Chapter 1
1. Bill Kaysing, We Never Went to the Moon: America’s Thirty Billon Dollar Swindle. (An edition of this title has been recently republished by CreateSpace.)
2. Conspiracy Theory: Did We Land on the Moon? Fox TV, Nash Entertainment, February 15, 2001.
3. See space.com, for instance: https://www.space.com/12796-photos-apollo-moon-landing-sites-lro.html
4. David Robert Grimes, “On the Viability of Conspiratorial Beliefs,” PLoS ONE 11, no. 1 (2016): e0147905, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0147905
5. Attitudes Toward Space Exploration—Ipsos Poll on Behalf of C-SPAN—Belief in Authenticity of the 1969 Moon Landing, C-Span, July 10, 2019.
6. Sheldon Amos, “The Intellectual Development of Europe,” Westminster Review 27, no. 1 (January 1865): 94–142.
7.Amos, “The Intellectual Development of Europe.”
8. John William Draper, History of the Conflict between Religion and Science (New York: D. Appleton and Co., 1874), vi, xi, 363 (emphasis added).
9. Report of the Committee on Organization, Presented to the Trustees of the Cornell University. October 21st, 1866 (Albany, NY: C. Van Benthuysen & Sons, 1867), 48.
10. Andrew D. White to Ezra Cornell, August 3, 1869, Andrew Dickson White Papers, Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections at Cornell University, reel 9 (hereafter cited as White Collection, and reel number).
11. “First of the Course of Scientific Lectures-Prof. White on ‘The Battlefields of Science,’ ” New York Daily Tribune, December 18, 1869, p. 4
12. Andrew Dickson White, A History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom, 2 vols. (New York: D. Appleton and Co., 1896), 1.v.iii.
13. Ronald L. Numbers, ed., Galileo Goes to Jail and Other Myths about Science and Religion (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009), 1, 6.
14. Keith S. Taber, et al., “To What Extent Do Pupils Perceive Science to Be Inconsistent with Religious Faith? An Exploratory Survey of 13–14 Year-Old English Pupils,” Science Education International 22, no. 2 (2011): 99–118.
15. Richard Dawkins, Science in the Soul: Selected Writings of a Passionate Rationalist (New York: Random House, 2017), 277.
16. Dan Brown, Angels and Demons (London: Corgi, 2001), 43.
17. Peter Byrne, The Many Worlds of Hugh Everett III (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010), 385.
18. Allan Chapman, Slaying the Dragons: Destroying Myths in the History of Science and Faith (London: Lion, 2013), 100–102; Owen Gingerich, God’s Planet (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2014), 7–56.
19. David Hutchings, “Storytelling and Galileo,” in A Teacher’s Guide to Science and Religion in the Classroom, ed. Berry Billingsley, Manzoorul Abedin, and Keith Chappell. London and New York: Routledge, 2018, 63–65.
20.Chapman, Slaying the Dragons, 103–105.
21. Samuel Klumpenhouwer, “Early Catholic Responses to Darwin’s Theory of Evolution,” Saeculum 7, no. 1 (December 2011). www.saeculumjournal.com/index.php/saeculum/article/view/11311/13001
22. David Aaronovitch, Voodoo Histories (London: Vintage, 2009), 15.
23. Andy Coghlan and Priya Shetty, “Royal Society Fellows Turn on Director over Creationism,” New Scientist, September 16, 2008.
24. Elaine Howard Ecklund et al., “Religion Among Scientists in International Context: A New Study of Scientists in Eight Regions,” Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World 2 (September 2016): 1–9.
25. Elaine Howard Ecklund et al., Secularity and Science: What Scientists Around the World Really Think About Religion (New York: Oxford University Press, 2019), esp. 46–47 as an example of the discussion.
26.https://whyevolutionistrue.wordpress.com/2017/01/21/yet-another-accommodationist-book/
27. White, A History of the Warfare, 1.xii.
28. Draper, History of the Conflict, 364.
Chapter 2
1. This almost certainly did not happen—but Hartlepool remains famous for it nonetheless. Residents are still referred to as monkey-hangers.
2. Isaac Newton and Robert Hooke, Isaac Newton Letter to Robert Hooke, February 5, 1675 (Newton and Hooke disliked each other, intensely so at times. It is quite possible that Newton’s famous statement is not one of humility at all, but was intended to poke fun at Hooke—who was very short). See, for instance, the discussion in Alexandre Koyré, “An Unpublished Letter of Robert Hooke to Isaac Newton,” Isis 43, no. 4 (December 1952): 312–37.
3. Report No: 8/1988. Report on the accident to Boeing 737-236, G-BGJL, at Manchester Airport on 22 August 1985, 2 (see: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5422efe840f0b61342000277/8-1988_G-BGJL.pdf).
4. Searching for Starlite, BBC Television: bbc.com/reel/playlist/searching-for-starlite.
5. Tomorrow’s World, BBC Television, March 8, 1990.
6. Searching for Starlite.
7. Searching for Starlite.
8. Jeff Hardin, Ronald L. Numbers, and Ronald A. Binzley, The Warfare Between Science & Religion (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2018), 6.
9. Hardin, Numbers, and Binzley, The Warfare Between Science & Religion, 123.
10. Hardin, Numbers, and Binzley, The Warfare Between Science & Religion, 6.
11. Hardin, Numbers, and Binzley, The Warfare Between Science & Religion, 143 (Robert’s quote is from Universalist Quarterly and General Review n.s. 12 (1875): 252).
12. William Doyle, The Oxford History of the French Revolution (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989), 259.
13. See the discussion in Mona Ozouf, Festivals and the French Revolution, trans. Alan Sheridan (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1991), 97–100.
14. David Andress, The Terror (New York: Little, Brown, 2005), 310–11.
15. Jacques Mallet du Pan, Considerations sur la nature de la revolution de France (1793).
16. Mary Pickering, Auguste Comte. Vol. 1, An Intellectual Biography (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), 392.
17. Harriet Martineau, The Positive Philosophy of Auguste Comte (London: George Bell and Sons, 1896), Introduction.
18.Martineau, The Positive Philosophy of Auguste Comte, Introduction.
19.Martineau, The Positive Philosophy of Auguste Comte, Introduction.
20.Martineau, The Positive Philosophy of Auguste Comte, Introduction.
21. Pickering, Auguste Comte, 545.
22. Phyllis Blanchard, “A Psycho-Analytic Study of Auguste Comte,” American Journal of Psychology 29, no. 2 (April 1918): 159–81.
23. Tony Davies, Humanism, The New Critical Idiom (London and New York: Routledge, 1997), 29
24. J. Peder Zane, The Top Ten: Writers Pick Their Favorite Books (New York: W. W. Norton, 2010).
25. Bernard J. Paris, “George Eliot’s Religion of Humanity,” ELH 29, no. 4 (December 1962): 418–43 (emphasis added).
26.Paris, “George Eliot’s Religion of Humanity.”
27. Michael W. Taylor, The Philosophy of Herbert Spencer (New York: Continuum, 2007), 4.
28. Thomas Eriksen and Finn Nielsen, A History of Anthropology (London: Pluto, 2013), 37.
29. Robert Bates Graber, “Herbert Spencer and George Eliot: Some Corrections and Implications,” George Eliot—George Henry Lewes Studies 22/23 (September 1993): 72.
30. Herbert Spencer, Social Statics (London: John Chapman, 1851), 65 (emphasis added).
31. Herbert Spencer, An Autobiography (New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1904), 2:568.
32. Herbert Spencer, “The Development Hypothesis,” The Leader, March 20, 1852.
33. T. H. Huxley, “The Origin of Species,” in Darwiniana (New York: D. Appleton & Co. 1896), 52.
34. Bernard Lightman, “Huxley and Scientific Agnosticism: The Strange History of a Failed Rhetorical Strategy,” British Journal for the History of Science 35, no. 3 (September 2002): 271–89.
35. Hardin, Numbers, and Binzley, The Warfare Between Science & Religion, 65.
36. Robert Bruce Mullin, “Science, Miracles, and the Prayer-Gauge Debate,” in When Science & Christianity Meet, ed. David C. Lindberg and Ronald L. Numbers (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003), 203–24.
37. John Tyndall, Address Delivered Before the British Association Assembled at Belfast: With Additions (London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1874), 2.
38. Tyndall, Address, 11.
39. Tyndall, Address, 18–19.
40. Tyndall, Address, 61 (emphasis added).
41. Tyndall, Address, preface.
42. Hardin, Numbers, and Binzley, The Warfare Between Science & Religion, 77.
43. Frank M. Turner, Contesting Cultural Authority: Essays in Victorian Cultural Life (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), 196.
44. Journals of T. A. Hirst, November 6, 1864, Tyndall Papers, Royal Institution of Great Britain, London, 5/B4 (emphasis added).
45. Ruth Barton, “ ‘Huxley, Lubbock, and Half a Dozen Others’: Professionals and Gentlemen in the Formation of the X Club, 1851–1864,” Isis 88 (1998): 410–44. See also her most recent The X Club: Power and Authority in Victorian Science (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2018).
46. Hardin, Numbers, and Binzley, The Warfare Between Science & Religion, 75.
47. Roland Jackson, “John Tyndall in America,” OUPblog, May 5, 2018, https://blog.oup.com/2018/05/john-tyndall-america/. See his The Ascent of John Tyndall: Victorian Scientists, Mountaineer, and Public Intellectual (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018).
48. Hardin, Numbers, and Binzley, The Warfare Between Science & Religion, 73.
49. Quoted in James C. Ungureanu, “Tyndall and Draper,” Notes and Queries 64, no. 1 (2017): 127.
50. Hardin, Numbers, and Binzley, The Warfare Between Science & Religion, 14 (emphasis added).
51. On White’s extensive library, see James C. Ungureanu, Science, Religion, and the Protestant Tradition: Retracing the Origins of Conflict (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2019), 78.
52. Hardin, Numbers, and Binzley, The Warfare Between Science & Religion, 79 (emphasis added).
Chapter 3
1. Road Trippin’, Episode 7, “Kyle Irving,” February 16, 2017.
2. Road Trippin’.
3. Alfred Russell Wallace, “Reply to Mr Hampden’s Charges against Mr Wallace,” The Pamphlet Collection of Sir Robert Stout, 22:7. http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-corpus-Stout.html
4. Hoang Nguyen, “Most Flat Earthers Consider Themselves Very Religious,” YouGov, April 2, 2018, https://today.yougov.com/topics/philosophy/articles-reports/2018/04/02/most-flat-earthers-consider-themselves-religious.
5.http://www.theflatearthsociety.org/home/index.php/about-the-society/faq.
6. Mark Lamoureux, “Inside Canada’s First-Ever Flat Earth Conference,” Vice, August 30, 2018.
7. Nguyen, “Most Flat Earthers.”
8.http://www.theflatearthsociety.org/home/index.php/about-the-society/faq.
9. Christine Garwood, Flat Earth: The History of an Infamous Idea (New York: Macmillan, 2010), 114–15.
10. White, A History of the Warfare, 1:89.
11. White, A History of the Warfare, 1:91.
12. White, A History of the Warfare, 1:91.
13. White, A History of the Warfare, 1:92.
14. White, A History of the Warfare, 1:93.
15. White, A History of the Warfare, 1:95, 1:326.
16. White, A History of the Warfare, 1:97.
17. White, A History of the Warfare, 1:108–109.
18. White, A History of the Warfare, 1:109.
19. White, A History of the Warfare, 1:109.
20. White, A History of the Warfare, 1:109.
21. Draper, History of the Conflict, 152.
22. Draper, History of the Conflict, 64.
23. Draper, History of the Conflict, 64, 65.
24. Draper, History of the Conflict, 66.
25. Draper, History of the Conflict, 164–65.
26. Daniel J. Boorstin, The Discoverers (London: Dent, 1984), xv.
27.Boorstin, The Discoverers, 107.
28.Boorstin, The Discoverers, 107.
29.Boorstin, The Discoverers, 108.
30. John D. Fix, Astronomy: Journey to the Cosmic Frontier, 6th ed, (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2011), 58 (thanks to Michael Newton Keas for finding this).
31. Edward Grant, God and Reason in the Middle Ages (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), 343.
32.https://twitter.com/neiltyson/status/692939759593865216.
33.https://twitter.com/neiltyson/status/692939759593865216.
34. Draper, History of the Conflict, 294.
35. Jeffrey Burton Russell, Inventing the Flat Earth (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1991), xii.
36.Russell, Inventing the Flat Earth, xii.
37. The Myth of the Flat Earth. American Scientific Affiliation. https://www.asa3.org/ASA/topics/history/1997Russell.html
38. Allan Chapman, Slaying the Dragons (Oxford: Lion, 2013), 60–61.
39. Lesley B. Cormack, Medieval Christianity and the Flat Earth, in Galileo Goes to Jail, ed. Ronald L. Numbers (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009), 30–31.
40. Cormack, Medieval Christianity and the Flat Earth, 61.
41. White, A History of the Warfare, 1:113.
42. Lactantius, Ante-Nicene Fathers, 7:157–58.
43. Patrick Healy, “Lucius Caecilius Firmianus Lactantius,” in The Catholic Encyclopedia, vol. 8 (New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910).
44. Encyclopedia Britannica Micropedia, 15th ed., 1993, 7:90. The original source is Letter LVIII to Paulinus, paragraph 10, by St. Jerome.
45. Pablo de Felipe and Malcolm A. Jeeves, Science and Christianity Conflicts: Real and Contrived, Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith 69, no. 3 (September 2017): 131–47.
46.Russell, Inventing the Flat Earth, 34–35.
47. Philoponus, De Opificio Mundi, 3:8, trans. L. S. B. MacCoull, 106, 117.
48. Pablo de Felipe and Robert D. Keay, “Science and Faith Issues in Ancient and Medieval Christianity,” BioLogos, December 2, 2013, https://biologos.org/articles/science-and-faith-issues-in-ancient-and-medieval-christianity.
49. Darin Hayton, “Washington Irving’s Columbus and the Flat Earth,” December 2, 2014, https://dhayton.haverford.edu/blog/2014/12/02/washington-irvings-columbus-and-the-flat-earth/.
50. Washington Irving, A History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus, 4 Vols. (London: John Murray, 1828), 1:121.
51. Draper, History of the Conflict, 104.
52. Hayton, “Washington Irving’s Columbus.”
53.Russell, Inventing the Flat Earth, 46.
54. Maya Shwayder, “Debunking a Myth,” Harvard Gazette, April 7, 2011.
Chapter 4
1. Patrick M. Grant, et al., “A Possible Chemical Explanation for the Events Associated with the Death of Gloria Ramirez at Riverside General Hospital,” Forensic Science International 87, no. 3 (1997): 219–37.
2. Edmund S. Meltzer and Gonzalo M. Sanchez, The Edwin Smith Papyrus: Updated Translation of the Trauma Treatise and Modern Medical Commentaries, ISD LLC, June 23, 2014, 53.
3. Heinrich Von Staden, “The Discovery of the Body: Human Dissection and Its Cultural Contexts in Ancient Greece,” Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine 65 (1992): 223–41.
4. White, A History of the Warfare, 2:1.
5. White, A History of the Warfare, 2:2.
6. White, A History of the Warfare, 2:3.
7. See Matthew 25:31–45.
8. White, A History of the Warfare, 2:90.
9. White, A History of the Warfare, 2:31.
10. White, A History of the Warfare, 2:31–32.
11. White, A History of the Warfare, 2:50.
12. White, A History of the Warfare, 2:54.
13. Allan Chapman, Physicians, Plagues and Progress (Oxford: Lion, 2016), 395.
14. “Proposed Memorial to Robert Liston,” British Medical Journal 2, no. 2483 (August 1, 1908): 284–85.
15. J. Y. Simpson, “Answer to the Religious Objections Advanced Against the Employment of Anaesthetic Agents in Midwifery and Surgery,” reprinted in British Journal of Anaesthesia 31, no. 1 (January 1959): 35–43.
16. Simpson, “Answer to the Religious Objections.”
17. Draper, History of the Conflict, 318–19.
18. Draper, History of the Conflict, 318.
19. White, A History of the Warfare, 2:55.
20. Draper, History of the Conflict, 269.
21. Draper, History of the Conflict, 269.
22. White, A History of the Warfare, 2:37.
23. Draper, History of the Conflict, 270.
24. Draper, History of the Conflict, 270.
25. White, A History of the Warfare, 2:38–39.
26.James Hannam, God’s Philosophers (London: Icon, 2009), 1693, 106.
27. Walter Clyde Curry, Chaucer and the Medieval Sciences (New York: Barnes and Noble, 1960), xi.
28. J. H. G. Grattan and Charles Singer, Anglo-Saxon Magic and Medicine (London: Oxford University Press, 1952), 92.
29. “Vesalius’s Renaissance Anatomy Lessons,” British Library, http://vll-minos.bl.uk/learning/cult/bodies/vesalius/renaissance.html.
30. Jeffrey A. Norton et al., eds., Surgery: Basic Science and Clinical Evidence, 2nd ed. (New York: Springer Science & Business Media, 2009), 6.
31. The website, to the great credit of the BBC, has been substantially updated following several complaints about its inaccurate content. Its current wording is far more in keeping with the latest scholarship, and can be found at https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zxg6wxs/revision/1.
32. Speech in favor of the Alternative Pluripotent Stem Cell Research Enhancement Act, July 21, 2005.
33. C. Howse, “The Myth of the Anatomy Lesson,” Telegraph, June 10, 2009.
34. Heinrich Von Staden, “The Discovery of the Body: Human Dissection and Its Cultural Contexts in Ancient Greece,” Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine 65 (1992): 223–41.
35. Katharine Park, “That the Medieval Church Prohibited Human Dissection,” in Galileo Goes to Jail, ed. Ronald L. Numbers (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009), 44.
36. C. H. Talbot, Medicine in Medieval England (London: Oldbourne, 1967), 55.
37.Talbot, Medicine in Medieval England.
38. Darrel W. Amundsen, “Medieval Canon Law on Medical and Surgical Practice by the Clergy,” Bulletin of the History of Medicine 52, no. 1 (1978): 22–44.
39. Andrew Cunningham, The Anatomist Anatomis’d: An Experimental Discipline in Enlightenment Europe (Farnham, UK: Ashgate, 2010), 14.
40. Park, That the Medieval Church, 47.
41. Park, That the Medieval Church, 47.
42.Cunningham, The Anatomist Anatomis’d, 13.
43. As quoted by James Hannam in The Deep Sleep of Adam, Quodlibeta, December 19, 2008. url: https://bedejournal.blogspot.com/2008/12/deep-sleep-of-adam.html
44. See discussion in Chapman, Physicians, Plagues and Progress, 404–05.
45. Maxine Van De Wetering, “A Reconsideration of the Inoculation Controversy,” New England Quarterly 58, no. 1 (March 1985): 46–67.
46. M. Best, D. Neuhauser, and L. Slavin, “ ‘Cotton Mather, You Dog, Dam You! I’l Inoculate You with This; with a Pox to You’: Smallpox Inoculation, Boston, 1721,” Quality and Safety in Health Care 13 (2004): 82–83.
47. Sanjib Kumar Ghosh, “Human Cadaveric Dissection: A Historical Account from Ancient Greece to the Modern Era,” Anatomy & Cell Biology 48, no. 3 (2015): 153–69.
48. Shwayder, “Debunking a Myth.”
49. M. L. Cameron, Anglo-Saxon Medicine (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), 3.
50. Richard Raiswell, “The Age Before Reason,” in Misconceptions About the Middle Ages, ed. Stephen J. Harris and Bryon L. Grigsby (New York and London: Routledge, 2008), 125.
Chapter 5
1.https://www.theodysseyonline.com/top-ten-list-of-top-ten-top-ten-lists.
2. Alex Bellos, “The 10 Best Mathematicians,” The Guardian, April 11, 2010.
3.Bellos, “The 10 Best Mathematicians.”
4. Edward Gibbon, “Ecclesiastical Discord Pt. II,” in Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, vol. 4, chap. XLVII (1788).
5. Catherine Nixey, The Darkening Age: The Christian Destruction of the Classical World (Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2018), 88.
6. Nixey, The Darkening Age, 136.
7. Draper, History of the Conflict, 54–56.
8. David C. Lindberg, “That the Rise of Christianity Was Responsible for the Demise of Ancient Science,” in Galileo Goes to Jail, ed. Ronald L. Numbers (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009), 9.
9. As given in Charles Freeman, The Closing of the Western Mind (London: Pimlico, 2003), in the front matter.
10. As given in Freeman, The Closing of the Western Mind, front matter.
11. Draper, History of the Conflict, 62.
12. White, A History of the Warfare, 1:374, 375.
13. White, A History of the Warfare, 1:375.
14. Draper, History of the Conflict, 157–158.
15. White, A History of the Warfare, 1:376.
16. White, A History of the Warfare, 1:32.
17. White, A History of the Warfare, 1:33.
18. Dennis D. McManus, Isidore of Seville: De Ecclesiasticis Officiis (Mahwah, NJ: Paulist Press, 2008), 11.
19. Cosmas Indicopleustes, The Christian Topography of Cosmas, An Egyptian Monk (London: Hakluyt Society, 1897), 360–361.
20. White, A History of the Warfare, 1:38.
21. Draper, History of the Conflict, 268–269.
22. Winston Black, The Middle Ages: Facts and Fictions (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2019), 112.
23. White, A History of the Warfare, 1:25.
24. White, A History of the Warfare, 2:23.
25. White, A History of the Warfare, 2:23.
26. Janet L. Nelson, “The Dark Ages,” History Workshop Journal 63 (Spring 2007): 191–201, on 193 (my emphasis).
27.Nelson, “The Dark Ages.”
28. Program info and clips available at https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00z8r9l.
29. Full details of the program at https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/archimedes/about.html.
30. Draper, History of the Conflict, 215, 264–65, 307, 255.
31. White, A History of the Warfare, 1:376.
32. Carl Sagan, Cosmos (New York: Random House, 1980). 335.
33. Michael H. Shank, “That the Medieval Christian Church Suppressed the Growth of Science,” in Galileo Goes to Jail (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009). 20.
34. Seb Falk, The Light Ages (New York: W. W. Norton, 2020), 78.
35.Falk, The Light Ages, 6.
36. O. M. Bakke, When Children Became People, trans. Brian McNeil (Minneapolis: Augsburg Fortress, 2005), 3208–09.
37. Tertullian, “Of Schoolmasters and Their Difficulties,” ANF, vol. 3, part 1, chap. 10.
38. Hypatia was not an atheist, but a neo-Platonist. She was one of many women in prominent positions. Her relationships with Christians were generally good. See her biography—Maria Dzielska, Hypatia of Alexandria (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996).
39. Personal correspondence, June 6, 2020. Readers may be interested in Dickson’s book, Bullies and Saints: An Honest Look at the Good and Evil of Church History, Zondervan Academic, 2021—which contains a chapter on Hypatia
40. Michael A. B. Deakin, “Hypatia and Her Mathematics,” American Mathematical Monthly 101, no. 3 (March 1994), 234–43.
41. David Bentley Hart, “The Perniciously Persistent Myths of Hypatia and the Great Library,” First Things, June 4, 2010, https://www.firstthings.com/web-exclusives/2010/06/the-perniciously-persistent-myths-of-hypatia-and-the-great-library.
42. Hart, “The Perniciously Persistent Myths.”
43. See, for instance, Tim O’Neill’s collection of comments about the library, “The Great Myths 5: The Destruction of the Great Library of Alexandria,” History for Atheists, July 2, 2017, https://historyforatheists.com/2017/07/the-destruction-of-the-great-library-of-alexandria/.
44. Sagan, Cosmos, 363.
45. Roger S. Bagnall, “Alexandria: Library of Dreams,” Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 146, no. 4 (December 2002): 348–62.
46.Bagnall, “Alexandria: Library of Dreams.”
47.Bagnall, “Alexandria: Library of Dreams.”
48. A. C. Grayling, The History of Philosophy (New York: Penguin, 2020), 3.
49. Tom Holland and A. C. Grayling, “History: Did Christianity Give Us Our Human Values?,” The Big Conversation Show, episode 5, season 2, https://www.premierchristianradio.com/Shows/Saturday/Unbelievable/Episodes/Unbelievable-Tom-Holland-vs-AC-Grayling-Did-Christianity-give-us-our-human-values
50. Holland and Grayling, “History.”
51. Holland and Grayling, “History.”
52. James Hannam, God’s Philosophers (London: Icon, 2009), 80, 117.
53. Christian Wildberg, “John Philoponus,” The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2018 Edition), ed. Edward N. Zalta, https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2018/entries/philoponus/.
54. Allan Chapman, Gods in the Sky (London: Channel 4 Books, 2002), 173
55. Bede, On the Nature of Things and on Times, trans. Calvin B. Kendall and Faith Wallis (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2010).
56. John Hadley and David Singmaster, “Problems to Sharpen the Young,” Mathematical Gazette 76, no. 475 (March 1992), 102–26.
57. George Ovitt, Jr., “Technology and Science,” in The Cambridge History of Science, vol. 2—Medieval Science (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013), 630–44.
58.Ovitt, “Technology and Science.”
59. Peter Dendle, “The Middle Ages Were a Superstitious Time,” in Misconceptions About the Middle Ages, ed. Stephen J. Harris and Bryon L. Grigsby (New York and London: Routledge, 2008), 117–18.
60. Dendle, “The Middle Ages.”
61. BBC News, “Gwyneth Paltrow’s Goop Pays $145,000 in Vaginal Egg Lawsuit,” September 5, 2018, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-45426332.
62. “The Energy Experience,” the goop lab, episode 5, aired January 24, 2020.
63. Physics Professor watches “the goop lab”—Sixty Symbols, YouTube, Februay 11, 2020, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EIyQcGyRXwg.
64. Kate Clark, “Gwyneth Paltrow’s Goop Raises $50M at $250M Valuation,” PitchBook, March 28, 2018, https://pitchbook.com/news/articles/gwyneth-paltrows-goop-raises-50m-at-250m-valuation.
65. Dendle, “The Middle Ages.”
66. Annemarie de Waal Malefijt, “Homo Monstrosus,” Scientific American 219, no. 4 (October 1968): 112–19.
67. Isaac Asimov, Asimov’s Guide to the Bible the Old and New Testaments, 2 vols. (Avenel, NJ: Wings Books, 1981), 186–87.
68. See J. Gerard, Of a Bull and a Comet (Philadelphia: American Ecclesiastical Review, 1908) and William P. Rigge, “The Pope and the Comet,” Popular Astronomy 16 (1908): 481–83.
69.Hannam, God’s Philosophers, 1854.
70.Hannam, God’s Philosophers, 1502.
71. Black, The Middle Ages, 179.
72. Bernard of Clairvaux, Apologia, trans. David Burr. https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/source/bernard1.asp
73.Bakke, When Children Became People, 355.
74. Charles Singer et al., A History of Technology, vol 2 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1956), 690.
75. Dolly Jørgensen, “Modernity and Medieval Muck,” Nature and Culture 9, no. 3 (Winter 2014): 225–37.
76. The City of God, trans. Philip Schaff (New York: Christian Literature Publishing, 1890), 129–40.
77. The City of God, 529–30.
78. The City of God, 648.
79. Mikhail, “Alternavox at TIFF: In Conversation with Alejandro Amenábar,” Deadline, September 18, 2009, http://www.alternavox.net/6875/alternavox-at-tiff-in-conversation-withalejandro-amenabar/.
80.Ovitt, “Technology and Science.”
81.Ovitt, “Technology and Science.”
Chapter 6
1. BBC News, “Yasaku Maezawa: Japanese Billionaire Seeks ‘Life Partner’ for Moon Voyage,” January 13, 2020, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-51086635.
2. BBC News, “Yasaku Maezawa.”
3. BBC News, “Yasaku Maezawa.” The reader may be interested to know that Maezawa retracted the offer in late January 2020, and has replaced it with a new one: he will now take eight people with him instead.
4. White, A History of the Warfare, 1:57.
5. “Standing Up in the Milky Way,” episode 1 of Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey, 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment, aired March 9, 2014.
6. “Standing Up in the Milky Way.”
7. “Standing Up in the Milky Way.”
8. “Standing Up in the Milky Way.”
9. Draper, History of the Conflict, 181.
10. Giordano Bruno, On the Infinite, the Universe, & the Worlds, trans. Scott Gosnell (London: Huginn, Munnin & Co.), 29.
11. See James Hannam, God’s Philosophers (London: Icon, 2009), 1550.
12. Bruno, On the Infinite, the Universe, & the Worlds, 110.
13. For a blow-by-blow account of Bruno’s mistakes, see Giordano Bruno, The Ash Wednesday Supper (La Cena de le Ceneri), trans. with intro. and notes, Stanley L. Jaki (Paris: Mouton, 1584), https://math.dartmouth.edu/~matc/Readers/renaissance.astro/6.1.Supper.html.
14. Maurice A. Finocchiaro, “Review of Giordano Bruno: An Introduction by Blum and Henneveld,” Isis 105, no. 3 (September 2014): 631–32.
15. Bruno, On the Infinite, the Universe, & the Worlds, 139.
16.Finocchiaro, “Review of Giordano Bruno.”
17. See, for instance, Edward Grant, “Jean Buridan and Nicole Oresme on Natural Knowledge,” Vivarium 31, no. 1 (1993): 84–105.
18. Jole Shackleford, “That Giordano Bruno Was the First Martyr of Modern Science,” in Galileo Goes to Jail, ed. Ronald L. Numbers (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009), 65.
19. “Standing Up in the Milky Way.”
20. Open Yale Courses, “HIST 202: European Civilization, 1648–1945, Lecture 4—Peter the Great,” video, 12 minute mark, https://oyc.yale.edu/history/hist-202/lecture-4.
21. White, A History of the Warfare, 1:132.
22. Draper, History of the Conflict, 171–72.
23. Galileo Galilei, “Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina of Tuscany, 1615,” English text available at https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/mod/galileo-tuscany.asp.
24. Galilei, “Letter to the Grand Duchess.”
25. Thomas M. Lessl, “The Galileo Legend as Scientific Folklore,” Quarterly Journal of Speech 85, no. 2 (1999): 146–68.
26. Allan Chapman, Slaying the Dragons (Oxford: Lion, 2013), 107.
27. Lessl, “The Galileo Legend.”
28. Mike Brown, “‘A More Perfect Heaven,’ by Dava Sobel, Is About the Revolutionary Idea of Copernicus,” Washington Post, October 14, 2011.
29. Brown, “ ‘A More Perfect Heaven.’ ”
30. Owen Gingerich, God’s Planet (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2014), 12,13.
31. White, A History of the Warfare, 1:121–22.
32. See discussion in Gingerich, God’s Planet.
33. Bruno, “Of the Second Proposition of Nundinio,” in The Ash Wednesday Supper.
34. Robert S. Westman, “The Copernicans and the Churches,” in God and Nature: Historical Essays on the Encounter Between Christianity and Science, eds. David C. Lindberg and Ronald L. Numbers (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986), 103.
35. White, A History of the Warfare, 1:127.
36. The closest Calvin comes is when he denounces those who deliberately run contrary to reason “like the man who said snow is black” or “it is the earth which shifts and turns.” Robert White, in “Calvin and Copernicus: The Problem Reconsidered,” Calvin Theological Journal 15 (1980), 233–43, at 236–37.
37. Edward Rosen, “Calvin’s Attitude Toward Copernicus,” Journal of the History of Ideas 21, no. 3 (July–September 1960): 431–41.
38.Rosen, “Calvin’s Attitude Toward Copernicus.”
39. Calvin, “Sermons on the book of Job,” in Calvini Opera, vol. 34, 429–30.
40. Morris Kline, Mathematics and the Search for Knowledge (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985), 72.
41. Michael Newton Keas, Unbelievable: 7 Myths About the History and Future of Science and Religion (Wilmington, DE: ISI Books, 2018).
42. Dennis R. Danielson, “That Copernicanism Demoted Humans from the Center of the Cosmos,” in Galileo Goes to Jail, 55.
43. Lessl, “The Galileo Legend.”
44.https://whyevolutionistrue.wordpress.com/2017/01/21/yet-another-accommodationist-book/.
45. Jerry A. Coyne, Faith vs. Fact: Why Science and Religion Are Incompatible (New York: Penguin, 2015), xii.
46. Thomas Williams, “Saint Anselm,” in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2016 Edition), ed. Edward N. Zalta, https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2016/entries/anselm/.
47. Anselm, Complete Philosophical and Theological Treatises of Anselm of Canterbury, ed. and trans. Jasper Hopkins and Herbert Richardson (Minneapolis: Arthur J. Banning Press, 2000).
48. See, for instance, Günther Eder and Esther Ramharter, “Formal Reconstructions of St. Anselm’s Ontological Argument,” Synthese 192, no. 9 (2015): 2795–825.
49.Richard Raiswell, “The Age Before Reason,” in Misconceptions About the Middle Ages, ed. Stephen J. Harris and Bryon L. Grigsby (New York and London: Routledge, 2008), 129.
50. Latin text available at http://individual.utoronto.ca/pking/resources/abelard/Sic_et_non.txt.
51. Full text available at https://archive.org/details/DivineBenevolenceOrAnAttemptToProveThatThe/mode/2up.
52. See, for instance, Andrzej Grzegorczyk, “Undecidability without Arithmetization,” Studia Logica: An International Journal for Symbolic Logic 79, no. 2 (2005): 163–230.
53. Petr Hájek, “Ontological Proofs of Existence and Non-Existence,” Studia Logica: An International Journal for Symbolic Logic 90, no. 2 (November 2008): 257–62.
54.https://philpapers.org/surveys/.
55. Ard Louis, “How Do I Obtain Reliable Knowledge About the World?,” in A Teacher’s Guide to Science and Religion in the Classroom, ed. Berry Billingsley, Manzoorul Abedin, and Keith Chappell (London and New York: Routledge, 2018), 150.
56. White, A History of the Warfare, 1:387.
57. Ronald L. Numbers, “Introduction,” in Galileo Goes to Jail, 6.
58. Michael Brooks, The Secret Anarchy of Science (London: Profile, 2012), 2.
59. Tom McLeish, Faith and Wisdom in Science (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014), 199–200.
60. See, for example, Science Fictions by Stuart Ritchie; Bad Science by Ben Goldacre; Lost in Math by Sabine Hossenfelder; Faster Than the Speed of Light by Joao Magueijo; The Trouble with Physics by Lee Smolin.
61. Henry M. Cowles, The Scientific Method (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2020), 1, 2.
62. Draper, History of the Conflict, 33.
63. Sean Carroll, Something Deeply Hidden (London: Oneworld, 2019), 178.
64. Everett to Petersen, May 31, 1957, Wheeler Papers, Series I—Box Di—Fermi Award #1—Folder Everett, quoted in Stefano Osnaghi, Fabio Freitas, and Olival Freire Jr., “The Origin of the Everettian Heresy,” Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part B Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics 40 (2009): 97–123.
65. J. S. Bell, Speakable and Unspeakable in Quantum Mechanics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), 160.
66. Adam Becker, What Is Real?: The Unfinished Quest for the Meaning of Quantum Physics (London: John Murray, 2018), 3950.
67. When Scientific Orthodoxy Resembles Religious Dogma, Avi Loeb, Scientific American, May 17, 2021 url: https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/when-scientific-orthodoxy-resembles-religious-dogma/
68.Becker, What Is Real?, 4550.
69. BBC Sport, “Azerbaijan Grand Prix: The Secret Aerodynamicist on Design Icon Adrian Newey,” April 26, 2019, https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/formula1/47838557.
70. See Brooks, The Secret Anarchy of Science, chapter 1, for the full accounts.
71.Coyne, Faith vs. Fact, xii.
Chapter 7
1. Frank M. Turner, “The Victorian Conflict Between Science and Religion: A Professional Dimension,” Isis 69, no. 3 (1978): 356–76.
2. Turner, The Victorian Conflict.
3. Turner, The Victorian Conflict.
4. Draper, History of the Conflict, 284.
5. Donald Fleming, John William Draper and the Religion of Science (London: Octagon, 1972), 31.
6. White, A History of the Warfare, 2:vii–viii.
7. Fleming, John William Draper, 31.
8. White, A History of the Warfare, 2:394.
9. Draper, History of the Conflict, 364.
10. Francis Bacon, “The Advancement of Learning,” in The Major Works, ed. Brian Vickers (New York: Oxford University Press, 2008), 138, 141–42, 152–53.
11. See James Hannam, God’s Philosophers (London: Icon, 2009), for plenty of examples of mathematical science pre-Bacon. The purge mentioned happened under the watch of Thomas Cromwell (1485–1540)—as Hannam wrote in his PhD thesis, “Teaching Natural Philosophy and Mathematics at Oxford and Cambridge 1500–1570.”
12. See Bacon, “New Atlantis,” in The Major Works, ed. Vickers, 457–89.
13. Peter Gay, The Enlightenment: An Interpretation (New York and London: W. W. Norton, 1995), 1:327.
14. Quoted in James C. Ungureanu, Science, Religion, and the Protestant Tradition: Retracing the Origins of Conflict (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2019), 130.
15.Ungureanu, Science, Religion, and the Protestant Tradition.
16.Ungureanu, Science, Religion, and the Protestant Tradition.
17. Draper, Introductory Lecture, to the Course of Chemistry: On the Relations and Nature of Water (New York: New York University, 1845–1846), 5, 9, 13.
18. Draper, History of the Conflict, 225.
19. Draper, Introductory Lecture on Oxygen Gas (New York: Joseph H. Jennings, 1848), 6.
20. Catalogue of the Historical Library of Andrew Dickson White, vol. 1: The Protestant Reformation (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1889).
21. Robert Morris Ogden, ed., The Diaries of Andrew D. White (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1959), 79.
22. Quoted in Ungureanu, Science, Religion, and the Protestant Tradition, 79.
23. Karl Barth, Protestant Theology in the Nineteenth Century (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1959), 440.
24. Quoted in Ungureanu, Science, Religion, and the Protestant Tradition, 80.
25. White, A History of the Warfare, 2:393–94.
26. White, A History of the Warfare, 2:395–96. (Emphasis added).
27. For a much fuller analysis of the reception of their work, see Ungureanu, Science, Religion, 216–48.
28. New York Evangelist, quoted in Ungureanu, Science, Religion, 238.
29. Quoted in Ungureanu, Science, Religion, 224–25.
30. Quoted in Ungureanu, Science, Religion, 238.
31. Quoted in Ungureanu, Science, Religion, 238.
32. Quoted in Ungureanu, Science, Religion, 238.
33. Quoted in Ungureanu, Science, Religion, 239.
34. Quoted in Ungureanu, Science, Religion, 239.
35. Quoted in Ungureanu, Science, Religion, 240.
Chapter 8
1. Draper, History of the Conflict, 218.
2. White, A History of the Warfare, 1:113.
3. Harry Kroto, “Blinded by a Divine Light,” The Guardian, September 28, 2008.
4. Friedrich Nietzsche, On the Genealogy of Morals and Ecce Homo, trans. Walter Kaufmann (New York: Vintage, 1967), 151–52.
5. Peter Harrison, “Religion and the Early Royal Society,” Science and Christian Belief 22 (2010): 3–22.
6. Of course, other faiths and philosophies are also monotheistic; discussion of this, however, is beyond the scope of this particular volume.
7. Mark Worthing, “Monotheism and the Origins of Natural Science,” http://www.iscast.org/resources/Worthing_M_2017-12-Monotheism_and_the_Origins_of_Natural_Science.pdf.
8. See, for instance, J. C. O’Neill, “How Early Is the Doctrine of Creatio ex Nihilo?,” Journal of Theological Studies, New Series 53, no. 2 (October 2002): 449–65.
9. Johannes Kepler, Optics, trans. William H. Donahue (Santa Fe, NM: Green Lion Press, 2000), 15.
10. Yahuda MS 1.1, National Library of Israel, Untitled Treatise on Revelation (section 1.1): http://www.newtonproject.ox.ac.uk/view/texts/normalized/THEM00135.
11. Robert Boyle, A Free Enquiry into the Vulgarly Received Notion of Nature, ed. Edward B. Davis and Michael Hunter (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 24.
12. Ian H. Hutchinson, “The Genius and Faith of Faraday and Maxwell,” The New Atlantis 41 (Winter 2014): 81–99.
13. John C. Lennox, God’s Undertaker (Oxford: Lion, 2009), 63.
14. Picard, “Newton—Rationalizing Christianity, or Not?” (MIT lecture, 1997), full transcript available at https://web.media.mit.edu/~picard/personal/Newton.php.
15. John Polkinghorne, Science & Theology (Minneapolis: Fortress, 1998), 73.
16. Rebecca McLaughlin, Confronting Christianity (Wheaton, IL: Crossway, 2019), 130.
17. Draper, History of the Conflict, 107.
18. White, A History of the Warfare, 1:15.
19. Edward Grant, “Reflections of a Troglodyte Historian of Science,” Osiris 27, no. 1 (2012): 133–55.
20. Grant, “Reflections of a Troglodyte.”
21. Grant, “Reflections of a Troglodyte.”
22. Grant, “Reflections of a Troglodyte.”
23. R. J. Berry, ed., Real Scientists, Real Faith (Mansfield, TX: Monarch, 2009), 267.
24. Descartes, Discourse on the Method, trans. F. E. Sutcliffe (London: Penguin, 1998), 53. Original work published 1637.
25. Descartes to Mersenne, 15 April 15, 1630, The Philosophical Writings of Descartes, vol. 3: The Correspondence, ed. Cottingham et al. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 22.
26. Margaret J. Osler, “Whose Ends? Teleology in Early Modern Natural Philosophy,” Osiris 16 (2001): 151–68.
27. Ted Davis, “The Faith of a Great Scientist: Robert Boyle’s Religious Life, Attitudes, and Vocation,” BioLogos, August 8, 2013, https://biologos.org/articles/the-faith-of-a-great-scientist-robert-boyles-religious-life-attitudes-and-vocation.
28. Francis Bacon, “Novum Organum II, §52,” in The Works of Francis Bacon, 14 vols, James Spedding et al. (London: Longman, 1857–1874), 4:247–48.
29. Harrison, “Religion and the Early Royal Society.”
30. Noah Efron, “Christianity Gave Birth to Modern Science,” in Galileo Goes to Jail, ed. Ronald L. Numbers (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009), 81.
31. See Christopher Insole, “Kant’s Transcendental Idealism and Newton’s Divine Sensorium,” Journal of the History of Ideas 72, no. 3 (July 2011): 413–36, for more discussion of Newton and omnipresence.
32. John Polkinghorne, Science and the Trinity: The Christian Encounter with Reality (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2008), 61.
33. Peter Barker and Bernard R. Goldstein, “Theological Foundations of Kepler’s Astronomy,” Osiris 16 (2001): 88–113.
34. See Noah Efron’s summary in “Christianity Gave Birth to Modern Science.”
Chapter 9
1. Krystie Lee Yandoli, “Here’s What It’s Like to Visit an Actual Paper Town,” Buzzfeed, October 27, 2015, https://www.buzzfeed.com/krystieyandoli/welcome-to-the-agloe-general-store-come-back-soon.
2. Charles M. Haar, “E. L. Youmans: A Chapter in the Diffusion of Science in America,” Journal of the History of Ideas 9, no. 2 (April 1948): 193–213.
3. For a more detailed study on Youmans and his project, see James C. Ungureanu, “Edward L. Youmans and the ’Peacemakers’ in the Popular Science Monthly,” Fides et Historia 51, no. 2 (2019): 13–32.
4.Haar, “E. L. Youmans.”
5. George Sarton, “L’Historie de la science,” Isis 1, no. 1 (1913): 3–46. An English translation of this article was published as “The History of Science,” Monist 26, no. 3 (1916): 321–65.
6. James C. Ungureanu, Science, Religion, and the Protestant Tradition: Retracing the Origins of Conflict (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2019), 252.
7.Sarton, “The History of Science,” 339.
8.Sarton, “The History of Science,” 339.
9. George Sarton, A Guide to the History of Science: A First Guide for the Study of the History of Science, with Introductory Essays on Science and Tradition (Waltham, MA: Chronica Botania, 1952), 118.
10. See Ungureanu, Science, Religion, and the Protestant Tradition, 249–59.
11. Dan Brown, Origin (New York: Penguin, 2017), 109.
12. Brown, Origin, 110.
13. Brown, Origin, 470.
14. Ronald L. Numbers and Jeff Hardin, “New Atheists,” in The Warfare Between Science and Religion, ed. Jeff Hardin, Ronald L. Numbers, and Ronald A. Binzley (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press), 220–33.
15. As quoted in Numbers and Hardin, “New Atheists.”
16.Numbers and Hardin, “New Atheists.”
17. Peter Harrison, “Christianity and the Rise of Western Science,” ABC Religion & Ethics, May 8, 2012, https://www.abc.net.au/religion/christianity-and-the-rise-of-western-science/10100570.
18. Alister E. McGrath, Dawkins’ God: Genes, Memes, and the Meaning of Life (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2013), 142.
19. Ming-Jin Liu et al., “Biomechanical Characteristics of Hand Coordination in Grasping Activities of Daily Living,” PLos ONE 11, no. 1 (2016): e0146193, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0146193.
20. Liu et al., “Biomechanical Characteristics of Hand Coordination” (under “Reader Comments” section).
21. Daniel Cressey, “Paper That Says Human Hand Was ‘Designed by Creator’ Sparks Concern,” Nature 531, no. 7593 (March 3, 2016). https://www.nature.com/news/paper-that-says-human-hand-was-designed-by-creator-sparks-concern-1.19499.
22. Leonid Schneider, “Hand of God Paper Retracted: PLOS ONE ‘Could Not Stand by the Pre-Publication Assessment,’ ” For Better Science, March 4, 2016, https://forbetterscience.com/2016/03/04/hand-of-god-paper-retracted-plos-one-could-not-stand-by-the-pre-publication-assessment/.
23. Liu et al., “Biomechanical Characteristics of Hand Coordination.”
24. MingJin Liu, Twitter, July 5, 2016, https://twitter.com/mingjinliu?lang=en.
25. Liu et al., “Biomechanical Characteristics of Hand Coordination.”
26. Cressey, “Paper That Says Human Hand.”
27. P. Z. Myers, “The Human Hand Is Good at Grasping. Therefore, God.” Pharyngula (blog), March 2, 2016, https://freethoughtblogs.com/pharyngula/2016/03/02/the-human-hand-is-good-at-grasping-therefore-god/#ixzz41pyh2rYR.
28. Peter J. Boyer, “The Covenant: Francis Collins, a Fervent Christian, Thought He Had Resolved the Stem-Cell Debate. A Federal Judge Disagreed,” New Yorker, September 6, 2010, https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2010/09/06/the-covenant.
29. Elaine Howard Ecklund et al., Secularity and Science: What Scientists Around the World Really Think About Religion (New York: Oxford University Press, 2019) 46–47.
30. Ecklund et al., Secularity and Science, 47.
31. Jerry Coyne, “Evolution and Atheism: Best Friends Forever,” Freedom from Religion Foundation, October 8, 2016, https://ffrf.org/publications/freethought-today/item/28552-evolution-and-atheism-best-friends-forever-jerry-coyne.
32. Coyne, “Evolution and Atheism.”
33. Richard Dawkins, The God Delusion (London: Bantam, 2006), 28.
34. Ronald S. Hermann, “On the Legal Issues of Teaching Evolution in Public Schools,” American Biology Teacher 75, no. 8 (October 2013): 539–43.
35. Richard Dawkins, “Stop the Anti-Vaccine Gospel,” Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason & Science, September 11, 2013, (Accessed February 2021. This page has since been removed from the site.)
36. Lynn Vincentnathan, S. Georg Vincentnathan, and Nicholas Smith, “Catholics and Climate Change Skepticism,” Worldviews 20, no. 2 (2016): 125–49.
37. Coyne, “Evolution and Atheism.”
38. Colin Schultz, “The Pope Would Like You to Accept Evolution and the Big Bang,” Smithsonian Magazine, October 28, 2014, https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/pope-would-you-accept-evolution-and-big-bang-180953166/.
39. M. Elizabeth Barnes et al, “ ‘Accepting Evolution Means You Can’t Believe in God’: Atheistic Perceptions of Evolution Among College Biology Students,” CBE Life Sciences Education 19, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 21.
40. Thomas H. McCall, “Will the Real Adam Please Stand Up? The Surprising Theology of Universal Ancestry,” BioLogos, March 23, 2020, https://biologos.org/articles/series/book-review-the-genealogical-adam-and-eve/will-the-real-adam-please-stand-up-the-surprising-theology-of-universal-ancestry.
41. Andrew Dickson White, A History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom, 2 vols. (New York: D. Appleton and Co., 1896), 1.v.iii.
42. Keith S. Taber et al., “To What Extent Do Pupils Perceive Science to Be Inconsistent with Religious Faith? An Exploratory Survey of 13–14 year-old English Pupils,” Science Education International 22, no. 2 (June 2011): 99–118.
43. John Theodore Houghton, Does God Play Dice? (Downers Grove, IL: Inter-Varsity Press, 1988), 40–41.
44. Houghton, Does God Play Dice?
45. Andrew Freedman, “John Houghton, Renowned Climate Scientist Who Led IPCC Reports, Dies of Coronavirus at 88,” Washington Post, April 21, 2020, https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/john-houghton-renowned-climate-scientist-who-led-ipcc-reports-dies-of-coronavirus-at-88/2020/04/20/c6b6819c-81ab-11ea-a3ee-13e1ae0a3571_story.html.
46. John Houghton, “Global Warming Is Now a Weapon of Mass Destruction,” The Guardian, July 28, 2003.
47. The award’s website is https://www.consejoculturalmundial.org/awards/world-award-of-science/.
48. Her website is http://www.katharinehayhoe.com/wp2016/biography/.
49. Darren Devine, “Teacher Inspired Nobel Prize-Winner Sir John Houghton,” Wales Online March 29, 2013, https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/local-news/teacher-inspired-nobel-prize-winner-sir-2210911
50. John Dickson, Good Earth: Undeceptions, Season 3 (podcast), https://undeceptions.com/podcast/good-earth.
51. Full transcript at Deborah Haarsma, “Seeing God in Everyday Work,” BioLogos, July 7, 2014, https://biologos.org/articles/seeing-god-in-everyday-work.
52.https://biologos.org/about-us#our-mission.
53.https://community.dur.ac.uk/christianleadership.science/the-project/scientists-in-congregations/.
54. Personal correspondence.
55. Personal correspondence.
56. S. Joshua Swamidass, The Genealogical Adam and Eve (Downers Grove, IL: IVP Academic, 2019); the original article is at https://asa3.org/ASA/PSCF/2018/PSCF3-18Swamidass.pdf?fbclid=IwAR3JAgQrNWUV3NBmYdDQU7b2vhp0 UWQwnvRUss41jvPrDwJJMHSJw-9wY1I; further discussion is at https://henrycenter.tiu.edu/2017/06/a-genealogical-adam-and-eve-in-evolution/?fbclid=IwAR1ke4nzcb8EvqOLIcosAnPnim6PvaoKevjYV2hjMd-KyV5zNG2HN7fkb4c and https://henrycenter.tiu.edu/2020/08/the-genealogical-adam-and-eve-a-rejoinder/?fbclid=IwAR3vpZY5R7uLNdKFx391AMafK3194emmO4 YffeEj0bSJQihZRrC9CBs52EU.
57. Nathan H. Lents, “Upcoming Book Leaves Scientific Possibility for Existence of ‘Adam and Eve,’ ” USA Today, Opinion, October 4, 2019, https://eu.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2019/10/04/upcoming-book-leaves-scientific-possibility-existence-adam-eve-column/3826195002/.
58.https://peacefulscience.org/mission-and-values/.
59. Personal correspondence.
60.Hardin, Numbers, and Binzley, The Warfare Between Science and Religion, 4.
61. Personal correspondence.
62. As quoted on the splashpage of the website: https://historyforatheists.com/.
63. Elaine Howard Ecklund et al., “Religion Among Scientists in International Context: A New Study of Scientists in Eight Regions,” Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World 2 (2016), https://doi.org/10.1177/2378023116664353.
64. Personal correspondence.
65. Rebecca McLaughlin, Confronting Christianity (Wheaton, IL: Crossway, 2019), 118.
Selected Bibliography
Primary Sources
The letters and other manuscript material cited in this book can be found in archives at the institutions listed below.
John William Draper Family Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, DC.
Andrew Dickson White Papers at Cornell University, Library Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, 2B Carl A. Kroch Library, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.
Books and Pamphlets
Account of the Proceedings at the Inauguration October 7th 1868. Ithaca, NY: University Press, 1868.
Addresses at the Thirtieth Meeting of the Unitarian Club of California, Held at San Francisco, Cal. April 26, 1897. San Francisco: C. A. Murdock & Co, 1897.
Annual Report of the American Institute of the City of New York, 1869–70. Albany, NY: Argus Co., 1870.
Arnold, Matthew. God & the Bible: A Review of Objections to “Literature & Dogma.” New York: Macmillan and Co., 1875.
Arnold, Matthew. Literature & Dogma: An Essay Towards a Better Apprehension of the Bible. New York: Macmillan and Co., 1874.
Arnold, Matthew. St. Paul and Protestantism; with an Essay on Puritanism and the Church of England. London: Smith, Elder & Co., 1870.
Barker, George F. Memoir of John William Draper, 1811–1882: Read Before the National Academy, April 21, 1886. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences, 1886.
Catalogue of the Historical Library of Andrew Dickson White: The Protestant Reformation and Its Forerunners. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1889.
Chambers, Robert. Explanations: A Sequel to Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation. New York: Wiley and Putman, 1846.
Chambers, Robert. Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation. London: John Churchill, 1844.
Clark, John Spencer, ed. The Life and Letters of John Fiske, 2 vols. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1917.
Colenso, John William. The Pentateuch and Book of Joshua Critically Examined. New York: D. Appleton and Co., 1863.
Combe, George. On the Relation Between Science and Religion. Edinburgh: Maclachlan and Stewart, 1857.
Combe, George. The Constitution of Man Considered in Relation to External Objects. Boston: Carter and Hendee, 1829.
Cornell, Alonzo. True and Firm: Biography of Ezra Cornell. New York: A. S. Barnes & Co., 1884.
Cornell University. First General Announcement. Albany: Weed, Parsons and Co., 1868.
Derby, James Cephas. Fifty Years Among Authors: Books and Publishers. New York: C. W. Carleton & Co., 1884.
Draper, John William. A History of the Intellectual Development of Europe. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1863.
Draper, John William. A Text-Book on Chemistry: For the Use of Schools and Colleges. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1846.
Draper, John William. A Text-Book on Natural Philosophy: For the Use of Schools and Colleges. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1847.
Draper, John William. History of the American Civil War, 3 vols. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1867–1870.
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