Notes to Chapter 1: Wild Geese
1Henry Richard Fox (Lord Holland), Foreign Reminiscences, ed. Henry Edward Lord Holland (London: Longman, 1850), p. 78.
2‘Wall y Devereux, Ricardo’, AHN, Órdenes Militares, Caballeros de Santiago, exp. 9020.
3Diego Téllez Alarcia, D. Ricardo Wall: Aut Caesar aut nullus (Madrid: Ministerio de Defensa, 2008), p. 48.
4Ibid., p. 60.
5Lord Byron to Mr Hodgson, Gibraltar, 6 August 1809, in Life, Letters and Journals of Lord Byron, ed. Thomas Moore (London: John Murray, 1839), pp. 91–2.
6Jorge Chauca García, ‘Irlandeses en el comercio gaditano-americano del setecientos’, in Los extranjeros en la España moderna, ed. M.B. Villar García and P. Pezzi Cristóbal, vol. 1 (Malága: Portadilla, 2003), pp. 271–5.
7‘Diario del viaje del duque de Liria y Xérica’, in Colección de documentos inéditos para la Historia de España, ed. José Sancho Rayón and Francisco Zabálburu, vol. 93 (Madrid: 1889), p. 125, cited in Téllez Alarcia p. 70.
8See Téllez Alarcia, p. 71.
9Ibid., p. 92.
10Henry Swinburne, Travels through Spain in the Years 1775 and 1776, 2 vols, vol. 1 (London: P. Elmsly, 1787), p. 317.
11Ernest G. Hildner Jr, ‘The Role of the South Sea Company in the Diplomacy Leading to the War of Jenkins’ Ear, 1729–1739’, in The Hispanic American Historical Review, 18, 3 (1938), pp. 322–41 (pp. 332–3).
12Jaime Masones de Lima to the Duke of Huéscar, 28 August 1748, AHN, Estado, 4,142, cited in Téllez Alarcia, p. 114.
13Richard Wall to the Duke of Huéscar, 27 October 1747, AHN, Estado, 4,264-1, cited in Téllez Alarcia, p. 114.
14Richard Wall to the Duke of Huéscar, 14 May 1748, AHN, Estado, 4,092, cited in Téllez Alarcia, p. 118.
15Richard Wall to José de Carvajal y Lancáster, 4 December 1749, AGS, Estado, 6,914, cited in Téllez Alarcia, pp. 126–27.
16The National Gallery of Ireland purchased the portrait in 1999.
Notes to Chapter 2: Remaking the New World
1Patricia M. Byrne, ‘William Bowles’, DIB.
2Salvador Bernabéu Albert, ‘Pedro Alonso de O’Crouley y O’Donnell (1740–1817) y el descubrimiento ilustrado de México’, in Irlanda y el Atlántico Ibérico: Movilidad, participación e intercambio cultural (1580–1823) / Ireland and the Iberian Atlantic: Mobility, Involvement and Cross-Cultural Exchange (1580–1823) ed. Igor Peréz Tostado and Enrique García Hernán (Valencia: Albatros, 2010), pp. 225–241.
3‘Felipe Luis Ward O’More’, AHN, Universidades, 672, 59, F. 23.
4Ibid., F. 9.
5Ibid., F. 11.
6‘Felipe Ward y otros empleos’, AGS, Estado 6958, 23, F. 3v.
7The full title translates as An economic project in which are proposed various measures to promote the interests of Spain, with the means and funds for its development.
8Bernardo Ward, Proyecto económico, en que se proponen varias providencias, dirigidas á promover los intereses de España, con los medios y fondos necesarios para su plantificación (Madrid: 1779), pp. i–iv.
9Ward, p. iv; see also ‘Licencias y privilegios de impresión y de reimpresión de la obra de Bernardo Ward, “Proyecto económico …” solicitadas por su viuda Maria Omore’, AHN, Consejos, 5539, exp. 7.
10Ward, Proyecto económico, p. 27.
11Ibid., p. 28.
12Ibid.
13Ibid.
14Ibid., p. 226.
15Ibid., p. 227.
16Ibid., pp. 254–5.
17Ibid., p. 245.
18Ibid., p. 246.
19Ibid., p. 247.
Notes to Chapter 3: A New Model Army
1Samuel Fannin, ‘Alexander “Bloody” O’Reilly: “A monster of fortune”’, in History Ireland, 9, 3 (2001), pp. 26–30 (p. 26).
2‘O’Reilly y Macdowell O’Reilly y Dillon, Alejandro de’, AHN, Órdenes Militares, Caballeros Alcántara, exp. 1075.
3Óscar Recio Morales, ‘Una aproximación al modelo del oficial extranjero en el ejército borbónico: La etapa de formación del teniente general Alejandro O’Reilly (1723–1794)’, in Cuadernos dieciochistas, 12 (2011), pp. 171–95 (p. 176). See also David Murphy, ‘Count Alexander O’Reilly’, DIB.
4‘Una aproximación al modelo . . .’ p. 184.
5Ibid., pp. 188–90.
6Alexander O’Reilly to Jamie Masones de Lima, Prague, 18 December 1758, AHN, Estado, 6527, cited in Recio Morales, ‘Una aproximación al modelo …’ p. 192.
7‘Una aproximación al modelo …’ p. 194.
8‘Manuel O’Reilly. Empleos’, AGS, Estado, legajo 6844, 32, F. 3v.
9‘Count Alexander O’Reilly’, DIB.
10Recio Morales, ‘Un intento de modernización del ejército borbónico del XVIII: La Real Escuela Militar de Ávila (1774)’, in Investigaciones históricas, 32 (2012), pp. 145–72 (p. 146).
11François de Barbé-Marbois, The History of Louisiana: Particularly of the Cession of that Colony to the United States of America; with an introductory essay on the Constitution and Government of the United States (Philadelphia: Carey and Lea, 1830), pp. 137–8.
12The O’Reilly family had originally come from County Cavan.
13Lord Holland, p. 80.
14Ibid.
15Fannin, p. 29.
16Cited in Fannin, p. 29.
17Swinburne, vol. 2, p. 10.
18‘Regimiento de Cuba. Creación’, AGS, Estado, legajo 6880, 35, F. 3v.
19Lord Holland, p. 79.
20‘Count Alexander O’Reilly’, DIB.
21‘Conde de O’Reilly. Agregaciones’, AGS, Estado, legajo 6875, 28.
22‘Manuel O’Reilly. Empleos’, AGS, Estado, legajo 6844, 32, F. 4v.
23Ibid., FF. 5r–5v.
24Lord Holland, p. 80.
Notes to Chapter 4: The King of Peru
1He was born Ambrose Higgins but added the O’ later in life. For the sake of clarity I refer to him throughout as O’Higgins.
2Ricardo Donoso, El Marqués de Osorno Don Ambrosio Higgins, 1720–1801 (Santiago: Universidad de Chile, 1941), pp. 46, 54.
3For more on the complex relationship between the Spanish and the Mapuche in the eighteenth century, see José Manuel Zavala Cepeda, Los Mapuches del siglo XVIII: Dinámica interétnicas y estrategias de resistencia (Santiago: Universidad Bolivariana, 2008).
4Antonio Guill y Gonzaga decree, Santiago de Chile, 1 July 1768, cited in Ricardo Donoso, El Marqués de Osorno Don Ambrosio Higgins, 1720–1801 (Santiago: Universidad de Chile, 1941), pp. 63–4.
5‘Juan Garland. Legados’, AGS, Estado, legajo 6884, 8.
6Ambrose O’Higgins, ‘Mapa del Reino de Chile’, 21 February 1768, ANC; repr. as appendix in Donoso.
7Ibid.
8‘Ambrosio O’Higgins de Vallenar, vasallo del rei de Inglaterra’, ANC, Archivo Fernández Larraín, 14, 25.
9Ibid.
10Donoso, p. 107.
11Jaime Eyzaguirre, O’Higgins, 2 vols, vol. 1 (Santiago: Zig-Zag, 1972), p. 17.
12Ibid., p. 18.
13‘Bando de buen Gobierno expedido para la ciudad de Santiago de Chile por el presidente Gobernador Don Ambrosio O’Higgins con aprobación real en 1789’, ANC, Archivo Fernández Larraín, 14, 17.
14Chauca García, ‘El grupo irlandés entre el siglo XVIII y el XIX: su papel en la Ilustración e Independencia americanas’, in Extranjeros en el Ejército: Militares irlandeses en la sociedad española, 1580–1818, ed. Enrique García Hernán and Óscar Recio Morales (Madrid: Ministerio de Defensa, 2007), pp. 353–78 (p. 365).
15‘Bando de buen Gobierno expedido para la ciudad de Santiago de Chile …’
16Ambrose O’Higgins to Antonio Valdés, Santiago, 24 January 1789, ANC, Archivo Vicuña Mackenna, 304-d, FF. 227–34.
17Chauca García, ‘El grupo irlandés …’ pp. 369–70.
18Ambrose O’Higgins to Manuel Negrete de la Torre, Santiago, 18 July 1793, AGI, Chile, 199, 95.
19Ambrose O’Higgins to Manuel Negrete de la Torre, Santiago, 11 November 1794, AGI, Chile, 199, 197.
20Testimony of Dr Juan Martínez de Rozas, Concepión, 28 April 1806, ‘Antecedentes para la legitimación’, repr. in Archivo de Don Bernardo O’Higgins, 39 vols, vol. 1, ed. Ricardo Donoso and others (Santiago: Nascimento, 1946), p. 51.
21Testimony of Thomas Delphin, Concepción, 21 July 1806, ‘Antecedentes para la legitimación’, repr. in Archivo de Don Bernardo O’Higgins, vol. 1, p. 54.
22Chauca García, ‘El grupo irlandés …’, pp. 368–9.
23‘Solicitud de O’Higgins del grado de Teniente Coronel’, AGI, Estado, 75, 95.
24Thomas O’Higgins to the Prince of Peace, Fuerte Alcudia, 6 February 1797, AGI, Estado, 85, 42.
25‘Sobre reconocimiento del archipiélago de Chiloé etc.’, Marqués de Osorno, Lima, 30 May 1798, AGI, Estado, 74, 27.
26Ibid.
27John Mackenna to Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago, 20 February 1811, repr. in Archivo de Don Bernardo O’Higgins, vol. 1, pp. 79–85.
28Ibid., pp. 87–8.
29Ibid.
Notes to Chapter 5: Spain under Siege
1Lord Holland, p. 73.
2Diario de sesiones de las Cortes Generales y Extraordinarias, no. 1, 24 September 1810.
3Ibid.
4Delfina Fernández Pascua, ‘Ramón Power y Demetrio O’Daly: Diputados a Cortes por Puerto Rico’, in La presencia irlandesa durante las Cortes de Cádiz en España y America, 1812, ed. Enriqué García Hernán and M. Carmen Lario de Oñate (Valencia: Albatros, 2013), pp. 159–78 (pp. 161–2).
5See Jorge L. Chinea, ‘Irish indentured servants, Papists and colonists in Spanish colonial Puerto Rico, ca. 1650–1800’, in Irish Migration Studies in Latin America, 5, 3 (2007), pp. 171–81.
6Ibid., pp. 177–9.
7See Manuel Vilaplana Montes, ‘Santiago Key Muñoz (1772–1821): Perfil biográfico de un eclesiastico del antiguo regimen’, in Anuario de los estudios atlánticos, no. 26 (1980), pp. 491–527.
8Ibid., p. 513.
9Diario de sesiones de las Cortes de Cádiz Generales y Extraordinarias, no. 706, 21 November 1812, cited in Vilaplana Montes, p. 513.
10Vilaplana Montes, p. 515.
11Marie-Laure Rieu-Millan, ‘Los diputados americanos en las Cortes de Cádiz: Elecciones y representatividad’, in Quinto centenario, 14 (1988), pp. 53–72 (p. 53).
12Ramón Power y Giralt, Contextación al papel publicado baxo el título De primeros sucesos deagradables en la isla de Puerto Rico (Cádiz: 1810), p. 4.
13Diario de sesiones de las Cortes de Cádiz Generales y Extraordinarias, no. 142, 15 February 1811.
Notes to Chapter 6: The Propagandist Priest
1Manuel Moreno Alonso, Divina libertad: La aventura liberal de Don José María Blanco White, 1808–1824 (Seville: Alfar, 2002), p. 13.
2Moreno Alonso, ‘El mundo hispano-irlandés de José María Blanco White’, in La presencia irlandesa durante las Cortes de Cádiz en España y América, 1812, pp. 231–42 (p. 232).
3Joseph Blanco White, The Life of the Rev. Joseph Blanco White, Written by Himself, with Portions of his Correspondence, ed. J.H. Thom, 3 vols, vol. 1 (London: John Chapman, 1845), p. 3.
4Blanco White, Practical and Internal Evidence against Catholicism (London: John Murray, 1826), p. 3.
5The Life of the Rev. Joseph Blanco White, vol. 1, p. 173.
6Practical and Internal Evidence Against Catholicism, p. 3.
7The Life of the Rev. Joseph Blanco White, vol. 1, p. 4
8Ibid., p. 5.
9Practical and Internal Evidence Against Catholicism, pp. 3–4.
10The Life of the Rev. Joseph Blanco White,, vol. 1, p. 111.
11Moreno Alonso, Divina Libertad, p. 27.
12The Life of the Rev. Joseph Blanco White, vol. 1, pp. 142–3.
13Ibid.
14Ibid., p. 153.
15Ibid., p. 154.
16Ibid., p. 159.
17Ibid., pp. 156–7.
18Ibid., p. 205
19El Español, vol. 6, February 1813, cited in Divina Libertad, p. 83.
20The Life of the Rev. Joseph Blanco White, vol. 1, p. 206.
21Ibid., p. 207.
22Ibid., p. 184.
23Ibid., p. 188.
24José María Blanco White to Lady Holland, Redesdale, 10 July 1832, in The Life of the Rev. Joseph Blanco White, vol. 1, p. 488.
25Ibid., pp. 484–5.
26Ibid., p. 486.
27Richard Brent, ‘Richard Whately’, ODNB.
28‘Richard Whately: Ireland’s strangest archbishop’, in History Ireland, 13, 2 (2005) (http://www.historyireland.com/18th-19th-century-history/richard-whatelyirelands-strangest-archbishop/, accessed 18 February 2016).
29The Life of the Rev. Joseph Blanco White, vol. 1, p. 486.
30Ibid., p. 493.
31Ibid., pp. 494–5.
32Ibid., p. 499.
33The Life of the Rev. Joseph Blanco White, vol. 2, pp. 56–7.
34See ‘El mundo hispano-irlandés de José María Blanco White’.
35The Life of the Rev. Joseph Blanco White, vol. 1, p. 496.
Notes to Chapter 7: Merchants, Sailors, Soldiers, Spies
1The Spanish phrase vale un Potosí – to be worth a Potosí – signifies someone who is worth a fortune, literally or metaphorically.
2Félix Luna, A Short History of the Argentinians (Buenos Aires: Planeta, 2004), p. 30.
3Ibid., p. 18.
4‘Padron particular de los extrangeros havitantes en las doce manzanas que comprehende el cuartel no. 14’, Buenos Aires, 24 February 1807, AGNA, Interior, Sala IX, 30-08-01, legajo 50.
5‘Miguel Gorman’, NDBA.
6José Galvez to the Marquis of Loreto, San Lorenzo, 3 November 1783, AGNA, Despachos y Nombramientos Civiles y Eclesiásticos, Sala IX, 12-6-4, 123.
7‘Tómas O’Gorman, solicita carta de nativaleza’, AGI, Estado, 78, 5.
8Ibid.
9Ibid.
10‘Sobre introducción de géneros en buques neutrales’, AGI, Estado, 79, 19.
11Entry in baptismal register. Archives Départmentales, Morbihan, Commune de Lorient, baptêmes, mariages, sépultures, 1771 (http://recherche.archives.morbihan.fr/ark:/15049/vta544881ab86113/daogrp/0/layout:table/idsearch:RECH_40d84972df1e2608e9ace4fa3a66b0eaid:1979817354, accessed 17 December 2015); tables de baptême, naissances, 1709–1820 (accessed 17 December 2015); Will of James Florence Bourke De Burgh, NA, PROB 11/1942/228.
12Entry in marriage register. Archives Départmentales, Morbihan, Commune de Lorient, baptêmes, mariages, sépultures, 1765 (http://recherche.archives.morbihan.fr/ark:/15049/vta544881a8bd1e9/daogrp/0/layout:table/idsearch:RECH_40d84972df1e2608e9ace4fa3a66b0eaid:205160059?center=1860,-1397, accessed 17 December 2015). See also Jean-Baptiste-Pierre-Jullien Courcelles, Histoire généalogique et héraldique de Pairs de France, des grands dignitaires de la couronne des principales familles nobles du royaume, etc., vol. 6 (Paris: 1826), Pairs de France, p. 81; and Will of James Florence Bourke De Burgh, NA, PROB 11/1942/228.
13The name Bourke is inscribed on the Arc de Triomphe in Paris, recalling the contribution of Jean-Raymond-Charles Bourke to France’s victories during the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars.
14Peter Pyne, ‘A soldier under two flags: Lieutenant-Colonel James Florence Burke: Officer, adventurer and spy’, Études irlandaises, 23, 1 (1998), pp. 121–38 (p. 122).
15Ibid., p. 124.
16Both of Anglo-Irish stock, Canning and Castlereagh were fierce political rivals, whose enmity resulted in the latter injuring the former in a duel in 1809.
17Peter Pyne, The Invasions of Buenos Aires, 1806–1807: The Irish Dimension (Liverpool: University of Liverpool, Institute of Latin American Studies, 1996), p. 3.
18Ibid., p. 8.
19Alexander Gillespie, Gleanings and Remarks, Collected During Many Months of Residence at Buenos Ayres, and within the Upper Country (Leeds: 1818), p. 80.
20He was born Jacques but is better known in Argentine history as Santiago de Liniers.
21‘Petition of Roberto Dunn’, AGNA, Invasiones Inglesas, Sala IX, 26-06-12, 120.
22‘Petition of Carlos Fitzgeld’, AGNA, Invasiones Inglesas, Sala IX, 26-06-12, 127.
23‘Barrio 20. Relación de los individuos de nación estrangera que havitan en el barrio’, Buenos Aires, 27 February 1807, AGNA, Interior, Sala IX, 30-08-01, 50.
24The Invasions of Buenos Aires, p. 34.
25James Florence Bourke to Lord Liverpool, London, 25 November 1809, NA, FO 72/81, F. 7r.
26Ibid, F. 7v.
27Ibid., F. 8r–8v.
28Ibid., F. 12v.
29Ibid., FF. 14v–15r.
30Ibid.
31See J. Street, ‘Lord Strangford and Río de la Plata, 1808–1815’, in Hispanic American Historical Review, 33, 4 (1953), pp. 477–510.
32Street, p. 484.
33Bourke to Liverpool, NA, FO 72/81, F. 17r.
34Ibid., FF. 18v–19r.
35Ibid. F. 20r
36Ibid., F.24v–25v.
Notes to Chapter 8: The Battle for the River Plate
1John de Courcy Ireland, The Admiral from Mayo: A Life of Almirante William Brown of Foxford (Dublin: Edmund Burke, 1995), p. 21.
2Ibid., pp. 2–5.
3Ibid., p. 12.
4De Courcy Ireland, pp. 27–8; Miguel Ángel de Marco, Corsarios argentinos: Héroes del mar en la independencia y en la guerra con el Brasil (Buenos Aires: Emecé, 2009), p. 85.
5De Marco, p. 87.
6De Courcy Ireland, p. 38.
7Ibid., pp. 38–51.
8John Parish Robertson and William Parish Robertson, Letters on South America, Comprising Travels on the Banks of the Paraná and Rio de la Plata, 3 vols, vol. 1 (London: John Murray, 1843), pp. 30–1.
9Ibid., p. 31.
10Edmundo Murray, ‘Pedro Campbell’, ODNB.
11Robertson, pp. 27–30.
12Ibid., p. 38.
13Ibid., pp. 32–3.
14Ibid., pp. 23–4.
15Ibid., pp. 177–8.
16Ibid., p. 178.
17‘Pedro Campbell’, ODNB.
18De Courcy Ireland, pp. 55–62.
Notes to Chapter 9: General O’Higgins
1Testimony of Thomas Delphin, Concepción, July 21 1806, ‘Antecedentes para la legitimación’, repr. in Archivo de Don Bernardo O’Higgins, vol. 1, p. 54.
2‘Baptismal record of Bernardo O’Higgins’, repr. in Archivo de Don Bernardo O’Higgins, vol. 1, pp. 1–2.
3Testimony of Thomas Delphin, Concepción, 21 July 1806, ‘Antecedentes para la legitimación’, repr. in Archivo de Don Bernardo O’Higgins, vol. 1, p. 54.
4Bernardo Riqueleme to Nicolás de la Cruz, London, 19 March 1799, repr. in Archivo de Don Bernardo O’Higgins, vol. 1, p. 7.
5Francisco de Miranda to Bernardo Riquelme, ‘Consejos de un viejo sudamericano a un joven compatriota al regresar de Inglaterra a su país’, repr. in Archivo de Don Bernardo O’Higgins, vol. 1, pp. 20–21.
6Ibid., p. 20.
7Bernardo Riquelme to Isabel Riquelme, Cádiz, 1 February 1800, repr. in Archivo de Don Bernardo O’Higgins, vol. 1, p. 9.
8Bernardo Riquelme to Ambrose O’Higgins, Cádiz, 18 April 1800, repr. in Archivo de Don Bernardo O’Higgins, vol. 1, p. 12.
9Bernardo Riquelme to Ambrose O’Higgins, Cádiz, 8 January 1801, repr. in Archivo de Don Bernardo O’Higgins, vol. 1, p. 16.
10Eugenio Orrego Vicuña, O’Higgins: Vida y tiempo (Buenos Aires: Losada, 1946), p. 59.
11Bernardo O’Higgins to John Mackenna, Las Canteras, 5 January 1811, repr. in Archivo de Don Bernardo O’Higgins, vol. 1, p. 64.
12Ibid., p. 67.
13John Mackenna to Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago, 20 February 1811, repr. in Archivo de Don Bernardo O’Higgins, vol. 1, pp. 74–5.
14Ibid., p. 84.
15Ibid., p. 99.
16Ibid., p. 103.
17Bernardo O’Higgins to John Mackenna, Las Canteras, 5 January 1811, repr. in Archivo de Don Bernardo O’Higgins, vol. 1, p. 68.
18Memorial to San Martín, Mendoza, repr. in Archivo de Don Bernardo O’Higgins, vol. 7, pp. 2–3.
19Maria Graham, Journal of a Residence in Chile during the Year 1822 (London: 1824), p. 208.
20Ibid., p. 207.
21Ibid.
Notes to Chapter 10: Bolívar’s Irish Volunteers
1Daniel O’Leary to Soledad Soublette O’Leary, Rosario, 31 March 1830, AGNC, Colección Aquileo Parra, caja 5, carpeta 9.
2Francis Burdett O’Connor, Independencia americana: Recuerdos de Francisco Burdett O’Connor, ed. Tomás O’Connor d’Arlach (Madrid: Ayacucho, 1915), p. 90.
3John Devereux to Daniel O’Connell, London, 22 August 1824, UCDA, O’Connell Papers, P12/3/148.
4Dr Matthew Brown estimates that 3,650 Irishmen served in the patriot armies, 54 per cent of all foreign volunteers; see Matthew Brown, Adventuring through Spanish Colonies: Simón Bolívar, Foreign Mercenaries and the Birth of New Nations (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2006), p. 27.
5‘South America’, handbill reproduced in Carrick’s Morning Post, 8 January 1820; repr. in Matthew Brown and Martín Alonso Roa (compiladores), Militares extranjeros en la independencia de Colombia: Nuevas perspectivas (Bogotá: Museo Nacional de Colombia, 2005), pp. 263–4.
6Anonymous, The Narrative of a Voyage to the Spanish Main, in the Ship ‘Two Friends’ (London: John Miller, 1819), p. 12.
7Ibid., pp. 36–7.
8Ibid., p. 32.
9Ibid., p. 34.
10Ibid., p. 15.
11Ibid.
12Ibid., pp. 15–16.
13Alfred J. Hasbrouck, Foreign Legionaries in the Liberation of Spanish South America (New York: Columbia University Press, 1928), p. 51.
14Narrative of a Voyage to the Spanish Main, p. 21.
15Anonymous [Richard Longville Vowell], Campaigns and Cruises in Venezuela and New Grenada and in the Pacific Ocean from 1817 to 1830 (London: Longman and Co., 1831), pp. 18–19.
16Hasbrouck, pp. 91–3.
17Ibid., p. 92.
18‘The following Goods, received by the Ship George Canning from London …’ Correo del Orinoco, 6 March 1819.
19Hasbrouck, pp. 92–3.
20Campaigns and Cruises in Venezuela and New Grenada, p. 152.
21Alberto Eduardo Wright, Destellos de gloria (Caracas: Cámara Venezolano Británico de Comercio, 1983), p. 29.
22Gustavus Hippisley, A Narrative of the Expedition to the Rivers Orinoco and Apure, in South America, Which Sailed from England in 1817, and Joined the Patriotic Forces in Venezuela and Caraccas (London: John Murray, 1819), pp. v–vi.
23The Narrative of a Voyage to the Spanish Main, pp. v-vi.
24William Jackson Adam, Journal of Voyages to Marguaritta, Trinidad and Maturin, with the Author’s Travels across the Plains of the Llaneros, to Angustura, and Subsequent Descent of the Orinoco in the Years 1819–1820; Comprising His Several Interviews with Bolivar, the Supreme Chief; Sketches of the Various Native and European Generals: and a Variety of Characteristic Anecdotes, Hitherto Unpublicised (Dublin: R.M. Tims, 1824), p. iii.
25Daniel O’Leary, Bolívar y la emancipación de Sur America: Memorias del General O’Leary, ed. Simón B. O’Leary (Madrid: Ayacucho, 1915), pp. 579–81.
26Daniel O’Leary to Soledad Soublette O’Leary, Rosario, 31 March 1830, AGNC, Colección Aquileo Parra, caja 5, carpeta 9.
27Wilson ended up in Australia, where he became a police magistrate, tasked with reorganising the force in Sydney along the lines of the London Metropolitan Police. In 1838 he faced charges of misconduct with a female convict, which were later dropped. However, the following year it was proved that he had used members of the police force to build his house and act as liveried servants. He was suspended and removed from office. Two years later Wilson was defeated in an election for the role of secretary-treasurer of the Australian Club, which had been founded by English settlers in the 1830s. Shortly afterwards, anonymous articles began appearing in the press casting aspersions on the club’s committee. William Christie, who had defeated Wilson in the election, discovered that it was Wilson who had been behind the articles. Believing that one article had questioned his wife’s honour, Christie horsewhipped Wilson. A threatened duel was prevented, and Wilson sued Christie in the Australian Supreme Court, winning £150 in damages. See Hazel King, ‘Henry Croasdaile Wilson’, Australian Dictionary of Biography, vol. 2 (1967).
28‘Coronel Wilson’, Correo del Orinoco, 1 May 1819.
29Bolívar y la emancipación de Sur America, p. 581.
30Ibid., p. 582.
31Ibid.
32Moisés Enrique Rodríguez, ‘James Towers English (1782–1819)’, Irish Migration Studies in Latin America (2007) (http://www.irlandeses.org/dilab_englishjt.htm, accessed 24 June 2015).
33See ‘A Description Role with a List of Necessaries, Arms and Appointments in Possession of the British Legion’, Achaguas, December 1820, Archivo Histórico de Guayas, and available on Dr Matthew Brown’s Bolivarian Times blog (http://bolivariantimes.blogspot.ie/2014_01_01_archive.html, accessed 7 January 2016).
34Anonymous [Captain Cowley], Recollections of a Service of Three Years during the War of Extermination in the Republics of Venezuela and Colombia, 2 vols, vol. 1 (London: Hunt and Clarke, 1828), p. 10.
35Ibid., pp. 14–15.
36Ibid., p. 16.
37Ibid., p. 18.
38Ibid., p. 68–9.
39Adam, pp. 17–18.
40Eric Lambert, Voluntarios Británicos e Irlandeses en la gesta Bolivariana, 3 vols, vol. 1 (Caracas: Corporación Venezolana de Guayana, 1983), pp. 128–9.
41Hippisley, p. 470.
42Ibid.
43Bolívar y la emancipación de Sur America, p. 659.
44The Sandes family were deeply unpopular among their Catholic tenants, so much so that in 1939, at the instigation of the parish priest, the town of Newtownsandes in north Kerry chose to rename itself Moyvane.
45O’Connor, pp. 84, 102. See also Brian McGinn, ‘St Patrick’s Day in Peru, 1824’, in Irish Migration Studies in Latin America, 3,2 (2005) (http://www.irlandeses.org/0503.pdf, accessed 27 November 2015).
46Memoirs of General Miller in the Service of the Republic of Peru, ed. John Miller, 2 vols, vol. 1 (London: Longman and others, 1829), p. 405.
47Wright, p. 31.
48Bolívar y la emancipación de Sur America, p. 655.
49Wright, pp. 31–2.
50Bolívar y la emancipación de Sur America, p. 680.
51Ibid.
52Ibid.
Notes to Chapter 11: The Hibernian Regiment and the Irish Legion
1Thomas Cloney, A Personal Narrative of Those Transactions in the County Wexford, in which the Author was Engaged, during the Awful Period of 1798 (Dublin, 1832), p. 41.
2James Quinn, ‘John Devereux’, DIB.
3‘South America’ (handbill), repr. in Militares extranjeros en la independencia de Colombia, pp. 263–4.
4‘John Devereux’, DIB.
5Arthur Sandes to Daniel O’Connell, Quito, 10 September 1822, UCDA, P12/3/112, repr. in Brown and Roa, p. 310.
6Michael Rafter, Memoirs of Gregor M’Gregor, Comprising a Sketch of the Revolution in New Grenada and Venezuela (London: J.J. Stockdale, 1820), p. 128.
7Ibid., pp. 128–9.
8Ibid., pp. 130–32.
9Adventuring through Spanish Colonies, p. 40.
10Hasbrouck, pp. 147–52.
11Rafter, p. 316.
12Ibid., pp. 316–17.
13Ibid., p. 347.
14Ibid., p. 373.
15Hasbrouck, p. 156.
16Thomas Pakenham, The Year of Liberty: The Story of the Great Irish Rebellion of 1798 (London: Literary Guild, 1969), pp. 110, 274–6.
17C.J. Woods, ‘William Aylmer’, DIB.
18James Dunkerley, ‘The Third Man: Francisco Burdett O’Connor and the Emancipation of the Americas’, (London: Institute of Latin American Studies, 1999), pp. 3–4.
19Bridget Hourican, ‘Francis Burdett O’Connor’, DIB.
20Ibid.
21W.J. Fitzpatrick, rev. by Thomas Bartlett, ‘Roger O’Connor’, ODNB.
22O’Connor, pp. 19–20.
23Dunkerley, ‘The Third Man’, p. 8.
24O’Connor, pp. 18–9.
25Ibid., p. 15.
26Ibid., p. 16.
27Ibid.
28Ibid., p. 9.
29Adam, p. 9.
30Robert James Young’s journal, PRONI, D3045/6/3/2.
31Ibid.
32Ibid.
33Ibid.
34Ibid.
35Ibid.
36Adam, p. 11.
37Benjamin M’Mahon, Jamaica Plantership (London: Effingham Wilson, 1839), pp. 11–12.
38Young’s journal.
39Ibid.
40Recollections of a Service of Three Years, vol. 1, p. 32.
41Letter to Pedro Luis Brión signed by W. Aylmer, L. Burke, W.R. Derinzy, F. Burdett O’Connor, C. Bourne, E.H. Clinton, J. O’Lawlor, Pampatar, 5 November 1819, repr. in Lambert, vol. 2, pp. 151–2.
42O’Connor, p. 27.
43Letter to Brión, repr. in Lambert, vol. 2, pp. 151–2.
44Pedro Luís Brión to William Aylmer, Juan Griego, 7 November 1819, repr. in Lambert, vol. 2, pp. 152–3.
45Lambert, vol. 2, pp. 155–7.
46Correo del Orinoco, 1 January 1820, repr. in Lambert, vol. 2, pp. 164–5.
47Recollections of a Service of Three Years, vol. 1, p. 55.
48O’Connor, p. 30.
49Ibid., p. 33.
50Ibid., p. 37.
51Ibid., p. 39.
52Ibid., pp. 40–5.
53Correo del Orinoco, 5 August 1820.
54Ibid.
55Ibid., 30 September 1820.
56Morgan O’Connell to Daniel O’Connell, H.Q. Margarita, 14 June 1821, repr. in The Life and Speeches of Daniel O’Connell, M.P., ed. John O’Connell 2 vols, vol. 2 (Dublin: James Duffy, 1846), p. 526.
57Ibid., p. 527.
58Ibid., p. 528.
59Ibid.
60Ibid. p. 529.
61Mathew Macnamara to Simón Bolívar, Angostura, 11 December 1820, AGNC, Collecciones, Enrique Ortega Ricaurte, caja 79, F. 25.
62Ibid.
63Ibid.
64Ibid.
65Ibid.
66John Devereux to Daniel O’Connell, London, 22 August 1824, UCDA, O’Connell Papers, P12/3/148.
Notes to Chapter 12: Death in the Andes
1Wright, pp. 35–8.
2Hasbrouck, p. 224.
3‘Juan Oughan’, NDBA; see also Florencia Ibarra, ‘El tratamiento moral en el período Iluminista en Argentina’, in Acta Psiquiátrica y Psicológica de América Latina, 53, 4 (2007), pp. 190–5.
4Mario Belgrano, ‘Biografía del General Juan O’Brien, 1786–1861: Guerrero de la independencia Sud Americana’, in Repatriación de los restos del General Juan O’Brien, guerrero de la independencia Sud Americana (Buenos Aires: Kraft, 1938), p. 12.
5Benjamín Vicuña Mackenna, El jeneral O’Brien (Santiago: Universitaria, 1902), p. 13.
6Ibid., p. 14.
7O’Connor, p. 64.
8O’Leary, Memorias del General O’Leary, 32 vols, vol. 2, ed. Simón B. O’Leary (Caracas: 1879–88), p. 137.
9Among the fictional works inspired by the meeting is ‘Guayaquil’, a short story by the Argentine writer Jorge Luis Borges.
10O’Connor, pp. 104–5.
11Miller, vol. 2, pp. 122–3.
12O’Connor, p. 110.
13Ibid., p. 159.
14Ibid., p. 164.
15Ibid., pp. 164–5.
16Wright, p. 56
Notes to Chapter 13: The San Patricios
1‘Dumphi O’Donoju y O’Ryan Roothy, Bermingham, Juan’, AHN, Órdenes Civiles, Estado-Carlos III, exp. 810.
2‘Sección de Guerra. Causas contra generals, oficiales, etc. para su remisión a consejos de guerra y al Tribunal de Seguridad Pública’, AHN, Junta Central Suprema Gubernativa del Reino, Estado, 45, A, N.712.
3‘Real Orden de la Junta Suprema de Gobierno del Reino, comunicada a José Caro, para que se premie a las tropas del general Juan O’Donojú por la acción que sostuvieron contra el enemigo, el 20 de abril, en Algorfa (Vall de Algorfa)’, AHN, Guerra, Diversos Colecciones, 91, 8.
4‘Copia de carta de O’Donojú al general don José Dávila’, in Instrucciones y memorias de los virreyes novohispanos, vol. 2, p. 1499–1501, ed. Ernesto Torre del Villar (México: Porrúa, 1991); repr. in Ignacio González-Polo, ‘Don Juan O’Donojú, un benemérito gobernante olvidado en la historia de México’, in Boletín, vol. 11, nos. 1 and 2 (2006), p. 36.
5George Turnbull Moore Davis, Autobiography of the Late Geo. T.M. Davis (New York: Jenkins and McCowan, 1891), pp. 226–7, repr. in Michael Hogan, The Irish Soldiers of Mexico (Guadalajara: Fondo Editorial Universitario, 2010), p. 192.
6Hogan, pp. 193–5.
7Ibid., p. 41.
8Ibid., pp. 53–54.
9Ibid., pp. 50–51.
10Ibid., p. 69.
11Ibid., p. 81.
12See Robert Ryal Miller’s letter in The News (Mexico City), 11 April 1999, p. 20; repr. in genealogyforum.com (http://www.genealogyforum.rootsweb.com/gfaol/resource/Hispanic/JohnRiley.htm, accessed 12 January 2016).
Notes to Chapter 14: The Kingdom of God
1Patrick M. Geoghegan, ‘Thomas Field (Fehily)’, DIB.
2Aubrey Gwynn, ‘The first Irish priests in the New World’, in Studies, 21, 82 (1932), pp. 213–28 (p. 214). See also Thomas Murray, The Story of the Irish in Argentina (New York: P.J. Kenedy and Sons, 1919), p. 1.
3Edmundo Murray, ‘The Irish in Uruguay and Paraguay’, in Irish Migration Studies in Latin America, 4, 1 (2006).
4It was originally published in Latin, the English translation being Events of the Guaraní War since the Year 1754.
5Salvador Gonzalez (trans.), Carta del venerable Palafox y Mendoza, obispo de la puebla de Los Ángeles, al sumo pontofice Inocencio x contra los Jesuitas (Barcelona: De Grau, 1845), pp. 87–8.
6Robert Bontine Cunninghame Graham, A Vanished Arcadia, Being Some Account of the Jesuits in Paraguay, 1607–1767 (London: Heinemann, 1901), p. 87.
7Tadeo X. Henis, Efemerides de la guerra de los Guaranies desde el año de 1754 (1755), p. 3.
8Michael Lillis and Ronan Fanning, The Lives of Eliza Lynch: Scandal and Courage (Dublin: Gill & Macmillan, 2009), p. 97.
9Ibid., p. 132.
10Ibid., p. 206.
11Eliza Lynch, Exposición y Protesta, Buenos Aires, 1875, repr. in The Lives of Eliza Lynch, pp. 208–9.
Notes to Chapter 15: After the Revolution
1O’Connor, p. 187.
2Ibid., 188–9.
3Daniel O’Leary to Soledad Soublette O’Leary, Rosario, 19 March 1830, AGNC, Colección Aquileo Parra, caja 5, carpeta 9.
4Daniel O’Leary to Soledad Soublette O’Leary, Guayaquil, 20 September 1828, AGNC, Colección Aquileo Parra, caja 5, carpeta 9.
5Daniel O’Leary to Soledad Soublette O’Leary, Guayaquil, 7 October 1828, AGNC, Colección Aquileo Parra, caja 5, carpeta 9.
6Daniel O’Leary to Soledad Soublette O’Leary, Rosario, 19 March 1830, AGNC, Colección Aquileo Parra, rollo 4.
7Ibid.
8Ibid.
9Adventuring through Spanish Colonies, p. 87.
10Brown, ‘Rupert Hand’, ODNB.
11Daniel O’Leary to Soledad Soublette O’Leary, Rosario, 19 March 1830, AGNC, Colección Aquileo Parra, caja 5, carpeta 9.
12Ibid.
13Daniel O’Leary to Soledad Soublette O’Leary, Rosario, 31 March 1830, AGNC, Colección Aquileo Parra, caja 5, carpeta 9.
14Ibid.
15Ibid.
16Ibid.
17See William Owens Ferguson, ‘Journal from Lima to Caracas, commencing September 4th 1826’, in Irish Migration Studies in Latin America (2006) (http://www.irlandeses.org/ferguson01.htm, accessed 25 November 2015).
18Hasbrouck, p. 318.
19Wright, pp. 11–12.
20Brown, ‘How did Rupert Hand get out of jail? Colombia and the Atlantic empires’, in History, 95, 317 (2010), pp. 25–44 (pp. 28–9).
21Ibid., p. 30.
22Ibid., pp. 37–42.
23Brown, ‘Rupert Hand’, ODNB.
24‘Tratado sobre la extinción del tráfico de esclavos entre el Reino Unido de la Gran Bretaña e Irlanda y la Nueva Granada (1851)’, AGNC, Relaciones Exteriores, CO.AGN.MRE 119.35.3
25Bernardo O’Higgins to Sir John Doyle, Lima, 16 December 1823, repr. in Archivo de Don Bernado O’Higgins, vol. 31, (Santiago: 1980), p. 78.
26Orrego Vicuña, p. 331.
27Lourdes Díaz-Trechuelo, Bolívar, Miranda, O’Higgins, San Martín: Cuatro vidas cruzadas (Madrid: Encuentro, 1999), p. 191.
28Ibid., p. 194.
29Brown, ‘John Devereux’, ODNB.
30John Devereux to Daniel O’Connell, Bogotá, 16 July 1822, UCDA, O’Connell Papers, P12/3/132.
31‘John Devereux’, ODNB.
32Vicuña Mackenna, El jeneral O’Brien, p. 8.
33Nils Jacobsen, The Peruvian Altiplano, 1780–1930 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993), p. 62.
34‘John Thomond O’Brien’, NDBA.
35Dunkerley, p. 2.
Notes to Chapter 16: The ‘New Erin’
1O’Connor, p. 174.
2Ibid.
3The name ‘New Erin’ was popular and was used by the proponents of several schemes for introducing Irish settlers to South America.
4See Adventuring through Spanish Colonies, pp. 18–22.
5‘Emigración a la América del Sur’, Correo del Orinoco, 31 July 1819.
6Lambert, vol. 2, pp. 188–9.
7Ibid., p. 188.
8‘South America’, repr. in Brown and Roa, p. 263.
9‘Pendiente el proyecto de mejorar las Misiones del Caroní, se presentaron las proposiciones siguientes, y se pasaron para su exámen a la Comisión’, Correo del Orinoco, 1 May 1819.
10Daniel O’Leary to Soledad Soublette O’Leary, Rosario, 19 March 1830, AGNC, Colección Aquileo Parra, caja 5, carpeta 9.
11A British army officer, born in Dublin, and a veteran of the revolutionary wars in North America and France, having raised his own regiment, the 87th Foot, in 1793. He was also at the forefront of a society of prominent figures whose aim was to grant relief to the poor of Ireland.
12Bernardo O’Higgins to Sir John Doyle, 16 December 1823, Lima, repr. in Archivo de Don Bernardo O’Higgins, vol. 31 pp. 74–5.
13Pat Nally, ‘Los Irlandeses en la Argentina’, Familia: Ulster Genealogical Review, no. 8 (1992).
14Ibid.
15‘Lawrence Casey’, NDBA.
16‘Eduardo Casey’, NDBA.
17‘Patricio Lynch’, NDBA.
18‘Estanislao José Antonio Lynch’, NDBA.
19‘Benito Antonio Miguel Lynch’, NDBA.
Notes to Chapter 17: Making History
1Recollections of a Service of Three Years, p. 37.
2Ibid., p. 38.
3‘Desafío de caballos’, Museo Bolivariano, Caracas; repr. in Brown and Roa, pp. 83–4.
4Lambert, vol. 3, p. 452.
5Memorias del General O’Leary, vol. 1 (Caracas: 1883), p. vi.
6O’Connor, p. 59.
7Vicuña Mackenna, El ostracismo de jeneral D. Bernardo O’Higgins (Valparaíso: Mercurio, 1860), p. 13.
8Eyzaguirre, vol. 1, p. 18.
9Orrego Vicuña, p. 29.
10‘The Ireland That We Dreamed Of’, 17 March 1943, Speeches and Statements of Éamon de Valera, 1917–1973, ed. Maurice Moynihan (Dublin: Gill & Macmillan, 1980), p. 466.
11‘Biografía del Gral. Juan Thomond O’Brien, 1786–1861, guerrero de la independencia’, p. 11.
12O’Connor, p. 9.
13‘Roger O’Connor’, ODNB.
14Wright, p. 12.
15Report of O’Leary’s funeral in 1854 in El Neo-Granadino, reproduced on Dr Matthew Brown’s blog Bolivarian Times (http://bolivariantimes.blogspot.ie/2012/02/funeral-of-daniel-oleary-bogotá-1854.html, accessed 27 January 2016).
16Edmundo Murray, ‘Juan Emiliano O’Leary (1879–1969): Poet and historian’, in Irish Migration Studies in Latin America, vol. 4, no. 1 (2006), pp. 32–4.
17Lillis and Fanning, p. 207.
18Constanza Escobar Arellano, ‘El Altar de la Patria: Una aproximación estética’ (Santiago: Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 2009), p. 24.
19Ibid., p. 3.
20‘Encienden la llama de la libertad: Gigantesca concentración’, El Mercurio, 12 September 1975, repr. in Escobar Arellano, p. 38.
Notes to Chapter 18: The ‘Spiritual Empire’
1The following description is taken from Repatriación de los restos del General Juan O’Brien, guerrero de la independencia Sud Americana (Buenos Aires: Kraft, 1938).
2Government decree, Buenos Aires, 23 August 1935, repr. in Repatriación de los restos del General Juan O’Brien, p. 93.
3‘Discurso del Doctor Huberto María Ennis, Presidente de la Comisión Irlandesa-Argentina’, repr. in Repatriación de los restos del General Juan O’Brien, p. 139.
4Ibid., p. 140.
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE
During the course of researching this book I have turned to the work of the many scholars, past and present, who have given their attention to the Irish in Spain and Latin America during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Although it is not possible to mention them all here (a select bibliography follows), I would like to acknowledge the debt I owe to a few of those scholars I have relied on most heavily.
Dr Jorge Chauca García, Dr Enrique García Hernán, Dr María del Carmen Lario de Oñate, Dr Igor Pérez Tostado, Dr Óscar Recio Morales and Dr Diego Téllez Alarcia are among the Spanish scholars who have written extensively about the Irish community in the Spanish Atlantic and whose work has contributed to this book. I would like to make special mention of Dr Téllez Alarcia’s fine biography D. Ricardo Wall: Aut Caesar aut nullus, and Dr Recio Morales’s most informative biographical essay ‘Una aproximación al modelo del oficial extranjero en el ejército Borbónico’, which were invaluable when it came to writing the chapters about Richard Wall and Alexander O’Reilly, respectively.
The scholarship of eminent Chilean historians, such as Jaime Eyzaguirre, Ricardo Donoso, Benjamín Vicuña Mackenna and Eugenio Orrego Vicuña, laid the basis for the chapters concerning Ambrose and Bernardo O’Higgins.
Alfred Hasbrouck’s Foreign Legionaries in the Liberation of Spanish South America remains one of the standard works about the participation of foreign volunteers in the north of South America in the wars of independence. Eric Lambert tackles similar ground in more detail in his three-volume Voluntarios británicos e irlandeses en la gesta bolivariana, a work of invaluable scholarship. Dr Matthew Brown of the University of Bristol has noted the preponderance of Irish-born soldiers who served in the ranks of the patriot armies under Bolívar in his Adventuring through Spanish Colonies, which rigorously analyses the origins of the foreign volunteers who fought in Colombia and Venezuela and the context in which they fought.
John de Courcy Ireland drew attention to the participation of Irish sailors and soldiers in the wars of Latin American independence for an Irish readership in many articles published in the Irish Sword, as well as his book The Admiral from Mayo, an English-language biography of Admiral William Brown.
Michael Hogan’s The Irish Soldiers of Mexico provided much of the material for the chapter on the San Patricios.
Finally, I would like to mention the web site of the Society for Irish Latin American Studies, irlandeses.org, which contains a wealth of useful and fascinating information about the Irish experience in Latin America.
ABBREVIATIONS
|
AGI |
Archivo General de Indias, Seville |
|
AGNA |
Archivo General de la Nación, Buenos Aires |
|
AGNC |
Archivo General de la Nación Colombia, Bogotá |
|
AGS |
Archivo General de Simancas, Valladolid |
|
AHN |
Archivo Histórico Nacional, Madrid |
|
ANC |
Archivo Nacional de Chile, Santiago |
|
BLAA |
Biblioteca Luis Ángel Arango, Bogotá |
|
DIB |
Dictionary of Irish Biography |
|
NA |
National Archives, London |
|
NDBA |
Nuevo Diccionario Biográfico Argentino |
|
NLI |
National Library of Ireland, Dublin |
|
ODBN |
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |
|
PRONI |
Public Record Office of Northern Ireland, Belfast |
|
RL |
Russell Library, St Patrick’s College, Maynooth |
|
UCDA |
UCD Archives, Dublin |