitism be separated from a rising xenophobia”: Narzanin Massoumi, “Why Is Europe So Islamophobic?”, New York Times, 6 March 2020
Page XI
“Anti-migrant rhetoric influenced Robert Bowers’ assault”: Adam Serwer, “Trump’s Caravan Hysteria Led to This”, Atlantic, 28 October 2018; Jeremy W Peters, “How Trump-Fed Conspiracy Theories About Migrant Caravan Intersect With Deadly Hatred”, New York Times, 29 October 2018
“Bowers accused Jews”: Lois Beckett, “Pittsburgh shooting: suspect railed against Jews and Muslims on site used by ‘alt-right’”, Guardian, 27 October 2018
“EU survey in 2018”: Experiences and perceptions of antisemitism, Second survey on discrimination and hate crime against Jews in the EU, European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, 2018, pp54-56,
Page XII
“European and American Jews... are perceived as privileged and as white”: “Labour and Antisemitism: a Crisis Misunderstood”, Ben Gidley, Brendan McGeever, David Feldman, Political Quarterly, 10 May 2020; David Hirsh, Contemporary Left Antisemitism, Oxford and New York: Routledge, 2018, pp145-146
“Equality and Human Rights Commission’s damning report on antisemitism”: Equality and Human Rights Commission, Investigation into Antisemitism in the Labour Party, October 2020
“The scale of the problem was ‘dramatically overstated’, Corbyn claimed”: Peter Walker and Jessica Elgot, “Jeremy Corbyn rejects overall findings of EHRC report on antisemitism in Labour”, Guardian, 29 October 2020
“Jews were apparently exaggerating their victimhood or even (once again) behind a conspiracy”: Kerry-Anne Mendoza, editor of The Canary, claimed on BBC Radio 4’s PM, programme, 29 October 2020, that a “tiny group of obscenely powerful people” were behind the accusations of antisemitism, “a group of people who have taken the dark decision to weaponise Jewish trauma in order to conduct a factional, political battle”.
“A statutory public body identified a culture”: EHRC report, p100
Page XIII
“The International Holocaust Remembrace Alliance (IHRA) definition”: “Antisemitism is a certain perception of Jews, which may be expressed as hatred toward Jews. Rhetorical and physical manifestations of antisemitism are directed toward Jewish or non-Jewish individuals and/or their property, toward Jewish community institutions and religious facilities.” Working Definition of Antisemitism, International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance, holocaustremembrance.com, 2018
“A number of leading commentators and lawyers”: Counsel’s opinion on the IHRA definition, Hugh Tomlinson QC, freespeechonisrael.org, 8 March 2017; Geoffrey Robertson QC, Opinion “Anti-Semitism: the IHRA definition and its consequences for freedom of expression”, prc.org.uk, 31 August 2018; David Feldman, “The government should not impose a faulty definition of antisemitism on universities”, Guardian, 2 December 2020
Page XIV
“Stephen Sedley”: Stephen Sedley, “Defining Anti-Semitism”, London Review of Books, 4 May 2017
“Gavin Williamson”: Nicola Woolcock, “Gavin Williamson threatens funding cuts over universities’ antisemitism failures”, The Times, 9 October 2020
“A lead drafter of the definition”: Kenneth Stern, “I drafted the definition of antisemitism. Rightwing Jews are weaponizing it”, Guardian, 13 December 2019
Page XV
“Popularised in the late 19th century by Wilhelm Marr”: Moshe Zimmerman, Wilhelm Marr, The Patriarch of Anti-Semitism, New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986, p89; Peter Pulzer, 1988, p47
“Peter Beinart”: Peter Beinart, “Yavne: A Jewish Case for Equality in Israel-Palestine”, jewishcurrents.org, 7 July 2020
FRANCE’S MODEL MINORITY
Page 22
“As James McAuley noted”: James McAuley, “The brutal killing of a Holocaust survivor raises anti-Semitism fears in France”, Washington Post, 26 March 2018
Page 24
“As historian Maurice Samuels makes clear”: Maurice Samuels, The Right to Difference: French Universalism and the Jews, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2016, p5
Page 25
“The problem of acknowledging the specificity of racism without acknowledging the specificity of race”: Natasha Lehrer, “The Unique Problem of Antisemitism That Won’t Go Away”, Plus 61J magazine, 12 April 2018
Pages 25-26
“French National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies, was at pains to point out recently”: Sylvie Le Minez, “Oui, la statistique publique produit des statistiques ethniques”, Insee, 31 July 2020
Page 27
“As a figure in the rhetoric of the 1789 revolution”: Sarah Hammerschlag, The Figural Jew: Politics and Identity in Postwar French Thought, Chicago: Chicago University Press, 2010, p7
“The Jew was ‘a tribal remnant’”: ibid., p7
Page 28
“As Maurice Samuels reminds us, Jews were able”: Samuels, p4
“In the words of prominent Jewish philosopher Bernard-Henri Lévy”: James McAuley, “France’s most famous intellectual urges Jews not to leave”, Washington Post, 29 February 2016
Page 29
“Daniella Doron, who stresses the nuanced complexity of French-Jewish identity”: Daniella Doron, “The Jews of Modern France, a historiographical essay”, in Zvi Jonathan Kaplan and Nadia Malinovich (eds), The Jews of Modern France: Images and Identities, Brill’s Series in Jewish Studies, Volume 56: Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2016, p12
“Sephardi populations began to use communal organisations”: Natasha Lehrer, “The Threat to France’s Jews”, Guardian, 15 January 2015
Page 30
“Both the LICRA and MRAP”: Emmanuel Debono, Aux origines de l’antiracisme. La Ligue internationale contre l’antisémitisme (LICA), 1927-1940, (The Origins of Anti-Racism. The International League Against Anti-Semitism (LICA), 1927-1940), foreword by Serge Berstein, Paris, CNRS Editions, 2012
Page 31
“France’s main Jewish organisations’ response”: Shirli Sitbon, “The Dilemma of French Jews and the Fight Against Racism”, Haaretz, 24 July 2020
“Francis Kalifat, head of the CRIF”: ibid.
Page 32
“This has led to ‘an extensive reinterpretation of one of republicanism’s core values, laicité’”: Emile Chabal, A Divided Republic: Nation, State and Citizenship in Contemporary France, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015, p26
“This brief explanation does not do justice to the protean nature of laicité”: the 1905 law on the Separation of the Churches and the State, which brought laicité (literally, secularism) into the constitution, is based on three principles: the neutrality of the state, the freedom of religious exercise, and public powers related to the church. Nowadays, however, it is often taken, both popularly and legislatively, to signify state opposition to the manifestation of any signs of religious affiliation.
Page 33
“Finkielkraut’s rhetoric”: see for example Finkielkraut’s notorious interview in Haaretz: “What sort of French men are they?”, Dror Mishani, Aurelia Smotriez, 16 November 2005
Page 35
“In 1998, historian Paula Hyman presciently observed”: Paula E Hyman, The Jews of Modern France, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1998
LOOKING FOR AN ENEMY
Page 38
“Research by the Anti-Defamation League, an American-Jewish campaign group”: Anti-Defamation League, “Anti-Semitic Targeting of Journalists During the 2016 Presidential Campaign”, 19 October 2016
“Even some prominent Conservative MPs”: Rob Merrick, “Theresa May speech ‘could have been taken out of Mein Kampf’, Vince Cable says”, Independent, 5 July 2017; Peter Walker, “Tory MP criticised for using antisemitic term ‘cultural Marxism’”, Guardian, 26 March 2019; Daniel Trilling, “A reckless Tory party is resorting to pantomime authoritarianism”, Guardian, 11 October 2019
Page 40
“Jewry is a world pest wherever it is found,” Tyndall told an interviewer: George Thayer, The British Political Fringe, London, Anthony Blond, 1965
Page 42
“The counter-extremism researcher Julia Ebner”: Julia Ebner, Going Dark: The Secret Social Lives of Extremists, London: Bloomsbury, 2020
“The US author Chip Berlet provides a useful anatomy of the far right’s world view”: Chip Berlet and Matthew M Lyons, Right-Wing Populism in America, New York: Guilford Publications, 2000. I am grateful to the US anti-fascist researcher Spencer Sunshine for pointing me towards this. His own thoughts on the subject can be found at https://www.patreon.com/posts/36706153
Page 46
“The linguist Ruth Wodak argues”: Ruth Wodak, “The Radical Right and Antisemitism”, in Jens Rydgren (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of the Radical Right, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018
Page 48
“The late historian Moishe Postone argued that”: Moishe Postone, “Anti-Semitism and National Socialism: Notes on the German Reaction to ‘Holocaust’”, published in New German Critique 19: Special Issue 1, Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1980, pp97-115; available online at https://libcom.org/library/anti-semitismnational-socialism-moishe-postone
The Ashes Are Still Warm
Page 53
“What could not be completed in the gas chambers”: Ronen Steinke, Terror gegen Juden, Berlin: Berlin Verlag, 2020, p110
“The myth of the lone-wolf perpetrator prevailed”: Patrick Guyton, “Die Mär vom frustrierten Einzeltäter”, Heidenheimer Zeitung, 25 September 2020
Page 55
“Philipp Amthor, an MP for the Christian Democratic Party (CDU) said exactly that in an interview”: “Kritik an Antisemitismus in ‘muslimischen Kreisen’”, n-tv, 27 January 2020
“The numbers are clear, at least on the basis of hate crimes statistics for 2019”: https://www.bmi.bund.de/SharedDocs/downloads/DE/veroeffentlichungen/2020/pmk-2019-hasskriminalitaet.pdf;jsessionid=8981E2805BB1EC65A075EBFBEFCFC89C.1_cid364?__blob=publicationFile&v=4
“Police attributed 80 per cent of that year’s 1,596 antisemitic crimes to the right-wing spectrum”: https://www.bundesregierung.de/resource/blob/975954/774624/035cbc7b70c1e8a1ffdc0d937b829241/712-bmi-data.pdf?download=1
Page 56
“Christians have been discriminating against Jews for 2,000 years”: Ijoma Mangold, “Rassismus trifft alle Minderheiten”, Die Zeit, 3 December 2015
Page 57
“Almost half (48 per cent) were of the opinion”: “A quarter of Germans have antisemitic thoughts, new survey finds”, The Local, 24 October 2019
“The statement of the former head of the AFD”: “Gauland: NS-Zeit nur ein ‘Vogelschiss in der Geschichte’”, Die Zeit, 2 June 2018
Page 58
“The FAZ newspaper refused to print an advance extract”: “Walser erwägt Klage gegen die ‘FAZ’”, Der Spiegel, 29 May 2002
Page 60
“Her appearance was cancelled due to alleged threats from the left”: “Veranstalter dementiert Berichte zu Gewaltdrohungen gegen Lisa Eckhart”, Der Standard, 8 August 2020
Page 61
“The Federal Association of Departments for Research and Information on Antisemitism (RIAS) criticised the routine”: Philipp Peyman Engel, “Judenhass unter dem Deckmantel der Satire”, Jüdische Allgemeine, 4 May 2020
“The journalist Sebastian Hammelehle wrote in Der Spiegel”: Sebastian Hammelehle, “Das sind die beiden Autoren, die nicht mit Lisa Eckhart auftreten wollten”, Der Spiegel, 8 September 2020
Page 62
“Wieso sind in Sachen Humor...voraus?”: Lisa Eckhart, “Huch, ich hab’ schon wieder einen antisemitischen witz gemacht”, BR KulturBühne, 11 November 2021, https://www.br.de/kultur/gesellschaft/lisa-eckhart-macht-antisemitischen-witz-in-aktuellem-programm100.html
Page 63
“Police officers calling up the data of people they disagree with...stockpiling weapons”: “Abruf von Daten aus Polizeicomputer nun Fall für Datenschutz”, Die Welt, 7 September 2020; “Illegale Datenabfragen auch von Polizeicomputern in Hamburg und Berlin”, Die Zeit, 27 August 2020; “Nazi-Devotionalien und Kriegswaffen beschlagnahmt”, Frankfurter Allgemeine, 23 March 2020; “Hakenkreuze und Tierpornos”, Taz, 14 October 2020; Anja Laud, “Polizist mit Nazi-Zimmer aufgeflogen”, Frankfurter Rundschau, 17 January 2019; Muriel Kalisch, Daniel Müller und Holger Stark, “Polizei findet 1,2 Kilo TNT bei mutmaßlichem Rechtsterroristen”, Die Zeit, 9 October 2020
“Interior Minister Horst Seehofer refusing to allow”: Ben Knight, “German minister adamant over police racism study”, Deutsche Welle, 20 September 2020; “Bericht: Bei der Berliner Polizei gab es eine rassistische Chatgruppe”, Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg, 1 October 2020; “Rechtsextreme WhatsApp-Gruppen bei Polizei”, Aachener Zeitung, 16 September 2020; “Rechtsextremismus in der Polizei”, ZDF, 6 October 2020
Page 64
“An entire underground network that was planning a coup…”: Martin Kaul, Christina Schmidt, Daniel Schulz, “Hannibals Schattenarmee”, Taz, 16 November 2018; Matthias Gebauer, Fidelius Schmid, Wolf Wiedmann-Schmidt “Franco A. wird nun doch angeklagt”, Der Spiegel, 19 November 2019
BLOODY JEWS
Page 65
“The first recorded case of an accusation of ritual murder against a Jewish community”: Miri Rubin, Thomas Monmouth, The Life and Passion of William of Norwich, London: Penguin, 2014 pviii. All references to narrative content refer to or quote from Miri Rubin’s translation.
Page 66
“An open letter was posted on the online forum 8chan”: full text of “John-T-Ernest-Manifesto-8chan-Pol-April-27-2019-An-OpenLetter”, Internet Archive
“Thirteen Jews were executed”: R Po-chia Hsia, Trent 1475, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1992, p127
“This did not have much effect in the long term”: R Po-chia Hsia, The Myth of Ritual Murder, Jews and Magic in Reformation Germany, New Haven and London:Yale University Press,1988, p3
Page 67
“The ‘ur-story’ of English literary antisemitism”: Anthony Julius, Trials of the Diaspora, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012, p153
Page 68
“The British fascist Arnold Leese”: Arnold Leese, My Irrelevant Defence: meditations inside gaol and out on Jewish ritual murder, London: I.F.L. Printing & Pub., 1938, p39
“First arriving in England less than a hundred years previously with William the Conqueror”: John M McCulloh, “Jewish Ritual Murder: William of Norwich, Thomas of Monmouth, and the Early Dissemination of the Myth”, Speculum, July 1997, Vol 72, No 3, p737
Page 69
“This link between Jews past and Jews present had never before been so boldly attempted”: Rubin, pxiv, pxxvii
“It is the Jewish people who insistently call for his crucifixion”: Matthew 26:3-4; Luke 22:1-6; Luke 23: 13-24; Mark 14: 6-14; Matthew 27: 15-23
Page 70
“Thomas of Monmouth has been credited with inventing the ritual-murder charge”: Gavin I Langmuir, “Thomas of Monmouth”, in Alan Dundes (ed.), The Blood Libel Legend: A Casebook in Anti-Semitic Folklore, Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1991, p34
Page 71
“Single-page broadsheets”: R Po-chia Hsia, pp46-50
“Vampires, whose bloodsucking diet and hooked nose recast the medieval fear of Jews in Gothic clothing”: Carol Margaret Davison, Anti-Semitism and British Gothic Literature, Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004, pp87-157
“The QAnon conspiracy theory”: Mike McIntire and Kevin Roose, “What Happens When QAnon Seeps From the Web to the Offline World”, New York Times, 9 February 2020
“Wrote the chronicler Matthew Paris”: Matthew Paris’s English History, Vol III, London: Henry G Bohn, 1854, p138-141
Page 72
“I am at a loss to understand why revivalist singers keep on singing it”: Vic Gammon, sleeve notes, “Sir Hugh”, Brambles Briars and Beams of the Sun, AL Lloyd, Fellside Recordings, 2011
“The American scholar Francis James Child”: Francis James Child (ed.), The English and Scottish Popular Ballads Vol III, New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1957, p233-254
Page 73
“Newell paints a remarkable picture of extreme poverty”: William Wells Newell, Games and Songs of American Children, New York, Harper and Brothers, 1884, pp75-78
“The British folk archivist Cecil Sharp”: Cecil Sharp, English Folk Songs from the Southern Appalachians, London, Oxford University Press, 1960, pp222-229
Page 74
“Child cited a case in Tisza-Eszlar”: Francis James Child, pp240-243
“Between 1867 and 1914, there were 12 ritual-murder trials [in Austria and German-Austria]”: Peter Pulzer, The Rise of Political Anti-Semitism in Germany and Austria, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1988, p69
Page 75
“In 1943, he wrote to the Reich’s security chief”: Dennis E Showalter, Little Man, What Now? Der Stürmer in the Weimar Republic, Hamden, CT: Shoe String Press, 1982, pp103-218
“The ritual murder charge was a ‘tool’ for extorting money”: EM Rose, The Murder of William of Norwich: The Origins of the Blood Libel in Medieval Europe, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2015, pp223, 235
“Leese described the publisher of Der Stürmer”: Arnold Leese, p37
Page 76
“Colin Jordan … was a follower”: Daniel Trilling, Bloody Nasty People, London and New York: Verso, 2012, p54
“Antisemitic conspiracy theories remained central”: Paul Jackson, “Conspiracy Theories and Neo-Nazism in the Cultic Milieu” in Asbjørn Dyrendal, David G Robertson and Egil Asprem (eds), Handbook of Conspiracy Theory and Contemporary Religion, Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2018, p470
“Everything in this little book rang true”: ibid., p50
“The historian Ronnie Po-chia Hsia has credited the myth of child murders”: R Po-chia Hsia, p208
Page 77
“American neo-Nazi Andrew Anglin posted an essay about ritual murder”: Andrew Anglin, “Russia: Jew Woman Goes Nuts on the Bus, Threatens to Ritually Murder Goyim at the Synagogue”, Daily Stormer, 16 April 2019
“He orchestrated online abuse of the British politician Luciana Berger”: Andrew Anglin, “The Filthy Jew Bitch Luciana Berger Emerges from the Shadows to Attack Free Speech”, Daily Stormer, 19 December 2014
“A US magistrate judge recommended that Anglin pay more than $14m in damages”: Lois Beckett, “Judge advises $14m in damages to Jewish woman targeted by neo-Nazi ‘troll storm’”, Guardian, 16 July 2019
Page 79
“It is easy to spot the echoes of ritual murder in a cartoon”: “Labour Councillor posts anti-Semitic propaganda”, Order-order, 13 October 2016
“The local Labour group claimed that there was no evidence of similar previous conduct”: “Anti-Semitism row: Councillor Andy Slack punished for ‘insidious’ Facebook post”, Derbyshire Times, 25 October 2016
JEWS BEHAVING BADLY
Page 82
“If Jews continued to behave ‘badly’”: see Robert Fine and Philip Spencer, Antisemitism and the Left: on the return of the Jewish Question, Manchester, Manchester University Press, 2017, pp16-18; Philip Spencer, “The shame of antisemitism on the left has a long, malign history”, Guardian, 1 April 2018
“Some in the international communist movement argued”: ibid. p49
Page 83
“This perception of Jews standing in the way of progress”: see for example: Lee Harpin, “Jewish Question’ speech given at Momentum ‘Stand By Corbyn’ rally”, Jewish Chronicle, 1 November 2020
“They argued that antisemitism was being wilfully and dishonestly confused with anti-Zionism”: this disingenuous argument has been most effectively discredited by David Hirsh in his Contemporary Left Antisemitism, Oxford and New York: Routledge, 2018
“The Equalities and Human Rights Commission (EHRC) opened an investigation”: the full report may be found here: https://www.equalityhumanrights.com/en/publication-download/investigationantisemitism-labour-party
Page 84
“Within western societies they have supposedly even become ‘white’”: Karen Brodkin, How Jews Became White Folks and What That Says about Race in America, New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1998. A devastating critique of this whole way of thinking has been made by Balazs Berkovits in “Critical Whiteness Studies and the Jewish Problem”, Zeitschrift für kritische Sozialtheorie und Philosophie 5, no. 1, 2018, pp 86–102
Page 85
“As the Pittsburgh massacre showed in 2018”: “Pittsburgh shooting: who were the victims?”, bbc.co.uk, 29 October 2018; “Synagogue massacre led to string of attack plots, Jewish group says”, Associated Press, Politico, 20 October 2019
Page 86
“The ‘anti-imperialism of fools’”: for more on this, see Moishe Postone, “History and Helplessness: Mass Mobilization and Contemporary Forms of Anticapitalism,” Public Culture 18, no. 1, 2006
Page 87
“The IHRA definition has been accepted by many governments”: Lee Harpin, “Entire West Midlands region adopts IHRA definition of antisemitism”, Jewish Chronicle, 1 September 2020
“The Labour Party tried to rewrite the Israel-related points”: for a detailed critical analysis of this attempt, see “IHRA and the Labour Code of Conduct”, Mark Gardner, Community Security Trust, 23 July 2018 https://cst.org.uk/news/blog/2018/07/11/what-is-the-internationalholocaust-remembrance-alliance-definition-of-antisemitism
Page 88
“The figure of 33,771 Jews massacred at Babi Yar in Ukraine”: Arno Lustiger, Stalin and the Jews, New York: Enigma, 2003, p106
“The manuscript and entire edition of The Black Book”: “The Black Book of Soviet Jewry”, Shoah Resource Center, Yad Vashem; Joshua Rubenstein and Vladimir P Naumov, Stalin’s Secret Pogrom: The Postwar Inquisition of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001
Page 89
“Rename Holocaust Memorial Day as Genocide Memorial Day”: Philip Spencer and Sara Valentina di Palma, “Antisemitism and the Politics of Holocaust Memorial Day in the UK and Italy”, Gunther Jikeli and Joelle Allouche-Benayoun (eds), Perceptions of the Holocaust in Europe and Muslim Communities, Berlin: Springer, 2013
Page 91
“There has always been, however, another way of thinking on the left”: for an account of some of this history, and an analysis of the resources it offers for the left today, see, Robert Fine and Philip Spencer, op. cit. p.169
Page 92
“It is not wholly clear how much the problem of antisemitism played in this defeat”: even if this were an important reason, however, it appears that after the defeat some 75 per cent of Labour Party members thought that antisemitism had been exaggerated in order to undermine Corbyn, even if half of them thought he should have done better to deal with the issue. The figure rose to 92 per cent for Momentum supporters. “Ninety-two percent of Momentum supporters think Labour antisemitism ‘wildly exaggerated’, poll shows”, Jewish Chronicle, 11 February 2020
Page 93
“He was immediately suspended from the party”: “Starmer: Anti-Semitism report ‘day of shame’ for Labour”, bbc.co.uk, 29 October 2020; “Labour suspends Jeremy Corbyn over reaction to anti-Semitism report”, bbc.co.uk, 30 October 2020
A LICENCE TO HATE
Page 94
“In 2019 the number of incidents hit an all-time high”: Anti-Defamation League, “Antisemitic Incidents Hit All-Time High in 2019”, 12 May 2020; Anti-Defamation League, A report from the Center on Extremism, “Murder and Extremism in the United States in 2019”, February 2020
Page 95
“Wilhelm Marr…wrote in 1879”: excerpted and translated in Richard S Levy, The Victory of Jewry over Germandom, DC Heath and Co, 1991
“Christian thinkers and leaders often conjured up a Jewish other”: for a comprehensive and essential history of views about Jews in the Western World, see David Nirenberg, Anti-Judaism: The Western Tradition, New York: WW Norton, 2013
Page 97
“‘Screw your optics, I’m going in’”: Miriam Jordan, “HIAS, the Jewish Agency Criticized by the Shooting Suspect, Has a History of Aiding Refugees”, New York Times, 28 October, 2018
Page 98
“As philosopher Karl Eugen Dühring wrote”: Karl Eugen Dühring, “The Question of the Jew is a Question of Race”, 1881
“One white supremacist Telegram channel”: for more on the social media world of white supremacists, see Talia Lavin, Culture Warlords: My Journey Into the Dark Web of White Supremacy, New York: Hachette Books, 2020
“Anti-Semitism became a kind of ‘cultural code’”: David Sorkin, Jewish Emancipation, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2019, p241
Page 99
“‘200,000 Communist Jews at the Mexican border’”: Josh Zeitz, “Yes, It’s Fair to Compare the Plight of the Syrians to the Plight of the Jews. Here’s Why”, Politico, 22 November, 2015
“The Aryan Nations’ ‘Declaration of Independence’”: https://archive.org/details/AryanNationsDeclaration
Page 101
“White supremacists were distributing antisemitic flyers”: “Anti-Semitic Fliers Blaming Jews For Kavanaugh Allegations Found In Iowa”, Fast-Forward, 11 October 2018
Page 102
“The majority of American Jews oppose settlement expansion”: Ron Kampeas, “Most American Jews say you can support Israel and criticize its government”, Times of Israel, 19 October 2018; Jeremy Sharon, “80% of US Jews say they are pro-Israel, study finds”, Jerusalem Post, 4 February 2020
“A belief that Jews must all return to the Land of Israel”: Richard Landes, “What Fuels Evangelical Christians’ Love-hate Relationship With Jews”, Haaretz, 29 July 2020
Page 103
“Even Trump acknowledged that his Israel policies cater to evangelicals”: David Ian Klein, “Trump: Embassy move was for Evangelicals – Jews not excited about it”, Fast-Forward, 18 August 2020
“The elevation of Christian pastors committed to supersessionist theology”: Matthew Haag, “Robert Jeffress, Pastor Who Said Jews Are Going to Hell, Led Prayer at Jerusalem Embassy”, New York Times, 14 May 2018
Page 104
“Trump’s December 2019 Executive Order on Combating Antisemitism”: “Executive Order on Combating Anti-Semitism”, 11 December 2019, https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/presidential-actions/executive-order-combating-anti-semitism/
“According to the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance (IHRA) guidelines and examples”: International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance, Working Definition of Antisemitism, https://www.holocaustremembrance.com/node/196
“Title VI ‘provides protections to Jews, Arab Muslims, Sikhs, and/or members of other religious groups’”: https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/crt/legacy/2011/05/04/090810_AAG_Perez_Letter_to_Ed_OCR_Title%20VI_and_Religiously_Identifiable_Groups.pdf
Page 106
“Criticism of Israel does sometimes cross the line into antisemitism”: for a fuller exploration of when criticism of Israel crosses the line into antisemitism, see Rabbi Jill Jacobs, “How to Tell When Criticism of Israel is Actually Antisemitism,” Washington Post, 17 May 2018
AFTERWORD
Page 126
“She said that she did not want to accept a new contract”: Elizabeth A. Harris, “Sally Rooney Declines to Sell Translation Rights to Israeli Publisher,” New York Times, 12 October 2021