WORLD MAKING
1. See for instance John Lewis Gaddis, The Long Peace: Inquiries into the History of the Cold War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987). Although I agree with many of Gaddis’s points about what kept superpower war from breaking out, I strongly disagree with the “long peace” designation.
2. Odd Arne Westad, The Global Cold War: Third World Interventions and the Making of Our Times (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005).
3. Marx/Engels Selected Works (Moscow: Progress, 1969), 1:26.
4. Karl Marx, interview with the Chicago Tribune, December 1878, Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels: Collected Works (New York: International Publishers, 1989), 24:578.
5. Protokoll des Parteitages der Sozialdemokratischen Partei Deutschlands: Abgehalten zu Erfurt vom 14. bis 20. Oktober 1891 [Minutes of the Party Congress of the Social Democratic Party of Germany: Held in Erfurt from October 14–October 20, 1891]. (Berlin: Verlag der Expedition des “Vorwärts,” 1891), 3–6.
6. Friedrich Engels, “A Critique of the Draft Social-Democratic Program of 1891,” in Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels: Collected Works (New York: International Publishers, 1990), 27:227.
7. For an overview from a US perspective, see Andrew Preston, Sword of the Spirit, Shield of Faith: Religion in American War and Diplomacy (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2012).
8. Henry James, “The American,” Atlantic Monthly 37 (June 1876): 667.
CHAPTER 1: STARTING POINTS
1. Quoted in Robert W. Tucker, Woodrow Wilson and the Great War: Reconsidering America’s Neutrality, 1914–1917 (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2007), 213.
2. Vladimir Ilich Lenin, What Is to Be Done?: Burning Questions of Our Movement (New York: International Publishers, 1929; Russian original 1902), 1.
3. Quoted in John Ellis, Eye-Deep in Hell: Trench Warfare in World War I (Baltimore, MD: JHU Press, 1976), 102.
4. Karl Liebknecht, “Begründung der Ablehnung der Kriegskredite” [Reasons for the Rejection of the War Credits], Vorwärts, 3 December 1914.
5. Wilson quoted in Robert L. Willett, Russian Sideshow: America’s Undeclared War, 1918–1920 (Washington, DC: Brassey’s, 2003), xxxi.
6. Fordism, commented the imprisoned Italian Communist Antonio Gramsci in 1934, is ultimately an American challenge to Europe. “Europe wants to have its cake and eat it, to have all the benefits which Fordism brings to its competitive power while retaining its army of [social] parasites who, by consuming vast sums of surplus value, aggravate initial costs and reduce competitive power on the international market.” David Forgacs, ed., The Gramsci Reader: Selected Writings 1916–1935 (New York: New York University Press, 2000), 277. For a further discussion, see Charles S. Maier, “Between Taylorism and Technocracy: European Ideologies and the Vision of Industrial Productivity in the 1920s,” Journal of Contemporary History 5, no. 2 (1970): 27–61.
7. Ole Hanson, Americanism versus Bolshevism (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1920), p. viii.
8. Churchill, “Bolshevism and Imperial Sedition,” Winston S. Churchill: His Complete Speeches, 1897–1963, ed. Robert Rhodes James (New York: Chelsea House, 1974), 3:3026.
9. Bertrand Russell, Bolshevism: Practice and Theory (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Howe, 1920), 4.
10. Ho Chi Minh, “The Path Which Led Me to Leninism,” Edward Miller, ed., The Vietnam War: A Documentary Reader (Malden, MA: John Wiley & Sons, 2016), 8.
11. Rudolf Nilsen, “Voice of the Revolution,” transl. Anthony Thompson, in Modern Scandinavian Poetry (Oslo: Dreyer, 1982), 185. Used with permission of copyright holder Jens Allwood. Volume edited and published by his late father, Martin Allwood.
12. “Manifesto of the Communist Party of South Africa, adopted at the inaugural conference of the Party, Cape Town, 30 July 1921,” at http://www.sahistory.org.za/article/manifesto-communist-party-south-africa.
13. W. Bruce Lincoln, Red Victory: A History of the Russian Civil War (New York: Da Capo Press, 1989), 384.
14. Dimitry Manuilsky, The Communist Parties and the Crisis of Capitalism: Speech Delivered on the First Item of the Agenda of the XI Plenum of the E.C.C.I. held in March–April 1931 (London: Modern Books, 1931), 37. Manuilsky was the head of the Comintern from 1929 to 1934.
15. Report of Court Proceedings in the Case of the Anti-Soviet “Bloc of Rights and Trotskyites” Heard before the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the U.S.S.R. Moscow, March 2–13, 1938 (Moscow: People’s Commissariat of Justice, 1938), 775.
16. Steven Casey, Cautious Crusade: Franklin D. Roosevelt, American Public Opinion, and the War Against Nazi Germany (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), 23.
17. Editorial, New York Times, 24 August 1939.
18. Entry for 7 September 1939, Georgi Dimitrov, The Diary of Georgi Dimitrov, 1933–1949, ed. Ivo Banac (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2008), 115.
19. Will Kaufman, Woody Guthrie, American Radical (Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 2011), 1.
20. 21 July 1940 Declaration of Workers’ Organizations, in Torgrim Titlestad, Stalin midt imot: Peder Furubotn 1938–41 [Against Stalin: Peder Furubotn, 1938–1941] (Oslo: Gyldendal, 1977), 42.
21. Fridrikh Firsov, ed., Secret Cables of the Comintern, 1933–1943. (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2014), 152.
22. The German Communist Margarete Buber-Neumann, for instance, was first arrested in Stalin’s purges in 1938 and then spent two years in the Soviet labor camp Karaganda before she was extradited to Nazi Germany, where she spent five years in the Ravensbrück concentration camp.
23. Dmitrii Volkogonov, Triumf i tragediia: politicheskii portret I.V. Stalina [Triumph and Tragedy: A Political Portrait of I.V. Stalin] (Moscow: Novosti, 1989), 2:169.
24. Rodric Braithwaite, Moscow 1941: A City and Its People at War (New York: Vintage, 2007), 82.
CHAPTER 2: TESTS OF WAR
1. Churchill’s radio address to the British people, 22 June 1941, in Winston Churchill, Never Give In!: The Best of Winston Churchill’s Speeches (New York: Hyperion, 2003), 289.
2. Winston Churchill, The Second World War. Volume III: The Grand Alliance (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin, 1950), 370.
3. Ibid., 330.
4. Ibid., 394.
5. Woody Guthrie, “All You Fascists” (1944), Woody Guthrie Publications, http://woodyguthrie.org/Lyrics/All_You_Fascists.htm.
6. Vladimir Pechatnov, “How Stalin and Molotov Wrote Messages to Churchill,” Russia in International Affairs 7, no. 3 (2009): 162–73.
7. Minutes of meeting at Kremlin, 11:15 p.m., 13 August 1942, CAB127/23, Cabinet Papers, National Archives of the United Kingdom.
8. Compared with Churchill, Roosevelt was more realistic in his understanding of Stalin’s aims. The British prime minister seems, at least for some time, to have believed that he had struck a deal with Stalin on the percentage-wise influence of the Great Powers in eastern Europe during a drunken session in Moscow in October 1944.
9. Bohlen minutes, Stalin-FDR, 1 December 1943, Tehran, Foreign Relations of the United States (hereafter FRUS): The Conferences at Cairo and Tehran, 594.
10. Communiqué Issued at the End of the Yalta Conference, 11 February 1945, FRUS: The Conference of Berlin (the Potsdam Conference), 1945, 2:1578.
11. William D. Leahy, I Was There (New York: Whittlesey House, 1950), 315–16.
12. Quoted in Rick Atkinson, The Guns at Last Light: The War in Western Europe, 1944–1945 (New York: Picador, 2013), 521.
13. Milovan Djilas, Conversations with Stalin (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1962), 114.
14. Mandelstam was one of the greatest Russian poets of his generation. He died in a Siberian prison camp in 1938. Prior to his arrest, he had told his wife that “only in Russia is poetry respected. It gets people killed. Is there anywhere else where poetry is so common a motive for murder?” Nadezhda Mandelstam, Hope Against Hope: A Memoir (New York: Atheneum, 1970), 159.
15. Quoted in Steven Merritt Miner, Stalin’s Holy War: Religion, Nationalism and Alliance Politics, 1941–1945 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003), 51. The head of the Russian Orthodox Church from 1945 to 1970, Patriarch Aleksii I, worked closely with the Soviet authorities.
16. Original “Quit India” resolution drafted by Gandhi, April 1942, New York Times, 5 August 1942.
17. Joint Declaration by President Roosevelt and Prime Minister Churchill, as broadcast 14 August 1941, https://fdrlibrary.org/atlantic-charter.
18. Diary, 17 July 1945, box 333, President’s Secretary’s Files, Truman Papers, Harry S. Truman Library, Independence, MO (hereafter Truman Library).
19. Record of conversation, Truman–Molotov, 23 April 1945, FRUS 1945, 5:258.
20. Quoted in Arnold Offner, Another Such Victory: President Truman and the Cold War, 1945–1953 (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2002), 34.
21. Prime Minister to President Truman, 12 May 1945, CHAR 20/218/109, Churchill Papers, Churchill College Archives, Cambridge, UK.
22. Memorandum by the President’s Adviser and Assistant (Hopkins) of a Conversation During Dinner at the Kremlin in FRUS: The Conference of Berlin (The Potsdam Conference), 1945, 1:57–59.
23. Pechatnov, “How Stalin and Molotov Wrote Messages to Churchill,” 172.
24. Entry for 28 January 1945, in Georgi Dimitrov, The Diary of Georgi Dimitrov, 1933–1949, ed. Ivo Banac (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2008), 358.
25. Hugh Dalton, High Tide and After: Memoirs, 1945–1960 (London: F. Muller, 1962), 157.
26. Richard N. Gardner, Sterling-Dollar Diplomacy; the Origins and the Prospects of Our International Economic Order, new and expanded (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1969), xvii.
27. Ritchie Ovendale, The English-Speaking Alliance: Britain, the United States, the Dominions and the Cold War 1945–1951 (London: Routledge, 1985), 43.
CHAPTER 3: EUROPE’S ASYMMETRIES
1. John Vachon, Poland, 1946: The Photographs and Letters of John Vachon (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1995), 5.
2. Quoted in Keith Lowe, Savage Continent: Europe in the Aftermath of World War II (London: St. Martin’s Press, 2012), 31.
3. Henri Van der Zee, The Hunger Winter: Occupied Holland 1944–5 (London: J. Norman & Hobhouse, 1982), 304–5.
4. Speech at Vélodrome d’hiver, 2 October 1945, in Maurice Thorez, Oeuvres, book 5, volume 21 (Paris: Editions sociales, 1959), 203.
5. Lowe, Savage Continent, 283.
6. Quoted in William I. Hitchcock, The Bitter Road to Freedom: The Human Cost of Allied Victory in World War II Europe (New York: Free Press, 2009), 163.
7. Record of conversation, Stalin–Hebrang, 9 January 1945, G. P. Murashko et al. (eds.), Vostochnaia Evropa v dokumentakh rossiiskikh arkhivov, 1944–1953 [Eastern Europe in Documents from the Russian Archives, 1944–1953] (Novosibirsk: Sibirskii khronograf, 1997), 1:118–33.
8. Mark Kramer, “Stalin, Soviet Policy, and the Consolidation of a Communist Bloc in Eastern Europe, 1944–53,” in Stalinism Revisited: The Establishment of Communist Regimes in East-Central Europe, ed. Vladimir Tismaneanu (Budapest: Central European University Press, 2009), 69.
9. Quoted in Adam Ulam, Understanding the Cold War: A Historian’s Personal Reflections (New York: Transaction Publishers, 2002), 277.
10. Michael Dobbs, Six Months in 1945: FDR, Stalin, Churchill, and Truman, from World War to Cold War (New York: Random House, 2012), 121.
11. The German Ambassador in the Soviet Union (Schulenburg) to the German Foreign Office, 10 September 1939, frames 69811–69813, serial 127, Microfilm Publication T120, Records of the German Foreign Office Received by the Department of State, US National Archives.
12. William D. Leahy, I Was There (New York: Whittlesey House, 1950), 315–16.
13. Patryk Babiracki, Soviet Soft Power in Poland: Culture and the Making of Stalin’s New Empire, 1943–1957 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2015), 56.
14. Conversation between Władysław Gomułka and Stalin on 14 November 1945, Cold War International History Project Bulletin, 11 (1998), 135.
15. Quoted in Tony Judt, Postwar: A History of Europe Since 1945 (London: Penguin, 2006), 200.
16. Babiracki, Soviet Soft Power in Poland, 61.
17. Quoted in László Borhi, Hungary in the Cold War, 1945–1956: Between the United States and the Soviet Union (Budapest: Central European University Press, 2004), 35.
18. Quoted in István Vida, “K. J. Vorosilov marsall jelentései a Tildy kormány megalakulsásáról” [Marshal K. J. Voroshilov Reports on the Formation of the Tildy Government], Társadalmi Szemle, 1996, 2:86.
19. Council of Foreign Ministers, Second Session, Thirteenth Informal Meeting, Palais du Luxembourg, Paris, 26 June 1946, FRUS 1946, 2:646.
20. Harry S. Truman, Memoirs (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1955), 1:493.
21. Winston Churchill, Never Give In!: The Best of Winston Churchill’s Speeches (New York: Hyperion, 2003), 413.
22. The full text of Kennan’s original telegram is in Kenneth M. Jensen, ed., Origins of the Cold War: The Novikov, Kennan, and Roberts “Long Telegrams” of 1946, revised edition (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace, 1993), 17–32.
23. Ibid.
24. Special Message to the Congress on Greece and Turkey, 12 March 1947, in Public Papers of the Presidents (hereafter PPP) Truman 1947, 179.
25. Summary of meeting between President and Congressional Delegation, 28 February 1947, box 1, Joseph M. Jones Papers, Truman Library.
26. Memorandum by the Under Secretary of State for Economic Affairs (Clayton), 27 May 1947, FRUS 1947, 3:230–32.
27. Quoted in Edward Taborsky, Communism in Czechoslovakia, 1948–1960 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1961), 20.
28. Quoted in Olaf Solumsmoen and Olav Larssen, eds., Med Einar Gerhardsen gjennom 20 år [With Einar Gerhardsen through Twenty Years] (Oslo: Tiden, 1967), 61–62.
29. Zhdanov on the Founding of the Cominform, September 1947, in Jussi M. Hanhimäki and Odd Arne Westad, eds., The Cold War: A History in Documents and Eyewitness Accounts (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003), 51–52.
30. Quoted in Philip J. Jaffe, “The Rise and Fall of Earl Browder,” Survey 18, no. 12 (1972): 56.
CHAPTER 4: RECONSTRUCTIONS
1. Summary Record of the Ninety-First Meeting of the Third Committee, 2 October 1948, in William Schabas, ed., The Universal Declaration of Human Rights: The Travaux Préparatoires (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013), 3:2058.
2. Quoted in John C. Culver and John Hyde, American Dreamer: The Life and Times of Henry A. Wallace (New York: Norton, 2001), 457.
3. On Nitze, see David Milne, Worldmaking: The Art and Science of American Diplomacy (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2015), 268–325.
4. NSC 68: “United States Objectives and Programs for National Security: A Report to the President” (April 7, 1950). FRUS 1950, 1:235–311.
5. Ibid.
6. The best overview is David Kynaston, Austerity Britain, 1945–51 (London: Bloomsbury, 2007).
7. Quoted in Michael Dobbs, Six Months in 1945: FDR, Stalin, Churchill, and Truman—from World War to Cold War (New York: Knopf, 2012), 205.
8. Hansard, series 5, vol. 452, House of Commons Debates, 30 June 1948, 2226.
9. Barry Eichengreen, The European Economy Since 1945: Coordinated Capitalism and Beyond (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2007), especially 52–84.
10. Alessandro Brogi, Confronting America: The Cold War Between the United States and the Communists in France and Italy (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2011), 116.
11. Raymond Aron, The Opium of the Intellectuals (New York: Transaction, 2011 [1955]), 55.
12. Entry for 8 August 1947, in Georgi Dimitrov, The Diary of Georgi Dimitrov, 1933–1949, ed. Ivo Banac (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2008), 422.
13. “The Situation of the Writer in 1947,” in Jean Paul Sartre, What Is Literature? (Charleston, SC: Nabu Press, 2011 [1947]), 225.
14. Thomas Assheuer and Hans Sarkowicz, Rechtsradikale in Deutschland: die alte und die neue Rechte [Right-wing Radicals in Germany: The Old and the New Right] (Munich: Beck, 1990), 112.
15. Willy Brandt, My Road to Berlin (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1960), 184–98.
16. Quoted in Lawrence S. Kaplan, NATO 1948: The Birth of the Transatlantic Alliance (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2007), 208.
17. Togliatti speech, 12 March 1949, Royal Institute of International Affairs, ed., Documents on International Affairs 1949–50, 254–56.
18. The Papers of General Lucius D. Clay: Germany, 1945–1949, ed. Jean Edward Smith (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1974), 568–69.
19. Senator Joseph McCarthy speech, 9 February 1950, in William T. Walker, ed., McCarthyism and the Red Scare: A Reference Guide (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2011), 137–42.
20. Amir Weiner, “Saving Private Ivan: From What, Why, and How?,” Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History 1, no. 2 (2000): 305–36; Amir Weiner, “The Empires Pay a Visit: Gulag Returnees, East European Rebellions, and Soviet Frontier Politics,” Journal of Modern History78, no. 2 (2006): 333–76; and Elena Zubkova, Russia After the War: Hopes, Illusions and Disappointments, 1945–1957 (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1998), 106.
21. Dimitrov, Diary of Georgi Dimitrov, 1933–1949, 414.
22. Ibid., 437.
23. Mark Harrison, “The Soviet Union after 1945: Economic Recovery and Political Repression,” Past & Present 210, no. 6 (2011): 103–20; Vladimir Popov, “Life Cycle of the Centrally Planned Economy: Why Soviet Growth Rates Peaked in the 1950s,” CEFIR/NES Working Paper Series (Moscow: Centre for Economic and Financial Research at the New Economic School, 2010).
CHAPTER 5: NEW ASIA
1. Quoted in Mark Gayn, Japan Diary (New York: W. Sloane Associates, 1948), 227.
2. “Basic Initial Post-Surrender Directive,” August 1945, Political Reorientation of Japan. Report of the Government Section, Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers, vol. 2 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1949), appendix A, 423–26.
3. Quoted in Gayn, Japan Diary, 231.
4. George Kennan, “Recommendations with Respect to U.S. Policy Toward Japan,” 25 March 1948, FRUS 1948, 6:692.
5. Security Treaty Between the United States of America and Japan. Treaties and Other International Acts Series, 2491 N (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1952).
6. Quoted in Odd Arne Westad, Decisive Encounters: The Chinese Civil War, 1946–1950 (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2003), 160.
7. Record of conversation, Mikoyan—Mao Zedong, 5 February 1949 (Xibaipo), Arkhiv Prezidenta Rossiiskoi Federatsii [Archives of the President of the Russian Federation] (hereafter APRF), fond 39, opis 1, delo 39, p. 71.
8. Frank Dikötter, The Tragedy of Liberation: A History of the Chinese Revolution, 1945–57 (London: Bloomsbury, 2014), 100.
9. Among them was the seventy-four-year-old businessman and philanthropist Tan Kah Kee (Chen Jiageng), whose rubber plantations and steel mills had made him the richest man in southeast Asia. See Lim Jin Li, “New China and Its Qiaowu: The Political Economy of Overseas Chinese Policy in the People’s Republic of China, 1949–1959,” PhD thesis, London School of Economics, 2016.
10. Quoted in V. N. Khanna, Foreign Policy of India, 6th ed. (New Delhi: Vikas, 2007), 112.
11. Le Figaro, 5 January 1950.
12. E. E. Spalding, The First Cold Warrior: Harry Truman, Containment, and the Remaking of Liberal Internationalism (Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky, 2007), 181.
13. NSC 68: “United States Objectives and Programs for National Security: A Report to the President,” 7 April 1950, FRUS 1950, 1:260.
14. Jonathan Bell, The Liberal State on Trial: The Cold War and American Politics in the Truman Years (New York: Columbia University Press, 2013), 92.
15. The Wall Street Journal, 8 August 1949.
16. The best overview is Fredrik Logevall, Embers of War: The Fall of an Empire and the Making of America’s Vietnam (New York: Random House, 2012).
17. Eisenhower to Hazlett, 27 April 1954, in The Papers of Dwight D. Eisenhower (Baltimore, MA: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), 15:1044.
18. Eisenhower news conference, 7 April 1954, in FRUS 1952–1954, vol. 8, part 1, 1281.
19. Quoted in Robert Beisner, Dean Acheson: A Life in the Cold War (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), 217.
20. Berry to Matthews, 8 February 1952, FRUS 1952–1954, vol. 11, part 2, 1634.
21. Diary entry for 21 July 1947, Harry S. Truman diary, Truman Library, at http://www.trumanlibrary. org/diary/page21.htm.
22. Quoted in J. Philipp Rosenberg, “The Cheshire Ultimatum: Truman’s Message to Stalin in the 1946 Azerbaijan Crisis,” Journal of Politics 41, no. 3 (1979): 933–40.
23. Stalin to Pishevari (Democratic Party of Azerbaijian), 8 May 1946, Arkhiv vneshnei politiki Rossiiskoi Federatsii [Foreign Policy Archive of the Russian Federation] (hereafter AVPRF), f. 06, op. 7, pa. 34, d. 544, pp. 8–9.
24. Gabriel Gorodetsky, “The Soviet Union’s Role in the Creation of the State of Israel,” Journal of Israeli History 22, no. 1 (2003): 4–20.
25. Jawaharlal Nehru, The Discovery of India (Calcutta: Signet Press, 1948), 12–13.
26. Ibid.
27. Eisenhower notes, 29 April 1950, The Papers of Dwight D. Eisenhower (Baltimore, MA: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1981), 11:1092.
CHAPTER 6: KOREAN TRAGEDY
1. Quoted in Young Ick Lew, The Making of the First Korean President: Syngman Rhee’s Quest for Independence, 1875–1948 (Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 2014), 194.
2. Rhee to US State Department, 5 June 1945, quoted in Young Ick Lew, The Making of the First Korean President, 232.
3. Quoted in Vladimir Tikhonov, Modern Korea and Its Others: Perceptions of the Neighbouring Countries and Korean Modernity (London: Routledge, 2015), 21.
4. Instructions for ambassador in Korea (Shtykov), 24 September 1949, AVPRF, f. 059a, op. 5a, pa. 11, d. 3, p. 76.
5. The best overview is still Chen Jian, China’s Road to the Korean War: The Making of the Sino-American Confrontation (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994).
6. Shen Zhihua, Mao Zedong, Sidalin yu Han zhan: ZhongSu zuigao jimi dangan [Mao Zedong, Stalin, and the Korean War: Top Secret Chinese and Soviet Archives] (Hong Kong: Tiandi, 1998), 130.
7. Stalin to Mao Zedong, 1 October 1950, APRF, f. 45, op. 1, d. 334, pp. 99–103.
8. Mao Zedong to Stalin, 2 October 1950, APRF, f. 45, op. 1, d. 334, pp. 105–6.
9. Stalin to Mao Zedong, 5 October 1950, quoted in Stalin to Kim Il-sung, 7 October 1950, APRF, f. 45, op. 1, d. 347, pp. 65–67.
10. Quoted in “Historical Notes: Giving Them More Hell,” Time, 3 December 1973.
11. Stalin to Mao Zedong, 5 June 1951, APRF, f. 45, op. 1, d. 339, pp. 17–18.
12. Quoted in Hajimu Masuda, Cold War Crucible: The Korean Conflict and the Postwar World (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2015), 85.
13. Radio and Television Report to the American People on the National Emergency, 15 December 1950, Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States. Harry S. Truman. Containing the Public Messages, Speeches, and Statements of the President, January 1 to December 31, 1950(Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office, 1965) (hereafter only PPP [president, year]), 741.
14. De Gaulle in Le Monde, 13 July 1950.
15. Quoted from Richard Peters and Xiaobing Li, eds., Voices from the Korean War: Personal Stories of American, Korean, and Chinese Soldiers (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2014), 184.
16. Marguerite Higgins, “Reds in Seoul Forcing G.I.s to Blast City Apart,” New York Herald Tribune, 25 September 1950.
17. Quoted from Peters and Li, Voices from the Korean War, 245.
18. Steven Casey, Selling the Korean War: Propaganda, Politics, and Public Opinion in the United States, 1950–1953 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010), 205–6.
19. Jim G. Lucas, “One Misstep Spells Death in Korea, New York World-Telegram, 7 January 1953.
20. See Byoung-Lo Philo Kim, Two Koreas in Development: A Comparative Study of Principles and Strategies of Capitalist and Communist Third World Development (New York: Transaction, 1995), 168.
CHAPTER 7: EASTERN SPHERES
1. For reasons of space, I have not been able to explore the fate of Albanian Communism in this book. I refer readers who are interested to Elidor Mëhilli’s excellent book From Stalin to Mao: Albania and the Socialist World (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2017).
2. Martin Mevius, Agents of Moscow: The Hungarian Communist Party and the Origins of Socialist Patriotism 1941–1953 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), 81.
3. The British philosopher Isaiah Berlin commented: “And then to destruction, blood—eggs are broken, but the omelette is not in sight, there is only an infinite number of eggs, human lives, ready for the breaking. And in the end the passionate idealists forget the omelette, and just go on breaking eggs.” “A Message to the 21st Century,” The New York Review of Books, 23 October 2014.
4. The big exception was Poland, where the figure was never greater than 63 percent.
5. Otto Grotewohl, Im Kampf um die einige Deutsche Demokratische Republik. Reden und Aufsätze [In Battle for the United German Democratic Republic: Speeches and Publications], vol. 1 (Berlin: Dietz, 1954), 510.
6. Stefan Doernberg and Deutsches Institut für Zeitgeschichte, Kurze Geschichte der DDR [Short History of the GDR] (Berlin: Dietz, 1968), 239, 241.
7. “Die Lösung” [The Solution], Bertolt Brecht, in Gedichte [Poems], vol. 7 (Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1964), 9.
8. Michael Parrish, The Lesser Terror: Soviet State Security, 1939–1953 (Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1996), 270.
9. Quoted in Miriam Dobson, Khrushchev’s Cold Summer: Gulag Returnees, Crime, and the Fate of Reform After Stalin (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2009), 30.
10. Quoted in William Taubman, Khrushchev: The Man and His Era (New York: Norton, 2003), 242.
11. Quoted in Alexander V. Pantsov and Steven I. Levine, Mao: The Real Story (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2012), 409.
12. See Csaba Békés, “East Central Europe, 1953–1956,” in The Cambridge History of the Cold War, ed. Melvyn P. Leffler and Odd Arne Westad, vol. 1 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010), 334–52.
13. See Laurien Crump, The Warsaw Pact Reconsidered: International Relations in Eastern Europe, 1955–1969 (New York: Routledge, 2015).
14. The best overviews of Soviet foreign policy are Vladislav Zubok, A Failed Empire: The Soviet Union in the Cold War from Stalin to Gorbachev (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2007), and Jonathan Haslam, Russia’s Cold War : From the October Revolution to the Fall of the Wall (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2011).
15. For a Lasting Peace, for a People’s Democracy!, no. 41 (1951): 1–4.
16. Radio Free Europe background report, 6 June 1958, quoting the Yugoslav paper Slovenski poročevalec, 72–4-242, RFE Collection, Open Society Archives, Budapest.
17. See Svetozar Rajak, Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union in the Early Cold War: Reconciliation, Comradeship, Confrontation, 1953–57 (London: Routledge, 2011).
18. Transcript of CPSU Central Committee Plenum, 12 July 1955, f.2, op.1, d.176, pp. 282–95, Russian State Archive of Contemporary History (hereafter RGANI).
19. Khrushchev’s full speech is entered into [US] Congressional Record: Proceedings and Debates of the 84th Congress, 2nd Session (May 22, 1956–June 11, 1956), C11, Part 7 (June 4, 1956), 9389–403.
20. Record of Conversation, Mao Zedong–Pavel Iudin, 31 March 1956, AVPRF, f. 0100, op. 49, pa. 410, d. 9, pp. 87–98.
21. “Gomułka’s Notes from the 19–20 October [1956] Polish-Soviet Talks,” 19 October 1956, Cold War International History Project Digital Archives, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, (hereafter CWIHP-DA), http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/116002.
22. Sándor Petőfi, “The Nemzeti Dal” [National Song], 1848, trans. Laszlo Korossy, http://laszlokorossy.net/magyar/nemzetidal.html.
23. “Account of a Meeting at the CPSU CC, on the Situation in Poland and Hungary,” 24 October 1956, CWIHP-DA, http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/112196.
24. Quoted in Békés, “East Central Europe, 1953–1956,” 350.
25. John Sadovy, quoted in Carl Mydans and Shelley Mydans, The Violent Peace (New York: Atheneum, 1968), 194.
26. Ibid.
27. Csaba Békés, “The 1956 Hungarian Revolution and the Declaration of Neutrality,” Cold War History 6, no. 4 (2006): 477–500.
28. Quoted in Paul Lendvai, One Day That Shook the Communist World: The 1956 Hungarian Uprising and Its Legacy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2010), 152.
29. Leonid Brezhnev, Tselina [Virgin Lands] (Moscow: Politizdat, 1978), 12.
30. Roald Sagdeev, The Making of a Soviet Scientist: My Adventures in Nuclear Fusion and Space from Stalin to Star Wars (New York: Wiley, 1994), 286.
CHAPTER 8: THE MAKING OF THE WEST
1. Tom Lehrer, “MLF Lullaby,” on That Was the Year That Was, 1965 recording, at http://www.metrolyrics.com/mlf-lullaby-lyrics-tom-lehrer.html.
2. The Schuman Declaration (Brussels: European Commission, 2015), 17.
3. 20 September 1949: Regierungserklärung des Bundeskanzlers vor dem Deutschen Bundestag [Government Policy Statement to the German Parliament], http://www.konrad-adenauer.de/dokumente/erklarungen/regierungserklarung.
4. De Gaulle radio broadcast 19 April 1963, in Charles de Gaulle, Discours et messages (Paris: Plon, 1970), 4:95.
5. Quoted in Giovanni Arrighi, “The World Economy and the Cold War, 1970–1990,” in The Cambridge History of the Cold War, ed. Melvyn P. Leffler and Odd Arne Westad (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010), 3:23–44.
6. John Foster Dulles speech at the Council on Foreign Relations, in State Department Bulletin, vol. 30, no. 761, 25 January 1954, 107–10.
7. James C. Hagerty, diary entry for 25 February 1954, James C. Hagerty Papers, box 1, January 1–April 6, 1954, Dwight D. Eisenhower Library, Abilene, Kansas (hereafter Eisenhower Library).
8. Quoted in Thomas Borstelmann, The Cold War and the Color Line: American Race Relations in the Global Arena (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009), 90.
9. Remarks of Senator John F. Kennedy in the Senate, 14 August 1958, John F. Kennedy Library, Boston, MA (hereafter Kennedy Library), https://www.jfklibrary.org/Research/Research-Aids/JFK-Speeches/United-States-Senate-Military-Power_19580814.aspx.
10. Churchill to Eisenhower, 13 April 1953, FRUS 1952–54, vol. 6, part 1, 973.
11. Memorandum for the record of the President’s dinner, President’s villa, Geneva, 18 July 1955, FRUS 1955–1957, 5:376.
12. Memorandum of Conference with President Eisenhower, 3 January 1961, FRUS 1961–1963, 24:5.
13. Quoted in Fred I. Greenstein and Richard H. Immerman, “What Did Eisenhower Tell Kennedy about Indochina? The Politics of Misperception,” Journal of American History 79, no. 2 (1992): 576.
14. Memorandum of Cabinet Meeting, 19 January 1961, FRUS 1961–1963, 24:21.
CHAPTER 9: CHINA’S SCOURGE
1. See R. J. Rummel, Death by Government, at http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/NOTE1.HTM.
2. The best overview is Niu Jun, LengZhan yu xin Zhongguo waijiao de yuanqi (1949–1955) [The Cold War and the Origins of New China’s Foreign Policy, 1949–1955] (Beijing: Shehui kexue wenxian, 2012).
3. See Frederick C. Teiwes and Warren Sun, The Politics of Agricultural Cooperativization in China: Mao, Deng Zihui, and the “High Tide” of 1955 (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1993).
4. Quoted in Zhu Dandan, “The Double Crisis: China and the Hungarian Revolution of 1956” (PhD thesis, LSE, 2009), 181. See also her 1956: Mao’s China and the Hungarian Crisis, Cornell East Asia Series, vol. 170 (Ithaca, NY: East Asia Program, Cornell University, 2013).
5. Zhihua Shen and Yafeng Xia, “The Great Leap Forward, the People’s Commune and the Sino-Soviet Split,” Journal of Contemporary China 20, no. 72 (2011): 865.
6. See the harrowing accounts in Yang Jisheng, Tombstone: The Great Chinese Famine, 1958–1962 (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2012).
7. Quoted in Zhihua Shen and Yafeng Xia, Mao and the Sino–Soviet Partnership, 1945–1959: A New History (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2015), 289.
8. Shen and Xia, “The Great Leap Forward, the People’s Commune and the Sino-Soviet Split,” 868, 874.
9. Record of conversation, Mao Zedong–Pavel Iudin, 22 July 1958, in Odd Arne Westad, ed., Brothers in Arms: The Rise and Fall of the Sino-Soviet Alliance, 1945–1963 (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2000), 348.
10. Mao quoted in Westad, Brothers in Arms, 23.
11. Record of conversation, Mao Zedong–N.S. Khrushchev, 2 July 1959, APRF, f. 52, op. 1, d. 499, pp. 1–33.
12. Mao notes, quoted in Westad, Brothers in Arms, 24.
13. Mao Zedong, “A lu shih” [Winter Clouds], 26 December 1962, at Marxist Internet Archive, https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/selected-works/poems/poems33.htm.
14. Quoted in Jeremy Friedman, Shadow Cold War: The Sino-Soviet Competition for the Third World (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2015), 170.
15. Record of conversation, Mao-Khrushchev, 2 October 1959, CWIHP-DA, http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/112088.
16. Niu Jun, 1962: The Eve of the Left Turn in China’s Foreign Policy, Cold War International History Project Working Paper 48 (Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center, 2005), 33.
17. Quoted in Dong Wang, “From Enmity to Rapprochement: Grand Strategy, Power Politics, and U.S.-China Relations, 1961–1974” (PhD dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles, 2007), 201.
18. “Mao zhuxi de tanhua 21/12/1965 yu Hangzhou” [Chairman Mao’s Speech at Hangzhou 21 December 1965], mimeograph copy in author’s possession.
19. Quoted in Roderick MacFarquhar and Michael Schoenhals, Mao’s Last Revolution (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2006), 47.
20. Quoted in Michael Schoenhals, ed., China’s Cultural Revolution, 1966–1969: Not a Dinner Party (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1996), 106.
21. See Donald S. Sutton, “Consuming Counterrevolution: The Ritual and Culture of Cannibalism in Wuxuan, Guangxi, China, May to July 1968,” Comparative Studies in Society and History 37, no. 1 (1995): 136–72.
22. “The DPRK Attitude Toward the So-Called ‘Cultural Revolution’ in China,” 7 March 1967, CWIHP-DA, http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/114570.
23. Quoted in Yang Kuisong, “The Sino-Soviet Border Clash of 1969: From Zhenbao Island to Sino-American Rapprochement,” Cold War History 1, no. 1 (2000): 23.
24. Quoted in MacFarquhar and Schoenhals, Mao’s Last Revolution, 335.
25. Klassekampen [newspaper], 19 September 1973.
CHAPTER 10: BREAKING EMPIRES
1. Quoted in William Roger Louis and Judith Brown, The Oxford History of the British Empire, Volume IV: The Twentieth Century (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), 331.
2. Quoted in Louis and Brown, Oxford History of the British Empire, 4:350.
3. Quoted in Ebrahim Norouzi, The Mossadegh Project, 11 October 2011, http://www.mohammadmossadegh.com/biography/tudeh/.
4. Africa-Asia Speaks from Bandung (Jakarta: Indonesian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 1955), 19–29.
5. Discours de Gamal Abdel Nasser, 26 juillet 1956, in La Documentation française, eds., “Notes et études documentaires: Écrits et Discours du colonel Nasser,” 20.08.1956, no. 2.206 (Paris: La Documentation française, 1956), 16–21.
6. Quoted in Donald Neff, Warriors at Suez: Eisenhower Takes America into the Middle East (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1981), 376.
7. The Egyptian embassy in Washington had been kept well informed about US thinking; see Egyptian Embassy Washington to Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 17 August 1956, 0078-032203-0034, National Archives of Egypt, Cairo.
8. Eisenhower televised address, 20 February 1957, Public Papers of the Presidents: Dwight D. Eisenhower, 1957, pp. 151–52.
9. Prime Minister’s Lok Sabha speech, 19 November 1956, Selected Works of Jawaharlal Nehru (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2006), 2nd series, 35:362.
10. Prime Minister’s Lok Sabha speech, 20 November 1956, Selected Works of Jawaharlal Nehru, 2nd series, 35:372.
11. Quoted in Jean-Pierre Vernant, Passé et présent: contributions à une psychologie historique (Rome: Edizioni di Storia e Letteratura, 1995), 1:112.
12. Aimé Césaire’s letter to Maurice Thorez, 24 October 1956, Social Text 103, vol. 28, no. 2 (2010): 148.
13. NSC 5910/1, “Statement of U.S. policy on France,” 4 November 1959, FRUS 1958–1960, volume 7, part 2.
14. Quoted in J. Ayodele Langley, Ideologies of Liberation in Black Africa, 1856–1970: Documents on Modern African Political Thought from Colonial Times to the Present (London: R. Collings, 1979), 25–26.
15. Lenin note, 30 December 1922, Lenin: Collected Works (Moscow: Progress, 1970), 36:593–611.
16. “Khrushchev Report on Moscow Conference, 6 January 1961,” USSR: Khrushchev reports, 1961, Countries, President’s Office Files, Presidential Papers, Papers of John F. Kennedy, Kennedy Library.
17. KPS Menon to Ministry of External Affairs, 24 February 1956, MEA 26(22)Eur/56(Secret), p. 8, National Archives of India, New Delhi.
18. Memorandum of Discussion at the 452d Meeting of the National Security Council, 21 July 1960, FRUS 1958–1960, vol. 14:339.
19. Speech at the opening of the All-African Conference in Leopoldville, 25 August 1960, Patrice Lumumba: Fighter for Africa’s Freedom (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1961), 19–25.
20. Khrushchev to Lumumba, 15 July 1960, in Vladimir Brykin, ed., SSSR i strany Afriki, 1946–1962 gg. : dokumenty i materialy [The USSR and African Countries, 1946–1962: Documents and Materials] (Moscow: Gosudarstvennoe izdatel’stvo politicheskoi i nauchnoi literatury, 1963), 1:562.
21. “Sukarno, 1 September 1961,” Non-Aligned Nations summit meeting, Belgrade, 1961, Subjects, President’s Office Files, Presidential Papers, Papers of John F. Kennedy, Kennedy Library.
CHAPTER 11: KENNEDY’S CONTINGENCIES
1. Eisenhower televised address, 17 January 1961, Public Papers of the Presidents: Dwight D. Eisenhower 1960–1961, 421.
2. John F. Kennedy inaugural address, 20 January 1961, Public Papers of the Presidents: John F. Kennedy 1961, 1–2.
3. Robert F. Kennedy Oral History Interview, JFK #1, John F. Kennedy Library.
4. James A. Yunker, Common Progress: The Case for a World Economic Equalization Program (Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2000), 37.
5. Statement by the President, 1 March 1961, Public Papers of the Presidents: John F. Kennedy 1961, 135.
6. Memorandum of Conference with President Kennedy, 25 January 1961, FRUS 1961–1963, 24:43.
7. Record of Meeting of Comrade N. S. Khrushchev with Comrade W. Ulbricht, 30 November 1960, CWIHP-DA, http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/112352.
8. Quoted in William Taubman, Khrushchev: The Man and His Era (New York: Norton, 2003), 488.
9. Kennedy-Khrushchev meeting, Vienna, 3 June 1961, FRUS 1961–1963, 5:184.
10. Kennedy-Khrushchev meeting, Vienna, 4 June 1961, FRUS 1961–1963, 5:230.
11. Quoted in Taubman, Khrushchev, 500.
12. Ibid., 503.
13. Ibid., 505.
14. Quoted in Helen Pidd, “Berlin Wall 50 Years on: Families Divided, Loved Ones Lost,” The Guardian, 12 August 2011.
15. Brandt speech, 13 August 1961, Chronik der Mauer, http://www.chronik-der-mauer.de.
16. “Rough Notes from a Conversation (Gromyko, Khrushchev and Gomulka) on the International Situation, [October 1961],” CWIHP-DA, http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/112004.
17. 16 October 1961 (mobile loudspeaker stations), Chronik der Mauer, http://www.chronik-der-mauer.de.
18. Quoted in Michael Beschloss, The Crisis Years: Kennedy and Khrushchev, 1960–1963 (New York: Edward Burlingame Books, 1991), 278.
19. Quoted in Marc Trachtenberg, A Constructed Peace: The Making of the European Settlement, 1945–1963 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1999), 334.
20. Quoted in Leycester Coltman, The Real Fidel Castro (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2003), 39.
21. Ed Cony, “A Chat on a Train: Dr. Castro Describes His Plans for Cuba,” Wall Street Journal, 22 April 1959.
22. Speech by Premier Fidel Castro at mass rally in Havana, 27 October 1959, Castro Speech Database, http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/castro/db/1959/19591027.html.
23. Quoted in Christopher M. Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin, The World Was Going Our Way: The KGB and the Battle for the Third World (New York: Basic Books, 2005), 36.
24. 7 October 1960 Debate Transcript, Commission on Presidential Debates, http://www.debates.org/index.php?page=october-7–1960-debate-transcript.
25. Quoted in Christopher M. Andrew, For the President’s Eyes Only: Secret Intelligence and the American Presidency from Washington to Bush (New York: HarperCollins, 1995), 259.
26. Castro Interrogates Invasion Prisoners, 27 April 1961, Castro Speeches Database, http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/castro/db/1961/19610427.html.
27. Conversation with Commandante Ernesto Guevara, 22 August 1961, National Security Archive Digital Archive (hereafter NSA-DA), https://nsarchive.wordpress.com/2012/02/03/document-friday-che-guevara-thanks-the-united-states-for-the-bay-of-pigs-invasion/.
28. Castro Denounces US Aggression, 23 April 1961, Castro Speeches Database, http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/castro/db/1961/19610423.html.
29. Hugh Sidey, “The Lesson John Kennedy Learned from the Bay of Pigs,” Time, 16 April 2001.
30. Memorandum from the Attorney General (Kennedy) to President Kennedy, 19 April 1961, FRUS 1961–1963, 10:304.
31. Quoted in Muhammad Haykal, The Sphinx and the Commissar: The Rise and Fall of Soviet Influence in the Middle East (New York: Harper & Row, 1978), 98.
32. Quoted in Taubman, Khrushchev, 541.
33. Record of conversation, Kennedy–Gromyko, 18 October 1962, FRUS 1961–1963, 11:112.
34. Kennedy televised address, 22 October 1962, Public Papers of the Presidents: John F. Kennedy 1962, 808.
35. Adlai Stevenson Addresses the United Nations Security Council, 22 October 1962, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xgR8NjNw__I.
36. Interview with Walter Cronkite, CNN Cold War series, episode 10 (“Cuba 1959–1962”), http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/coldwar/interviews/episode-10/cronkite1.html.
37. Castro to Khrushchev, quoted at John F. Kennedy Library website, http://microsites.jfklibrary.org/cmc/oct26/doc2.html.
38. McNamara, CNN Cold War series, episode 10 (“Cuba 1959–1962”).
39. Castro, CNN Cold War series, episode 10 (“Cuba 1959–1962”).
40. Elsewhere, even Third World radicals hoped for more stable relations between the USSR and the United States in the wake of the missile crisis. See, for instance, Ministry of Foreign Affairs report 18 December 1962, 078–048418–0010, National Archives of Egypt, Cairo.
41. Kennedy address at the University of Maine, 19 October 1963, Public Papers of the Presidents: John F. Kennedy 1963, 797.
42. Declassified Penkovskii materials, CIA Library, http://www.foia.cia.gov/sites/default/files/document_conversions/89801/DOC_0000012267.pdf.
43. Grimes, CNN Cold War series, episode 21 (“Spies 1944–1994”).
44. Record of the 508th Meeting of the National Security Council, 22 January 1963, FRUS 1961_1963, 8:462.
CHAPTER 12: ENCOUNTERING VIETNAM
1. The best overview is Christopher Goscha, Vietnam: A New History (New York: Basic Books, 2016).
2. Le Duan, “Duong loi cach mang mien Nam” [The Path of Revolution in the South], circa 1956, http://vi.uh.edu/pages/buzzmat/southrevo.htm.
3. Quoted in Robert D. Dean, “An Assertion of Manhood,” in Light at the End of the Tunnel: A Vietnam War Anthology, ed. Andrew J. Rotter, 3rd ed. (Rowman & Littlefield, 2010), 367.
4. Quoted in Michael Beschloss, ed., Taking Charge: The Johnson White House Tapes, 1963–1964 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1998), 401–3.
5. Quoted in Andrew Preston, The War Council: McGeorge Bundy, the NSC, and Vietnam (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006), 163.
6. Quoted in David E. Kaiser, American Tragedy: Kennedy, Johnson, and the Origins of the Vietnam War (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2000), 361.
7. Joint Resolution of Congress H.J. RES 1145 7 August 1964, http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/tonkin-g.asp.
8. Record of conversation, Zhou Enlai and Pham Van Dong et al., 23 August 1966, Odd Arne Westad et al., eds., 77 Conversations Between Chinese and Foreign Leaders on the Wars in Indochina, 1964–1977 (Working Paper 22, Washington, DC: Cold War International History Project, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, 1998), 97.
9. Special message to Congress on foreign aid, 19 March 1964, Public Papers of the Presidents: Lyndon B. Johnson 1963–1964, 393.
10. Kwame Nkrumah, Neo-Colonialism: The Last Stage of Imperialism (New York: International Publishers, 1965), 247.
11. Intelligence Memorandum Prepared in the Central Intelligence Agency, 19 June 1965, FRUS 1964–1968, 24:42.
12. Record of telephone conversation, Johnson and Walter Reuther (UAW president), 24 November 1964, tape number 6474, Lyndon B. Johnson Presidential Library, Austin, Texas (hereafter Johnson Library).
13. Robert Komer, “Talking Points (Preparation for McGeorge Bundy talk with Senator Dodds),” 31 August 1965, box 85, Congo, Africa, Country File, NSC, Presidential Papers, Johnson Library.
14. Quoted in Matthew Jones, “‘Maximum Disavowable Aid’: Britain, the United States and the Indonesian Rebellion, 1957–58,” The English Historical Review 114, no. 459 (1999): 1192.
15. Quoted in Robert Cribb, “The Indonesian Massacres,” in Century of Genocide: Critical Essays and Eyewitness Accounts, ed. Samuel Totten, William S. Parsons, and Israel W. Charny, 2nd ed. (New York: Routledge, 2004), 252.
16. See Michael Wines, “CIA Tie Asserted in Indonesia Purge,” New York Times, 12 July 1990, and John Prados, Lost Crusader: The Secret Wars of CIA Director William Colby (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003), 156.
17. Memorandum from the President’s Deputy Special Assistant for National Security Affairs (Komer) to President Johnson, 12 March 1966, FRUS 1964–1968, 26:418.
18. Quoted in Taomo Zhou, “China and the Thirtieth of September Movement,” Indonesia 98, no. 1 (2014): 29–58, quote on p. 53–54.
19. Eric Gettig, “‘Trouble Ahead in Afro-Asia’: The United States, the Second Bandung Conference, and the Struggle for the Third World, 1964–1965,” Diplomatic History 39, no. 1 (2015): 126–56, quote on pp. 150.
20. Memorandum From the President’s Acting Special Assistant for National Security Affairs (Komer) to President Johnson 12 March 1966, FRUS 1964–1968, 26:457–58.
21. Memorandum from Secretary of State Rusk to President Johnson, April 1966, FRUS 1964–1968, vol. 4:365.
22. Record of Conversation, Mao Zedong and Pham Van Dong, Vo Nguyen Giap, 11 April 1967, Westad et al., 77 Conversations Between Chinese and Foreign Leaders on the Wars in Indochina, 1964–1977, 102.
23. Nicholas Khoo, Collateral Damage: Sino-Soviet Rivalry and the Termination of the Sino-Vietnamese Alliance (New York: Columbia University Press, 2011), 87.
24. Cronkite’s editorial on the Vietnam War, February 1968, CBS News, http://www.cbsnews.com/news/highlights-of-some-cronkite-broadcasts/.
25. Quoted in Krishnadev Calamur, “Muhammad Ali and Vietnam,” The Atlantic, 4 June 2016.
26. Martin Luther King Jr., “Beyond Vietnam,” 4 April 1967, in A Call to Conscience: The Landmark Speeches of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., ed. Clayborne Carson and Kris Shepard (New York: Warner Books, 2001), 133–40.
27. Charles de Gaulle, Speech in Phnom Penh, 1 September 1966, Fondation Charles de Gaulle, http://www.charles-de-gaulle.org/pages/l-homme/accueil/discours/le-president-de-la-cinquieme-republique-1958–1969/discours-de-phnom-penh-1er-septembre-1966.php.
28. Quoted in Robert David Johnson, Lyndon Johnson and Israel: The Secret Presidential Recordings, Research Paper, no. 3 (Tel Aviv: S. Daniel Abraham Center for International and Regional Studies, Tel Aviv University, 2008), 33.
29. Quoted in Thomas Borstelmann, The Cold War and the Color Line: American Race Relations in the Global Arena (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009), 182.
30. Quoted in Borstelmann, The Cold War and the Color Line, 173.
CHAPTER 13: THE COLD WAR AND LATIN AMERICA
1. Christina Godoy-Navarrete, quoted in Kim Sengupta, “Victims of Pinochet’s Police Prepare to Reveal Details of Rape and Torture,” The Independent (London), 9 November 1998.
2. Quoted in Walter LaFeber, The American Search for Opportunity, 1815–1913 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), 9.
3. See Gilbert M. Joseph and Daniela Spenser, eds., In From the Cold: Latin America’s New Encounter with the Cold War (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2007), 20.
4. See Eric Zolov, “Expanding Our Conceptual Horizons: The Shift from an Old to a New Left in Latin America,” A Contra Corriente 5, no. 2 (n.d.): 47–73.
5. La Prensa, 13 January 1927.
6. Memorandum by the Counselor of the Department (Kennan) to the Secretary of State, 29 March 1950, FRUS 1950, 2:598–624. As John Lewis Gaddis points out in George F. Kennan: An American Life (New York: Penguin, 2011), 386, there is little evidence that Kennan’s recommendations on Latin America influenced US policy. But his summing up of the situation undoubtedly reflected much of the concerns in Washington at the time.
7. Excerpt from the diary of James C. Hagerty, Press Secretary to the President, 26 April 1954, FRUS 1952–1954, 4:1102.
8. Quoted in Piero Gleijeses, Shattered Hope: The Guatemalan Revolution and the United States, 1944–1954 (Princeton University Press, 1992), 4.
9. Quoted in Max Paul Friedman, “Fracas in Caracas: Latin American Diplomatic Resistance to United States Intervention in Guatemala in 1954,” Diplomacy & Statecraft 21, no. 4 (2010): 681.
10. Quoted in Friedman, “Fracas in Caracas,” 679.
11. “Interamerican Tension Mounting at Caracas,” New York Times, 7 March 1954.
12. Quoted in Friedman, “Fracas in Caracas,” 672.
13. James C. Hagerty Diary, 24 June 1954, Box 1, Hagerty Papers, Dwight D. Eisenhower Library, Abilene, Kansas.
14. Address at a reception for the diplomatic corps of the Latin American republics, 13 March 1961, Public Papers of the Presidents: John F. Kennedy 1961, 172.
15. See Francisco H. G. Ferreira and Julie A. Litchfield, “The Rise and Fall of Brazilian Inequality, 1981–2004” (Policy Research Working Paper Series, The World Bank, 2006).
16. Quoted in Robert M. Levine, The History of Brazil (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003), 126.
17. Recording of telephone conversation between Lyndon B. Johnson, George Ball, and Thomas Mann, 31 March 1964, tape number 2718, Johnson Library.
18. Quoted in James Dunkerley, Warriors and Scribes: Essays on the History and Politics of Latin America (London: Verso, 2000), 4.
19. Quoted in Jon Lee Anderson, Che Guevara: A Revolutionary Life (New York: Grove Press, 1997), 768.
20. Quoted in David Rock, Authoritarian Argentina: The Nationalist Movement, Its History and Its Impact (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993), 218.
21. Quoted in Paul H. Lewis, Guerrillas and Generals: The “Dirty War” in Argentina (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2001), 51.
22. Allende, “First Annual Message to the National Congress, 21 May 1971,” James D. Cockcroft and Jane Canning, eds., Salvador Allende Reader (New York: Ocean Press, 2000), 96.
23. 22 August 1973 resolution in Chilean Chamber of Deputies, La Nacion (Santiago), 25 August 1973.
24. Quoted in Tanya Harmer, Allende’s Chile and the Inter-American Cold War (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2011), 63.
25. Notes on Meeting with the President on Chile, 15 September 1970, NSA-DA, http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB8/nsaebb8i.htm.
26. Comisión Nacional Sobre Prisón Politica y Tortura, http://www.indh.cl/informacion-comision-valech.
27. Róbinson Rojas Sandford, The Murder of Allende and the End of the Chilean Way to Socialism (New York: Harper & Row, 1976), 208.
28. Federico Finchelstein, The Ideological Origins of the Dirty War: Fascism, Populism, and Dictatorship in Twentieth Century Argentina (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014), 152.
29. Christopher M. Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin, The World Was Going Our Way: The KGB and the Battle for the Third World (New York: Basic Books, 2005), 78.
30. Quoted in Renata Keller, Mexico’s Cold War: Cuba, the United States, and the Legacy of the Mexican Revolution, Cambridge Studies in US Foreign Relations (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015), 211.
31. Quoted in Keller, Mexico’s Cold War, 223.
32. Some did move from one position to the other. José Mujica, a former urban guerrilla who became president of Uruguay, concluded that “it’s one thing to overturn a government or block the streets. But it’s a different matter altogether to create and build a better society, one that needs organization, discipline, and long-term work. Let’s not confuse the two.” Krishna Andavolu, “Uruguay and Its Ex-Terrorist Head of State May Hold the Key to Ending the Global Drug War,” Vice, 9 May 2014, http://www.vice.com/read/president-chill-jose-pepe-mujica-uruguay-0000323-v21n5.
CHAPTER 14: THE AGE OF BREZHNEV
1. Quoted in Melvyn P. Leffler, For the Soul of Mankind: The United States, the Soviet Union, and the Cold War (New York: Hill & Wang, 2008), 247.
2. Record of conversation, Brezhnev and Kissinger, 24 October 1974, William Burr, ed., Kissinger Transcripts: The Top Secret Talks with Beijing and Moscow (New York: New Press, 1998), 327–42.
3. Pravda, 25 September 1968.
4. Quoted in William Taubman, Khrushchev: The Man and His Era (New York: Norton, 2003), 16.
5. Quoted in David Holloway, “Nuclear Weapons and the Escalation of the Cold War, 1945–1962,” in The Cambridge History of the Cold War, ed. Melvyn P. Leffler and Odd Arne Westad (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010), 376–97.
6. See Henry Phelps Brown, The Inequality of Pay (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977), 38–51.
7. Quoted in Marxism Today, July 1968, 205–17.
8. Negotiations at Čierna nad Tisou, 29 July 1968, Jaromír Navrátil, ed., The Prague Spring 1968: A National Security Archive Documents Reader (Budapest: Central European University Press, 1998).
9. Transcript of Leonid Brezhnev’s Telephone Conversation with Alexander Dubček, August 13, 1968, ibid., 345–56.
10. Vladimir Tismaneanu, ed., Promises of 1968: Crisis, Illusion, and Utopia (Budapest: Central European University Press, 2011), 394.
11. Nicolae Ceauşescu, Romania on the Way of Completing Socialist Construction: Reports, Speeches, Articles (Bucharest: Meridiane, 1969), 3:415–18.
12. SDS, “The Port Huron Statement,” in Timothy Patrick McCarthy and John Campbell McMillian, eds., The Radical Reader: A Documentary History of the American Radical Tradition (New York: The New Press, 2003), 468–76.
13. Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique (New York: Norton, 1963), 1.
14. Maurice Vaïsse, La grandeur: politique étrangère du général de Gaulle, 1958–1969 [Greatness: The Foreign Policy of General de Gaulle, 1958–1969] (Paris: Fayard, 1998), 360–61.
15. Quoted in Thomas Alan Schwartz, Lyndon Johnson and Europe: In the Shadow of Vietnam (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003), 123.
16. Brandt speech to the SPD Bundestag members, 11 April 1967, in Willy Brandt, Berliner Ausgabe, ed. Helga Grebing et al. (Bonn: Dietz, 2000), 6:129.
17. Quoted in Willy Brandt, People and Politics: The Years 1960–75 (London: HarperCollins, 1978), 238.
18. Brandt’s speech to the UN General Assembly, 26 September 1973, in Brandt, Berliner Ausgabe, vol. 6, pp. 6:498–511.
19. Record of conversation, Mielke-Kriuchkov, 19 September 1983, CWIHP-DA, http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/115718.
20. “Conference on Security and Co-Operation in Europe: Final Act,” American Journal of International Law 70, no. 2 (1976): 417–21.
21. Charter of Algiers, 25 October 1967, in Mourad Ahmia, ed., The Collected Documents of the Group of 77 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015), 6:22–39.
22. Quoted in Nils Gilman, “The New International Economic Order: A Reintroduction,” Humanity 6, no. 1 (2015): 1–16.
CHAPTER 15: NIXON IN BEIJING
1. Richard Nixon’s address accepting the presidential nomination at the Republican National Convention in Miami Beach, 8 August 1968, The American Presidency Project, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=25968.
2. Richard Nixon, “Asia After Viet Nam,” Foreign Affairs 46, no. 1 (1967): 113–25.
3. National Security Council Report, United States Policy toward Japan, June 1960, FRUS 1958–1960, 18:347.
4. See Gilbert Cette et al., “A Comparison of Productivity in France, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States over the Past Century,” paper presented at the 14e Colloque de l’Association de comptabilité nationale (6–8 June 2012), Paris, France, www.insee.fr/en/insee-statistique-publique/connaitre/colloques/acn/pdf14/acn14-session1-3-diaporama.pdf.
5. Mark Tran, “South Korea: A Model of Development?,” The Guardian, 28 November 2011.
6. Young-Iob Chung, South Korea in the Fast Lane : Economic Development and Capital Formation (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), 30.
7. Ang Cheng Guan, “Singapore and the Vietnam War,” Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 40, no. 2 (June 2009): 365.
8. Odd Arne Westad et al., eds., 77 Conversations Between Chinese and Foreign Leaders on the Wars in Indochina, 1964–1977 (Working Paper 22, Washington, DC: Cold War International History Project, Woodrow Wilson Center, 1998), 132–33.
9. Xiong Xianghui, “Dakai ZhongMei guanxi de qianzou [Prelude to the Opening of US-China Relations],” Zhonggong dangshi ziliao, no. 42 (1992): 72–75.
10. Minutes of meeting of the National Security Council, San Clemente, 14 August 1969, FRUS 1969–1976, 12:226.
11. Record of conversation, Nixon-Dobrynin, 20 October 1969, FRUS 1969–1976, 12:285.
12. Record of conversation, Leonid Brezhnev and other Communist leaders, Crimea, 2 August 1971, SAPMO-BArch, DY 30 J IV 2/20, p. 9.
13. Nixon-Kissinger telephone conversation, 12 March 1971, in Luke Nichter and Douglas Brinkley, eds., The Nixon Tapes, 1971–1972 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2014), 41.
14. Nixon-Kissinger telephone conversation, 27 April 1971, ibid., 108.
15. CCP Central Committee Document 24, July 1971, in James T. Myers, Jürgen Domes, and Erik von Groeling, Chinese Politics: Ninth Party Congress (1969) to the Death of Mao (1976) (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1986), 171.
16. Record of conversation, Mao–Ceauşescu, 3 June 1971, CWIHP-DA, http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/117763.
17. Record of conversation, Mao-Nixon, 21 February 1972, FRUS 1969–1976, 17:680–81.
18. Record of conversation, Nixon–Zhou Enlai, 22 February 1972, FRUS 1969–1976, 17:362.
19. Ibid., 812–13.
20. Record of conversation, Mao Zedong–Pham Van Dong, 23 September 1970, Westad et al., eds., 77 Conversations Between Chinese and Foreign Leaders on the Wars in Indochina, 1964–1977, 175.
21. Record of conversation, Mao Zedong–Kissinger, 21 October 1975, FRUS 1969–1976, 18:789.
22. Michael Schaller, “The Nixon ‘Shocks’ and U.S.-Japan Strategic Relations, 1969–74,” National Security Archive Working Paper No. 2 (1996), http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/japan/schaller.htm.
23. PPP Nixon 1972, 633.
24. John Kenneth Galbraith, “Reith Lectures 1966: The New Industrial State. Lecture 6: The Cultural Impact,” transmitted 18 December 1966, downloads.bbc.co.uk/rmhttp/radio4/transcripts/1966_reith6.pdf.
25. “19th Pugwash Conference on Science and World Affairs,” in Science and Public Affairs, April 1970, 21–24.
26. Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovitch, trans. by Ralph Parker (New York: Dutton, 1963), 42.
27. Andrei Amalrik, Will the Soviet Union Survive Until 1984? (New York: Harper & Row, 1970), 41, 5–6.
28. Tom W. Smith, “The Polls: American Attitudes Toward the Soviet Union and Communism,” Public Opinion Quarterly 47, no. 2 (1983): 277–92.
29. See Werner D. Lippert, “Richard Nixon’s Détente and Willy Brandt’s Ostpolitik: The Politics and Economic Diplomacy of Engaging the East” (PhD thesis, Vanderbilt University, 2005), appendix.
30. Record of conversation, Brezhnev-Ford, 23 November 1974, FRUS 1969–1976, 16:325.
CHAPTER 16: THE COLD WAR AND INDIA
1. Quoted in Jag Mohan, “Jawaharlal Nehru and His Socialism,” India International Centre Quarterly 2, no. 3 (1975): 183–92.
2. Quoted in ibid.
3. Quoted in Karl Ernest Meyer and Shareen Blair Brysac, Pax Ethnica: Where and How Diversity Succeeds (New York: PublicAffairs, 2012), 52.
4. Nehru speech to US Congress, 13 October 1949, Selected Works of Jawaharlal Nehru, 2nd series (New Delhi: Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund, 1992), 13:304.
5. Quoted in Robert J. McMahon, The Cold War on the Periphery: The United States, India, and Pakistan (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994), 57.
6. Quoted in Andrew J. Rotter, Comrades at Odds: The United States and India, 1947–1964 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2000), 214.
7. Record of conversation, Nehru-Dulles, 9 March 1956, FRUS 1955–1957, 8:307.
8. Indian Planning Commission, Second Five Year Plan: A Draft Outline (New Delhi: The Commission, 1956), 1.
9. See David C. Engerman, “Learning from the East: Soviet Experts and India in the Era of Competitive Coexistence,” Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East 33, no. 2 (2013): 227–38.
10. Ratnam to Dutt, 22 December 1955, Ministry of External Affairs (hereafter MEA), P(98)-Eur/55, pp. 4–5, National Archives of India, New Delhi (hereafter NAI).
11. Jawaharlal Nehru, Letters to Chief Ministers, 1947–1964, ed. G. Parthasarathi (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1985), 4:86. For an overview, see Anton Harder, “Defining Independence in Cold War South Asia: Sino-Indian Relations, 1949–1962” (PhD thesis, LSE, 2016).
12. Indian Mission, Lhasa, Annual Report for 1950, MEA 3(18)-R&I/51, NAI.
13. Ibid.
14. The best overview of the early phase in the Sino-Indian rivalry over the region is Sulmaan Wasif Khan, Muslim, Trader, Nomad, Spy: China’s Cold War and the People of the Tibetan Borderlands (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2015).
15. “Treaty 4307: Agreement on Trade and Intercourse between Tibet Region of China and India, 29 April 1954,” UN Treaty Series, 229 (1958): 70.
16. Quoted in Jovan Čavoški, “Between Great Powers and Third World Neutralists: Yugoslavia and the Belgrade Conference of the Non-Aligned Movement, 1961,” in The Non-Aligned Movement and the Cold War: Delhi-Bandung-Belgrade, ed. Natasa Miskovic et al. (London: Routledge, 2014), 187.
17. Nehru, Letters to Chief Ministers, 1947–1964, 4:197, 240.
18. Indian embassy Moscow to Ministry of External Affairs, 24 February 1956, MEA, 26(22)Eur/56(Secret), NAI.
19. “Non-Aligned Countries Declaration, 1961,” Edmund Jan Osmańczyk, ed., Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements, 3rd ed. (London: Taylor & Francis, 2003), 3:1572.
20. Ibid.
21. Rusk to Harriman, 25 November 1962, FRUS 1961–1963, 19:406.
22. Nehru, Letters to Chief Ministers, 1947–1964, 5:537.
23. East Asia Division to Foreign Secretary, 6 February 1967, MEA WII/104/3/67, NAI.
24. Quoted in Renu Srivastava, India and the Nonaligned Summits: Belgrade to Jakarta (Delhi: Northern Book Centre, 1995), 85.
25. Record of conversation, T.N. Kaul-A.A. Fomin, 8 March 1969, MEA WI/101(39)69 vol. 2, p. 84, NAI.
26. Foreign Secretary to (Indian) Embassy Washington, Summary Record of Prime Minister’s talks with Vice President Humphrey, 17 February 1966, MEA WII/121(21)/66, p. 60, NAI.
27. Indian Embassy, Washington, to Foreign Secretary, n.d. (October 1969), “Internal Developments in the United States,” MEA WII/104(14)/69 vol. 2, NAI.
28. Quoted in Oriana Fallaci, “Indira’s Coup,” New York Review of Books, 18 September 1975.
29. Record of conversation, Foreign Secretary–General Adams, 12 November 1963, MEA 101(34)-WII/63, p. 34, NAI.
30. Record of conversation, Singh-Kissinger, 7 July 1971, MEA, WII/121(54)71, p. 55, NAI.
31. Treaty of Peace, Friendship and Cooperation Between the Government of India and the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, 9 August 1971, http://mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/5139/Treaty+of+.
32. Minister for Political Affairs report, 18 August 1971, MEA, WII/104/34/71, NAI.
33. Record of conversation, Kissinger–Huang, 10 December 1971, FRUS 1969–1976, 11:756.
34. Minutes of Washington Special Actions Group meeting, 4 December 1971, FRUS 1969–1976, 11:620–26.
35. Record of telephone conversation, Nixon-Kissinger, 5 December 1971, FRUS 1969–1976, 11:638.
36. “Indo-Pakistan Relations,” n.d. (March 1972?), WII/103/17/72, p. 8, NAI.
37. “Sino-US Relations and Implications,” 6 March 1972, ibid., 14.
38. “Impact of Sino-American, Indo-Soviet, and Indo-Pakistan Relations on Indo-US Relations,” n.d. (March 1972?), ibid., 31.
39. East Europe Division, Ministry of External Affairs, Annual Report (3 February 1975), MEA WI/103/5/75-EE vol. 1, NAI.
40. Quoted in Vojtech Mastny, “The Soviet Union’s Partnership with India,” Journal of Cold War Studies 12, no. 3 (2010): 73–74.
41. “Indo-Soviet Relations—A Critical Analysis,” 12 April 1977, MEA, WI/103/10/77/EE, p. 53, NAI.
42. Record of conversation, Mehta-Sudarikov (head of South Asia Division, Soviet Foreign Ministry), 21 April 1977, MEA WI/103/10/77/EE, p. 45, NAI.
43. Record of conversation, Brezhnev–Desai, 12 June 1979, MEA WI/103/4/79(EE) vol. 1, pp. 234–49, NAI.
44. Record of conversation, Mehta-Vorontsov, 20 March 1979, MEA WI/103/4/79(EE) vol. 1, pp. 98–102, NAI.
45. Indira Gandhi speech in Delhi, 1 April 1980, at Indian National Congress, http://inc.in/resources/speeches/298-What-Makes-an-Indian.
CHAPTER 17: MIDDLE EAST MAELSTROMS
1. Nasser, “Falsafat al-Thawra [The Philosophy of the Revolution],” quoted in Reem Abou-El-Fadl, “Early Pan-Arabism in Egypt’s July Revolution: The Free Officers’ Political Formation and Policy-Making, 1946–54,” Nations and Nationalism 21, no. 2 (2015): 296.
2. Quoted in ibid., 295.
3. Nasser speech 23 December 1962, at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=voUNkFuhg1E.
4. Aflaq speech, 1 February 1950, Michel Aflaq, Choice of Texts from the Ba’th Party Founder’s Thought (Baghdad: Arab Ba’th Socialist Party, 1977), 86.
5. Quoted in Douglas Little, “His Finest Hour? Eisenhower, Lebanon, and the 1958 Middle East Crisis,” in Empire and Revolution: The United States and the Third World Since 1945, ed. Peter L. Hahn and Mary Ann Heiss (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 2001), 32.
6. Quoted in Aleksandr Fursenko and Timothy Naftali, Khrushchev’s Cold War: The Inside Story of an American Adversary (New York: Norton, 2006), 164.
7. Statement by the President, 15 July 1958, Public Papers of the Presidents: Dwight D. Eisenhower 1958, 553.
8. Quoted in Fursenko and Naftali, Khrushchev’s Cold War, 159.
9. Quoted in ibid., 169.
10. Quoted in Sharman Kadish, Bolsheviks and British Jews: The Anglo-Jewish Community, Britain, and the Russian Revolution (London: Psychology Press, 1992), 135.
11. Quoted in Avi Shlaim, “Israel, the Great Powers, and the Middle East Crisis of 1958,” Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 27, no. 2 (1999): 177–92.
12. For Egyptian priorities in terms of Soviet assistance, see M. Khalil (Egyptian Deputy Prime Minister) to S. Skatchkov (Chairman, Soviet State Committee on Foreign Economic Relations), May 1966, 3022–000557, National Archives of Egypt, Cairo.
13. For Egyptian relations with African countries in 1963–65, see the Ministry of Foreign Affairs reports in 0078-048408, National Archives of Egypt, Cairo, and on military support, see report from 18 September 1965, 0078-048418-408, ibid.
14. Quoted in Ghassan Khatib, Palestinian Politics and the Middle East Peace Process: Consensus and Competition in the Palestinian Negotiating Team (London: Routledge, 2010), 27.
15. Notes of a meeting of the Special Committee of the National Security Council, 9 June 1967, FRUS 1964–1968, 19:399.
16. “On Soviet Policy Following the Israeli Aggression in the Middle East,” 20 June 1967, CWIHP-DA, http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/112654.
17. Statement to the Knesset by Prime Minister Golda Meir, 5 May 1969, Israel Foreign Ministry, http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/foreignpolicy/mfadocuments/yearbook1/pages/8%20statement%20to%20the%20knesset%20by%20prime%20minister%20golda.aspx.
18. “On Soviet Policy Following the Israeli Aggression in the Middle East,” 20 June 1967, CWIHP-DA, http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/113381.
19. Quoted in Isabella Ginor, “‘Under the Yellow Arab Helmet Gleamed Blue Russian Eyes’: Operation Kavkaz and the War of Attrition, 1969–70,” Cold War History 3, no. 1 (2002): 138.
20. Minutes of a National Security Council Meeting, 25 April 1969, FRUS 1969–1976, 23:92.
21. Record of conversation, Kissinger, Schlesinger, Colby, 13 October 1973, FRUS 1969–1976, 25:483.
22. Memorandum for the record, 24/25 October 1973, FRUS 1969–1976, 25:741.
23. Quoted in Victor Israelyan, Inside the Kremlin During the Yom Kippur War (Philadelphia, PA: Penn State Press, 2010), 180.
24. The President’s news conference of 26 October 1973, Public Papers of the Presidents: Richard Nixon 1973, 902–3.
25. Memorandum of conversation, 9 October 1973, FRUS 1969–1976, 25:413.
26. Memorandum of conversation, 12 August 1974, FRUS 1969–1976, 26:406.
27. Letter From President Ford to Israeli Prime Minister Rabin, 21 March 1975, ibid., 553.
28. Letter to President Ford by 76 Members of the US Senate, 22 May 1975, Israeli Foreign Ministry, http://mfa.gov.il/MFA/ForeignPolicy/MFADocuments/Yearbook2/Pages/84%20Letter%20to%20President%20Ford%20by%2076%20Members%20of%20the%20U.aspx.
29. Quoted in Efraim Karsh, Israel: The First Hundred Years (London: Frank Cass, 2002), 3:103.
30. As did many of the Palestinian organizations; for an insider’s view, see record of conversations, George Habash (PFLP)–Chudomir Aleksandrov (BCP Politburo), 17 November 1981, Sofia, f. 1b, op. 60, an. 287, pp. 1–60, Central State Archives, Sofia, Bulgaria (hereafter CDA, Sofia).
31. Massimiliano Trentin, “La République démocratique allemande et la Syrie du parti Baas,” Les cahiers Irice, no. 10 (2013): 19.
32. “Saddam Hussein’s political portrait—compiled for Foreign Minister Frigyes Puja prior to the Iraqi leader’s visit to Hungary in May 1975,” 26 March 1975, CWIHP-DA, http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/122524.
33. “Policy Statement on the Bulgarian Relations with Angola, Ethiopia, Mozambique, and PDR of Yemen,” 1 October 1978, CWIHP-DA, http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/113582.
34. Quoted by Joanne Jay Meyerowitz, History and September 11th (Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 2003), 231.
CHAPTER 18: DEFEATING DÉTENTE
1. Hedrick Smith, New York Times, 13 June 1973.
2. Reagan speech to second annual CPAC Convention, 1 March 1975, http://reagan2020.us/speeches/Let_Them_Go_Their_Way.asp.
3. Reagan’s campaign address, 31 March 1976, Ronald Reagan Library, https://reaganlibrary.gov/curriculum-smenu?catid=0&id=7.
4. See Daniel J. Sargent, A Superpower Transformed: The Remaking of American Foreign Relations in the 1970s (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015).
5. Quoted in George J. Church, “Saigon,” Time, 24 June 2001.
6. Address at a Tulane University Convocation, 23 April 1975, PPP: Ford 1975, 568.
7. For this, see record of conversation, Todor Zhivkov–Le Duan, 8–9 October 1975, Sofia, pp. 1–45, a.n. 186, op. 60, f. 1, CDA, Sofia.
8. See R. J. Rummel, “Statistics of Cambodian Democide: Estimates, Calculations, and Sources,” at https://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.CHAP4.HTM.
9. South African UN mission to the Secretary of Foreign Affairs, Cape Town, 15 May 1976, Record of conversation with Kissinger and Scowcroft, 1/33/3, vol. 33, South African Department of Foreign Affairs Archives, Pretoria.
10. For the Cuban summing up of these relationships, see record of conversations, Fidel Castro–Todor Zhivkov, 11 March 1976, Sofia, f. 1b. op. 60, an. 194, pp. 1–38, CDA, Sofia.
11. “US-Soviet Relations and Soviet Foreign Policy towards the Middle East and Africa in the 1970s. Transcript of the Proceedings of the First Lysebu Conference of the Carter-Brezhnev Project. Oslo, Norway, 1–3 October 1994,” 45 (hereafter Lysebu I).
12. Ibid., 47.
13. Commission on Presidential Debates: The Second Carter-Ford Presidential Debate, 6 October 1976, http://www.debates.org/index.php?page=october-6–1976-debate-transcript.
14. Carter to Brezhnev, 26 January 1977, FRUS 1977–1980, 6:2.
15. Quoted in “SALT II and the Growth of Mistrust. Transcript of the Proceedings of the Musgrove Conference of the Carter-Brezhnev Project. Musgrove Plantation, St. Simon’s Island, Georgia, 7–9 May 1994,” p. 62.
16. Carter to Sakharov, 5 February 1977, FRUS 1977–1980, 6:17.
17. Quoted in “The Collapse of Detente. Transcript of the Proceedings of the Pocantico Conference of the Carter-Brezhnev Project. The Rockefeller Estate, Pocantico Hills, NY, 22–24 October 1992,” p. 13.
18. Hamilton Jordan to Carter, June 1977, Container 34a, Foreign Policy/Domestic Politics Memo, Hamilton Jordan’s Confidential Files, Office of the Chief of Staff Files, Jimmy Carter Library, Atlanta, Georgia.
19. Tom W. Smith, “The Polls—American Attitudes Toward the Soviet Union and Communism,” Public Opinion Quarterly 47, no. 2: 277–92.
20. Record of conversation, Markovski-Ponomarev, 10 February 1978, CWIHP-DA, http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/110967.
21. The President’s News Conference, 2 March 1978, PPP Carter 1978, 1:442.
22. Meeting of the Special Coordination Committee of the National Security Council, 2 March 1978, quoted in Jussi M. Hanhimäki and Odd Arne Westad, eds., The Cold War: A History in Documents and Eyewitness Accounts (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003), 542–44.
23. Record of conversation, Carter–Deng Xiaoping, 29 January 1979, FRUS 1977–1980, 8:768.
24. Ibid., 8:747.
25. Ibid., 8:770.
26. Record of conversation, Carter-Brezhnev, 15 June 1979, FRUS 1977–1980, 6:551.
27. Record of conversation, Carter-Brezhnev, 16 June 1979, FRUS 1977–1980, 6:581, 578.
28. Hamid Algar, ed., Islam and Revolution: Writings and Declarations of Imam Khomeini (Berkeley, CA: Mizan Press, 1981), 300–6.
29. Lysebu I, 34.
30. Jimmy Carter televised address, 4 January 1980, PPP Carter 1980–81, 1:22.
31. Jimmy Carter, “State of the Union Address,” 23 January 1980, PPP Carter 1980, 1:196.
32. Jimmy Carter televised address, 4 January 1980, PPP Carter 1980–81, 1:24.
33. See SIPRI Military Expenditure Database, http://www.sipri.org/research/armaments/milex/milex_database.
34. Ronald Reagan, “Address Accepting the Presidential Nomination at the Republican National Convention in Detroit,” 17 July 1980, The American Presidency Project, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=25970.
35. “Toasts of the President and Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher of the United Kingdom at the Dinner Honoring the President,” 27 February 1981, The American Presidency Project, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=43471. For the initial Soviet reactions to Reagan’s election, see record of conversation, Todor Zhivkov–Andrei Gromyko, 23 December 1980, f. 1b, op. 60, an. 277, pp. 1–22, CDA, Sofia.
36. Quoted in Steve Coll, Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001 (New York: Penguin, 2004), 99.
37. For an overview of what the Sandinistas wanted from the Soviets and eastern Europeans, see record of conversations, Henry Ruiz (Nicaraguan Minister of Foreign Assistance)–Aleksandr Lilov (Deputy Head of the Bulgarian Communist Party), 18–19 October 1979, f. 1b, op. 60, an. 257, pp. 1–83, CDA, Sofia. For Castro’s views, see summary of conversations, Fidel Castro–Todor Zhivkov, Havana, 7–11 April 1979, f. 1b, op. 66, an. 1674, pp. 23–35, CDA, Sofia.
38. Excerpts from an interview with Walter Cronkite of CBS News, 3 March 1981, PPP Reagan 1981, 191.
CHAPTER 19: EUROPEAN PORTENTS
1. “Stasi Note on Meeting Between Minister Mielke and KGB Chairman Andropov,” 11 July 1981, CWIHP-DA, http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/115717.
2. Quoted in Silvio Pons, “The Rise and Fall of Eurocommunism,” in The Cambridge History of the Cold War, ed. Melvyn P. Leffler and Odd Arne Westad (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010), 2:55.
3. Quoted in Kristina Spohr, The Global Chancellor: Helmut Schmidt and the Reshaping of the International Order (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016), 111.
4. Ronald Reagan, televised address 5 September 1983, PPP Reagan 1983, 1227.
5. Quoted in Nate Jones, “First Page of Paramount Able Archer 83 Report Declassified by British Archive,” 27 October 2014, https://nsarchive.wordpress.com/2014/10/27/first-page-of-paramount-able-archer-83-report-declassified-by-british-archive-remainder-of-the-detection-of-soviet-preparations-for-war-against-nato-withheld/. See also Nate Jones, ed., Able Archer 83: The Secret History of the NATO Exercise That Almost Triggered Nuclear War (New York: New Press, 2016).
6. Homily of His Holiness John Paul II, Warsaw, 2 June 1979, https://w2.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en.html.
7. “Session of the CPSU CC Politburo,” 10 December 1981, CWIHP-DA, http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/110482.
8. Interviews, http://www.academia.edu/7966890/Interviews_about_travelling_to_West_under_communism_Hungary_in_Europe_Divided_Then_and_Now.
9. Declaration of Charter 77, 1 January 1977, https://chnm.gmu.edu/1989/archive/files/declaration-of-charter-77_4346bae392.pdf.
10. Plastic People of the Universe, “Komu je dnes dvacet” [Whoever is Now Twenty], http://www.karaoketexty.cz/texty-pisni/plastic-people-of-the-universe-the/komu-je-dnes-dvacet-188129.
11. Acceptance speech, 10 December 1975, Oslo, http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1975/sakharov-acceptance.html.
12. “Solemn Declaration on European Union (Stuttgart, 19 June 1983),” Bulletin of the European Communities, no. 6 (June 1983): 24–29. An overview of developments in the late 1970s is N. Piers Ludlow, Roy Jenkins and the European Commission Presidency, 1976–1980: At the Heart of Europe (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016).
13. Thatcher speech to the European Parliament, 9 December 1986, http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/106534.
14. Quoted in Ian Glover-James, “Falklands: Reagan Phone Call to Thatcher,” Sunday Times, 8 March 1992.
15. James M. Markham, “Germans Enlist Poll-Takers in Missile Debate,” New York Times, 23 September 1983.
16. Quoted in Christopher Flockton, Eva Kolinsky, and Rosalind M. O. Pritchard, The New Germany in the East: Policy Agendas and Social Developments Since Unification (London: Taylor & Francis, 2000), 178.
17. “Tagesprotokoll, 32. Bundesparteitag, Mai 1984, Stuttgart, CDU,” at www.kas.de/Protokolle_Bundesparteitage.
18. Entry for 18 November 1983, Ronald Reagan, The Reagan Diaries (New York: HarperCollins, 2007), 199.
CHAPTER 20: GORBACHEV
1. See Yegor Gaidar, Collapse of an Empire: Lessons for Modern Russia (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2010).
2. Interview with Dr. Charles Cogan, August 1997, National Security Archive, http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/coldwar/interviews/episode-20/cogan1.html.
3. Boland amendment, Public Law 98-473, 12 October 1984, uscode.house.gov/statutes/pl/98/473.pdf.
4. Quoted in Malcolm Byrne, Iran-Contra: Reagan’s Scandal and the Unchecked Abuse of Presidential Power (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2014), 45.
5. Session of the Politburo of the CC CPSU, 11 March 1985, http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/120771.
6. Mikhail Gorbachev, Memoirs (New York: Doubleday, 1996), 102–3.
7. Session of the Politburo of the CC CPSU, 4 April 1985, NSA-DA, nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB172/Doc8.pdf.
8. “Conference of Secretaries of the CC CPSU,” 15 March 1985, CWIHP-DA, http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/121966.
9. Reagan to Gorbachev, 11 March 195, NSA-DA, http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/dc.html?doc=2755702-Document-02.
10. Entry for 10 October 1983, Ronald Reagan, The Reagan Diaries (New York: HarperCollins, 2007), 186.
11. Reagan State of the Union address, 25 January 1984, PPP Reagan 1984, 1:93.
12. Record of conversation, Reagan–Gorbachev, 20 November 1985, Geneva, in Svetlana Savranskaya and Thomas Blanton, eds., The Last Superpower Summits. Gorbachev, Reagan, and Bush. Conversations That Ended the Cold War (Budapest: Central European Press, 2016), 112.
13. Mikhail Gorbachev, Political Report of the CPSU Central Committee to the 27th Party Congress (Moscow: Novosti, 1986), 5, 6.
14. [CPSU CC] Politburo Session, 26 June 1986, Notes of Anatoly S. Chernyaev, NSA-DA, http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB272/Doc%204%201986–06–26%20Politburo%20Session%20on%20Afganistan.pdf. Four months later, Gorbachev told the other leaders that the USSR had to “pull our forces out in one or, at most, two years.”
15. Politburo Session, 13 November 1986, Notes of Anatoly S. Chernyaev, NSA-DA, http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB272/Doc%205%201986-11-13%20Politburo%20on%20Afghanistan.pdf.
16. Russian transcript of Reagan–Gorbachev Summit in Reykjavik, 12 October 1986 (afternoon), published in FBIS-USR-93-121, 20 September 1993.
17. “Excerpts from a speech given by Mikhail Gorbachev to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union,” http://chnm.gmu.edu/tah-loudoun/blog/psas/end-of-the-cold-war/.
18. “Soviets Admit Blame in Massacre of Polish Officers in World War II,” New York Times, 13 April 1990.
19. N. Andreeva, “Ne mogu postupatsia printsipami” [I Cannot Give Up My Principles], Sovetskaia Rossiia, 13 March 1988.
20. Record of conversation, Gorbachev-Honecker, 3 October 1986 (in German), Chronik der Mauer, http://www.chronik-der-mauer.de/material/178876/niederschrift-ueber-ein-gespraech-zwischen-erich-honecker-und-michail-gorbatschow-3-oktober-1986.
21. “The Diary of Anatoly S. Chernyaev, 1987–1988,” translated and edited by Svetlana Savranskaya [hereafter Cherniaev Diaries], NSA-DA, http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB250/index.htm.
22. Quoted in David H. Shumaker, Gorbachev and the German Question: Soviet-West German Relations, 1985–1990 (Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1995), 36.
23. Reagan, “Remarks and a Question-and-Answer Session with the Students and Faculty at Moscow State University,” 31 May 1988, PPP Reagan 1988, 1:687.
24. Quoted in Stanley Meisner, “Reagan Recants ‘Evil Empire’ Description,” Los Angeles Times, 1 June 1988.
25. Quoted in Igor Korchilov, Translating History: 30 Years on the Front Lines of Diplomacy with a Top Russian Interpreter (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1999), 167.
26. Record of conversation, Gorbachev-Reagan, 1 June 1988, NSA-DA, http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB251/.
27. Quoted from Amin Saikal and William Maley, eds., The Soviet Withdrawal from Afghanistan (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), 19.
28. Quoted in Archie Brown, “Did Gorbachev as General Secretary Become a Social Democrat?,” Europe-Asia Studies 65, no. 2 (2013): 209.
29. Record of conversation, Gorbachev-Brandt, 17 October 1989, NSA-DA, nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB293/doc06.pdf.
CHAPTER 21: GLOBAL TRANSFORMATIONS
1. Ambassador Wu Jianmin in conversation with the author, London, October 2013.
2. Selected Works of Deng Xiaoping, 1982–1992 (Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 1994), 174.
3. Ezra F. Vogel, Japan as Number One: Lessons for America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1979), vii.
4. Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000 (New York: Random House, 1987), 467–68.
5. “Cable from Ambassador Katori to the Foreign Minister, ‘Prime Minister Visit to China (Conversation with Chairman Deng Xiaoping),’” 25 March 1984, CWIHP-DA, http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/118849.
6. ASEAN Bangkok Declaration, 8 August 1967, in Michael Leifer, ed., Dictionary of the Modern Politics of Southeast Asia, 3rd ed. (London: Routledge, 2001), 69.
7. Quoted in K. Natwar Singh, “Revisiting Russia,” Business Standard, 5 March 2011.
8. John Prados, Safe for Democracy: The Secret Wars of the CIA (Chicago, IL: Ivan R. Dee, 2006), 503.
9. Quoted in The Philadelphia Inquirer, 19 December 1988.
10. Cherniaev Diaries, 1989, http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB275/.
11. See Kevin J. Middlebrook and Carlos Rico, The United States and Latin America in the 1980s (Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1986), 50.
12. “Serbian Academy of Arts and Sciences (SANU) Memorandum 1986,” Making the History of 1989, https://chnm.gmu.edu/1989/items/show/674.
13. Abdullah Azzam, “Defense of the Muslim Lands,” https://archive.org/stream/Defense_of_the_Muslim_Lands/Defense_of_the_Muslim_Lands_djvu.txt.
CHAPTER 22: EUROPEAN REALITIES
1. Reagan, “Farewell Address to the Nation,” 11 January 1989, PPP Reagan 1988–89, 2:1720.
2. National Security Review 3, 15 February 1989, GHW Bush Library, https://bush41library.tamu.edu/archives/nsr.
3. Quoted in Sarah B. Snyder, “Beyond Containment? The First Bush Administration’s Sceptical Approach to the CSCE,” Cold War History 13, no. 4 (2013): 466.
4. Record of conversation, Gorbachev-Thatcher, 5 April 1989, NSA-DA, http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB422/.
5. Cherniaev Diaries, 1989, http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB275/.
6. The best overview is Serhii Plokhy, Last Empire: The Final Days of the Soviet Union (New York: Basic Books, 2014).
7. “Excerpts from debate between Lech Walesa and Alfred Miodowicz, 30 November 1988,” Making the History of 1989, https://chnm.gmu.edu/1989/items/show/540.
8. Quoted in Mark Kramer, “The Demise of the Soviet Bloc,” Journal of Modern History 83, no. 4 (2011): 804.
9. Viktor Orbán, “The Reburial of Imre Nagy,” in The Democracy Reader, ed. Diane Ravitch and Abigail Thernstrom (New York: HarperCollins, 1992), 249.
10. Quoted in Sergey Radchenko, Unwanted Visionaries: The Soviet Failure in Asia at the End of the Cold War (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014), 161.
11. Quoted in ibid., 163.
12. Quoted in ibid., 167.
13. Quoted in Odd Arne Westad, “Deng Xiaoping and the China He Made,” in Makers of Modern Asia, ed. Ramachandra Guha (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2014), 199–214.
14. Quoted in Kramer, “The Demise of the Soviet Bloc,” 827.
15. Ibid., 828.
16. Cherniaev Diaries, 1989, http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB275/.
17. “From the Conversation of M. S. Gorbachev and François Mitterrand,” 5 July 1989, Making the History of 1989, https://chnm.gmu.edu/1989/items/show/380.
18. See Mary Elise Sarotte, The Collapse: The Accidental Opening of the Berlin Wall (New York: Basic Books, 2014), 146–49.
19. Petra Ruder, quoted in Kai Diekmann and Ralf Georg Reuth, eds., Die längste Nacht, der grösste Tag: Deutschland am 9 November 1989 [The Longest Night, the Greatest Day: Germany on 9 November 1989] (Munich: Piper, 2009), 167.
20. Helmut Kohl’s Ten-Point Plan for German Unity (28 November 1989), German History in Documents and Images, http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/docpage.cfm?docpage_id=118.
21. Quoted in R.C. Longworth, “France Stepping Up Pressure for a United States of Europe,” Chicago Tribune, 30 October 1989.
22. Charles Powell to Stephen Wall, 20 January 1990, Margaret Thatcher Foundation, http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/113883.
23. See Frédéric Bozo, Mitterrand, the End of the Cold War and German Unification (New York: Berghahn Books, 2009).
24. Record of telephone conversation, Bush-Kohl, 29 November 1989, Memcons and Telcons, https://bush41library.tamu.edu/archives/memcons-telcons (hereafter Bush Memcons), Bush Library.
25. Quoted in Mary Sarotte, 1989: The Struggle to Create Post-Cold War Europe (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2009), 111.
26. Quoted in “Hungary Declares Independence,” Chicago Tribune, 25 October 1989.
27. Quoted in Steven Greenhouse, “350,000 at Rally Cheer Dubcek,” New York Times, 25 November 1989.
28. “New Year’s Address to the Nation, 1990,” Havel’s Selected Speeches and Writings, http://old.hrad.cz/president/Havel/speeches/index_uk.html.
29. Transcribed from video recording, 21 December 1989, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wWIbCtz_Xwk.
30. Record of conversation, 2 December 1989, first meeting, Bush Memcons, Bush Library.
31. Transcribed video recording, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UKtdBAJGK9I.
32. Supreme Council of the Republic of Lithuania, “Act on the Re-establishment of the Independent State of Lithuania,” 11 March 1990, http://www.lrkt.lt/en/legal-information/lithuanias-independence-acts/act-of-11-march/366.
33. Quoted in Bridget Kendall, “Foreword,” Irina Prokhorova, ed., 1990: Russians Remember a Turning Point (London: MacLehose, 2013), 12.
34. Quoted in Archie Brown, “Did Gorbachev as General Secretary Become a Social Democrat?,” Europe-Asia Studies 65, no. 2 (2013): 198–220.
35. Quoted in Hanns Jürgen Küsters, “The Kohl-Gorbachev Meetings in Moscow and in the Caucasus, 1990,” Cold War History 2, no. 2 (2002): 195–235.
36. “Treaty on the Final Settlement with Regard to Germany,” United Nations Treaty Series, vol. 1696, I-29226.
37. “Address given by Hans-Dietrich Genscher at the signing of the Two Plus Four Treaty,” 12 September 1990, CVCE website, http://www.cvce.eu/obj/address_given_by_hans_dietrich_genscher_at_the_signing_of_the_two_plus_four_treaty_moscow_12_september_1990-en-e14baf8d-c613–4c0d-9816–8830a7f233e6.html.
38. Milosevic’s Speech, Kosovo Field, 28 June 1989, http://www.slobodan-milosevic.org/spch-kosovo1989.htm.
39. Quoted in David Thomas Twining, Beyond Glasnost: Soviet Reform and Security Issues (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1992), 26.
40. Record of telephone conversation, 18 January 1991, Bush Memcons, Bush Library.
41. Bush, “Remarks to the Supreme Soviet of the Republic of Ukraine,” 1 August 1991, PPP Bush 1991, 2:1007.
42. “Yeltsin’s address to the Russian people,” 19 August 1991, https://web.viu.ca/davies/H102/Yelstin.speech.1991.htm.
43. Quoted from The New York Times, 24 August 1991.
44. Soglashenie o Sozdanii Sodruzhestva Nezavisimykh Gosudarstv [Agreement on the Establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States], 8 December 1991, http://www.worldcourts.com/eccis/rus/conventions/1991.12.08_Agreement_CIS.htm.
45. “End of the Soviet Union: Text of Gorbachev’s Farewell Speech,” New York Times, 26 December 1991.
46. Record of telephone conversation, Gorbachev-Bush, 25 December 1991, Bush Memcons, Bush Library.
47. Andrei S. Grachev, Final Days: The Inside Story of the Collapse of the Soviet Union (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1995), 192.
The World the Cold War Made
1. Constantine Pleshakov, There Is No Freedom Without Bread!: 1989 and the Civil War That Brought Down Communism (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2009).
2. “Russians Name Brezhnev Best 20th-Century Leader, Gorbachev Worst,” 22 May 2013, Russia Today, https://www.rt.com/politics/brezhnev-stalin-gorbachev-soviet-638/.
3. Quoted in Chuck Sudetic, “Evolution in Europe: Bulgarian Communist Stalwart Says He’d Do It All Differently,” New York Times, 28 November 1990.
4. Wilfried Loth, Die Teilung der Welt: Geschichte des Kalten Krieges 1941–1955 [The Division of the World: The History of the Cold War 1941–1955] (Munich: Deutscher Taschenbuch-Verlag, 1980).
5. François Genoud, ed., The Testament of Adolf Hitler; the Hitler-Bormann Documents, February–April 1945 (London: Cassell, 1961), 103.
6. Yevgeny Chazov, Nobel Lecture, 11 December 1985, https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1985/physicians-lecture.html.
7. Depeche Mode (Alan Wilder), “Two Minute Warning,” from Construction Time Again, Mute Records, 1983.