INTRODUCTION: HISTORY OF THE NACIREMA
1. Horace Miner, “Body Ritual among the Nacirema,” American Anthropologist 58, no. 3 (1956): 503–507, https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1956.58.3.02a00080.
2. Jacey Fortin, “California Tries to Close the Gap in Math, but Sets off a Backlash,” New York Times, November 4, 2021, https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/04/us/california-math-curriculum-guidelines.html.
3. Bobby Caina Calvan, “Schools Debate: Gifted and Talented, or Racist and Elitist?” Associated Press, October 28, 2021, https://apnews.com/article/new-york-education-new-york-city-united-states-race-and-ethnicity-f8cbdb50edba9802fe9ad503cfe7d467.
4. David French, “New College Student Survey: Yes, Speech Can Be Violence,” National Review, October 11, 2017, https://www.nationalreview.com/2017/10/college-students-speech-can-be-violence/.
5. Ursula K. LeGuin, Wizard of Earthsea: The First Book of Earthsea (Gollancz, 2019).
6. John McWhorter, “‘Woke’ Went the Way of ‘P.C.’ and ‘Liberal,’” New York Times, November 16, 2021, https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/16/opinion/woke-progressive-liberal.html.
7. Matt Lewis, “AOC’s ‘Woke’ Whine Is Why the Dems Can’t Stop Losing,” Daily Beast, November 9, 2021, https://www.thedailybeast.com/alexandria-ocasio-cortezs-woke-whine-is-why-the-dems-cant-stop-losing.
8. James George Frazer and Robert Fraser, The Golden Bough: A Study in Magic and Religion (Folio Society, 2018).
9. Helen Pluckrose, “Demystifying Critical Race Theory So We Can Get to the Point,” Counterweight, July 5, 2021, https://counterweightsupport.com/2021/07/02/demystifying-critical-race-theory-so-we-can-get-to-the-point/.
10. Women’s March, “We apologize deeply for the email that was sent today. $14.92 was our average donation amount this week. It was an oversight on our part to not make the connection to a year of colonization, conquest, and genocide for Indigenous people, especially before Thanksgiving,” Twitter, November 23, 2021, https://twitter.com/womensmarch/status/1463229266976464912.
11. Jared M. Diamond, Guns, Germs and Steel: A Short History of Everybody for the Last 13,000 Years (Vintage, 2005).
12. Vivek Ramaswamy, Woke, Inc.: Inside Corporate America’s Social Justice Scam (Center Street, 2021), chap. 15.
13. “We Respond to the Historians Who Critiqued the 1619 Project,” New York Times, December 20, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/20/magazine/we-respond-to-the-historians-who-critiqued-the-1619-project.html.
14. Bret Stephens, “The 1619 Chronicles,” New York Times, October 10, 2020, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/09/opinion/nyt-1619-project-criticisms.html.
15. Constance Grady, “Thomas Jefferson Spent Years Raping His Slave Sally Hemings. A New Novel Treats Their Relationship as a Love Story,” Vox, April 8, 2016, https://www.vox.com/2016/4/8/11389556/thomas-jefferson-sally-hemings-book.
16. “Sally Hemings: Life of Sally Hemings,” Monticello.org, https://www.monticello.org/sallyhemings/.
17. Frank25. “Happy Uncle Tom day, Dinesh!!!” Twitter, October 11, 2021, https://twitter.com/Frank2536600063/status/1447694442949906432.
18. Frank25. “Why is it that Fox puts that skin lightening make-up on you? Do you like it? Does it make you feel white?” Twitter, October 14, 2021, https://twitter.com/Frank2536600063/status/1448467953914159106.
19. Warner Davis, “The Racial Stereotype behind Attacks on Tim Scott,” Wall Street Journal, May 17, 2021, https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-racial-stereotype-behind-attacks-on-tim-scott-11621276995.
20. Harriet Beecher Stowe and Elizabeth Ammons, Uncle Tom’s Cabin: Authoritative Text, Backgrounds and Contexts, Criticism (W. W. Norton & Company, 2018).
CHAPTER ONE: NATION OF UNDERDOGS
1. Ellin Stein, “What’s Fact and What’s Fiction in King Richard,” Slate, November 20, 2021, https://slate.com/culture/2021/11/king-richard-movie-accuracy-will-smith-richard-williams.html.
2. Eoghan Macguire and Don Riddell, “Richard Williams: ‘Close to Being Killed So Many Times,’” CNN, December 16, 2015, https://edition.cnn.com/2015/12/16/tennis/richard-williams-venus-serena-tennis/index.html.
3. Roger Rosenblatt, “The Proudest Papa,” Time, September 20, 1999, http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,992014,00.html.
4. “Ram Trucks TV Spot, ‘Underdog’ [t1],” ISpot.tv, https://www.ispot.tv/ad/qexG/ram-trucks-underdog-t1.
5. “Michael Jordan (Ft. Chicago Bulls & Washington Wizards)—NBA Hall of Fame Enshrinement Speech,” Genius, https://genius.com/Michael-jordan-nba-hall-of-fame-enshrinement-speech-annotated.
6. “Jussie Smollett Charges Dropped; ‘His Record Has Been Wiped Clean,’” CBS News Chicago, March 27, 2019, https://chicago.cbslocal.com/2019/03/26/jussie-smollett-charges-dropped/.
7. Ray Sanchez, “Michelle Obama’s Ex-Top Aide Texted the Jussie Smollett Prosecutor Early in the Case. Some Want That Investigated,” CNN, March 30, 2019, https://www.cnn.com/2019/03/30/us/jussie-smollett-tina-tchen/index.html.
8. Illinois Prosecutors Bar Association—IPBA Statement on Jussie Smollett Case Dismissal, http://www.ilpba.org/announcements/7249825.
9. Gabrielle Fonrouge, “Jussie Smollett’s Lawyers Claim Judge ‘Lunged’ at One of Them, Ask for a Mistrial,” New York Post, December 3, 2021, https://nypost.com/2021/12/02/jussie-smolletts-lawyers-claim-judge-lunged-at-one-of-them/.
10. “Only Black Juror in Jussie Smollett Case Couldn’t Get Past Ex-’Empire’ Actor’s Reaction to Noose,” USA Today, December 14, 2021, https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/2021/12/14/jussie-smollett-case-black-juror-confused-reaction-noose/8894592002/.
11. John Adams, Letter from John Adams to Abigail Adams, post May 12, 1780. 2 pages. Original manuscript from the Adams Family Papers, Massachusetts Historical Society.
12. “John Adams to Thomas Jefferson, February–3 March 1814,” Founders Online, National Archives, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/03-07-02-0140.
13. “Dubai Sheikh’s Words Lost in Translation with Viral Quote,” Australian Associated Press, October 27, 2021, https://www.aap.com.au/factcheck/dubai-sheikhs-words-lost-in-translation-with-viral-quote/.
14. Mark J. Perry, “International Evidence: Life Expectancy and GDP,” American Enterprise Institute, June 3, 2010, https://www.aei.org/carpe-diem/international-evidence-life-expectancy-and-gdp/.
15. Robert Rector, “How Poor, Really, Are America’s Poor?” Heritage Foundation, March 5, 2020, https://www.heritage.org/poverty-and-inequality/commentary/how-poor-really-are-americas-poor.
16. Daniel Markovits, The Meritocracy Trap, Kindle ebook ed. (Penguin Books, 2019).
17. In chapter 9, I defend a version of meritocracy that can accommodate his criticisms and discourage Americans from seeing themselves as victims.
18. Christopher Clarey, “Naomi Osaka Brought to Tears by Heckler at Indian Wells,” New York Times, March 13, 2022, https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/13/sports/tennis/naomi-osaka-indian-wells.html.
19. William Saletan, “Rachel Dolezal’s Most Disturbing Claims Are over Her Own Victimization,” Slate, June 16, 2015, https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2015/06/rachel-dolezal-claims-to-be-the-target-of-hate-crimes-the-former-naacp-officials-most-disturbing-statements-are-about-her-victimization.html.
20. Storms Reback and Rachel Dolezal, In Full Color: Finding My Place in a Black and White World (Benbella Books, 2017).
21. Colleen Flaherty, “Prominent Scholar Outs Herself as White Just as She Faced Exposure for Claiming to Be Black,” Inside Higher Ed, September 4, 2020, https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2020/09/04/prominent-scholar-outs-herself-white-just-she-faced-exposure-claiming-be-black.
22. Colleen Flaherty, “MeTooSTEM Leader Admits to Faking Identity,” Inside Higher Ed, August 5, 2020, https://www.insidehighered.com/quicktakes/2020/08/05/metoostem-leader-admits-faking-identity.
23. “Indiana Racial Justice Activist Lied about Being Black,” Associated Press, September 20, 2020, https://apnews.com/article/indiana-race-and-ethnicity-5b056dd481696537f65c1d5af7eabeed.
24. Colleen Flaherty, “Unmasking Another White Professor Allegedly Posing as a Person of Color,” Inside Higher Ed, October 9, 2020, https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2020/10/29/unmasking-another-white-professor-allegedly-posing-person-color.
25. Helen Lewis, “The Identity Hoaxers,” The Atlantic, January 12, 2022, https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2021/03/krug-carrillo-dolezal-social-munchausen-syndrome/618289/.
26. United States Supreme Court. Gutter v. Bollinger, June 23, 2003, Legal Information Institute, Cornell Law School, https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/02-241.ZO.html.
27. Adam Liptak and Anemona Hartocollis, “Supreme Court Will Hear Challenge to Affirmative Action at Harvard and U.N.C.,” New York Times, January 24, 2022, https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/24/us/politics/supreme-court-affirmative-action-harvard-unc.html.
28. Scott Jaschik, “The Numbers and Arguments on Asian Admissions,” Inside Higher Ed, August 7, 2017, https://www.insidehighered.com/admissions/article/2017/08/07/look-data-and-arguments-about-asian-americans-and-admissions-elite.
29. Anemona Hartocollis, “Harvard Rated Asian-American Applicants Lower on Personality Traits, Suit Says,” New York Times, June 15, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/15/us/harvard-asian-enrollment-applicants.html.
30. Hartocollis, “Harvard Rated Asian-American Applicants.”
31. Mark J. Drozdowski, “The Historical Parallel between Asian American and Jewish Students,” BestColleges.com, February 8, 2022, https://www.bestcolleges.com/news/analysis/2021/08/09/historical-parallel-between-asian-american-and-jewish-students/.
32. Jonathan Chait, “The Left Is Gaslighting Asian Americans about College Admissions,” The Intelligencer, February 8, 2022, https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2022/02/the-left-is-gaslighting-asian-americans-on-school-admissions.html.
33. John B. Judis and Ruy Teixeira. “New York’s Race-Based Preferential Covid Treatments,” Wall Street Journal, January 7, 2022, https://www.wsj.com/articles/new-york-race-based-covid-treatment-white-hispanic-inequity-monoclonal-antibodies-antiviral-pfizer-omicron-11641573991.
34. Katy Grimes, “Oakland Mayor Announces Basic Income Program, but Not for Poor White Families,” California Globe, March 26, 2021, https://californiaglobe.com/articles/oakland-mayor-announces-basic-income-program-but-not-for-poor-white-families/.
35. Editorial Board. “The Radical Potential of Guaranteed Income Based on Race,” Daily Californian, April 17, 2021, https://www.dailycal.org/2021/04/16/the-radical-potential-of-guaranteed-income-based-on-race/.
36. Mark Calvey, “Oakland’s Basic Income Plan Could Face Legal Challenges,” American City Business Journals, https://www.bizjournals.com/sanfrancisco/news/2021/04/01/oakland-s-basic-income-plan-could-face-legal-chall.html.
37. Guy Marzorati, “Oakland Guaranteed Income Program Now Says It’s Not Exclusively for People of Color,” KQED, April 2, 2021, https://www.kqed.org/news/11867881/oakland-guaranteed-income-program-now-says-its-not-exclusively-for-people-of-color.
CHAPTER TWO: THE CIVIL WAR
1. Joseph Callaway, “The Confederacy’s “Hardest Hitter”: Reevaluating James Longstreet’s Civil War Record on the Tactical Offensive,” thesis, Georgia State University, 2018, https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/history_theses/119. I drew many details about Longstreet’s maneuvers from here.
2. James Longstreet, From Manassas to Appomattox: Memoirs of the Civil War in America (J. B. Lippincott, 1896), 386–387.
3. Jeffry D. Wert, Gettysburg: Day Three (Simon & Schuster, 2001), 283.
4. William Faulkner, Intruder in the Dust, Kindle ed. (HarperPerennial Classics, 2013).
5. Roy Blount Jr., “Making Sense of Robert E. Lee,” Smithsonian Magazine, July 1, 2003, https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/making-sense-of-robert-e-lee-85017563/.
6. Gary W. Gallagher, “Blue and Gray: How Lee’s ‘Old War Horse’ Gained a New Following,” HistoryNet, September 21, 2017, https://www.historynet.com/blue-gray-lees-old-war-horse-gained-new-following/.
7. Kenneth Weisbrode, “An Unlikely Friendship,” New York Times, June 9, 2014, https://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/06/09/an-unlikely-friendship/.
8. Weisbrode, “An Unlikely Friendship.”
9. Ron Chernow, Grant (Penguin Press, 2017), 857.
10. Jubal Anderson Early, Memoirs of General Jubal Early (Roy P Jensen Inc Remainders, 1996).
11. Douglas Southall Freeman, R.E. Lee: A Biography (Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1936).
12. “Confederate Brigadier General James Longstreet: (1821–1904),” History on the Net, March 17, 2022, https://www.historyonthenet.com/confederate-brigadier-general-james-longstreet-1821-1904.
13. Longstreet, From Manassas to Appomattox.
14. Jeffry D. Wert, General James Longstreet, The Confederacy’s Most Controversial Soldier: A Biography (Simon & Schuster, 1993).
15. Steven E. Woodworth, “Film Review: Gods and Generals,” TeachingHistory.org, 2011, https://teachinghistory.org/nhec-blog/25077.
16. Janet McConnaughey and Rebecca Santana, “Robert E. Lee Statue Is Last Confederate Monument Removed in New Orleans,” Chicago Tribune, August 22, 2019, https://www.chicagotribune.com/nation-world/ct-new-orleans-general-lee-statue-20170518-story.html.
17. David Hume, Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion (Antiquarius, 2021).
18. William B. Huntley, “David Hume and Charles Darwin,” Journal of the History of Ideas 33, no. 3 (1972): 457, https://doi.org/10.2307/2709046.
19. Matias Slavov, “No Absolute Time,” Aeon, August 21, 2019, https://aeon.co/essays/what-albert-einstein-owes-to-david-humes-notion-of-time.
20. David Rutledge, “What We (Maybe) Get Wrong about David Hume,” ABC Religion & Ethics, June 15, 2021, https://www.abc.net.au/religion/what-we-maybe-get-wrong-about-david-hume/13385708.
21. John Immerwahr, “Hume’s Revised Racism,” Journal of the History of Ideas 53, no. 3, (1992): 481–486, https://doi-org.proxy.lib.umich.edu/10.2307/2709889.
22. Immerwhar, “Hume’s Revised Racism,” 482.
23. Jonathan A. Knee, “Review: The Scandalous Friendship That Shaped Adam Smith,” New York Times, September 21, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/21/business/dealbook/infidel-professor-adam-smith-david-hume.html.
24. Patrick Young, “Gen. Longstreet’s Infamous Letter: On Joining the Republicans and ‘Betraying’ the Confederates 1867,” The Reconstruction Era, November 11, 2019, https://thereconstructionera.com/gen-longstreets-infamous-letter-on-joining-the-republicans-betraying-the-confederates-1867/.
25. Stephen A. Holmes, “Where Are the Monuments to Confederate Gen. James Longstreet?” CNN, August 23, 2017, https://www.cnn.com/2017/08/23/opinions/where-are-monuments-to-confederate-general-longstreet-opinion-holmes/index.html; Charles Lane, “The Forgotten Confederate General Who Deserves a Monument,” Washington Post, January 27, 2016, https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/the-forgotten-confederate-general-who-would-make-a-better-subject-for-monuments/2016/01/27/f09bad42-c536-11e5-8965-0607e0e265ce_story.html.
26. Justin Weinberg, “Should We Continue to Honor Hume with Buildings and Statues?” Daily Nous, July 3, 2020, https://dailynous.com/2020/07/03/honor-hume-buildings-statues/.
27. William Faulkner, Requiem for a Nun (Vintage, 2015); Barack Obama, “A More Perfect Union,” March 18, 2008, Constitution Center, Philadelphia. Speech.
28. Amy Sokolow, “Harvard Poll: 52% of Young Americans Think Democracy Is ‘in Trouble’ or ‘Failing,’” Boston Herald, December 1, 2021, https://www.bostonherald.com/2021/12/01/harvard-poll-52-of-young-americans-think-democracy-is-in-trouble-or-failing/.
29. William G. Gale and Darrell M. West, “Is the US Headed for Another Civil War?” Brookings Institution, September 16, 2021, https://www.brookings.edu/blog/fixgov/2021/09/16/is-the-us-headed-for-another-civil-war/.
30. Paul Duggan, “Charge Upgraded to First-Degree Murder for Driver Accused of Ramming Charlottesville Crowd,” Washington Post, December 14, 2017, https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/crime/driver-accused-of-plowing-into-charlottesville-crowd-killing-heather-heyer-due-in-court/2017/12/13/6cbb4ce8-e029-11e7-89e8-edec16379010_story.html.
31. Hawes Spencer and Michael Levenson, “Charlottesville Removes Robert E. Lee Statue at Center of White Nationalist Rally,” New York Times, 9 July 2021, https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/09/us/charlottesville-confederate-monuments-lee.html.
32. “Trump Defends Keeping Fort Bragg Name amid Calls to Rename Bases Named after Confederate Leaders,” ABC11 Raleigh-Durham, WTVD-TV, July 19, 2020, https://abc11.com/fox-news-sunday-fort-bragg-renaming-history-of/6324657/.
33. “Army Installations: Potential New Names,” Naming Commission, March 17, 2022, https://www.thenamingcommission.gov/names.
34. Lois Lowry, The Giver (HarperCollins Children’s Books, 2022).
CHAPTER THREE: THE CONSTITUTIONAL WAR
1. Akhil Amar, “Substance and Method in the Year 2000,” Pepperdine Law Review 28, no. 3 (2001): 631n178.
2. Ramaswamy, Woke, Inc., chap. 13.
3. United States Supreme Court, The Slaughter-House Case, April 14, 1873, Legal Information Institute, Cornell Law School, https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/83/36.
4. United States Supreme Court, Plessy v. Ferguson, May 18, 1896. Legal Information Institute, Cornell Law School, https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/163/537.
5. For but one example of many, see both his dissent and Chief Justice Roberts’s in Obergefell v. Hodges. Roberts recounts the standard Scalian argument against substantive due process in a more measured way. United States Supreme Court, Obergefell v. Hodges, June 26, 2015, Legal Information Institute, Cornell Law School, https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/14-556.
6. I explained the way American culture’s obsession with diversity stems from Supreme Court affirmative action law in chapter 9 of Woke, Inc.
7. United States Supreme Court, Dred Scott v. Sandford, March 6, 1857, Legal Information Institute, Cornell Law School, https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/60/393.
8. United States Supreme Court, Lochner v. New York, April 17, 1905, Legal Information Institute, Cornell Law School, https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/198/45.
9. United States Supreme Court, Roe v. Wade, January 22, 1973, Legal Information Institute, Cornell Law School, https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/410/113.
10. Joe Carter, “Justice Scalia’s Two Most Essential Speeches,” Ethics and Religious Liberty Commission of the Southern Baptist Convention, February 18, 2016, https://erlc.com/resource-library/articles/justice-scalias-two-most-essential-speeches/.
11. United States Supreme Court, United States v. Carolene Products Company, April 25, 1938, Legal Information Institute, Cornell Law School, https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/304/144.
12. Bruce A. Ackerman, “Beyond ‘Carolene Products,’” Harvard Law Review 98, no. 4 (1985): 713, https://doi.org/10.2307/1340988.
13. Jed Rubenfeld, “Affirmative Action,” Yale Law Journal, 107, no. 2 (1997): 427, https://doi.org/10.2307/797261.
14. United States Supreme Court, Bowers v. Hardwick, June 30, 1986. Legal Information Institute, Cornell Law School, https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/478/186%26gt.
15. William N. Eskridge Jr., “Is Political Powerlessness a Requirement for Heightened Equal Protection Scrutiny?” Washburn Law Journal 50, no. 1 (2010): 1.
16. Douglas Murray, The Madness of Crowds: Gender, Race and Identity, ebook (Bloomsbury Continuum, 2019), 34.
17. Ramaswamy, Woke, Inc., chap. 9.
18. Marcy Strauss, “Re-evaluating Suspect Classifications,” Seattle University Law Review 35 (2011): 135–174.
19. Susannah W. Pollvogt, “Beyond Suspect Classifications,” Journal of Constitutional Law 16, no. 3 (2013–2014): 739–803, at 797.
20. United States Supreme Court, City of Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Center, Inc., April 23, 1985, Legal Information Institute, Cornell Law School, https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/473/432.
21. Pollvogt, “Beyond Suspect Classifications,” 800.
22. Charlie Savage, “‘Court Packing’ Issue Divides Commission Appointed by Biden,” New York Times, December 8, 2021, https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/07/us/politics/supreme-court-packing-expansion.html.
CHAPTER FOUR: RACE THEORY
1. “States That Have Banned Critical Race Theory 2022,” World Population Review, https://worldpopulationreview.com/state-rankings/states-that-have-banned-critical-race-theory.
2. Plato, Republic 338c, http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0168%3Abook%3D1#note94.
3. “Basic Tenets of Critical Race Theory,” Encyclopedia Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/topic/critical-race-theory/Basic-tenets-of-critical-race-theory.
4. Chris Cillizza, “Analysis: Nancy Pelosi’s Stunningly Tone-Deaf Quote on George Floyd,” CNN, April 21, 2021, https://www.cnn.com/2021/04/21/politics/george-floyd-nancy-pelosi-derek-chauvin/index.html.
5. Luis Andres Henao et al., “For George Floyd, a Complicated Life and a Notorious Death,” Associated Press, June 10, 2020, https://apnews.com/article/virus-outbreak-us-news-ap-top-news-hip-hop-and-rap-houston-a55d2662f200ead0da4fed9e923b60a7.
6. Jemima McEvoy, “Sales of ‘White Fragility’—and Other Anti-Racism Books—Jumped over 2000% after Protests Began,” Forbes, July 22, 2020, https://www.forbes.com/sites/jemimamcevoy/2020/07/22/sales-of-white-fragility-and-other-anti-racism-books-jumped-over-2000-after-protests-began/?sh=57a68ea0303d.
7. Helen Pluckrose, “Demystifying Critical Race Theory So We Can Get to the Point,” Counterweight, July 5, 2021, https://counterweightsupport.com/2021/07/02/demystifying-critical-race-theory-so-we-can-get-to-the-point/.
8. Pluckrose, “Demystifying Critical Race Theory.”
9. Michelle Alexander, The New Jim Crow, Kindle ebook ed. (New Press, 2020), 36.
10. Alan Greenblatt, “The Racial History of the ‘Grandfather Clause,’” NPR, October 22, 2013, https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2013/10/21/239081586/the-racial-history-of-the-grandfather-clause.
11. Alexander argues that segregation laws were proposed as part of a deliberate effort to drive a wedge between poor white and black people to prevent them from uniting politically. Alexander, The New Jim Crow, 42.
12. United States Supreme Court, Brown v. Board of Education, May 17, 1954, Legal Information Institute, Cornell Law School, https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/347/483%26gt.
13. Alexander, The New Jim Crow, 51.
14. Alexander, The New Jim Crow, 55.
15. Alexander, The New Jim Crow, 4.
16. Alexander, The New Jim Crow, 7.
17. Patricia A. Langan, “The Racial Disparity in U.S. Drug Arrests,” US Department of Justice, October 1, 1995, https://bjs.ojp.gov/content/pub/pdf/rdusda.pdf.
18. Alexander, The New Jim Crow, 77.
19. Alexander, The New Jim Crow, 80.
20. Alexander, The New Jim Crow, 94–98.
21. Alexander, The New Jim Crow, 99.
22. Dave McMenamin, “Lebron James Explains Why He Deleted Tweet on Police Shooting of Ma’khia Bryant,” ESPN, April 22, 2021, https://www.espn.com/nba/story/_/id/31306343/lebron-james-explains-why-deleted-tweet-police-shooting-makhia-bryant.
23. Morgan Chalfant, “White House Says Fatal Shooting of Black Teen in Columbus ‘Tragic,’” The Hill, April 21, 2021, https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/549519-white-house-says-fatal-police-shooting-of-black-teen-in-columbus.
24. Maegan Vazquez and Kate Sullivan, “Biden Calls Georgia Law ‘Jim Crow in the 21st Century’ and Says Justice Department Is ‘Taking a Look,’” CNN, March 26, 2021, https://www.cnn.com/2021/03/26/politics/joe-biden-georgia-voting-rights-bill/index.html.
25. James Forman Jr., “Racial Critiques of Mass Incarceration: Beyond the New Jim Crow,” NYU Law Review 87, no. 1 (2012): 21–69, https://www.nyulawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/NYULawReview-87-1-Forman_Jr.pdf.
26. Forman, “Racial Critiques of Mass Incarceration,” 35.
27. Forman, “Racial Critiques of Mass Incarceration,” 35.
28. Alexander, The New Jim Crow; Forman, “Racial Critiques of Mass Incarceration,” 51.
29. Forman, “Racial Critiques of Mass Incarceration,” 36.
30. “Minnesota Poll Results: Minneapolis Policing and Public Safety Charter Amendment,” Star Tribune, September 18, 2021, https://www.startribune.com/minnesota-poll-public-safety-minneapolis-police-crime-charter-amendment-ballot-question/600097989/.
31. Art Swift, “Blacks Divided on Whether Police Treat Minorities Fairly,” Gallup, August 10, 2021, https://news.gallup.com/poll/184511/blacks-divided-whether-police-treat-minorities-fairly.aspx.
32. Forman, “Racial Critiques of Mass Incarceration,” 46.
33. Rachel E. Morgan, “Race and Hispanic Origin of Victims and Offenders, 2012–15,” US Department of Justice, October 2017, https://bjs.ojp.gov/content/pub/pdf/rhovo1215.pdf.
34. It’s worth noting that although Pfaff and other critics rightly point out that far more of the current prison population is composed of violent offenders than nonviolent drug offenders, this gap is partly explained by the fact that violent offenders tend to have longer sentences. Drug crimes are responsible for more new admissions to the prison system, although violent offenders stay there longer. This important difference is called the “stock versus flow” distinction. Jonathan Rothwell, “Drug Offenders in American Prisons: The Critical Distinction between Stock and Flow,” Brookings, July 29, 2016, https://www.brookings.edu/blog/social-mobility-memos/2015/11/25/drug-offenders-in-american-prisons-the-critical-distinction-between-stock-and-flow/.
35. German Lopez, “The First Step Act, Explained,” Vox, December 19, 2018, https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/2018/12/18/18140973/state-of-the-union-trump-first-step-act-criminal-justice-reform.
36. German Lopez, “Why You Can’t Blame Mass Incarceration on the War on Drugs,” Vox, May 30, 2017, https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2017/5/30/15591700/mass-incarceration-john-pfaff-locked-in.
37. I discuss these in chapter 9.
38. Adam B. Coleman, Black Victim to Black Victor: Identifying the Ideologies, Behavioral Patterns, and Cultural Norms That Encourage a Victimhood Complex, Kindle ebook ed. (Wrong Speak Publishing, 2021).
39. Coleman, Black Victim to Black Victor, 50.
40. Kevin Smithwick, “Children and Youth,” Rochester Area Community Foundation, https://www.actrochester.org/children-youth/single-parent-families-by-race-ethnicity.
41. Coleman, Black Victim to Black Victor, 26.
42. Coleman, Black Victim to Black Victor, 50.
43. Coleman, Black Victim to Black Victor, 51.
44. Coleman, Black Victim to Black Victor, 59.
45. Anthony Leonardi, “Black Lives Matter ‘What We Believe’ Page That Includes Disrupting ‘Nuclear Family Structure’ Removed from Website,” Washington Examiner, September 21, 2020, https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/black-lives-matter-what-we-believe-page-that-includes-disrupting-nuclear-family-structure-removed-from-website.
CHAPTER FIVE: CONSERVATIVE VICTIMHOOD
1. Gregory Krieg, “Stacey Abrams Says ‘Democracy Failed’ Georgia as She Ends Bid for Governor,” CNN, November 17, 2018, https://www.cnn.com/2018/11/16/politics/stacey-abrams-concession/index.html.
2. “Why Stacey Abrams Is Still Saying She Won,” New York Times, April 29, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/04/28/magazine/stacey-abrams-election-georgia.html.
3. Ben Nadler, “Voting Rights Become a Flashpoint in Georgia Governor’s Race,” Associated Press, October 9, 2018, https://apnews.com/article/fb011f39af3b40518b572c8cce6e906c.
4. Mark Niesse, “What You Need to Know about Georgia’s 53,000 Pending Voters,” Atlanta Journal-Constitution, October 15, 2018, https://www.ajc.com/news/state--regional-govt--politics/what-you-need-know-about-georgia-000-pending-voters/0aulxJgIulIpKgMmpexBmK/.
5. Alan Judd, “Georgia’s Strict Laws Lead to Large Purge of Voters,” Atlanta Journal-Constitution, October 27, 2018, https://www.ajc.com/news/state--regional-govt--politics/voter-purge-begs-question-what-the-matter-with-georgia/YAFvuk3Bu95kJIMaDiDFqJ/.
6. William Cummings et al., “By the Numbers: President Donald Trump’s Failed Efforts to Overturn the Election,” USA Today, January 6, 2021, https://www.usatoday.com/in-depth/news/politics/elections/2021/01/06/trumps-failed-efforts-overturn-election-numbers/4130307001/.
7. Nick Corasaniti et al., “The Times Called Officials in Every State: No Evidence of Voter Fraud,” New York Times, November 11, 2020, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/10/us/politics/voting-fraud.html.
8. “Joint Statement from Elections Infrastructure Government Coordinating Council and the Election Infrastructure Sector Coordinating Executive Committees,” Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency, November 12, 2020, https://www.cisa.gov/news/2020/11/12/joint-statement-elections-infrastructure-government-coordinating-council-election.
9. Alana Wise, “Trump Fires Election Security Director Who Corrected Voter Fraud Disinformation,” NPR, November 18, 2020, https://www.npr.org/2020/11/17/936003057/cisa-director-chris-krebs-fired-after-trying-to-correct-voter-fraud-disinformati.
10. “Read the Full Transcript and Listen to Trump’s Audio Call with Georgia Secretary of State,” CNN, January 4, 2021, https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/03/politics/trump-brad-raffensperger-phone-call-transcript/index.html.
11. Maggie Haberman and Annie Karni, “Pence Said to Have Told Trump He Lacks Power to Change Election Result,” New York Times, January 6, 2021, https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/05/us/politics/pence-trump-election-results.html.
12. David Cohen, “Gop Senator Says Trump’s Election Allegations Are Unfounded,” Politico, January 10, 2022, https://www.politico.com/news/2022/01/09/mike-rounds-trump-election-republicans-526806.
13. 2000 Mules, Dinesh D’Souza, Salem Media Group, 2022.
14. “United States House of Representatives Elections, 2020,” Ballotpedia, https://ballotpedia.org/United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections,_2020.
15. Mabinty Quarshie, “Rep. Madison Cawthorn Calls Jan. 6 Rioters ‘Political Prisoners,’ Warns of ‘Bloodshed’ at GOP Event,” USA Today, August 31, 2021, https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2021/08/31/madison-cawthorn-warns-bloodshed-pushing-election-fraud-claims/5662711001/.
16. Nick Gass, “Trump Accuses Cruz of ‘Fraud,’ Calls for New Iowa Election,” Politico, February 3, 2016, https://www.politico.com/story/2016/02/trump-cruz-stole-iowa-tweet-deleted-218674.
17. Jake Thomas, “Trump’s Laying Groundwork to Defend Dr. Oz if He Loses Pennsylvania Primary,” Newsweek, May 19, 2022, https://www.newsweek.com/trumps-laying-groundwork-defend-dr-oz-if-he-loses-pennsylvania-primary-1708400.
18. Michael Waldman et al., “Voting Laws Roundup: October 2021,” Brennan Center for Justice, July 22, 2021, https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/research-reports/voting-laws-roundup-october-2021.
19. Alexandra Jaffe and Colleen Long, “Biden Challenges Senate on Voting: ‘Tired of Being Quiet!’” Associated Press, January 12, 2022, https://apnews.com/article/voting-rights-joe-biden-georgia-voting-martin-luther-king-jr-dc4544c23622f35fc95d63afe512554d.
20. Andrew E. Busch, “‘Jim Crow 2.0’ Is Imaginary—and Divisive,” RealClear Politics, August 20, 2021, https://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2021/08/20/jim_crow_20_is_imaginary__and_divisive_146276.html.
21. David Litt, “The Senate Filibuster Is Another Monument to White Supremacy,” The Atlantic, June 27, 2020, https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/06/senate-filibuster-monument-white-supremacy/613579/.
22. Stevie Rosignol-Cortez, “Fact Brief: Did Democrats Make Record Use of the Filibuster in the Last Congress?” Repustar, June 27, 2021, https://repustar.com/fact-briefs/do-both-political-parties-have-a-history-of-using-filibusters.
23. Alexa Corse, “Biden Draws Criticism after Raising Prospect of Illegitimate 2022 Election,” Wall Street Journal, January 20, 2022, https://www.wsj.com/articles/biden-draws-criticism-after-raising-prospect-of-illegitimate-2022-election-11642704627.
24. George Orwell, Animal Farm (Penguin Group, 1945).
25. Bill Grueskin, “How the New York Times Editorial Page Got Sued by Sarah Palin,” Columbia Journalism Review, September 10, 2020, https://www.cjr.org/opinion/how-the-new-york-times-editorial-page-got-sued-by-sarah-palin.php.
26. United States Supreme Court, New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, March 9, 1964, Legal Information Institute, Cornell Law School, https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/376/254.
27. Deanna Paul, “Jurors in Sarah Palin’s Defamation Suit against New York Times Knew Judge Planned to Dismiss Her Claims,” Wall Street Journal, February 16, 2022, https://www.wsj.com/articles/jurors-in-sarah-palins-defamation-suit-against-new-york-times-knew-judge-planned-to-dismiss-her-claims-11645051450.
28. JackHunter, “The View’s Blatant Conspiracy Theory Hypocrisy Isn’t Going to Get Called Out,” The Week, January 5, 2022, https://theweek.com/talking-points/1008621/left-wing-conspiracism-is-bad-too.
29. Ken Bensinger et al., “These Reports Allege Trump Has Deep Ties to Russia,” BuzzFeed News, March 5, 2019, https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/kenbensinger/these-reports-allege-trump-has-deep-ties-to-russia.
30. Kimberley A. Strassel, “Durham and the Clinton Dossier,” Wall Street Journal, November 4, 2021, https://www.wsj.com/articles/durham-and-the-clinton-dossier-trump-russia-collusion-justice-11636064837.
31. Strassel, “Durham and the Clinton Dossier.”
32. Jerry Dunleavy, “Declassified Recorded Talk with Carter Page Shows Denials Concealed from FISA Court,” Washington Examiner, January 28, 2021, https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/stefan-halper-fbi-carter-page-trump-steele-fisa.
33. Office of the Inspector General. “Review of Four FISA Applications and Other Aspects of the FBI’s Crossfire Hurricane Investigation,” United States Department of Justice, December 2019, https://www.justice.gov/storage/120919-examination.pdf.
34. David Shortell and Evan Perez, “Two of Four FISA Warrants against Carter Page Declared Invalid,” CNN, January 24, 2020, https://www.cnn.com/2020/01/23/politics/fisa-carter-page-warrants/index.html.
35. Catherine Herridge et al., “Justice Department Watchdog Releases Report on Origins of Russia Investigation,” CBS News, December 9, 2019, https://www.cbsnews.com/news/ig-report-release-justice-department-watchdog-report-origins-russia-investigation-today-2019-12-09-live-updates/.
36. Robert S. Mueller, “Report on the Investigation Into Russian Interference in the 2016 Presidential Election,” US Department of Justice, March 2019, https://www.justice.gov/archives/sco/file/1373816/download.
37. Anthony P. Carnevale, “The New ‘Good Jobs.’” Bloomberg, December 1, 2016, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-12-01/the-new-good-jobs.
38. Jeffrey Selingo, “The False Promises of Worker Retraining,” The Atlantic, January 8, 2018, https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2018/01/the-false-promises-of-worker-retraining/549398/.
39. Veronique De Rugy, “Policy Disincentives in Maintaining Labor Force Attachment,” Mercatus Center at George Mason University, November 20, 2019, https://www.mercatus.org/publications/regulation/policy-disincentives-maintaining-labor-force-attachment.
40. Jonathan Haidt, The Righteous Mind: Why Good People Are Divided by Politics and Religion (Pantheon, 2012).
CHAPTER SIX: EMPIRE IN DECLINE
1. “The Ruin,” Old English Poetry Project, Rutgers University, https://oldenglishpoetry.camden.rutgers.edu/the-ruin/.
2. This view has been popularized by the show Vikings on the History Channel.
3. Mike Finger, “Finger: Spurs’ Lonnie Walker Earning Degree at ‘University of Pop,’” San Antonio Express-News, November 1, 2021, https://www.expressnews.com/sports/columnists/mike_finger/article/Finger-Spurs-Lonnie-Walker-earning-degree-at-16577917.php.
4. Jack Holmes, “Gregg Popovich Worries That the U.S. Is Experiencing Its Own Roman Fall,” Esquire, August 21, 2020, https://www.esquire.com/news-politics/a49371/lessons-from-greg-popovich/.
5. Christopher Ingraham, “Two-Thirds of Southern Republicans Want to Secede,” The Why Axis, Christopher Ingraham, July 14, 2021, https://thewhyaxis.substack.com/p/two-thirds-of-southern-republicans.
6. Joe Garofoli, “Gavin Newsom Wants California to Be Its Own Nation-State in the Trump Era,” San Francisco Chronicle, February 13, 2019, https://www.sfchronicle.com/politics/article/Gavin-Newsom-wants-California-to-be-its-own-13611747.php.
7. Alysha Tsuji, “Gregg Popovich Goes on Passionate Tirade in Wake of Trump Election: ‘We Are Rome,’” USA Today, November 12, 2016, https://ftw.usatoday.com/2016/11/san-antonio-gregg-popovich-trump-election-rant-we-are-rome.
8. Virgil, Aeneid (Arcturus Publishing Ltd, 2022).
9. Dwight D. Eisenhower, Crusade in Europe (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997), 325.
10. Livy, Ab Urbe Condita, xxii.52.6. Most details we know of the Battle of Cannae are drawn from the accounts of Livy and Polybius.
11. “Cannae and the Elusive Face of Battle,” Erenow.net, https://erenow.org/ancient/spqr1stedition/64.php.
12. Graham Tillett Allison, Destined for War: Can America and China Escape Thucydides’s Trap? (Scribe, 2020).
13. Justin Hodiak and Scott W. Harold, “Can China Become the World Leader in Semiconductors?” The Diplomat, September 25, 2020, https://thediplomat.com/2020/09/can-china-become-the-world-leader-in-semiconductors/.
14. Adrian Potoroaca, “Intel’s Planned Comeback: 10nm Production Now Surpassing 14nm, 7NM Remains a Work in Progress,” TechSpot, July 24, 2021, https://www.techspot.com/news/90539-intel-10nm-production-now-surpassing-14nm-7nm-remains.html.
15. Joel Hruska, “Everybody Wants a Piece of TSMC’s 3nm Process Node,” ExtremeTech, August 12, 2021, https://www.extremetech.com/computing/325736-everybody-wants-a-piece-of-tsmcs-3nm-process-node.
16. Debby Wu, “TSMC and Intel Get into a Rare Public Spat over U.S. Chipmaking,” Bloomberg, December 7, 2021, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/newsletters/2021-12-07/tsmc-intel-trade-barbs-over-u-s-chipmaking-fully-charged.
17. Dan De Luce and Ken Dilanian, “China’s Growing Firepower Casts Doubt on Whether U.S. Could Defend Taiwan,” NBCNews.com, March 27, 2021, https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/national-security/china-s-growing-firepower-casts-doubt-whether-u-s-could-n1262148.
18. Claude Berube, “Is America Still Born to Rule the Seas?” War on the Rocks, December 7, 2021, https://warontherocks.com/2021/12/is-america-still-born-to-rule-the-seas/.
19. Thomas Newdick, “The First Littoral Combat Ship Has Been Decommissioned after Just 13 Years of Service (Updated),” The Drive, October 1, 2021, https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/42582/the-first-littoral-combat-ship-has-been-decommissioned-after-just-13-years-of-service.
20. “China Racing ahead of US Navy at Breakneck Speed; Building 20 Warships per Year in 17 Shipyards—Top Official,” Eurasian Times, November 4, 2021, https://eurasiantimes.com/chinas-pla-navy-us-navy-a-breakneck-20-warships-per-year/.
21. GCR Staff, “Senators Call for $25bn Revamp of America’s Naval Shipyards,” Global Construction Review, May 24, 2021, https://www.globalconstructionreview.com/senators-call-25bn-revamp-americas-naval-shipyards/.
22. Konstantin Toropin, “With a Wink and a Nod, Japan Has an Aircraft Carrier Again,” Military.com, October 27, 2021, https://www.military.com/daily-news/2021/10/27/wink-and-nod-japan-has-aircraft-carrier-again.html.
23. Roger Cohen, “In Submarine Deal with Australia, U.S. Counters China but Enrages France,” New York Times, September 16, 2021, https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/16/world/europe/france-australia-uk-us-submarines.html.
24. Bradley Bowman et al., “Don’t Assume the US Will Fight China and Russia One at a Time,” Defense One, October 29, 2021, https://www.defenseone.com/ideas/2021/10/dont-assume-us-will-fight-china-and-russia-one-time/186453/.
25. Claude Berube, “Is America Still Born to Rule the Seas?” War on the Rocks, December 7, 2021, https://warontherocks.com/2021/12/is-america-still-born-to-rule-the-seas/.
26. Paul McLeary, “In War, Chinese Shipyards Could Outpace Us in Replacing Losses; Marine Commandant,” Breaking Defense, June 17, 2020, https://breakingdefense.com/2020/06/in-war-chinese-shipyards-can-outpace-us-in-replacing-losses/.
27. David Axe, “Yes, the Chinese Navy Has More Ships than the U.S. Navy. But It’s Got Far Fewer Missiles,” Forbes, December 10, 2021, https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidaxe/2021/11/10/yes-the-chinese-navy-has-more-ships-than-the-us-navy-but-its-got-far-fewer-missiles/?sh=74b8bfe461b6.
28. John Bradford and Olli Pekka Suorsa, “‘Lightning Carriers’ Could Be Lightweights in an Asian War,” War on the Rocks, October 29, 2021, https://warontherocks.com/2021/10/lightning-carriers-emerge-as-asias-new-capital-ships-strategic-investments-with-varied-operational-value/.
29. H. I. Sutton et al. “China Builds Missile Targets Shaped like U.S. Aircraft Carrier, Destroyers in Remote Desert,” USNI News, November 7, 2021, https://news.usni.org/2021/11/07/china-builds-missile-targets-shaped-like-u-s-aircraft-carrier-destroyers-in-remote-desert.
30. Brad Lendon, “US Air Force Pulls Bombers from Guam,” CNN, April 25, 2020, https://www.cnn.com/2020/04/24/asia/guam-us-air-force-bombers-pull-out-intl-hnk/index.html.
31. Arthur Herman, “The U.S. Needs a Hypersonic Capability Now,” Wall Street Journal, December 6, 2021, https://www.wsj.com/articles/america-needs-a-hypersonic-capability-china-xi-beijing-missile-weapons-attack-defense-budget-11638827597.
32. Joseph Trevithick, “Third Test of the Air Force’s Hypersonic Weapon Has Failed like the Ones before It,” The Drive, December 23, 2021, https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/43575/third-test-of-the-air-forces-hypersonic-weapon-has-failed-like-the-ones-before-it.
33. David E. Sanger and William J. Broad, “China’s Weapon Tests Close to a ‘Sputnik Moment,’ U.S. General Says,” New York Times, October 27, 2021, https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/27/us/politics/china-hypersonic-missile.html.
34. Stephen Silver, “Report: Chinese Hypersonic Missile ‘Overcame the Constraints of Physics,” National Interest, November 28, 2021, https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/report-chinese-hypersonic-missile-%E2%80%98overcame-constraints-physics-197041.
35. “Russia to Have Sea-Based Hypersonic Weapons as of 2022—Putin,” TASS, November 30, 2021, https://tass.com/defense/1368667.
36. “North Korea Says It Fired New ‘Hypersonic Missile,’” BBC News, September 29, 2021, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-58729701.
37. Kimberlé Crenshaw, “Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory, and Antiracist Politics [1989],” in Feminist Legal Theory: Readings in Law and Gender, edited by Katharine T. Bartlett and Rosanne Kennedy (Routledge, 2018), 57–80, https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429500480-5.
38. Murray, The Madness of Crowds, 44.
39. Murray, The Madness of Crowds, 84.
40. United States Supreme Court, Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No 1, June 28, 2007, Legal Information Institute, Cornell Law School, https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/05-908.ZS.html.
41. Immanuel Kant, Kant: Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals (Renaissance Classics, 2012).
42. Liz Roscher, “Ben Simmons Reportedly Fined $19m by 76ers This Season, Could Lose $12m More,” Yahoo! Sports, February 1, 2022, https://sports.yahoo.com/nba-ben-simmons-fined-19-million-by-76-ers-this-season-could-lose-12-million-more-184639128.html.
43. Jason Cordner, “Source Sports: 76ers Can’t Fine Ben Simmons Anymore Thanks in Part of CBA Loophole,” The Source, October 27, 2021, https://thesource.com/2021/10/27/source-sports-76ers-cant-fine-ben-simmons-anymore-thanks-in-part-of-cba-loophole/.
44. Natalie Wolfe, “Ben Simmons’ Sister Olivia Ordered to Pay $550k to Half-Brother Sean Tribe over Tweets,” Fox Sports, FOX SPORTS Australia, September 15, 2021, https://www.foxsports.com.au/basketball/nba/ben-simmons-sister-olivia-ordered-to-pay-550k-to-halfbrother-sean-tribe-over-tweets/news-story/8c43646f986bc8c994b419174e970629.
45. Immanuel Kant, Kant: Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals.
CHAPTER SEVEN: HOW VICTIMHOOD LEADS TO NATIONAL DECLINE
1. Juvenal, Satire 10.77–81.
2. Michael Shutterly, “Roman Coins from the War against Hannibal,” CoinWeek, November 22, 2020, https://coinweek.com/ancient-coins/roman-coins-from-the-war-against-hannibal/.
3. Jeff Desjardins, “Currency and the Collapse of the Roman Empire,” Visual Capitalist, March 11, 2019, https://www.visualcapitalist.com/currency-and-the-collapse-of-the-roman-empire/.
4. Desjardins, “Currency and the Collapse of the Roman Empire.”
5. Charles J. Sykes, A Nation of Victims: The Decay of the American Character (St. Martin’s Press, 1992), 28.
6. Sykes, A Nation of Victims, 32.
7. Sykes, A Nation of Victims, 38–39.
8. Rebecca Stropoli, “Are We Really More Productive Working from Home?” Chicago Booth Review, August 18, 2021, https://www.chicagobooth.edu/review/are-we-really-more-productive-working-home.
9. Morgan Smith, “Professor Who Predicted ‘The Great Resignation’ Shares the 3 Trends That Will Dominate Work in 2022,” CNBC, January 14, 2022, https://www.cnbc.com/2022/01/14/the-great-resignation-expert-shares-the-biggest-work-trends-of-2022.html.
10. Bryan Mena, “U.S. Job Openings, Quits Remained Elevated at End of Last Year,” Wall Street Journal, February 1, 2022, https://www.wsj.com/articles/job-openings-us-growth-labor-market-turnover-02-01-2022-11643670099?mod=article_inline.
11. Greg Ip, “An American Labor Market Mystery,” Wall Street Journal, February 4, 2022, https://www.wsj.com/articles/an-american-labor-market-mystery-11643976005.
12. Alex Mitchell, “‘Anti-Work’ Threads on Reddit Are Fueling the Great Resignation,” New York Post, January 17, 2022, https://nypost.com/2022/01/17/anti-work-threads-on-reddit-fueling-the-great-resignation/.
13. Mitchell, “‘Anti-Work’ Threads on Reddit.”
14. Ronny Reyes, “Dog Walker, 30, Who Works 20-Hour Week Goes Viral While Promoting the ‘Anti-Work Movement,’” Daily Mail Online, January 27, 2022, https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-10448117/Dog-walker-30-works-20-hour-week-goes-viral-promoting-anti-work-movement.html.
15. Graham Linehan, “Another Redditor Predator Makes Himself Known,” Glinner Update, January 28, 2022, https://grahamlinehan.substack.com/p/another-redditor-predator-makes-himself.
16. Elizabeth Gravier, “Trump Extended Federal Student Loan Relief—Here’s What Financial Experts Say You Should Do If You Qualify,” CNBC, March 17, 2022, https://www.cnbc.com/select/trump-memorandum-student-loans/.
17. Conor Skelding, “These Woke POLS WANT Student Loans Forgiven—Including Their Own,” New York Post, January 29, 2022, https://nypost.com/2022/01/29/the-squad-want-student-loans-forgiven-including-theirs/.
18. Erin Fuchs, “AOC: ‘No Mystery’ Why It’s Hard to Ban Lawmaker Stock Trading,” Yahoo News, February 3, 2022, https://news.yahoo.com/aoc-congress-stock-trading-153940351.html.
19. Juvenal, Satire VI.346–348.
20. Ayelet Sheffey, “AOC Says It’s ‘Actually Delusional’ to Think Democrats Can Get Re-Elected without Acting on Student Debt or Expanding Child Tax Credits,” Business Insider, December 17, 2021, https://www.businessinsider.com/aoc-democrats-wont-get-elected-without-student-debt-expanded-ctc-2021-12.
21. Gabriel T. Rubin, “Government Losses on Student Debt Climb above $100 Billion amid Pause on Payments,” Wall Street Journal, January 13, 2022, https://www.wsj.com/articles/government-losses-on-student-debt-climb-above-100-billion-amid-pause-on-payments-11642029455.
22. Andre M. Perry et al., “Student Loans, the Racial Wealth Divide, and Why We Need Full Student Debt Cancellation,” Brookings, March 9, 2022, https://www.brookings.edu/research/student-loans-the-racial-wealth-divide-and-why-we-need-full-student-debt-cancellation/.
23. Tim Murphy, “Are We Rome Yet?” Mother Jones, October 6, 2020, https://www.motherjones.com/media/2020/10/are-we-rome-yet/.
24. Sarah F. Brosnan and Frans B. De Waal, “Monkeys Reject Unequal Pay,” Nature 425, no. 6955 (2003): 297–299, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01963.
25. Barbara J. King, “Feeling Down? Watching This Will Help,” NPR, February 27, 2014, https://www.npr.org/sections/13.7/2014/02/27/283348422/that-s-unfair-you-say-this-monkey-can-relate.
26. Thomas Piketty and Emmanuel Saez, “Income Inequality in the United States, 1913–1998 (Series Updated to 2000 Available),” National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper 8467, September 2001, https://doi.org/10.3386/w8467.
27. Facundo Alvaredo et al., “Global Inequality Dynamics: New Findings from Wid.world,” National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper 23119, February 2017, revised April 2017, https://doi.org/10.3386/w23119.
28. Bjorn Lous and Johan Graafland, “Who Becomes Unhappy When Income Inequality Increases?” Applied Research in Quality of Life 17, no. 1 (2021): 299–316, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-020-09906-2.
29. Shigehiro Oishi et al., “Income Inequality and Happiness,” Psychological Science 22, no. 9 (2011): 1095–1100, http://www.jstor.org/stable/41319994.
30. Oishi et al., “Income Inequality and Happiness,” 1097.
31. Oishi et al., “Income Inequality and Happiness,” 1099.
32. Thomas Piketty and Arthur Goldhammer, Capital in the Twenty-First Century. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2014.
33. Kurt Vonnegut, Harrison Bergeron (Mercury Press, 1961).
34. Craig Hlavaty, “When Boris Yeltsin Went Grocery Shopping in Clear Lake,” Houston Chronicle, January 31, 2018, https://www.chron.com/neighborhood/bayarea/news/article/When-Boris-Yeltsin-went-grocery-shopping-in-Clear-5759129.php.
35. Steve Exeter, Severus: The Black Caesar (independently published, 2019).
36. Molefi Kete Asante and Shaza Ismail, “Rediscovering the ‘Lost’ Roman Caesar: Septimius Severus the African and Eurocentric Historiography,” Journal of Black Studies 40, no. 4 (2010): 606–618, http://www.jstor.org/stable/40648530.
37. Joshua Getzler and Mike Macnair, “Septimius Severus: African Roman Emperor, Legislator and Judge,” St Hugh’s College, Oxford, October 7, 2021, https://www.st-hughs.ox.ac.uk/black-history-month-profile-2/.
38. “Severus: The Black Caesar,” IMDb.com, https://www.imdb.com/title/tt5090084/.
39. Franco C., “Septimus Severus,” History Cooperative, July 17, 2020, https://historycooperative.org/septimus-severus-roman-emperor/.
40. “Hannibal Barca of Carthage, North Africa,” Black History Heroes, http://www.blackhistoryheroes.com/2012/07/hannibal-barca-of-carthage-north-africa.html.
41. Ricky Riley, “History Channel Portrays Hannibal as Black, White People Cry Foul over ‘Historical Revisionism,’” Atlanta Black Star, June 7, 2016, https://atlantablackstar.com/2016/06/07/history-channel-portrays-hannibal-as-black-white-people-cry-foul-over-historical-revisionism/.
42. Sidney Halpern, “Hannibal of Carthage Was No More Black than King David,” New York Times, July 20, 1991, https://www.nytimes.com/1991/07/20/opinion/l-hannibal-of-carthage-was-no-more-black-than-king-david-337391.html.
43. Spencer McDaniel, “Was Septimius Severus a Black Roman Emperor?” Tales of Times Forgotten, September 7, 2019, https://talesoftimesforgotten.com/2019/09/07/was-septimius-severus-a-black-roman-emperor/.
44. DontWantToSeeYourCat, “Professor Severus Snape Is Indeed Descended from a Line of Roman Emperors,” Reddit, September 2, 2013, https://www.reddit.com/r/FanTheories/comments/1lmiga/harry_potter_professor_severus_snape_is_indeed/.
45. Jake Wright, “In Defense of the Progressive Stack,” Teaching Philosophy 41, no. 4 (2018): 407–428, https://doi.org/10.5840/teachphil2018112198.
46. Jesse O’Neill, “Congresswoman Criticized for Using Term ‘Birthing People,’” New York Post, May 8, 2021, https://nypost.com/2021/05/08/missouri-congresswoman-under-fire-for-calling-women-birthing-people/.
47. Benjamin Fearnow, “Biden Admin Replaces ‘Mothers’ with ‘Birthing People’ in Maternal Health Guidance,” Newsweek, June 12, 2021, https://www.newsweek.com/biden-admin-replaces-mothers-birthing-people-maternal-health-guidance-1598343.
48. Joseph Guzman, “Experts Warn Gender-Neutral Language like ‘Pregnant People’ May Put Mothers at Risk,” The Hill, February 2, 2022, https://thehill.com/changing-america/respect/diversity-inclusion/592335-experts-warn-gender-neutral-language-like.
49. Michael J. Mooney, “The Boogaloo Bois Prepare for Civil War,” The Atlantic, January 15, 2021, https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2021/01/boogaloo-prepare-civil-war/617683/.
50. Sarah Moon and Steve Almasy, “Man Allegedly Linked to the Boogaloo Movement Pleads Guilty to 2020 Fatal Shooting of Federal Guard,” CNN, February 12, 2022, https://www.cnn.com/2022/02/11/us/steven-carrillo-california-federal-officer-killing-plea/index.html.
51. Ben Collins et al., “Whitmer Conspiracy Allegations Tied to ‘Boogaloo’ Movement,” NBCNews.com, October 9, 2020, https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/whitmer-conspiracy-allegations-tied-boogaloo-movement-n1242670.
52. Lois Beckett, “‘Boogaloo Boi’ Charged in Fire of Minneapolis Police Precinct during George Floyd Protest,” The Guardian, October 23, 2020, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/oct/23/texas-boogaloo-boi-minneapolis-police-building-george-floyd.
CHAPTER EIGHT: THE NEED TO FORGIVE
1. Christopher Caldwell, “This Poll Shows Just How Much Trouble Democrats Are In,” New York Times, January 25, 2022, https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/25/opinion/gallup-poll-democrats.html.
2. Jeffrey M. Jones, “U.S. Political Party Preferences Shifted Greatly during 2021,” Gallup, January 24, 2022, https://news.gallup.com/poll/388781/political-party-preferences-shifted-greatly-during-2021.aspx.
3. Cristina Marcos and Mike Lillis. “Democrats Hit 30-Year High for House Retirements,” The Hill, February 19, 2022, https://thehill.com/homenews/house/594797-democrats-hit-30-year-high-for-house-retirements.
4. Caldwell, “This Poll Shows.”
5. Sean Illing, “‘Wokeness Is a Problem and We All Know It,’” Vox, April 27, 2021, https://www.vox.com/22338417/james-carville-democratic-party-biden-100-days.
6. Jeffrey S. Solochek, “Florida House Approves CRT, ‘Don’t Say Gay’ Bills,” Tampa Bay Times, February 24, 2022, https://www.tampabay.com/news/florida-politics/2022/02/24/florida-house-approves-crt-dont-say-gay-bills/.
7. CS/HB7, “An Act Relating to Individual Freedom,” https://www.flsenate.gov/Session/Bill/2022/7/BillText/e2/PDF.
8. CS/CS/HB 1557, “An Act Relating to Parental Rights in Education,” https://www.flsenate.gov/Session/Bill/2022/1557/BillText/e1/PDF.
9. Conor Friedersdorf, “Talking about Race with the KKK,” The Atlantic, June 22, 2021, https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/03/the-audacity-of-talking-about-race-with-the-klu-klux-klan/388733/.
10. Rebecca Savastio, “KKK Member Walks up to Black Musician in Bar—but It’s Not a Joke, and What Happens Next Will Astound You,” Guardian Liberty Voice, November 21, 2013, https://guardianlv.com/2013/11/kkk-member-walks-up-to-black-musician-in-bar-but-its-not-a-joke-and-what-happens-next-will-astound-you/.
11. Friedersdorf, “Talking about Race with the KKK.”
12. Nicholas Kristof, “‘How Can You Hate Me When You Don’t Even Know Me?’” New York Times, June 26, 2021, https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/26/opinion/racism-politics-daryl-davis.html.
13. Friedersdorf, “Talking about Race with the KKK.”
14. Friedersdorf, “Talking about Race with the KKK.”
15. “Scott Shepherd Reformed Racist Free at Last!” Scott Shepherd Reformed Racist Free At Last!, http://racistnomore1.blogspot.com/.
16. Kristof, “‘How Can You Hate Me?’”
17. Friedersdorf, “Talking about Race with the KKK.”
18. United States Supreme Court, Jacobellis v. Ohio, June 22, 1964, Legal Information Institute, Cornell Law School, https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/378/184.
19. Murray, The Madness of Crowds, 176–177.
20. Murray, The Madness of Crowds, 176–177.
CHAPTER NINE: A THEORY OF DUTY
1. John Rawls, A Theory of Justice: Revised Edition (Belknap Press, 1999), 266.
2. Rawls, A Theory of Justice.
3. There are a number of depressing videos documenting the shopping experience at Soviet supermarkets; for instance, this one: Rick Suddeth, “USSR: Grocery Store Uncut,” YouTube, February 9, 2015, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t8LtQhIQ2AE.
4. Bill Clinton, “Remarks by the President at Presentation of the National Medal of the Arts and the National Humanities Medal,” National Archives and Records Administration, September 29, 1999, https://clintonwhitehouse4.archives.gov/WH/New/html/19990929.html.
5. Adrian Wooldridge, The Aristocracy of Talent, Kindle ebook (Skyhorse, 2021), 291.
6. Robert Nozick, Anarchy, State, and Utopia (Basic Books, 1974), 160–161.
7. Gary M. Pomerantz, “A Giant Shadow: Did Wilt Chamberlain Have a Son?” Sports Illustrated, March 3, 2015, https://www.si.com/nba/2015/03/03/wilt-chamberlain-aaron-levi-a-giant-shadow-son-secret.
8. Wooldridge, The Aristocracy of Talent, 59.
9. Wooldridge, The Aristocracy of Talent, 194.
10. Wooldridge, The Aristocracy of Talent, 62.
11. Virginia L. Ma and Kevin A. Simauchi, “Harvard’s Endowment Soars to $53.2 Billion, Reports 33.6% Returns,” Harvard Crimson, October 15, 2021, https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2021/10/15/endowment-returns-soar-2021/.
12. Emmie Martin and Yoni Blumberg, “Harvard’s Freshman Class Is More Than One-Third Legacy—Here’s Why That’s a Problem,” CNBC, April 11, 2019, https://www.cnbc.com/2019/04/07/harvards-freshman-class-is-more-than-one-third-legacy.html.
13. Wooldridge, The Aristocracy of Talent, 194.
14. Ma and Simauchi, “Harvard’s Endowment Soars.”
15. Wooldridge, The Aristocracy of Talent, 67.
16. Machiavelli, Discourses on Livy, book I, chap. 10.
17. Gladiator, directed by Ridley Scott, Universal Pictures, 2000.
18. Wooldridge, The Aristocracy of Talent, p. 70.
19. Simon Kuper, “This Economist Has a Radical Plan to Solve Wealth Inequality,” Wired UK, April 14, 2020, https://www.wired.co.uk/article/thomas-piketty-capital-ideology.
20. “Tax on Extreme Wealth,” BernieSanders.com, https://berniesanders.com/issues/tax-extreme-wealth/.
21. Lydia Saad and Jeffrey M. Jones, “What Percentage of Americans Owns Stock?” Gallup, November 20, 2021, https://news.gallup.com/poll/266807/percentage-americans-owns-stock.aspx.
22. Lauren Feiner, “Bill Gates: Taxing the Rich Is Fine, but ‘Extreme’ Politicians like Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez Are Missing the Point by Focusing on Income,” CNBC, February 12, 2019, https://www.cnbc.com/2019/02/12/bill-gates-supports-wealth-tax-like-aoc-but-income-is-a-misfocus.html.
23. Thomas Piketty and Emmanuel Saez, “A Theory of Optimal Inheritance Taxation,” Econometrica 81, no. 5 (2013): 1851–1886, at 1851.
24. Piketty and Saez, “A Theory of Optimal Inheritance Taxation,” 1858.
25. Ramaswamy, Woke, Inc., chap. 2.
26. Piketty and Saez, “A Theory of Optimal Inheritance Taxation,” 1874.
27. Woke, Inc., chap. 11.
28. Dio Cassius, Roman History, 73.1.2, Loeb edition, translated by E. Cary.
29. The Meritocracy Trap, p. 12.
30. Wooldridge, The Aristocracy of Talent, 375.
31. Wooldridge, The Aristocracy of Talent, 375.
32. Wooldridge, The Aristocracy of Talent, 377.
33. Wooldridge, The Aristocracy of Talent, 377.
34. Wooldridge, The Aristocracy of Talent, 377.
CONCLUSION: REINCARNATE
1. “Denial, Anger, Acceptance,” The Sopranos, created by David Chase, season 1, episode 3, HBO Entertainment, 1999.
2. Wooldridge, The Aristocracy of Talent, p. 182.
3. Louis B. Wright, “Thomas Jefferson and the Classics,” Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 87, no. 3 (1943): 223–233, http://www.jstor.org/stable/984869.