Introduction
1. For “conjuncture,” I use Lawrence Grossberg’s definition (influenced by Stuart Hall): “A conjuncture is a description of a social formation as fractured and conflictual, along multiple axes, planes and scales, constantly in search of temporary balances or structural stabilities through a variety of practices and processes of struggle and negotiation.” See Grossberg, “Does Cultural Studies Have Futures?,” 4. See also Paige, “Conjuncture, Comparison, and Conditional Theory in Macrosocial Inquiry.”
2. See Trattner, From Poor Law to Welfare State; Gordon, Pitied but Not Entitled.
3. Cowie, The Great Exception, 202.
4. Hazlitt, Man vs. the Welfare State, 220.
5. See Adams, The Works of John Adams.
6. For a deep history of the conservative war against the New Deal welfare state on behalf of the wealthy, see Fones-Wolf, Selling Free Enterprise; Phillips-Fein, Invisible Hands; MacLean, Democracy in Chains.
7. Brown, Strain of Violence, 4. See also Williams, Anatomy of Four Race Riots; Mitchell, Race Riots in Black and White; Lumpkins, American Pogrom; Krehbiel, Tulsa 1921.
8. See Anderson, White Rage.
9. Anderson, White Rage, 74. See also Lewis, Massive Resistance; Webb, Massive Resistance.
10. See Kruse, White Flight.
11. Katznelson, When Affirmative Action Was White, 61–62. See also Patterson, “A Conservative Coalition Forms in Congress.”
12. Hunter, Culture Wars, 39. Hunter writes, “Through the nineteenth and early twentieth century cultural discord was kindled, in general, by two competing tendencies. On one hand, there was the quest on the part of various minority cultures to carve out a space in American life where they could each live according to the imperatives of conscience and the obligations of community without harassment or reprisal. Such a space would provide the base from which to expand their own legitimate interests as a distinct moral community. On the other hand, there was the endeavor of Protestants and a largely Protestant-based populism to ward off any challenges—to retain their advantage in defining the habits and meaning of American culture.”
13. Hunter, Culture Wars, 39.
14. Rodríguez, “Goldwater’s Left Hand,” 32–33. See also Rodríguez, White Reconstruction.
15. See Schulman, The Seventies; Jenkins, Decade of Nightmares; Berkowitz, Something Happened; Zaretsky, No Direction Home; Wilentz, The Age of Reagan; Stein, Pivotal Decade; Rodgers, Age of Fracture; Borstelmann, 1970s; Self, All in the Family; Kruse and Zelizer, Fault Lines.
16. Liner notes for Scott-Heron and Jackson, Midnight Band. See also Scott-Heron, Now and Then, 69.
17. Phillips, Wealth and Democracy, 237. See also McCurdy, “Justice Field and the Jurisprudence of Government-Business Relations.”
18. Mirowski, Never Let a Serious Crisis Go to Waste, 28.
19. See Phillips, The Politics of Rich and Poor; Piketty and Saez, “Income Inequality in the United States”; Noah, “The United States of Inequality.” See also Hacker and Pierson, Winner-Take-All Politics; Congressional Budget Office, Trends in the Distribution of Household Income.
20. Piketty, Capital in the Twenty-First Century, 15. See also Phillips, Wealth and Democracy.
21. Lentin and Titley, The Crises of Multiculturalism; Bruff, “The Rise of Authoritarian Neoliberalism”; Müller, What Is Populism?; Milanovic, Global Inequality; Tansel, States of Discipline; Stiglitz, Globalization and Its Discontents Revisited; Judis, The Nationalist Revival.
22. For example, see Foucault, The Birth of Biopolitics; Blyth, Great Transformations; Duggan, The Twilight of Equality?; Duménil and Lévy, Capital Resurgent; Harvey, A Brief History of Neoliberalism; Prasad, The Politics of Free Markets; Goldberg, The Threat of Race; Mirowski and Plehwe, The Road from Mont Pèlerin; Peck, Constructions of Neoliberal Reason; Burgin, The Great Persuasion; Jones, Masters of the Universe; Mirowski, Never Let a Serious Crisis Go to Waste; Davies, The Limits of Neoliberalism; Cooper, Family Values; Slobodian, Globalists.
23. Goldberg, The Threat of Race, 333; Slobodian, Globalists, 6. See also Weiss, “Globalization and the Myth of the Powerless State”; Wacquant, Punishing the Poor; Grandin, Empire’s Workshop; Springer, Birch, and MacLeavy, eds., The Handbook of Neoliberalism; Philip, “Hell Is Truth Seen Too Late.”
24. Mirowski, Never Let a Serious Crisis Go to Waste, 79. See also Hayek, “The Use of Knowledge in Society.”
25. Mirowski, “Hell Is Truth Seen Too Late,” 8.
26. Mirowski, Never Let a Serious Crisis Go to Waste, 79.
27. See Hacker and Pierson, Winner-Take-All Politics; Congressional Budget Office, Trends in the Distribution of Household; Piketty, Capital in the Twenty-First Century.
28. Mirowski, “Postface,” 431.
29. Mirowski, “Postface,” 438, 440.
30. Reich, “The Executive’s New Clothes.”
31. Katznelson, When Affirmative Action Was White, 23.
32. Cowie, The Great Exception, 154.
33. Cowie, The Great Exception, 154.
34. Katznelson, When Affirmative Action Was White, 23.
35. See Gordon, Pitied but Not Entitled; Cooper, Family Values.
36. Borstelmann, 1970s, 4.
37. For “rule of law,” see Hayek, The Road to Serfdom.
38. Davies, The Limits of Neoliberalism, 27.
39. Kruse, White Flight; Lassiter, The Silent Majority; Lewis, Massive Resistance; de Jong, Invisible Enemy; Borstelmann, 1970s; Davies, The Limits of Neoliberalism.
40. For a description of the white struggle against civil rights activism in the North, see Sugrue, The Origins of the Urban Crisis.
41. Freund, Colored Property, 9.
42. Kendi, Stamped from the Beginning, 385.
43. Kendi, Stamped from the Beginning, 386.
44. Kendi, Stamped from the Beginning, 386.
45. Gilder, Wealth and Poverty, 128.
46. My definition of culture comes from Geertz, The Interpretation of Cultures; Williams, Marxism and Literature; Hall et al., Culture, Media, Language.
47. Trouillot, “North Atlantic Universals,” 847.
48. Trouillot, “North Atlantic Universals,” 847.
49. For “long 1970s,” see Schulman, The Seventies.
50. For violence shaping the culture and laws of Jim Crow, see Litwack, Trouble in Mind; Tolnay and Beck, A Festival of Violence; Allen, Without Sanctuary; Bay, To Tell the Truth Freely; Campney, Hostile Heartland; Brown, Strain of Violence.
51. MacLean, Freedom Is Not Enough, 16. See also May, Homeward Bound; Gordon, Pitied but Not Entitled; Fraser, Fortunes of Feminism; Cooper, Family Values.
52. See Omi and Winant, Racial Formation in the United States.
53. Arrighi, The Long Twentieth Century, 73.
54. Hazlitt, Man vs. the Welfare State, 207.
55. Hazlitt, Man vs. the Welfare State, 207.
56. Hazlitt, Man vs. the Welfare State, 208.
57. See Phillips, The Emerging Republican Majority; Lind, Up from Conservatism; Carter, The Politics of Rage; Lind, “Conservative Elites and the Counterrevolution against the New Deal”; Lassiter, The Silent Majority; McGirr, Suburban Warriors.
58. See Lowndes, From the New Deal to the New Right.
59. Lassiter, The Silent Majority, 1–2.
60. Piketty, Capital in the Twenty-First Century, 15.
61. For an especially deep history of neoliberalism, see Leshem, The Origins of Neoliberalism.
62. My concept of modernity originally arose out of Mark Levine’s “modernity matrix” in Levine, Overthrowing Geography. Other conceptions influencing my modernity framework include Berman, All That Is Solid Melts into Air; Habermas, “Modernity—an Incomplete Project”; Huyssen, After the Great Divide; Harvey, The Condition of Postmodernity; Latour, We Have Never Been Modern; Beckles, “Capitalism, Slavery and Caribbean Modernity”; Hall et al., Modernity; Knauft, Critically Modern; Trouillot, “North Atlantic Universals; Cooper, Colonialism in Question; Beckert, Empire of Cotton.
63. See Gay, The Enlightenment; Porter, The Creation of the Modern World; Curran, The Anatomy of Blackness; Anderson, Imagined Communities; Lake and Reynolds, Drawing the Global Colour Line; Horne, The Counter-revolution of 1776; Heller, The Birth of Capitalism.
64. For a biography on Fernand Braudel, see Dursteler, “Fernand Braudel.” See also Wallerstein, The Modern World-System in the Longue Durée; Lee, The Longue Durée and World-Systems Analysis; Guldi and Armitage, The History Manifesto.
65. For work on the Annales school, see Burke, The French Historical Revolution.
66. See Anderson, White Rage; Rodríguez, White Reconstruction; Brown, Strain of Violence, 4.
67. For “massive resistance,” see Lewis, Massive Resistance; Webb, Massive Resistance; Omi and Winant, Racial Formation in the United States, 70.
68. Hunter, Culture Wars, 39.
69. Grandin, The End of the Myth, 3.
70. Grandin, The End of the Myth, 3.
71. See Carroll, Affirmative Reaction.
72. Baldwin, The Devil Finds Work, 563.
73. Carroll, Affirmative Reaction, 5.
74. Braudel, On History, 32. As Braudel notes, “mental frameworks” often come loaded with “all the old habits of thinking and acting, the set patterns which do not break down easily and which, however illogical, are a long time dying.”
75. Armitage, “What’s the Big Idea?,” 498. Armitage writes: transtemporal history “links discrete contexts, moments and periods while maintaining the synchronic specificity of those contexts.… It also stresses the mechanisms of connection between moments and is therefore concerned with questions of concrete transmission, tradition and reception, again unlike the traditional history of ideas which assumed but did not investigate how ideas travelled materially and institutionally across time.”
76. Armitage, “What’s the Big Idea?,” 498.
77. Armitage, “What’s the Big Idea?,” 499.
78. See Robinson, Black Marxism.
79. Grandin, The End of the Myth, 105.
80. Gerald Clarke’s Time magazine article, “The Meaning of Nostalgia,” described this onset of intense nostalgia at the dawn of social equality legislation from May 1971, anticipating the political and cultural pull nostalgia would produce in the late twentieth century and continuing into the twenty-first.
Chapter 1
1. See Patterson, The Eve of Destruction.
2. Phillips-Fein, Fear City, 31.
3. Patterson, The Eve of Destruction, 18.
4. For anti-Blackness and the institutions of white supremacy, see Omi and Winant, Racial Formation in the United States; Hartman, Scenes of Subjection; Fredrickson, Racism; Davis, Inhuman Bondage; Sexton, Amalgamation Schemes; Wilderson, Red, White & Black; Kendi, Stamped from the Beginning.
5. For settler colonialism, see Wolfe, Settler Colonialism and the Transformation of Anthropology; Elkins and Pedersen, Settler Colonialism in the Twentieth Century; Jacobs, White Mother to a Dark Race; Veracini, Settler Colonialism; Lloyd et al., Settler Economies in World History; Hixson, American Settler Colonialism; Veracini, The Settler Colonial Present.
6. Limerick, The Legacy of Conquest, 36.
7. Morrison, Playing in the Dark, 44.
8. See Harris, “Whiteness as Property”; Roediger, The Wages of Whiteness; Painter, The History of White People.
9. See Gordon, Women, the State, and Welfare; Katznelson, When Affirmative Action Was White; Freund, Colored Property; Cooper, Family Values.
10. Baldwin and Giovanni, A Dialogue, 19–20, 70–72, 88–89.
11. For racial capitalism, see Robinson, Black Marxism; Cox, Caste, Class, & Race.
12. Sexton, Amalgamation Schemes, 30.
13. See Patterson, Slavery and Social Death; Kendi, Stamped from the Beginning.
14. From David Blight’s “The Civil War and Reconstruction” course, quoted in Coates, “Slavery Made America.” Course available at http://oyc.yale.edu/history/hist-119/lecture-11. See also Horne, The Deepest South; Johnson, River of Dark Dreams; Waterhouse, The Land of Enterprise.
15. Bay, To Tell the Truth Freely, 7; Muhammad, The Condemnation of Blackness; Campney, Hostile Heartland.
16. For an in-depth discussion of the debate, see Buccola, The Fire Is upon Us.
17. Buckley, “Our Mission Statement.”
18. Debate: Baldwin vs. Buckley. The transcription of the debate appeared in the New York Times. However, the transcription was most likely the written speeches, whereas both Baldwin and Buckley deviated substantially from their prepared statements. All citations of the debate are from the actual debate, and not from the printed speeches from the New York Times. “The American Dream and the American Negro.”
19. See Weatherby, James Baldwin, 273–75; Leeming, James Baldwin, 244–45; Schultz, Buckley and Mailer; Buccola, The Fire Is upon Us.
20. For the National Educational Television Network, see Hendershot, Open to Debate, xxiv.
21. See Steinberg, Turning Back.
22. For the Black radical tradition, see Robinson, Black Marxism; Taylor, “ ‘Read[ing] Men and Nations’ ”; Kelley, Freedom Dreams; Davies, “Sisters Outside”; Rabaka, Africana Critical Theory.
23. As Corey Robin suggests, conservatism is “a meditation on—and theoretical rendition of—the felt experience of having power, seeing it threatened, and trying to win it back.” See Robin, The Reactionary Mind, 4.
24. Bogus, Buckley, 13. See also Hendershot, Open to Debate.
25. Bogus, Buckley, 21.
26. Buccola, The Fire Is upon Us, 105.
27. Grandin, The End of the Myth, 219.
28. See Buckley, “Desegregation,” 21–22.
29. Buccola, The Fire Is upon Us, 327; Lewis, Massive Resistance, 180; Webb, Massive Resistance.
30. Morrison, Playing in the Dark, 44.
31. For background on James Baldwin, see Weatherby, James Baldwin; Standley and Pratt, Conversations with James Baldwin; Porter, Stealing the Fire; Leeming, James Baldwin; Balfour, The Evidence of Things Not Said; Boyd, Baldwin’s Harlem; Kaplan and Schwarz, James Baldwin; Field, All Those Strangers; Buccola, The Fire Is upon Us.
32. Aanerud, “Now More than Ever,” 57.
33. Robinson, Black Marxism, xxx.
34. For maroon communities, see Price, Maroon Societies; Genovese, From Rebellion to Revolution; Robinson, Black Marxism. For more on the Black radical tradition, see Gilroy, The Black Atlantic; Kelley, Race Rebels; James, Hold Aloft the Banner of Ethiopia; Bush, We Are Not What We Seem; Collier-Thomas and Franklin, Sisters in the Struggle; Woodard, A Nation within a Nation; Kelley, Freedom Dreams; Bogues, Black Heretics, Black Prophets; Edwards, The Practice of Diaspora; James, “The Wings of Ethiopia.”
35. Horne, The Counter-revolution of 1776, 19.
36. Gilroy, The Black Atlantic.
37. Schultz, Buckley and Mailer, 100.
38. See Werner, “The Economic Evolution of James Baldwin.”
39. The “white backlash” grew out of the Southern anti-segregation movement as well as Northern liberal reforms, with white communities across the nation condemning local and federal government of interfering in the lives of white citizens. See Sugrue, The Origins of the Urban Crisis; Avila, Popular Culture in the Age of White Flight; Kruse, White Flight; Moye, Let the People Decide; Countryman, Up South; Lassiter, The Silent Majority; Lewis, Massive Resistance; Hughey, “White Backlash in the ‘Post-racial’ United States.”
40. Kirk, “The Problem of the New Order,” 367.
41. Curtis, “ ‘Will the Jungle Take Over?’ ”
42. MacLean, Freedom Is Not Enough, 63.
43. MacLean, Freedom Is Not Enough, 63.
44. Buckley, “The Brownsville Affair and Old Discrimination Policy,” 4.
45. By ethos, I mean an argument or vision of the world based on authority, with the latter woven through the “virtues most valued by the culture to and for which one speaks.” Halloran, “Aristotle’s Concept of Ethos, or If Not His Somebody Else’s,” 60.
46. See Davis, Slavery and Human Progress; Patterson, Inventing Western Civilization; Lepore, The Name of War; Trouillot, Global Transformations.
47. For “possession of history,” see McClure, “The Possession of History and American Innocence.”
48. Baldwin and Giovanni, A Dialogue, 72.
49. Standley and Pratt, Conversations with James Baldwin, 191.
50. Standley and Pratt, Conversations with James Baldwin, 191–92, my emphasis.
51. For more on Baldwin and “innocence,” see Balfour, The Evidence of Things Not Said.
52. Eley and Suny, “Introduction,” 22.
53. Engelhardt, The End of Victory Culture, 21.
54. Engelhardt, The End of Victory Culture, 22.
55. See Anderson, “History TV and Popular Memory”; Moreau, Schoolbook Nation.
56. Du Bois, Black Reconstruction in America, 714.
57. MacLean, Freedom Is Not Enough, 49.
58. See Hinckley, “Texas.” See also Moreau, Schoolbook Nation.
59. Grandin, “Living in Revolutionary Times,” 8.
60. Baldwin, The Devil Finds Work, 562.
61. Standley and Pratt, Conversations with James Baldwin, 192.
62. Braudel, Civilization and Capitalism, 134.
63. See Popkin, From Herodotus to H-Net; Novick, That Noble Dream.
64. See Trouillot, Silencing the Past.
65. Morrison, Playing in the Dark, 52.
66. For memory and history, see Trouillot, Silencing the Past; Rosenberg, A Date Which Will Live.
67. Baldwin and Mead, A Rap on Race, 197–98. For the Faulkner quote, see Faulkner, Requiem for a Nun, 73.
68. Omi and Winant, Racial Formation in the United States, 70.
69. See Lewis, Massive Resistance; Webb, Massive Resistance; Dailey, “Sex, Segregation, and the Sacred after Brown.”
70. For the use of “culture” in place of overt racism, see Lentin and Titley, The Crises of Multiculturalism.
71. See Hartman, Lose Your Mother, 6.
72. See Jacobson, Roots Too.
73. Shultz, Buckley and Mailer, 118.
74. See Buccola, The Fire Is upon Us.
75. Debate: Baldwin vs. Buckley.
76. Debate: Baldwin vs. Buckley.
77. Horne, The Counter-revolution of 1776, 240.
78. “An Interview with James Baldwin,” 52.
79. See Curtis, “ ‘Will the Jungle Take Over?’ ”; Muhammad, The Condemnation of Blackness.
80. Debate: Baldwin vs. Buckley.
81. See Harris, “Whiteness as Property.” See also Lipsitz, The Possessive Investment in Whiteness.
82. See Freund, Colored Property.
83. For the relationship to civil society, see Wilderson, “Gramsci’s Black Marx.”
84. Trouillot, “The Otherwise Modern,” 220.
85. See Painter, The History of White People.
86. “The Week,” 149. As Curtis points out, Buckley’s views of “white, Western civilization” extended toward African in the 1960s as well, highlighting its transnational nature. See Curtis, “ ‘Will the Jungle Take Over?’ ”
87. For Sambo, see Bogle, Toms, Coons, Mulattoes, Mammies, & Bucks.
88. For “self-rule,” see Wiebe, Self Rule.
89. For Zip Coon, see Bogle, Toms, Coons, Mulattoes, Mammies, & Bucks.
90. Omi and Winant, Racial Formation in the United States, 66.
91. Lipsitz, The Possessive Investment in Whiteness, 50.
92. Singh, Black Is a Country, 10.
93. Steinberg, “ ‘Race Relations.’ ”
94. Glazer and Moynihan, Beyond the Melting Pot.
95. Jacobson, Roots Too, 177.
96. Kendi, Stamped from the Beginning, 373.
97. Kendi, Stamped from the Beginning, 373.
98. Jacobson, Roots Too, 177.
99. Perlstein, Nixonland, 459–60.
100. Roberts, Killing the Black Body, 15. See also Muhammad, The Condemnation of Blackness.
101. Glazer, Affirmative Discrimination.
102. See transcript to “Black Power.” For example, on a 1967 episode of Firing Line where Buckley interviewed Nat Hentoff about Black Power, Buckley questioned whether access to power was the only thing holding back African Americans: “Well, one of the reasons that I am perhaps as baffled as other people in trying to understand your critique, and that of so many other people, is I am never quite sure whether Black Power means that the desiratum [sic] is simply the use of a lever, with a maximmization [sic] of the lever inferred, or whether there is built into that some sort of concept; for instance, there is Black Power in Ghana, isn’t there—not a hell of a lot of progress from your standards or mine—so, pure political power isn’t of itself enough. It is political power united with certain concepts, a certain ethos, that you and I feel we want to push. We hear from somebody like James Baldwin who says that the only thing the white man has that the Negro should want is power—meaning that he explicitly disdains the criteria, the value system of the white community.”
103. See Sugrue, Sweet Land of Liberty.
104. See Lake and Reynolds, Drawing the Global Colour Line; Muhammad, The Condemnation of Blackness; Kendi, Stamped from the Beginning.
105. Jacobson, Roots Too, 178.
106. Barker, The New Racism, 3.
107. Barker, The New Racism, 10.
108. Lawrence, “Just Plain Common Sense,” 82.
109. Balibar, “Is There a ‘Neo-Racism’?,” 21.
110. Muhammad, The Condemnation of Blackness, xiv.
111. Baldwin, Nobody Knows My Name, 219–20.
112. See Muhammad, The Condemnation of Blackness.
113. See Davis, Women, Race & Class; Giddings, When and Where I Enter; Jones, Labor of Love, Labor of Sorrow; Morgan, Laboring Women.
114. Isenberg, White Trash, 135–36.
115. See Curtis, “ ‘Will the Jungle Take Over?’ ”
116. “The Week,” 149.
117. Baldwin, No Name in the Street.
118. Baldwin, No Name in the Street, 46.
119. Standley and Pratt, Conversations with James Baldwin, 191–92.
120. Robin, The Reactionary Mind, 59.
121. See Patterson, Inventing Western Civilization.
Chapter 2
1. See Trouillot, “North Atlantic Universals.”
2. See Fredrickson, Racism; Lake and Reynolds, Drawing the Global Colour Line; Kendi, Stamped from the Beginning.
3. Gingrich and Pious, To Renew America, 7
4. Scott-Heron, Small Talk at 125th and Lenox.
5. Davies, The Limits of Neoliberalism, 27. See also Lentin and Titley, The Crises of Multiculturalism.
6. See Slobodian, Globalists.
7. Slobodian, Globalists, 143.
8. Slobodian, Globalists, 58.
9. Slobodian, Globalists, 2.
10. Gingrich and Pious, To Renew America, 7.
11. Flamm, Law and Order.
12. Baldwin and Giovanni, A Dialogue, 19–20.
13. Gingrich and Pious, To Renew America, 7.
14. Roberts, Killing the Black Body, 294.
15. Baldwin, The Devil Finds Work, 562.
16. See Moreau, Schoolbook Nation; Du Bois, Black Reconstruction in America.
17. See Newby, The Development of Segregationist Thought; Sigler, The Conservative Tradition in American Thought; Buckley, American Conservative Thought in the Twentieth Century.
18. Patterson, Inventing Western Civilization, 44.
19. Fredrickson, Racism; Horne, The Counter-revolution of 1776; Kendi, Stamped from the Beginning.
20. Newby, The Development of Segregationist Thought, 129.
21. Newby, The Development of Segregationist Thought, 130.
22. Martinot and Sexton, “The Avant-Garde of White Supremacy,” 180. See also Pascoe, What Comes Naturally; Lewis, Massive Resistance; Lake and Reynolds, Drawing the Global Colour Line.
23. Newby, The Development of Segregationist Thought, 155.
24. See Robin, The Reactionary Mind, 24; Trouillot, “North Atlantic Universals.”
25. Weaver, Ideas Have Consequences, 1.
26. Weaver, Ideas Have Consequences, 32, 38.
27. Kirk, “The Problem of the New Order,” 367.
28. See Fones-Wolf, Selling Free Enterprise; Perlstein, Before the Storm; Phillips-Fein, Invisible Hands.
29. See Hancock, The Politics of Disgust.
30. See Flamm, Law and Order; Kruse, White Flight; Cooper, Family Values; Sugrue, Sweet Land of Liberty.
31. See MacLean, Freedom Is Not Enough; Freund, Colored Property; Bogle, Toms, Coons, Mulattoes, Mammies, & Bucks.
32. Erskine, “The Polls: Race Relations,” 139.
33. Erskine, “The Polls: Race Relations,” 146.
34. Perlstein, Before the Storm, 342.
35. Perlstein, Nixonland, 91.
36. McConahay et al., “Has Racism Declined in America?,” 578.
37. McConahay et al., “Has Racism Declined in America?,” 578.
38. Buccola, The Fire Is upon Us, 192.
39. Perlstein, Before the Storm, 342.
40. Foucault, The Birth of Biopolitics; Blyth, Great Transformations; Mirowski and Plehwe, The Road from Mont Pèlerin; Peck, Constructions of Neoliberal Reason; Wapshott, Keynes Hayek; Burgin, The Great Persuasion; Jones, Masters of the Universe; Eagleton-Pierce, “Historicizing the neoliberal spirit of capitalism”; Nik-Khah and Van Horn, “The ascendency of Chicago neoliberalism”; Slobodian, Globalists.
41. Plehwe, “Introduction,” 4.
42. Plehwe, “Introduction,” 10.
43. Wapshott, Keynes Hayek, 2–3.
44. Wapshott, Keynes Hayek, 29.
45. Slobodian, Globalists, 64–65.
46. Slobodian, Globalists, 84.
47. Slobodian, Globalists, 86.
48. Keynes, The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money. See also Eatwell and Milgate, The Fall and Rise of Keynesian Economics.
49. Wapshott, Keynes Hayek, 44.
50. Burgin, The Great Persuasion, 3.
51. See Jacob, Scientific Culture and the Making of the Industrial West; Muller, The Mind and the Market.
52. Ferguson, “Industrial Conflict and the Coming of the New Deal,” 13.
53. Hawley, The Great War and the Search for a Modern Order, 166.
54. Hawley, The Great War and the Search for a Modern Order, 168.
55. See Shlaes, The Forgotten Man.
56. McElvaine, The Great Depression, 39; Badger, The New Deal, 30.
57. Piketty, Capital in the Twenty-First Century, 23.
58. Trattner, From Poor Law to Welfare State, 277.
59. Trattner, From Poor Law to Welfare State, 277.
60. Plehwe, “Introduction,” 2.
61. Plehwe, “Introduction,” 13.
62. Slobodian, Globalists, 86.
63. Lippmann, An Inquiry into the Principles of the Good Society, 13.
64. Plehwe, “Introduction,” 13.
65. Plehwe, “Introduction,” 13.
66. Peck, Constructions of Neoliberal Reason, 49–50.
67. Slobodian, Globalists, 124.
68. See Blyth, Great Transformations; Slobodian, Globalists.
69. For early work on the Chicago school of economics, see Miller, “On the ‘Chicago School of Economics.’ ”
70. Van Horn and Mirowski, “The Rise of the Chicago School of Economics and the Birth of Neoliberalism,” 159. See also Harvey, A Brief History of Neoliberalism, 19–20.
71. See Smith, The Wealth of Nations; Lippmann, The Good Society; Polanyi, The Great Transformation.
72. Smith, The Wealth of Nations, 94–96.
73. See Phillips, Wealth and Democracy; Dawley, “The Abortive Rule of Big Money.”
74. Van Horn and Mirowski, “The Rise of the Chicago School of Economics and the Birth of Neoliberalism,” 157; Leitner et al., “Contesting Urban Futures,” 6.
75. Van Horn and Mirowski, “The Rise of the Chicago School of Economics,” 161. See also Fligstein, “States, Markets, and Economic Growth.”
76. Peck, Constructions of Neoliberal Reason, 9.
77. Slobodian, Globalists, 6.
78. Mirowski, Never Let a Serious Crisis Go to Waste, 40.
79. Van Horn, “Reinventing Monopoly and the Role of Corporations,” 216–17.
80. Friedman, “Neo-Liberalism and Its Prospects.”
81. See Berle, The 20th Century Capitalist Revolution.
82. Davies, The Limits of Neoliberalism, 76.
83. See Chandler, The Visible Hand; Trachtenberg, The Incorporation of America; Heilbroner and Singer, The Economic Transformation of America; Sobel, The Age of Giant Corporations; Brands, American Colossus; Lind, Land of Promise.
84. See Fones-Wolf, Selling Free Enterprise; Phillips-Fein, Invisible Hands.
85. Van Horn, “Reinventing Monopoly and the Role of Corporations,” 208.
86. Davies, The Limits of Neoliberalism, 50.
87. See Birch, “Financial Economics and Business Schools.”
88. Van Horn, “Reinventing Monopoly and the Role of Corporations,” 220. See also Friedman, Capitalism and Freedom.
89. Burgin, The Great Persuasion, 72. See also Wapshott, Keynes Hayek, 211–14; Hayek, The Road to Serfdom; Mirowski and Plehwe, The Road from Mont Pèlerin.
90. Quoted in Harvey, A Brief History of Neoliberalism, 20
91. Foucault, The Birth of Biopower, 174.
92. See, for example, Pascoe, What Comes Naturally; Cobble, The Other Women’s Movement; Giddings, When and Where I Enter; Katznelson, When Affirmative Action Was White.
93. Wapshott, Keynes Hayek, 202.
94. Hayek, The Road to Serfdom, 112.
95. See, for example, Phillips, Wealth and Democracy; Fraser and Gerstle, Ruling America; MacLean, Democracy in Chains.
96. Hayek, The Road to Serfdom, 117.
97. Polanyi, The Great Transformation, 265.
98. See Fones-Wolf, Selling Free Enterprise; Perlstein, Before the Storm; Phillips-Fein, Invisible Hands; Blyth, Great Transformations; Wapshott, Keynes Hayek; Burgin, The Great Persuasion.
99. Phillips-Fein, Invisible Hands, 36–46.
100. Burgin, The Great Persuasion, 103.
101. For civil rights and the Cold War, see Dudziak, “The Little Rock Crisis and Foreign Relations”; Skrentny, “The Effect of the Cold War on African-American Civil Rights”; Dudziak, Cold War Civil Rights; Berg, “Black Civil Rights and Liberal Anticommunism.”
102. For government intervention in the economy, see Vatter, The U.S. Economy in the 1950s; Schulman, From Cotton Belt to Sunbelt; Hooks, “The Rise of the Pentagon and U.S. State Building”; Armstrong et al., Capitalism since 1945; Hooks and Bloomquist, “The Legacy of World War II for Regional Growth and Decline.”
103. See Lake and Reynolds, Drawing the Global Colour Line; Brands, American Colossus; Painter, The History of White People; Gerstle, American Crucible.
104. See Von Mises, “How Liberty Defined Western Civilization.”
105. Hayek, The Road to Serfdom, 219.
106. For a critique of this silencing of Enlightenment’s “dark side,” see Sala-Molins, Dark Side of the Light; Buck-Morss, Hegel, Haiti, and Universal History; Dubois, “An Enslaved Enlightenment.”
107. Hayek, The Constitution of Liberty, 100.
108. Muller, The Mind and the Market, 365.
109. Plehwe, “Introduction,” 4.
110. Muller, The Mind and the Market, 401.
111. See Wacquant, Punishing the Poor; Ferguson, Global Shadows; Carmody, The New Scramble for Africa; Tansel, States of Discipline; Stiglitz, Globalization and Its Discontents Revisited.
112. See “Theorizing for Goldwater?”; Friedman, Capitalism and Freedom.
113. Van Horn and Mirowski, “The Rise of the Chicago School of Economics,” 166.
114. Friedman, Capitalism and Freedom, 9.
115. Du Bois, Black Reconstruction in America; Wiebe, The Search for Order; Davis, Women, Race & Class; Trachtenberg, The Incorporation of America; Goodwyn, The Populist Moment; Gilmore, Gender and Jim Crow; Norwood, Strikebreaking & Intimidation; Kessler-Harris, Out to Work; Brands, American Colossus; Kendi, Stamped from the Beginning.
116. Friedman, Capitalism and Freedom, 9.
117. Sandbrook, Mad as Hell, 119.
118. Harris, “Whiteness as Property,” 1713.
119. Harris, “Whiteness as Property,” 1713–14.
120. Lears, No Place of Grace, 18.
121. See Harrington, The Other America.
122. See Katznelson, When Affirmative Action Was White; Lipsitz, The Possessive Investment in Whiteness; Cooper, Family Values.
123. See Freund, Colored Property.
124. See Roberts, Killing the Black Body.
125. For “silent majority,” see McGirr, Suburban Warriors; Perlstein, Before the Storm; Kruse, White Flight; Lassiter, The Silent Majority; Lewis, Massive Resistance; De Jong, Invisible Enemy; Borstelmann, 1970s.
126. For “Southern strategy,” see Phillips, The Emerging Republican Majority; Lowndes, From the New Deal to the New Right; Farber, “The Silent Majority and Talk about Revolution.”
127. Cruse, Rebellion or Revolution?, 104.
128. Perlstein, Nixonland, 277.
129. Perlstein, Nixonland, 277–78.
130. Friedman, Capitalism and Freedom, 2.
131. Friedman, Capitalism and Freedom, 111.
132. For race and the New Right, see Lind, Up from Conservatism; Carter, From George Wallace to Newt Gingrich; Marable, Black Liberation in Conservative America; Webb, Massive Resistance; Lewis, Massive Resistance; Kruse, White Flight; Lowndes, From the New Deal to the New Right; Buccola, The Fire Is upon Us.
133. See De Jong, Invisible Enemy.
134. Schwarz, America’s Hidden Success, 116.
135. See Davis, Prisoners of the American Dream; Cowie, “Nixon’s class struggle.”
136. See Breen, “A Changing Labor Force and Race Relations in Virginia 1660–1710.” See also Berlin, Many Thousands Gone; Horne, The Counter-revolution of 1776.
137. Davies, The Limits of Neoliberalism, 153–54.
138. De Jong, Invisible Enemy, 55.
139. McConahay et al., “Has Racism Declined in America?,” 578.
140. “Free Enterpriser—without Any Strings.”
141. “Free Enterpriser—without Any Strings,” 76.
142. “Free Enterpriser—without Any Strings,” 76.
143. “Free Enterpriser—without Any Strings,” 78.
144. “Free Enterpriser—without Any Strings,” 78.
145. “Money Theory Comes Back in Style,” 110.
146. “Money Theory Comes Back in Style,” 112.
147. “Money Theory Comes Back in Style,” 112.
148. Firing Line, “The Economic Crisis.”
149. See Fraser and Gordon, “A Genealogy of Dependency.”
150. See Fredrickson, The Black Image in the White Mind; Roberts, Killing the Black Body; Muhammad, The Condemnation of Blackness.
151. Hancock, The Politics of Disgust.
152. Roberts, Killing the Black Body.
153. See Moreau, Schoolbook Nation.
154. “Chicago School Builds a Model”; “Monetarists Dent Conventional Wisdom”; “A Classical Look at the ‘Real Cost’ of Money.”
155. “Advice and Dissent on Monetary Policy,” 32.
156. Peck, Constructions of Neoliberal Reason, 69.
157. Muhammad, The Condemnation of Blackness.
158. See Mirowski, Never Let a Serious Crisis Go to Waste.
159. Davies, The Limits of Neoliberalism, 27.
160. For post-1970s wealth inequality, see Hacker and Pierson, Winner-Take-All Politics; Congressional Budget Office, “Trends in the Distribution of Household Income”; Piketty, Capital in the Twenty-First Century.
161. See Lipsitz, The Possessive Investment in Whiteness.
Chapter 3
1. For distrust in large institutions, see Sandbrook, Mad as Hell.
2. Hoberman, Make My Day, 44.
3. Lumet, Network.
4. Lumet, Network.
5. Jones, “Multinationals from the 1930s to the 1980s,” 90.
6. Go, Patterns of Empire.
7. Arrighi, The Long Twentieth Century, 7.
8. Arrighi, The Long Twentieth Century, 123.
9. Arrighi, The Long Twentieth Century, 135.
10. Heller, The Birth of Capitalism, 157–58.
11. Arrighi, The Long Twentieth Century, 224.
12. Gordon, The Rise and Fall of American Growth, 1, 7.
13. Arrighi, The Long Twentieth Century, 248.
14. Gans, Deciding What’s News, 284. Originally published in 1979.
15. See http://www.mcgraw-hill.com/site/about-us/corporate-history. I chose Business Week over Fortune—first published by Time magazine cofounder Henry Luce in 1930—because the latter is a weekly news magazine whereas the former was published monthly (and published twice monthly after 1977).
16. Weiss, “What America’s Leaders Read,” 7.
17. Like most mainstream media in the postwar years, especially one geared toward the masculine-defined efforts of private enterprise, Business Week sometimes offered gratuitous sexism in their advertisements in their 1960s issues; interestingly, this did not appear in the 1950s. Examples of this sexism included showing young white women in seductive poses with a look of confusion about the technological wonder being advertised, including advertisements with provocatively positioned women with captions such as, “She’s wearing our latest plasticizer. You can see right through it. Exactly what we were after” (see advertisement from Enjay Chemical Company in Business Week, January 20, 1968). This objectification and sexualization of women in a business magazine might be explained through the sexual revolution of the counterculture in the mid-to-late 1960s, as advertisers took the lead in the dissemination of many of these ideas. See also Frank, The Conquest of Cool; Bailey, Sex in the Heartland.
18. Altschuler and Grossvogel, Changing Channels, xi
19. Berle, The 20th Century Capitalist Revolution, 23–24.
20. Cowie, The Great Exception, 95.
21. Lemann, Transaction Man, 38.
22. See Lipsitz, Rainbow at Midnight; Frieden, Global Capitalism; Heilbroner and Singer, The Economic Transformation of America.
23. See May, “Making the American Consensus”; Hodgson, “The Foreign Policy Establishment.”
24. Latham, The Right Kind of Revolution, 38.
25. Lipsitz, Rainbow at Midnight, 100. See also Fraser, “The ‘Labor Question’ ”; Cowie, The Great Exception.
26. Phillips-Fein, Invisible Hands, 31. See also Stepan-Norris and Zeitlin, Left Out; Schrecker, No Ivory Tower; Navasky, Naming Names; Denning, The Cultural Front; Whitfield, The Culture of the Cold War.
27. Panitch and Gindin, The Making of Global Capitalism, 83.
28. James, “Finance Capitalism,” 150.
29. James, “Finance Capitalism,” 150.
30. Vatter, The U.S. Economy in the 1950s, 30.
31. Vatter, The U.S. Economy in the 1950s, 34.
32. See Cowie, The Great Exception; Von Eschen, Race against Empire; Stepan-Norris and Zeitlin, Left Out.
33. Schwarz, America’s Hidden Success, 26.
34. Schwarz, America’s Hidden Success, 26.
35. See Cowie and Salvatore, “The Long Exception”; Cowie, The Great Exception.
36. Fones-Wolf, Selling Free Enterprise; Phillips-Fein, Invisible Hands; Burgin, The Great Persuasion; Davies, The Limits of Neoliberalism.
37. James, “Finance Capitalism,” 150.
38. See Braudel, Civilization and Capitalism, 15th–18th Century; Robins, The Corporation That Changed the World; Chandler, The Visible Hand; Sobel, The Age of Giant Corporations.
39. Arrighi, The Long Twentieth Century, 277–308.
40. See Dawley, “The Abortive Rule of Big Money”; McCurdy, “Justice Fiend and the Jurisprudence of Government-Business Relations”; Friedman, “Which Way for Capitalism.”
41. See Goodwyn, The Populist Moment; McMath, American Populism; Bernstein, The Lean Years; Wiebe, The Search for Order; Chambers, The Tyranny of Change; De Santis, The Shaping of Modern America; Kazin, The Populist Persuasion; Go, Patterns of Empire.
42. Waterhouse, The Land of Enterprise, 83. See also Chandler, The Visible Hand.
43. Waterhouse, The Land of Enterprise, 57–58, 92–93.
44. Brands, American Colossus, 24.
45. Brands, American Colossus, 5.
46. See Schulman, From Cotton Belt to Sunbelt; Wolfe, Competing with the Soviets; Edwards, The Closed World; Gordon, The Rise and Fall of American Growth.
47. Nasaw, “Gilded Age Gospels,” 124.
48. Panitch and Bindin, The Making of Global Capitalism, 103. See also Yergin, The Prize; Black, Crude Reality.
49. See Wilkins, “Multinational Enterprise to 1930.”
50. Smith, “The Liberal Invention of the Multinational Corporation,” 117.
51. Smith, “The Liberal Invention of the Multinational Corporation,” 117–18.
52. Chandler and Mazlish, Leviathans, 3–4. See also Caves, Multinational Enterprise and Economic Analysis.
53. “A New Breed of Company Has Sprung Up with the Boom,” 61.
54. “A New Breed of Company Has Sprung Up with the Boom,” 61.
55. Hyman, “Rethinking the Postwar Corporation,” 196.
56. “A New Breed of Company Has Sprung Up with the Boom,” 62.
57. Hyman, “Rethinking the Postwar Corporation,” 196, 202.
58. Hyman, “Rethinking the Postwar Corporation,” 196.
59. Bluestone and Harrison, The Deindustrialization of America, 124.
60. “Special Report: Multinational Companies.”
61. “Special Report: Multinational Companies,” 75.
62. “Special Report: Multinational Companies,” 75.
63. “New Look in Mergers Frowned on by FTC.”
64. “Merger Tide Is Swelling,” 28.
65. Lears, “A Matter of Taste,” 50–51.
66. Markusen, “Cold War Workers,” 51.
67. Ryan and Keller, Camera Politica, 91.
68. See Schulman, From Cotton Belt to Sunbelt; Hooks, “The Rise of the Pentagon and U.S. State Building.”
69. For postwar institutional racism, see Katznelson, When Affirmative Action Was White; Freund, Colored Property; Feagin, “Excluding Blacks and Others from Housing.”
70. Schulman, From Cotton Belt to Sunbelt, 135.
71. Schulman, From Cotton Belt to Sunbelt, 148.
72. Cohen, A Consumers’ Republic, 116.
73. See Brands, American Colossus.
74. Vatter, The U.S. Economy in the 1950s, 10. See also Appleby, The Relentless Revolution, 317–20; Wolfe, Competing with the Soviets; Edwards, The Closed World; Sobel, The Age of Giant Corporations; Marcus and Segal, Technology in America.
75. Toffler, Future Shock; Mandel, Global Data Shock, 5–6; Zuboff, The Age of Surveillance Capitalism. See also Gordon, The Rise and Fall of American Growth; Baldwin, The Great Convergence; Gleick, The Information; Kerssens, “The Database ‘Revolution.’ ”
76. Armstrong et al., Capitalism since 1945, 154.
77. Vatter, The U.S. Economy in the 1950s, 23. See also Schulman, From Cotton Belt to Sunbelt.
78. Berle, The 20th Century Capitalist Revolution, 51–52.
79. Berle, The 20th Century Capitalist Revolution, 109.
80. Vatter, The U.S. Economy in the 1950s, 41.
81. Berle, The 20th Century Capitalist Revolution, 27.
82. Vatter, The U.S. Economy in the 1950s, 166. See also Hooks and Bloomquist, “The Legacy of World War II for Regional Growth and Decline.”
83. Vatter, The U.S. Economy in the 1950s, 49.
84. Brenner, The Boom and the Bubble, 9.
85. Harvey, The Condition of Postmodernity, 125–26.
86. Stein, Pivotal Decade, 2.
87. Bluestone and Harrison, The Deindustrialization of America, 133.
88. Arrighi, The Long Twentieth Century, 284.
89. Webber and Rigby, The Golden Age Illusion, 27.
90. Frieden, Global Capitalism, 299.
91. Maier, “ ‘Malaise,’ ” 43.
92. Armstrong et al., Capitalism since 1945, 74.
93. Arrighi, The Long Twentieth Century, 305.
94. McQuaid, Uneasy Partners, 47.
95. See Wilson, “The Advantages of Obscurity.”
96. de Grazia, Irresistible Empire, 4.
97. Vatter, The U.S. Economy in the 1950s, 171.
98. For “family wage,” see Cooper, Family Values.
99. Goldin and Margo, “The Great Compression,” 1.
100. Phillips, Wealth and Democracy, 76.
101. Hofstadter, The Paranoid Style in American Politics and Other Essays, xi.
102. Phillips-Fein, Invisible Hands, 136.
103. Phillips, Wealth and Democracy, 77.
104. Kolko, Main Currents in Modern American History, 311.
105. See Schulman, From Cotton Belt to Sunbelt; Hooks and Bloomquist, “The Legacy of World War II for Regional Growth and Decline.”
106. Freund, Colored Property, 9.
107. McQuaid, Uneasy Partners, 22.
108. Marcus, Happy Days and Wonder Years; Dwyer, Back to the Fifties.
109. See Webb, Massive Resistance; Lewis, Massive Resistance.
110. Fones-Wolf, Selling Free Enterprise, 7–8; Lears, “A Matter of Taste,” 41; May, “Making the American Consensus.”
111. Berle, The 20th Century Capitalist Revolution, 9.
112. Panitch and Gindin, The Making of Global Capitalism, 67.
113. Westad, The Global Cold War, 9.
114. Panitch and Gindin, The Making of Global Capitalism, 74.
115. Rosenberg, Financial Missionaries to the World, 257. See also Rosenberg, Spreading the American Dream.
116. Latham, Modernization as Ideology, 9. See also Latham, The Right Kind of Revolution.
117. See Grandin, Empire’s Workshop; Bevins, The Jakarta Method.
118. Brenner, The Boom and the Bubble, 13.
119. Harvey, The Condition of Postmodernity, 142. For Great Society, see Blum, Years of Discord; Schulman, From Cotton Belt to Sunbelt; Farber, The Age of Great Dreams; Steigerwald, The Sixties and the End of Modern America.
120. Brenner, The Boom and the Bubble, 16.
121. “Industry Still Needs Updating,” 141.
122. Brenner, The Boom and the Bubble, 17.
123. Blyth, Great Transformations, 129; Brenner, The Boom and the Bubble, 17.
124. Brine and Poovey. Finance in America; Konings, “The Construction of US Financial Power.”
125. “Merger Pot Is Boiling Over,” 32.
126. Webber and Rigby, The Golden Age Illusion, 15.
127. “U.S. Industry Migrates Abroad to Tap Markets of the World,” 28.
128. “U.S. Industry Migrates Abroad to Tap Markets of the World,” 29.
129. “Capital Spending: Flat at Home, Up Abroad.”
130. “Not Much Pain for Big Business,” 17.
131. “Mounting a Long War on Inflation.” See also Mandel, The Second Slump, 12.
132. “Gold Fever Rises to Record Heat.”
133. Arrighi, The Long Twentieth Century, 310. See also Schenk, “The Origins of the Eurodollar Market in London.”
134. “Eurodollar Works for Both Sides,” 108.
135. “Eurodollar Works for Both Sides,” 108.
136. “Eurodollar Works for Both Sides,” 108.
137. Jones, “Multinationals from the 1930s to the 1980s,” 93.
138. See Stiglitz, Globalization and Its Discontents Revisited.
139. “When a World Money System Is Out of Date,” 70, 72–73.
140. “When a World Money System Is Out of Date,” 76.
141. “When a World Money System Is Out of Date,” 80.
142. Phillips, Wealth and Democracy, 86.
143. Webber and Rigby, The Golden Age Illusion, 28.
144. Brenner, The Boom and the Bubble, 27.
145. “The Deadlock over the Dollar,” 82.
146. “The Deadlock over the Dollar,” 82.
147. “The Deadlock over the Dollar,” 94.
148. Sennett, The Culture of the New Capitalism, 38–39.
149. Panitch and Bindin, The Making of Global Capitalism, 111.
150. “The Deadlock over the Dollar,” 101.
151. “The Deadlock over the Dollar,” 101.
152. “The Multinationals Reap a Windfall,” 22.
153. “New View: Build Here and Export,” 29.
154. “The World Economy,” 65.
155. “The World Economy,” 73.
156. “The World Economy,” 73.
157. “The World Economy,” 73.
158. “The World Economy,” 73.
159. “The World Economy,” 74.
160. Slobodian, Globalists, 13.
161. Slobodian, Globalists, 150–51.
162. Mandel, The Second Slump, 22.
163. Mandel, The Second Slump, 26; Harvey, The Condition of Postmodernity, 145.
164. Wight, Oil Money, 89.
165. Wight, Oil Money, 89.
166. Webber and Rigby, The Golden Age Illusion, 29; James, “Finance Capitalism,” 151.
167. “Petrodollars: Easing the Pressure on Western Banks,” 34.
168. Spiro, The Hidden Hand of American Hegemony.
169. Stein, Pivotal Decade, 95.
170. Stein, Pivotal Decade, 95.
171. See Cowie, Stayin’ Alive.
172. Webber and Rigby, The Golden Age Illusion, 29. See also Bluestone and Harrison, The Deindustrialization of America, 115; Harvey, The Condition of Postmodernity, 159; Mayer, The Bankers, 19–20.
173. Webber and Rigby, The Golden Age Illusion, 29.
174. Panitch and Gindin, The Making of Global Capitalism, 120.
175. James, “Finance Capitalism,” 151.
176. Kerssens, “The Database ‘Revolution,’ ” 13–14.
177. See Kerssens, “The Database ‘Revolution’ ”; Mayer-Schönberger and Ramge, Reinventing Capitalism in the Age of Big Data.
178. Webber and Rigby, The Golden Age Illusion, 30.
179. Webber and Rigby, The Golden Age Illusion, 31.
180. See Stiglitz, Globalization and Its Discontents Revisited.
181. Webber and Rigby, The Golden Age Illusion, 31.
182. Harvey, The Condition of Postmodernity, 160–64. See also Rosenberg, Financial Missionaries to the World. For examples of this process in Africa and Latin America, see Ferguson, Global Shadows; Grandin, Empire’s Workshop.
183. Waterhouse, The Land of Enterprise, 170.
184. For writers discussing postmodernity in the 1970s, see Hassan, The Postmodern Turn; Lyotard, The Postmodern Condition; Foster, The Anti-aesthetic.
185. Jameson, Postmodernism, xviii–xix.
186. Harvey, The Condition of Postmodernity, 147.
187. Arrighi, The Long Twentieth Century, 248.
188. “A Rougher Road for Multinationals,” 57.
189. “Corporations: Where the Game Is Growth,” 120.
190. “Time of Testing for Conglomerates,” 38.
191. “Conglomerates: The Corporations That Make Things Jump.”
192. “Conglomerates: The Corporations That Make Things Jump,” 74.
193. “Conglomerates: The Corporations That Make Things Jump,” 74.
194. “Conglomerates: The Corporations That Make Things Jump,” 75.
195. “Conglomerates: The Corporations That Make Things Jump,” 76.
196. “Conglomerates: The Corporations That Make Things Jump,” 76.
197. “Only Mergers Can Bail Out the Airlines,” 37.
198. Rodgers, Age of Fractures, 62.
199. See Robyn, Braking the Special Interests.
200. “Is the Merger Fever Really Cooling Off?,” 35.
201. Rodgers, Age of Fracture, 56.
202. “A Rougher Road for Multinationals,” 58.
203. “Guiding Growth toward a Global Economy,” 146.
204. See Stein, Pivotal Decade; Arrighi, The Long Twentieth Century.
205. Bell, The Coming of Post-industrial Society.
206. “The New Banking,” 89.
207. “The New Banking,” 89.
208. Kerssens, “The Database ‘Revolution,’ ” 24.
209. “The New Banking,” 89.
210. “The New Banking,” 92.
211. Schulman, The Seventies, 136–37.
212. “The New Diversification Oil Game,” 76.
213. “Conglomerates Start Looking Good Again,” 77.
214. “Why Foreign Companies Are Betting on the U.S.,” 50.
215. Bluestone and Harrison, The Deindustrialization of America, 156.
216. “The New Diversification Oil Game,” 77.
217. Bluestone and Harrison, The Deindustrialization of America, 41. See also “Diversification That Offsets the Slack in Steel,” 99; “A Steelmaker Pushes into Lending,” 77.
218. “The Reindustrialization of America,” 78.
219. Harvey, The Condition of Postmodernity, 158. See also Stearns and Allan. “Economic Behavior in Institutional Environments.”
220. Bluestone and Harrison, The Deindustrialization of America, 152.
221. Bluestone and Harrison, The Deindustrialization of America, 41.
222. Webber and Rigby, The Golden Age Illusion, 34.
223. Arrighi, The Long Twentieth Century, 73
224. Webber and Rigby, The Golden Age Illusion, 34.
225. Bluestone and Harrison, The Deindustrialization of America, 42.
226. Bluestone and Harrison, The Deindustrialization of America, 44.
227. Frank, “The Post-war Boom,” 156.
228. Bluestone and Harrison, The Deindustrialization of America, 42.
229. Bluestone and Harrison, The Deindustrialization of America, 45.
230. Bluestone and Harrison, The Deindustrialization of America, 6.
231. “Why U.S. Technology Lags,” 80.
232. “The Right Way to Spur R&D,” 112.
233. “Why U.S. Technology Lags,” 80.
234. “Why U.S. Technology Lags,” 80.
235. Bluestone and Harrison, The Deindustrialization of America, 6.
236. Bluestone and Harrison, The Deindustrialization of America, 6–7.
237. Bluestone and Harrison, The Deindustrialization of America, 147.
238. Davies, The Limits of Neoliberalism, 27.
239. Davies, The Limits of Neoliberalism, 107.
240. Sennett, The Culture of the New Capitalism, 39–40. See also Sobel, The Age of Giant Corporations, 269.
241. Sennett, The Culture of the New Capitalism, 41.
242. Kerssens, “The Database ‘Revolution,’ ” 24. See also Marcus and Segal, Technology in America; Haskel and Westlake, Capitalism without Capital; Baldwin, The Great Convergence.
243. Sennett, The Culture of the New Capitalism, 44.
244. Crane et al., The Oxford Handbook of Corporate Social Responsibility, 25.
245. Sennett, The Culture of the New Capitalism, 37.
246. See Phillips, Wealth and Democracy, 155–56; Western and Rosenfeld, “Unions, Norms, and the Rise in US Wage Inequality”; Bivens and Mishel, “Understanding the Historic Divergence between Productivity and a Typical Worker’s Pay”; Bluestone and Harrison, “The Great American Job Machine”; Juhn et al., “Wage Inequality and the Rise in Returns to Skill.”
247. Phillips, The Politics of Rich and Poor, 165–66.
248. See Fones-Wolf, Selling Free Enterprise; Phillips-Fein, Invisible Hands.
249. “Labor Woes Cloud Outlook for Economy.”
250. Frantzen, Growth and Crisis, 142.
251. “The U.S. Can’t Afford What Labor Wants,” 104.
252. See Cowie, Capital Moves.
253. Webber and Rigby, The Golden Age Illusion, 52. See also Schwarz, America’s Hidden Success; Cowie, Stayin’ Alive; Davis, Prisoners of the American Dream.
254. See Davis, Prisoners of the American Dream. See also Maloney and Whatley, “Making the Effort”; Sundstrom, “The Color Line”; Nelson, Divided We Stand; Hill, “The Problem of Race in American Labor History”; Hill, “Racism within Organized Labor.”
255. “Why Joblessness May Stay High,” 44.
256. “Why Joblessness May Stay High,” 44.
257. “Why Joblessness May Stay High,” 44.
258. Schwarz, America’s Hidden Success, 116. See also Gordon, The Rise and Fall of American Growth, 628.
259. Friedman, “Workers without Employers”; De Stefano, “The Rise of the Just-in-Time Workforce”; Aloisi, “Commoditized Workers.”
260. Braudel, Civilization and Capitalism, 15th–18th Century, 229.
261. See Beauregard, Voices of Decline.
262. See Lake and Reynolds, Drawing the Global Colour Line.
263. Freund, Colored Property, 8.
264. Freund, Colored Property, 9.
265. Katznelson, When Affirmative Action Was White, 23.
266. Katznelson, When Affirmative Action Was White, 128.
267. Katznelson, When Affirmative Action Was White, 128.
268. Friedman, Capitalism and Freedom, 111.
269. Freund, Colored Property, 19.
270. Freund, Colored Property, 18–19.
271. Acham, Revolution Televised, 39. See also Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders; Platt, The Politics of Riot Commissions.
272. Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders, 2.
273. Singh, Black Is a Country, 5.
274. “The Warning of the Riot Commission,” 143.
275. “Business and the Urban Crisis,” C1.
276. Delton, Racial Integration in Corporate America, 21.
277. “Economically the Negro Gains but He’s Still the Low Man,” 80.
278. “Economically the Negro Gains but He’s Still the Low Man,” 78.
279. Du Bois, Black Reconstruction in America, 714.
280. “The Race Crisis Coming to a Head,” 24, italics added. For criminalizing Blackness, see Muhammad, The Condemnation of Blackness.
281. “The Race Crisis Coming to a Head,” 24.
282. For stereotypes, see Bogle, Toms, Coons, Mulattoes, Mammies, & Bucks.
283. “The Race Crisis Coming to a Head,” 24.
284. Erskine, “The Polls: Recent Opinion on Racial Problems.” See also Campbell, White Attitudes toward Black People.
285. Schulman, From Cotton Belt to Sunbelt, 178.
286. “What Price Will Whites Pay?,” 75.
287. See Race: The Power of an Illusion, Episode 3. See also Freund, Colored Property; Feagin, “Excluding Blacks and Others from Housing.”
288. Baldwin, The Fire Next Time, 335.
Chapter 4
1. “The Debt Economy,” 45.
2. “The Debt Economy,” 45. For a history of consumer debt, see Calder, Financing the American Dream.
3. Stein, Pivotal Decade, 49.
4. Stein, Pivotal Decade, 112.
5. Stein, Pivotal Decade, 115.
6. “The Debt Economy,” 48.
7. Carson-Parker, “The Options ahead for the Debt Economy,” 120, emphasis added.
8. Carson-Parker, “The Options ahead for the Debt Economy,” 120.
9. Carson-Parker, “The Options ahead for the Debt Economy,” 120.
10. Carson-Parker, “The Options ahead for the Debt Economy,” 123.
11. Schui, Austerity, 140–41.
12. Carter, The Politics of Rage, 218.
13. Williams, God’s Own Party, 70–71.
14. Davies, The Limits of Neoliberalism, 88.
15. Silk and Vogel, Ethics and Profits.
16. Kruse and Zelizer, Fault Lines, 33.
17. McQuaid, Uneasy Partners, 103–4.
18. “America’s Growing Antibusiness Mood,” 100.
19. “America’s Growing Antibusiness Mood,” 100.
20. “America’s Growing Antibusiness Mood,” 100.
21. “America’s Growing Antibusiness Mood,” 100.
22. “Multinationals: The Public Gives Them Low Marks,” 42.
23. “Trouble Plagues the House of Labor,” 66–67.
24. See Cowie, Capital Moves.
25. Cowie, Stayin’ Alive, 12.
26. “Profits Set Still Another Record,” 87.
27. See Kerr, “Creating the Corporate Citizen.”
28. Akard, “Corporate Mobilization and Political Power,” 601.
29. “Corporate Planning: Piercing Future Fog in the Executive Suite,” 54.
30. See Phillips-Fein, Invisible Hands; MacLean, Democracy in Chains.
31. Cowie, Stayin’ Alive, 231. See also Blyth, Great Transformations; Harvey, A Brief History of Neoliberalism.
32. Phillips-Fein, Invisible Hands, 194.
33. Kruse and Zelizer, Fault Lines, 18.
34. Cowie, Stayin’ Alive, 231.
35. Borstelmann, The 1970s, 130.
36. Carroll, It Seemed Like Nothing Happened, 134.
37. Frieden, “The Trilateral Commission,” 69.
38. Gill, American Hegemony and the Trilateral Commission, 99, 166.
39. Crozier et al., The Crisis of Democracy, 8.
40. Frantzen, Growth and Crisis in Post-war Capitalism, 147–48.
41. Stein, Pivotal Decade, 115.
42. Stein, Pivotal Decade, 114.
43. Stein, Pivotal Decade, 117–18. See also “A Loud Dissent from Blue Collars,” 26–27.
44. Stein, Pivotal Decade, 121.
45. Carson-Parker, “The Options ahead for the Debt Economy,” 120.
46. Brenner, The Boom and the Bubble, 17.
47. Business Week, April 17, 1971.
48. Fones-Wolf, Selling Free Enterprise, 289.
49. Borstelmann, The 1970s, 131.
50. See, for example, Vatter, The U.S. Economy in the 1950s; Schulman, From Cotton Belt to Sunbelt; Hooks and Bloomquist, “The Legacy of World War II for Regional Growth and Decline.”
51. Schulman, The Seventies, xiv.
52. “A Consensus for a Tax Cut,” 30.
53. “The Second War between the States,” 92.
54. Bluestone and Harrison, The Deindustrialization of America, 182.
55. Bluestone and Harrison, The Deindustrialization of America, 185.
56. “A Counterattack in the War between the States,” 71.
57. “The Regulators Can’t Go On This Way,” 60.
58. “White House Eyes Deregulation Route,” 29; “ ‘Deregulation’ Is Off to a Halting Start,” 26.
59. “Government Intervention: Regulation,” 103.
60. Sobel, The Age of Giant Corporations, 249.
61. “Donald Cook Takes on the Environmentalists,” 67.
62. “Are Government Programs Worth the Price?,” 114.
63. “Are Government Programs Worth the Price?,” 116.
64. Borstelmann, The 1970s, 137.
65. See Katznelson, When Affirmative Action Was White.
66. MacLean, Freedom Is Not Enough, 233.
67. Boston, Affirmative Action and Black Entrepreneurship, 1.
68. “White Business Balks at Sharing the Work,” 47.
69. “White Business Balks at Sharing the Work,” 47.
70. “Business and the Urban Crisis,” C1. See also Delton, Racial Integration in Corporate America.
71. See Harris, “Whiteness as Property.”
72. Harris, “Whiteness as Property,” 1767.
73. Hoerr, “An Argument against Preferential Hiring,” 21.
74. See Glazer and Moynihan, Beyond the Melting Pot.
75. Business Week, January 17, 1977.
76. Perlstein, The Invisible Bridge, 603–4.
77. For work on this image, see Hancock, The Politics of Disgust; Roberts, Killing the Black Body; Morgan, Laboring Women; Collins, Black Sexual Politics; Block, Rape & Sexual Power in Early America; Fischer, Suspect Relations.
78. See Carter, From George Wallace to Newt Gingrich; Anderson, White Rage.
79. Stein, Pivotal Decade, 123.
80. Stein, Pivotal Decade, 123.
81. See Phillips-Fein, Invisible Hands.
82. “Egalitarianism: Threat to a Free Market,” 62.
83. “Egalitarianism: Threat to a Free Market,” 62.
84. “Egalitarianism: Threat to a Free Market,” 62.
85. “Egalitarianism: Threat to a Free Market,” 62.
86. “Egalitarianism: Threat to a Free Market,” 63.
87. “Egalitarianism: Threat to a Free Market,” 63.
88. “Egalitarianism: Threat to a Free Market,” 65.
89. “Egalitarianism: Threat to a Free Market,” 65.
90. “The World Tests Friedman’s Theories,” 73.
91. “The World Tests Friedman’s Theories,” 73.
92. “The World Tests Friedman’s Theories,” 73.
93. “The World Tests Friedman’s Theories,” 75.
94. “The World Tests Friedman’s Theories,” 75.
95. “A Draconian Cure for Chile’s Economic Ills?,” 72.
96. See Jenkins, Decade of Nightmares; Wilentz, The Age of Reagan.
97. Frantzen, Growth and Crisis, 151.
98. Bluestone and Harrison, The Deindustrialization of America, 36.
99. Stein, Pivotal Decade, 17.
100. Frantzen, Growth and Crisis, 153.
101. “Corporate Planning: Piercing Future Fog in the Executive Suite,” 46.
102. See Cowie, Capital Moves.
103. “Corporate Planning: Piercing Future Fog in the Executive Suite,” 46.
104. “Corporate Planning: Piercing Future Fog in the Executive Suite,” 47.
105. “Corporate Planning: Piercing Future Fog in the Executive Suite,” 48.
106. “Corporate Planning: Piercing Future Fog in the Executive Suite,” 49.
107. “Group Management to Control Diversity,” 98.
108. “Government Intervention,” 42–47.
109. “The Right Way to Spur R&D,” 112; “Why U.S. Technology Lags,” 80.
110. Kruse and Zelizer, Fault Lines, 103.
111. Wanniski, The Way the World Works.
112. “Vanishing Innovation,” 46, 48.
113. “A Surprising Rally for Profits,” 81.
114. “New World Economic Order,” 68.
115. “New World Economic Order,” 68.
116. “New World Economic Order,” 68.
117. See Wight, Oil Money.
118. “New World Economic Order,” 69.
119. See Chang, Bad Samaritans; Stiglitz, Globalization and Its Discontents Revisited; Slobodian, Globalists.
120. This moment foreshadowed the aftermath of the 2007–8 economic crisis. See Lahart, “U.S. Firms Build Up Record Cash Piles.”
121. “Why the Cash Piles Up,” 174.
122. Wilentz, The Age of Reagan, 121.
123. Zucker, “The Fallacy of Slashing Taxes without Cutting Spending,” 62; “Why Business Needs Two Tax Cuts,” 14; Roth, “How Tax Cuts Can Pay for Themselves.”
124. Ladd et al., “The Polls: Taxing and Spending,” 126.
125. Ladd et al., “The Polls: Taxing and Spending,” 127.
126. Ladd et al., “The Polls: Taxing and Spending,” 129.
127. See Mieczkowski, Gerald Ford and the Challenges of the 1970s.
128. Ladd et al., “The Polls: Taxing and Spending,” 131–32.
129. See Rowe, “Local and Regional Countercurrents.”
130. Ladd et al., “The Polls: Taxing and Spending,” 134.
131. Stein, Pivotal Decade, 177–202.
132. Borstelmann, 1970s, 157.
133. Rodgers, Age of Fracture, 70.
134. See Phillips-Fein, Fear City; Noah, “The United States of Inequality”; Congressional Budget Office, “Trends in the Distribution of Household Income between 1979 and 2007”; Piketty, Capital in the Twenty-First Century.
135. Stein, Pivotal Decade, 204.
136. Stein, Pivotal Decade, 204.
137. Frantzen, Growth and Crisis, 159.
138. Carson-Parker, “The Options ahead for the Debt Economy,” 120.
139. Carson-Parker, “The Options ahead for the Debt Economy,” 120.
140. “The Corporate Image,” 47.
141. “The Corporate Image,” 47.
142. “The Corporate Image,” 47.
143. “The Corporate Image,” 47.
144. “The Corporate Image,” 47.
145. “The Corporate Image,” 47.
146. “The Corporate Image,” 47.
147. “The Corporate Image,” 47.
148. Frantzen, Growth and Crisis, 156.
149. Business Week, March 12, 1979.
150. “The Decline of U.S. Power,” 36. For history of U.S. role in Iran, see Blum, Killing Hope.
151. “The Decline of U.S. Power,” 37.
152. “The Decline of U.S. Power,” 37.
153. Parenti, “More Bucks from the Bang,” 27.
154. Parenti, “More Bucks from the Bang,” 28.
155. “The Decline of U.S. Power,” 37.
156. See Gill, American Hegemony and the Trilateral Commission.
157. “The Decline of U.S. Power,” 37.
158. “An Urgent Need for New Ties to Government,” 74.
159. “An Urgent Need for New Ties to Government,” 76.
160. “An Urgent Need for New Ties to Government,” 76.
161. See Chang, Bad Samaritans.
162. “An Urgent Need for New Ties to Government,” 76.
163. “An Urgent Need for New Ties to Government,” 76.
164. “An Urgent Need for New Ties to Government,” 82. For U.S. interventions abroad, Kinzer, Overthrow; Westad, The Global Cold War.
165. “How 1,200 Companies Performed in 1978,” 89; “Profits Hold Up under a Threat of Recession,” 25; “Profits Stay Surprisingly Strong,” 87.
166. Rodgers, Age of Fractures, 55.
167. Maier, “ ‘Malaise,’ ” 37.
168. Brenner, The Boom and the Bubble, 35. See also Klein, The Shock Doctrine.
169. Mandel, The Second Slump, 80–81.
170. Brenner, The Boom and the Bubble, 35.
171. Schulman, The Seventies, 132.
172. Brenner, The Boom and the Bubble, 64.
173. “Shock Treatment for Inflation,” 96.
174. Business Week, June 23, 1980.
175. For the history of racism, see Kendi, Stamped from the Beginning; Fredrickson, Racism.
176. See Ngai, Impossible Subjects.
177. See Ngai, Impossible Subjects.
178. “The Implications of Oil Company Profits,” 84.
179. “The Implications of Oil Company Profits,” 84.
180. “Black Unemployment: Bad, and No Quick Fix,” 17.
181. “Reagan’s Plan: Sidestep Unions, Woo Workers,” 148.
182. “America’s New Financial Structure,” 138.
183. Duménil and Lévy, The Crisis of Neoliberalism, 132–33.
184. “Interview with Friedrich von Hayek,” 114.
185. Stein, Pivotal Decade, 262.
186. See Stiglitz, Globalization and Its Discontents Revisited.
187. Wilentz, The Age of Reagan, 122.
188. Perlstein, “Exclusive: Lee Atwater’s Infamous 1981 Interview on the Southern Strategy.”
189. See Lopez, Dog Whistle Politics; Edsall and Edsall, Chain Reaction.
190. For race and the New Right, see Lind, Up from Conservatism; Carter, From George Wallace to Newt Gingrich; Marable, Black Liberation in Conservative America; Lowndes, From the New Deal to the New Right; De Jong, Invisible Enemy.
191. McClendon, “Racism, Rational Choice, and White Opposition to Racial Change,” 214–15.
192. McClendon, “Racism, Rational Choice, and White Opposition to Racial Change,” 215.
193. McClendon, “Racism, Rational Choice, and White Opposition to Racial Change,” 215.
194. McClendon, “Racism, Rational Choice, and White Opposition to Racial Change,” 230.
195. De Jong, Invisible Enemy, 51.
196. See Wacquant, Punishing the Poor; Alexander, The New Jim Crow.
197. See Reinarman and Levine, “The Crack Attack”; Muhammad, The Condemnation of Blackness; Alexander, The New Jim Crow.
198. “Labor Seeks Less,” 82–83.
199. Davis, Prisoners of the American Dream, 178.
200. Davis, Prisoners of the American Dream, 178.
201. Beman, “The Democrats Go Over to the Supply Side,” 38.
202. Perlstein, The Invisible Bridge, 316–17; Schulman, The Seventies, 251; Kruse and Zelizer, Fault Lines, 128.
203. Phillips, The Politics of Rich and Poor, 207. See also Marable, Race, Reform, and Rebellion.
204. Harvey, A Brief History of Neoliberalism, 73. See also Stiglitz, Globalization and Its Discontents Revisited; Chang, Bad Samaritans; Klein, The Shock Doctrine.
205. See James, “The IMF and Democratic Socialism in Jamaica.”
206. Stein, Pivotal Decade, 265.
207. “Where the Recession Really Hurts,” 32.
208. Stein, Pivotal Decade, 267.
209. “The Payoff of Wage Moderation,” 22.
210. See Faludi, Backlash.
211. Phillips, Wealth and Democracy, 92.
212. Edsall and Edsall, Chain Reaction, 23.
213. Noah, “The United States of Inequality.”
214. Carroll, It Seemed Like Nothing Happened, 348.
215. See http://www.economist.com/blogs/graphicdetail/2013/08/daily-chart-12. See also Marcus, Happy Days and Wonder Years.
216. Rodgers, Age of Fracture, 189.
217. Friedman, Capitalism and Freedom, xiv.
218. “The Neo-liberals Push Their Own Brand of Reform,” 96.
219. Schulman, The Seventies, 232.
220. Schulman, The Seventies, 239.
221. Marable, Race, Reform, and Rebellion, 204.
222. Scott-Heron and Jackson, Winter in America. For resistance against 1980s conservatism, see Martin, The Other Eighties.
223. Zucker, “Reaganomics II,” 25.
224. See Lind, Up from Conservatism; Hunter, Culture Wars.
225. Creedence Clearwater Revival, Willy and the Poor Boys.
226. Gingrich and Pious, To Renew America, 7.
227. Baldwin, No Name in the Street, 128.
228. Buckley, “Our Mission Statement.”
229. Friedman, Capitalism and Freedom, xiv.
Chapter 5
1. For regeneration, see Slotkin, Regeneration through Violence.
2. “Conglomerates: The Corporations That Make Things Jump,” 75.
3. Phillips, Wealth and Democracy, 237. See also McCurdy, “Justice Field and the Jurisprudence of Government-Business Relations.”
4. Corkin, “Cowboys and Free Markets,” 67.
5. See Lears, No Place of Grace.
6. For “populist conservative,” see Lind, “The Five Worldviews That Define American Politics.”
7. For populism, progressivism, and the New Deal, see Goodwyn, The Populist Moment; McMath, American Populism; Wiebe, The Search for Order; Chambers, The Tyranny of Change; De Santis, The Shaping of Modern America; Kazin, The Populist Persuasion; Cowie, The Great Exception.
8. Grandin, The End of the Myth, 58.
9. Friedman, “Which Way for Capitalism.”
10. For a structural breakdown of the Western, see Wright, Sixguns & Society.
11. For histories of John Wayne, see Roberts and Olson, John Wayne; Wills, John Wayne’s America; Davis, Duke.
12. Ford, Stagecoach. See also Simmon, The Invention of the Western Film.
13. Hoberman, The Dream Life, 103.
14. Meeuf, John Wayne’s World, 10.
15. For culture wars, see Hunter, Culture Wars; Kelley, Yo’ Mama’s Disfunktional!; Lepore, The Whites of Their Eyes.
16. For one of the early works on viewing American expansionism before 1898 as imperialism and the role of white supremacy, see Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy; LaFeber, The New Empire; Berwanger, The Frontier Against Slavery. For other works discussing nineteenth-century American empire, see Beisner, Twelve against Empire; Jacobson, Barbarian Virtues; Greenberg, Manifest Manhood and the Antebellum American Empire; Blackhawk, Violence over the Land; Hixson, American Settler Colonialism.
17. Hawks, Red River; Ford, Fort Apache; Dwan, Sands of Iwo Jima; Farrow, Hondo; Ford, The Searchers.
18. Harris, Swing Out, Sweet Land.
19. Hathaway, True Grit.
20. Meeuf, John Wayne’s World, 2.
21. See Johnson, Heartland TV; Lauck and Stock, eds., The Conservative Heartland.
22. Smith, “The Origins of Nations,” 362–63.
23. See Lind, Up from Conservatism; McGirr, Suburban Warriors; Lewis, Massive Resistance; Freund, Colored Property; Lowndes, From the New Deal to the New Right.
24. See Denning, The Cultural Front.
25. Simmon, The Invention of the Western Film, 160.
26. May, “Introduction,” 2. See also Cowie, The Great Exception; Horn, “Reinventing Monopoly and the Role of Corporations”; Birch, “Financial Economics and Business Schools”; Lind, Land of Progress.
27. Lears, “A Matter of Taste,” 41.
28. See Denning, The Cultural Front; Wiebe, The Search for Order, 84. See also McMath, American Populism.
29. Lears, “A Matter of Taste,” 51.
30. Lears, “A Matter of Taste,” 51.
31. May, “Making the American Consensus,” 72. See also Dick, The Star-Spangled Screen.
32. See Sklar, Movie-Made America.
33. Navasky, Naming Names, 85, 337. See also Sayre, Running Time, 17–24.
34. Slotkin, Gunfighter Nation, 367. For conservatism and big business, see Phillips-Fein, Invisible Hands; Phillips-Fein and Zelizer, What’s Good for Business.
35. May, “Movie Star Politics,” 127.
36. Lewis, “Money Matters,” 88.
37. Lewis, “Money Matters,” 89.
38. For World War II and Hollywood, see May, “Making the American Consensus”; Harris, Five Came Back.
39. See Black, Hollywood Censored; Leff and Simmons, The Dame in the Kimono; Doherty, Pre-Code Hollywood; Pollard, Sex and Violence; Steinmetz, Beyond Free Speech and Propaganda.
40. Lewis, Hollywood v. Hard Core, 303.
41. Lewis, Hollywood v. Hard Core, 304.
42. Walsh, “The Films We Never Saw.” See also Zaniello, Working Stiffs, Union Maids, Reds, and Riffraff.
43. Sklar, Movie-Made America, 257.
44. May, “Making the American Consensus,” 71–72. May quotes from Schumach, The Face on the Cutting Room Floor, 129.
45. Quoted in Sayre, Running Time, 48.
46. Whitfield, The Culture of the Cold War, 130.
47. Whitfield, The Culture of the Cold War, 131.
48. See Silver and Ursini, Film Noir Reader; Wager, Dames in the Driver’s Seat; Wallace, “Race, Gender and Psychoanalysis in Forties Film”; Medovoi, Rebels; Doherty, Teenagers and Teenpics; Nickel, “Disabling African American men”.
49. Sayre, Running Time, 140.
50. Davis, Duke, 164. See also Briley, “John Wayne and Big Jim McLain (1952)”; Ludwig, Big Jim McLain.
51. Sklar, Movie-Made America, 266.
52. Saunders, The Cultural Cold War, 284.
53. Lipsitz, The Possessive Investment in Whiteness, 84.
54. Slotkin, Gunfighter Nation, 334.
55. Slotkin, Gunfighter Nation, 334.
56. For Native Americans in film, see Kilpatrick, Celluloid Indians; Simmon, The Invention of the Western Film; Aleiss, Making the White Man’s Indian; Raheja, Reservation Reelism.
57. Wills, John Wayne’s America, 139. See Marin, Tall in the Saddle.
58. Ford, She Wore a Yellow Ribbon.
59. Quoted from Slotkin, Gunfighter Nation, 53.
60. Quoted in Bederman, Manliness & Civilization, 182–83.
61. Painter, The History of White People, 256.
62. Bancroft, “A Historian’s View of the Negro,” 83.
63. “Playboy Interview: John Wayne,” 82.
64. Gibson, Warrior Dreams, 23-5.
65. Cuordileone, Manhood and American Political Culture in the Cold War, xxiii. For the feminization of mass culture, see Modleski, “Femininity as Mas(s)querade.”
66. Cuordileone, Manhood and American Political Culture in the Cold War, viii.
67. Ray, A Certain Tendency of the Hollywood Cinema, 170–71.
68. Corkin, “Cowboys and Free Markets,” 73–74. See also Meeuf, John Wayne’s World.
69. Filene, “ ‘Cold War Culture,’ ” 161.
70. Filene, “ ‘Cold War Culture,’ ” 162. For Westerns on television, see Edgerton, The Columbia History of American Television, 196–97; MacDonald, Who Shot the Sheriff?; Taylor, Prime-Time Families.
71. Omi and Winant, Racial Formation in the United States, 65. See also Webb, Massive Resistance; Lewis, Massive Resistance.
72. Davis, Duke, 220. Wayne, The Alamo.
73. Wills, John Wayne’s America, 221. A family-friendly, Walt Disney version of Davy Crockett’s history appeared on television in 1954–55, depicting the Andrew Jackson–led cleansing campaigns—with Crockett providing militia leadership—across the Southeast as westward expansion opened the South to the expansion of slavery and cotton cultivation. Accordingly, this celebration, true to the settler colonial project, disavowed the ethnic cleansing campaigns structuring this aspect of westward expansion—with cleared Indian land turning into slave-grown cotton wealth. There is also a display of patriarchal ownership of women, when, in the wake of saving Davy’s life, his partner, George, is promised a kiss from Mrs. Crockett. After riding for days, the first thing George does when riding up to Crockett’s homestead is to dismount, grab Polly Crockett, and passionately kiss her without warning. This display of sexual assault by Walt Disney Productions, at the time, would have been viewed as “quaint” and family friendly.
74. See Novick, That Noble Dream; Foner, The New American History; Guerrero, Framing Blackness; Robinson, Forgeries of Memory and Meaning.
75. See Bogle, Toms, Coons, Mulattoes, Mammies, & Bucks; Collins, Black Feminist Thought.
76. Slotkin, Gunfighter Nation, 518.
77. See Genovese, Roll, Jordan, Roll. Genovese writes, “A paternalism accepted by both masters and slaves—but with radically different interpretations—afforded a fragile bridge across the intolerable contradictions inherent in a society based on racism, slavery, and class exploitation that had to depend on the willing reproduction and productivity of its victims. For the slave-holders paternalism represented an attempt to overcome the fundamental contradiction in slavery: the impossibility of the slaves’ ever becoming the things they were supposed to be. Paternalism defined the involuntary labor of the slaves as a legitimate return to their masters for protection and direction. But, the masters’ need to see their slaves as acquiescent human beings constituted a moral victory for the slaves themselves. Paternalism’s insistence upon mutual obligations—duties, responsibilities, and ultimately even rights—implicitly recognized the slaves’ humanity” (5).
78. Ford, Judge Priest.
79. See Lott, Love and Theft.
80. Slotkin, Gunfighter Nation, 227; Davis, Duke, 231; Roberts and Olson, John Wayne, 471–79.
81. See Kruse, White Flight; Lewis, Massive Resistance.
82. Perlstein, Before the Storm, xii.
83. Davis, Duke, 276.
84. Berlot and Lyons, Right-Wing Populism in America, 175.
85. Berlot and Lyons, Right-Wing Populism in America, 178.
86. Kazin, The Populist Persuasion, 237.
87. Kazin, The Populist Persuasion, 239.
88. See Moreau, Schoolbook Nation, 265.
89. Apple, “Rebuilding Hegemony,” 107.
90. “A Nation Builds under Fire”; Wayne and Kellogg, The Green Berets. See also United States, Catalog of the Big Picture Films.
91. Slatzer, No Substitute for Victory.
92. Hoberman, The Dream Life, 148–49.
93. “Challenge of Ideas.”
94. For the Vietnam War within the framework of anti-colonialism, see Young, The Vietnam Wars; Hahn and Heiss, Empire and Revolution; Westad, The Global Cold War; Hunt and Levine, Arc of Empire.
95. Westad, The Global Cold War, 89.
96. Wills, John Wayne’s America, 229.
97. Wills, John Wayne’s America, 234.
98. Hoberman, The Dream Life, 213.
99. Slotkin, Gunfighter Nation, 522, 526.
100. Slotkin, Gunfighter Nation, 526–27.
101. Gaddis, The United States and the Origins of the Cold War, 7.
102. See Marshall, Scott, and Hunter, The Iran Contra Connection.
103. Young, The Vietnam Wars, 45.
104. Young, The Vietnam Wars, 45.
105. Young, The Vietnam Wars, 22.
106. For gender and the Cold War, see May, Homeward Bound.
107. See Pascoe, What Comes Naturally.
108. Fairbanks, Writings: Film*Literature*Music*Society, 458.
109. For the white ethnic revival of the 1970s, see Jacobson, Roots Too.
110. Veracini, Settler Colonialism, 77.
111. See Lindsay, “Humor and Dissonance in California’s Native American Genocide.”
112. Limerick, The Legacy of Conquest, 36.
113. See Mohawk, “The ‘Disappearing Indian.’ ”
114. Murrin et al., Liberty, Equality, Power, 362. See also Heisel, “The Rise and Fall of an All-American Catchphrase.”
115. See Baptist, The Half Has Never Been Told; Beckert, Empire of Cotton; Kendi, Stamped from the Beginning.
116. Du Bois, Black Reconstruction in America, 714.
117. See Fahs, “Remembering the Civil War in Children’s Literature of the 1880s and 1890s”; Blight, “Decoration Days.”
118. See Campney, Hostile Heartland; Berwanger, The Frontier Against Slavery; Brown, Strain of Violence.
119. See Erskine, “The Polls: Recent Opinion on Racial Problems,” 696–703.
120. “Playboy Interview: John Wayne,” 80.
121. Baldwin, No Name in the Street, 185.
122. Hartman, Lose Your Mother, 6. For lynching, see Litwack, Trouble in Mind; Tolnay and Beck, A Festival of Violence; Allen et al., Without Sanctuary; Campney, Hostile Heartland.
123. Glazer, Affirmative Discrimination.
124. Singh, Black Is a Country, 10.
125. For “self-rule,” see Wiebe, Self Rule.
126. “Playboy Interview: John Wayne,” 80.
127. Lind, Up from Conservatism, 191.
128. Mervosh and Chokshi, “Reagan Called Africans ‘Monkeys’ in Call with Nixon, Tape Reveals.” See also Jordan, White Over Black; Pieterse, White on Black.
129. Grandin, The End of the Myth, 64.
130. Hawks, Hatari. For white settler projects in Africa, see Elkins and Pedersen, Settler Colonialism in the Twentieth Century; Cavanagh and Veracini, The Routledge Handbook of the History of Settler Colonialism.
131. Kluge, “First and Last, a Cowboy,” 46.
132. Kluge, “First and Last, a Cowboy,” 46.
133. Roberts and Olson, John Wayne, 487.
134. Krehbiel, Tulsa 1921, 123.
135. Sirota, “The Legend of the Persecuted White Guy”; De Jong, Invisible Enemy, 109–110.
136. See Lichtenfeld, Action Speaks Louder.
137. Lichtenfeld, Action Speaks Louder, xviii.
138. Meyer, “The Recrudescent American Conservatism,” 76.
139. Monaco, The Sixties, 179; Kluge, “First and last, a cowboy,” 46.
140. Ryan and Kellner, Camera Politica, 80.
141. Ford, dir., The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance; McLaglen, dir., McLintock!.
142. Monaco, The Sixties, 179; David, Duke, 285.
143. Hixson, American Settler Colonialism, 5.
144. Lichtenfeld, Action Speaks Louder, 19.
145. See Hoefle, “Bitter Harvest”; Brown, Strain of Violence; Reiss, “Police Brutality—Answers to Key Questions”; Davis, City of Quartz; Johnson, Street Justice; Alexander, The New Jim Crow; Taylor, Fight the Power.
146. Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders.
147. See Flamm, Law and Order.
148. See Erskine, “The Polls: Politics and Law and Order,” 623–34.
149. Lichtenfeld, Action Speaks Louder, 174.
150. Quoted in Lichtenfeld, Action Speaks Louder, 26.
151. Kirshner, Hollywood’s Last Golden Age, 135.
152. Guerrero, Framing Blackness; Massood, Black City Cinema; Dune, “Baad Bitches” and Sassy Supermamas.
153. Berger, Sight Unseen, 135; Sexton, “The Ruse of Engagement.”
154. Berger, Sight Unseen, 135.
155. See Sexton, Black Masculinity and the Cinema of Policing; Muhammad, Khalil Gibran. The Condemnation of Blackness.
156. Baldwin, The Devil Finds Work, 528.
157. See Bogle, Toms, Coons, Mulattoes, Mammies, & Bucks.
158. For militarization of policing and harsher sentences, see Davis, City of Quartz; Wacquant, Punishing the Poor; Alexander, The New Jim Crow.
159. Lind, Up from Conservatism, 138.
160. Mannheim, From Karl Mannheim, 385.
161. Lind, Up from Conservatism, 140.
162. Baldwin, No Name in the Street, 46.
163. Jacobson, Whiteness of a Different Color, 93
164. See Ngai, Impossible Subjects.
165. “Playboy Interview: John Wayne,” 92.
166. See Linethal and Engelhardt, History Wars.
167. Interview with John Wayne, The Great American Picture Star.
168. See Hoff, Law, Gender, and Injustice; Pateman, The Sexual Contract; Brownmiller, Against Our Will.
169. Jenkins, Decade of Nightmares, 174.
170. Trattner, From Poor Law to Welfare State, 363–64.
171. Edsall and Edsall, Chain Reaction, 221–22.
172. See Piketty and Saez, “Income Inequality in the United States.” For an analysis of Reaganomics, see Phillips, The Politics of Rich and Poor. For the cultural-political path toward Reagan, see Phillips-Fein, Invisible Hands.
173. Phillips, The Politics of Rich and Poor, 18.
174. Mishel, “Huge Disparity in Share of Total Wealth Gain since 1983.”
175. Engelhardt and Brown, “The War on Terror as an Indian War.”
176. McCarthy, “John Wayne to the Rescue.”
177. “Playboy Interview: John Wayne,” 76.
178. Reich, “The Executive’s New Clothes,” 26–27.
179. For crisis of masculinity, see Kimmel, Manhood in America; Bederman, Manliness & Civilization; Lears, “The Managerial Revitalization of the Rich.”
180. Phillips, The Politics of Rich and Poor, 65.
181. Phillips, The Politics of Rich and Poor, 65.
182. Friedman, “Which Way for Capitalism.”
183. Friedman, “Which Way for Capitalism.”
Chapter 6
1. See Davis, Duke, 149.
2. Davis, Duke, 307–8.
3. For masculinity in the 1950s, see Gilbert, Men in the Middle.
4. McLaglen, McLintock!
5. Wills, John Wayne’s America, 278.
6. See Carroll, Affirmative Reaction.
7. Baldwin, The Devil Finds Work, 562–63.
8. See Ward, Women Workers and Global Restructuring; Frieden, Global Capitalism.
9. See Sims, Women of Blaxploitation.
10. See Massey, “Flexible Sexism.”
11. Engelhardt, The End of Victory Culture, 23. See also Demos, The Unredeemed Captive; Lepore, The Name of War. The counterpart to white women’s captivity narratives, of course, were the slave narratives written by enslaved women such as Harriet Jacobs. However, these narratives inverted the “white victimization” sentiment—white men terrorized Black women—leaving these narratives in the shadow of the more marketable transgression of violated white womanhood. See Hartman, Scenes of Subjection.
12. For a history of multiculturalism, see Lentin and Titley, The Crises of Multiculturalism; Frey, Diversity Explosion.
13. Harvey, The Condition of Postmodernity, 147.
14. Sklar, Movie-Made America, 276.
15. Monaco, The Sixties, 10.
16. See Kunz, Culture Conglomerates.
17. Monaco, The Sixties, 30–39. See also Cook, Lost Illusions.
18. See Arrighi, The Long Twentieth Century.
19. See Sklar, Movie-Made America, 289–90.
20. For work on business appropriation of counterculture, see Frank, The Conquest of Cool.
21. Harvey, The Condition of Postmodernity, 156.
22. Lorde, Sister Outsider, 115.
23. See Hole and Levine, Rebirth of Feminism; Davis, Women, Race & Class.
24. Shammas, “Re-assessing the Married Women’s Property Acts.”
25. De Beauvoir, The Second Sex.
26. See Rosen, The World Split Open; Collier-Thomas and Franklin, Sisters in the Struggle; Kessler-Harris, Out to Work; Roth, Separate Roads to Feminism; Cobble, The Other Women’s Movement; Springer, Living for the Revolution; Friedan, The Feminine Mystique; De Beauvoir, The Second Sex.
27. See Davis, Women, Race & Class; Gilmore, Gender and Jim Crow; Kopacsi and Faulkner, “The Powers That Might Be.”
28. Hole and Levine, Rebirth of Feminism, 24. See American Women: The Report of the President’s Commission on the Status of Women and Other Publications of the Commission.
29. Hole and Levine, Rebirth of Feminism, 30.
30. Kruse and Zelizer, Fault Lines, 68.
31. Collins, Black Feminist Thought, 8. For the 1960s and “women’s liberation,” see Echols, Daring to Be Bad; Echols, “Nothing Distant about It.”
32. Rosen, The World Split Open, 107. See also Baxandall, “Re-visioning the Women’s Liberation Movement’s Narrative.”
33. Echols, Daring to Be Bad, 34.
34. Kruse and Zelizer, Fault Lines, 68–69.
35. Hole and Levine, Rebirth of Feminism, 114–17.
36. See Wambeke, “Politics Makes for Strange Bedfellows.”
37. Wambeke, “Politics Makes for Strange Bedfellows,” 116.
38. Wambeke, “Politics Makes for Strange Bedfellows,” 117.
39. See Gordon, Pitied but Not Entitled.
40. See May, Homeward Bound.
41. Amott and Matthaei, Race, Gender, and Work, 132. See also Lundberg and Farnham, Modern Woman.
42. Kirk, “The Problem of the New Order,” 367.
43. See Cooper, Family Values, 36.
44. Welter, “The Cult of True Womanhood,” 152. See also Cott, The Bonds of Womanhood; Ryan, Cradle of the Middle Class.
45. Cooper, Family Values, 88.
46. May, Homeward Bound, 24.
47. Baldwin, The Devil Finds Work, 562.
48. Bailey, “She ‘Can Bring Home the Bacon.’ ”
49. Cooper, Family Values, 63.
50. Hole and Levine, Rebirth of Feminism, 228.
51. Bradley, Mass Media and the Shaping of American Feminism, 11.
52. For mainstream representations of feminism in television, see Dow, Prime-Time Feminism; Lehman, Those Girls.
53. Davies, The Limits of Neoliberalism, 27.
54. See Bock and James, Beyond Equality and Difference; Fraser, Fortunes of Feminism.
55. Schaefer, “Bold! Daring! Shocking! True!,” 3–4, 150–64.
56. See Black, Hollywood Censored; Jacobs, The Wages of Sin; Doherty, Pre-code Hollywood; Leff and Simmons, The Dame in the Kimono; Pollard, Sex and Violence; Wittern-Keller, “All the Power of the Law”; Steinmetz, Beyond Free Speech and Propaganda.
57. Thrower, Nightmare USA, 12. See also Meyers, For One Week Only.
58. Schaefer, “Bold! Daring! Shocking! True!,” 2, 44–46.
59. Green, Babyface.
60. Schaefer, “Bold! Daring! Shocking! True!,” 326.
61. Jenkins, “Exploiting Feminism.” See also Smukler, Liberating Hollywood.
62. Schaefer, “Bold! Daring! Shocking! True!,” 327.
63. Hilmes, Only Connect, 227.
64. Schaefer, “Bold! Daring! Shocking! True!,” 337. See also “Interview: Russ Meyer” and Morton et al., “Russ Meyer: Biography.”
65. See Morris, “Roger Corman on New World Pictures”; Cook, “Film Culture,” 126.
66. Krämer, The New Hollywood, 47. See also Frank, The Conquest of Cool.
67. Krämer, The New Hollywood, 49.
68. Belton, American Cinema/American Culture, 337–38; Harris, Pictures at a Revolution, 183–84.
69. See Biskind, Easy Riders, Raging Bulls; Krämer, The New Hollywood; Lewis, “ ‘American Morality Is Not to Be Trifled With.’ ”
70. See Monaco, The Sixties, 2; Krämer, The New Hollywood, 47–66; Sieving, Soul Searching.
71. Slotkin, Gunfighter Nation, 597.
72. Kuhn, Women’s Pictures, 127.
73. Williams, Television, 86.
74. See Krämer, The New Hollywood.
75. Ongiri, Spectacular Blackness.
76. Krämer, The New Hollywood, 72.
77. Krämer, The New Hollywood, 72.
78. Krämer, The New Hollywood, 86.
79. Mulvey, “Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema.”
80. Kaplan, Women and Film, 2.
81. See Piercy, “The Grand Coolie Damn”; Rosen, The World Split Open. For “sexual revolution,” see Bailey, Sex in the Heartland.
82. See Kuhn, Women’s Pictures; Haskell, From Reverence to Rape. My conception of the liberation gauntlet comes from the work of Stephane Dunn on Black action films. See Dunn, “Baad Bitches” & Sassy Supermamas.
83. Hartley, Machete Maidens Unleashed!
84. Other films of this nature not produced in the Philippines, though affiliated with Corman, include Demme, Caged Heat!; Miller, Jackson County Jail. See also Rothman, Terminal Island. For Italian versions of the women-in-prison films, see Di Silvestro, Women in Cell Block 7; Mulargia, Escape from Hell. For French versions of the women-in-prison films, see Franco, Women behind Bars. See also Tohill and Tombs, Immoral Tales.
85. Cook, “Film Culture,” 126.
86. See Dow, Prime-Time Feminism; Lehman, Those Girls.
87. Rothman, Terminal Island. See Jenkins, The Wow Climax, 102–24.
88. Hill, Switchblade Sisters.
89. Jenkins, The Wow Climax, 109.
90. Jenkins, The Wow Climax, 109.
91. Meyers, For One Week Only, xiii. It is interesting that the introduction of the revised edition of Meyers’s book did away with his admission of desiring to see the “suffering of others” and “witnessing savage action and titillating topics” with subsequent expressions such as “I know I would” and “I know I do.” See Meyers, For One Week Only, 11.
92. See Faludi, Backlash.
93. For Black action films, see Guerrero, Framing Blackness; Martinez et al., What It Is … What It Was!; Massood, Black City Cinema; Sims, Women of Blaxploitation; Dunn, “Baad Bitches” & Sassy Supermamas.
94. Dunn, “Baad Bitches” and Sassy Supermamas, 2.
95. Dunn, “Baad Bitches” and Sassy Supermamas, 5.
96. Starrett, Cleopatra Jones; Kaplan, Truck Turner.
97. Dunn, “Baad Bitches” and Sassy Supermamas, 108. See also Reid, Redefining Black Film, 86–88.
98. Hill, Coffy; Hill, Foxy Brown. For controlling images, see Collins, Black Feminist Thought; Bogle, Toms, Coons, Mulattoes, Mammies, & Bucks.
99. Parks, Shaft; Parks, Super Fly.
100. Dunn, “Baad Bitches” and Sassy Supermamas, 121.
101. See Campbell, The Hero with a Thousand Faces.
102. See Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy.
103. See Latour, We Have Never Been Modern.
104. Pateman, The Sexual Contract, 2.
105. See McClintock, Imperial Leather; Stoler, Carnal Knowledge and Imperial Power; Morgan, Laboring Women.
106. Braudel, On History, 32.
107. Faludi, Backlash, 23.
108. Engelhardt, The End of Victory Culture, 23.
109. Echols, Daring to Be Bad, 67.
110. Rosen, The World Split Open, 134; Gitlin, The Sixties, 364.
111. Reynolds and Press, The Sex Revolts, 7.
112. The Rolling Stones, Aftermath.
113. The Rolling Stones. “Brown Sugar/Bitch/Let It Rock.”
114. Grateful Dead, Europe ’72.
115. See Bailey, Sex in the Heartland.
116. DiMaggio et al., “Country Music”; Blair and Hyatt, “Meanings of the Home in Popular Song Lyrics”; McCusker and Pecknold, A Boy Named Sue; Willman, Rednecks & Bluenecks; La Chapelle, Proud to Be an Okie; Wade, “Johnny Rebel and the Cajun Roots of Right-Wing Rock”; Mann, “Why Does Country Music Sound White?”
117. See Flowers in the Wildwood; Bufwack and Oermann, Finding Her Voice.
118. Wheeler, “Woman’s Talkin’ Liberation Blues”/“Little Lucy.”
119. Wheeler, Love.
120. The Willis Brothers, “Women’s Liberation.”
121. Shannon, “Women’s Liberation’s for the Birds.”
122. Roush, “Don’t Liberate Me.” See also Wynette, “Don’t Liberate Me (Love Me).”
123. See Kruse and Zelizer, Fault Lines.
124. See Giddings, When and Where I Enter; Sugrue, Sweet Land of Liberty.
125. Ward, Just My Soul Responding, 382; Joseph, Waiting ’til the Midnight Hour, 271; Carmichael with Thelwell, Ready for Revolution, 431–35.
126. See Giddings, When and Where I Enter; Collier-Thomas and Franklin, Sisters in the Struggle.
127. Ward, Just My Soul Responding, 382. For the matriarchy thesis, see Davis, “Reflections on the Black Woman’s Role in the Community of Slaves”; Giddings, When and Where I Enter, 325–30; Steinberg, Turning Back, 119–23; Roberts, Killing the Black Body, 15–17.
128. Vincent, Funk, 316.
129. Brown, It’s a New Day—So Let a Man Come In.
130. See Van Deburg, “Villains, Demons, and Social Bandits.”
131. Lumet, Network.
132. Bradley, Mass Media, 124.
133. See Echols, Daring to Be Bad.
134. Rosen, The World Split Open, 83. See also Johnson, The Lavender Scare.
135. See Mayne, Framed, 115–45; Russo, The Celluloid Closet.
136. Benton, Kramer vs. Kramer.
137. Philips, The Girl Most Likely To … ; Kennedy, Hannie Caulder; Kelljan, Rape Squad (aka Act of Vengeance); Zarchi, I Spit on Your Grave (aka Day of the Woman); Abel Ferrara, Ms. 45. See also Heller-Nicholas, Rape-Revenge Films.
138. Cavarero, “Equality and Sexual Difference,” 37.
139. For a discussion on romance and patriarchy, see Ebert, “The Romance of Patriarchy.”
140. Brownmiller, Against Our Will; Davis, “Joan Little”; Davis, Women, Race & Class, 178.
141. Lorde, Sister Outsider, 61; Rosen, The World Split Open, 182.
142. Mies, Patriarchy & Accumulation on a World Scale, 27.
143. Roberts, Killing the Black Body, 29–31.
144. Horeck, Public Rape, 3.
145. Horeck, Public Rape, 4.
146. For an extensive breakdown of I Spit on Your Grave, see Clover, Men, Women, and Chain Saws.
147. See Veracini, Settler Colonialism; Hixson, American Settler Colonialism.
148. Smith, “Not an Indian Tradition.”
149. Harris, “Whiteness as Property”; Roediger, The Wages of Whiteness; Kendi, Stamped from the Beginning.
150. Kendi, Stamped from the Beginning, 204.
151. See Litwack, Trouble in Mind; Tolnay and Beck, A Festival of Violence; Campney, Hostile Heartland.
152. See Allen et al., Without Sanctuary.
153. Muhammad, The Condemnation of Blackness.
154. See Davis, Women, Race & Class, 172–201; Bogle, Toms, Coons, Mulattoes, Mammies, & Bucks, 13–14.
155. Omi and Winant, Racial Formation in the United States, 70.
156. Davis, Women, Race & Class, 175.
157. Rothman, “The ‘Slave Power’ in the United States”; Cott, Bonds of Womanhood; Beckert, “Merchants and Manufacturers in the Antebellum North”; Lind, Land of Promise; Baptist, The Half Has Never Been Told.
158. See Mies, Patriarchy & Accumulation on a World Scale.
159. See Block, Rape & Sexual Power in Early America; Fischer, Suspect Relations.
160. Collins, Black Sexual Politics, 59. See also Collins, Black Feminist Thought; Washington, Medical Apartheid.
161. Davis, Women, Race & Class, 177.
162. I use the bowdlerized n****r so as not to replicate the violence associated with the word. It should be read or pronounced “N-word” by non-Black readers who do not endure the legacies of violence the word historically commands and articulates.
163. See Beckert, Empire of Cotton; Lott, Love and Theft; Kendi, Stamped from the Beginning.
164. See Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders.
165. Demme and LaGravenese, A Decade under the Influence.
166. See documentary for Friedkin, The French Connection.
167. Shear, Across 110th Street.
168. Cook, Lost Illusions, 4.
169. Hartley, Machete Maidens Unleashed!
170. See Bederman, Manliness & Civilization.
171. Hong, The Ruptures of American Capital, 110.
172. See Yeatter, Cinema of the Philippines; Capino, Dream Factories of a Former Colony.
173. Hawley, “You’re a Better Filipino than I Am, John Wayne,” 414. See Dmytryk, Back to Bataan.
174. Yeatter, Cinema of the Philippines, 84.
175. See Meyers, For One Week Only; Cook, The Cinema Book.
176. For a history of drive-in theaters, see Segrave, Drive-In Theaters.
177. Jenkins, The Wow Climax, 120.
178. Lim, “American Pictures Made by Filipinos,” 24.
179. Hartley, Machete Maidens Unleashed! Corman’s interest in overseas productions ventured into Argentina after 1982. See Falicov, “U.S.-Argentine Co-productions, 1982–1990.” For U.S. support of the 1972 coup, see Gerson, “US Foreign Bases and Human Rights.”
180. Hartley, Machete Maidens Unleashed!
181. See Grossman, “Women’s Place in the Integrated Circuit”; Elson and Pearson, “ ‘Nimble Fingers Make Cheap Workers’ ”; Safa, “Runaway Shops and Female Employment”; Wright, Disposable Women; Ward, Women Workers and Global Restructuring; Lim, “Women’s Work in Export Factories”; Mies, Patriarchy & Accumulation on a World Scale; Standing, “Global Feminization through Flexible Labor”; Standing, “Global Feminization Through Flexible Labor: A Theme Revisited.”
182. Grossman, “Women’s Place in the Integrated Circuit.”
183. Elson and Pearson, “ ‘Nimble Fingers Make Cheap Workers,’ ” 93, emphasis added. See also Adelman, dir., Controlling Interest.
184. Klein, Cold War Orientalism, 15.
185. See King, “ ‘Just like Back Home—Only Different!’ ”
186. See Wright, Disposable Women.
187. Hill, Big Doll House.
188. Williams, Final Comedown.
189. Jenkins, The Wow Climax, 105.
190. Morris, “Roger Corman,” 63. See also Corman with Jerome, How I Made a Hundred Movies in Hollywood and Never Lost a Dime.
191. Morris, “Roger Corman,” 63.
192. Interview with Roger Corman in Kings of the Bs, 308.
193. King, “ ‘Just like Back Home—Only Different!,’ ” 48.
194. Mayne, Framed, 116; Zalcock, Renegade Sisters, 19. See Cromwell, Caged. The first women-in-prison film, according to Zalcock, was Cecil B. DeMille’s The Godless Girl and William A. Seiter’s Prisoners, both released in 1929.
195. Nashawaty, Crab Monsters, Teenage Cavemen, and Candy Stripe Nurses, 107.
196. Yeatter, Cinema of the Philippines, 124–25. See De Leon, Women in Cages; Hill, The Big Bird Cage; Viola, The Hot Box; Romero, Black Mama, White Mama; Meyer, Night of the Cobra Woman; Romero, The Woman Hunt; Santiago, T.N.T. Jackson; Romero, Savage Sisters; Santiago, The Muthers.
197. Corber, Cold War Femme, 28. See also Russo, The Celluloid Closet.
198. King, “ ‘Just like Back Home—Only Different!,’ ” 51.
199. See Lake and Reynolds, Drawing the Global Colour Line.
200. Mayne, Framed, 115. See also Jenkins, The Wow Climax.
201. Nashawaty, Crab Monsters, Teenage Cavemen, and Candy Stripe Nurses, 109.
202. Nashawaty, Crab Monsters, Teenage Cavemen, and Candy Stripe Nurses, 109–13.
203. Drenner, From Manila with Love.
204. See Hartley, Machete Maidens Unleashed!; Drenner, From Manila with Love.
205. Hill, Big Doll House.
206. Hill, The Big Bird Cage. See Roberts, Killing the Black Body, 31.
207. Hartley, Machete Maidens Unleashed!
208. See The Best of Charlie’s Angels.
209. For discussions on lesbianism in these films, see Mayne, Framed.
210. Collins, Black Sexual Politics, 96–97.
211. Cook, “Film Culture,” 125.
212. Derounian-Stodola, Women’s Indian Captivity Narratives; Donovan, White Slave Crusades.
213. The film Captain Blood (1935) also utilizes Caribbean slavery for the white cast of political prisoners.
214. See Davis, “Reflections on the Black Woman’s Role in the Community of Slaves”; Giddings, When and Where I Enter; Collins, Black Feminist Thought; Hines, “Rape and the Inner Lives of Black Women in the Middle West”; Roberts, Killing the Black Body; Morgan, Laboring Women.
215. For the jungle film genre, see Robinson, Forgeries of Memory and Meaning, 298; Segrave, Drive-In Theaters; Hartley, Machete Maidens Unleashed!
216. See Berenstein, “White Heroines and Hearts of Darkness”; Dunn, “Lights … Camera … Africa.”
217. See Bederman, Manliness & Civilization; Wexler, Tender Violence; Rosenberg, Financial Missionaries to the World; Robinson, Forgeries of Memory & Meaning.
218. Robinson, Forgeries of Memory & Meaning, 298.
219. Robinson, Forgeries of Memory & Meaning, 298.
220. See Lake and Reynolds, Drawing the Global Colour Line.
221. Jenkins, The Wow Climax, 120.
222. Baldwin, No Name in the Street, 46.
223. See Lichtenfeld, Action Speaks Louder.
224. Krämer, The New Hollywood, 72.
225. See Flamm, Law and Order.
226. See Flamm, Law and Order; Siegel, Coogan’s Bluff; Avildsen, Joe; Siegel, Dirty Harry; Winner, Death Wish.
227. See Engelhardt, The End of Victory Culture.
228. Haskell, From Reverence to Rape, 22.
229. For captivity narratives, Demos, The Unredeemed Captive.
230. Haskell, From Reverence to Rape, 340.
231. Lasch, The Culture of Narcissism, 190.
232. Siegel, Dirty Harry; Post, Magnum Force; Fargo, The Enforcer.
233. Eastwood, High Plains Drifter.
234. Hawks, Red River.
235. Pateman, The Sexual Contract.
236. Foner, Give Me Liberty!, 218.
Chapter 7
1. Patterson, The Eve of Destruction, 18.
2. See Marcus, Happy Days and Wonder Years; Dwyer, Back to the Fifties; Hoberman, Make My Day.
3. Bob Seger and the Silver Bullet Band, Night Moves.
4. See Kazin, The Populist Persuasion; Berlot and Lyons, Right-Wing Populism in America.
5. Lumet, Network.
6. Phillips, The Emerging Republican Majority.
7. For men and masculinity as the universal, see Cavarero, “Equality and Sexual Difference.”
8. For femme fatale, see Kaplan, Women in Film Noir; Wager, Dames in the Driver’s Seat; Hanson, Hollywood Heroines.
9. Wager, Dames in the Driver’s Seat, 4.
10. Fitzpatrick, “Network: The Other Cold War,” 38.
11. Lumet, Network.
12. For the popular image of Angela Y. Davis, see Davis, “Afro Images,” 37–39, 41–43, 45.
13. Brown, Undoing the Demos, 21. The paraphrase of Brown is a paraphrase of: Schwartz, “You Look Good Wearing My Future,” 382.
14. See Sandbrook, Mad as Hell.
15. Higgins, 9 to 5; Borden, Born in Flames.
16. Kessler-Harris, Out to Work, 303.
17. See Schein, “Women in Management.”
18. See Barger, “Backlash.”
19. For work on women coalitions during this period, see Gilmore, Feminist Coalitions.
20. Cavarero, “Equality and Sexual Difference,” 41.
21. Davies, The Limits of Neoliberalism, 27.
22. Sargent, Women and Revolution; Hull et al., All the Women Are White, All the Blacks Are Men, but Some of Us Are Brave.
23. “The Corporate Image: PR to the Rescue,” 47.
24. Davies, The Limits of Neoliberalism, 27.
25. Echols, Daring to Be Bad, 291.
26. See hooks, Ain’t I a Woman; Hull et al., All the Women Are White, All the Blacks Are Men, but Some of Us Are Brave; hooks, Feminist Theory; Giddings, When and Where I Enter; Lorde, Sister Outsider; Roth, Separate Roads to Feminism; Springer, Living for the Revolution.
27. Lorde, Sister Outsider, 119.
28. For discussions of this master-slave dialectic, see Davis, The Problem of Slavery in the Age of Revolution; Robinson, Black Marxism; Trouillot, Silencing the Past; Beckles, “Capitalism, Slavery and Caribbean Modernity”; Buck-Morss, Hegel, Haiti, and Universal History; Trouillot, “The Otherwise Modern”; Fischer, Modernity Disavowed; Scott, Conscripts of Modernity; Horne, The Counter-revolution of 1776.
29. Lennon, Sometime in New York City; Smith, Easter. See also Mailer, “The White Negro.”
30. See Davis, Women, Race & Class; Friedan, The Feminine Mystique.
31. Cooper, Stand Up and Be Counted; Scorsese, Alice Doesn’t Live Here Anymore; Forbes, The Stepford Wives; Mazursky, An Unmarried Woman. See also Haskell, From Reverence to Rape; Kuhn, Women’s Pictures; Dow, Prime-Time Feminism; Lehman, Those Girls.
32. Reddy, The Woman I Am.
33. Bradley, Mass Media and the Shaping of American Feminism, 219.
34. The New Haven and Chicago Women’s Liberation Rock Band, Mountain Moving Day. See also the work of Near, Simply Love and Fire, Songs of Fire, who represented an important voice for women and lesbians in the 1970s, recording albums throughout the rest of the century.
35. Liner notes to The New Haven and Chicago Women’s Liberation Rock Band, Mountain Moving Day.
36. Liner notes to The New Haven and Chicago Women’s Liberation Rock Band, Mountain Moving Day.
37. Liner notes to The New Haven and Chicago Women’s Liberation Rock Band, Mountain Moving Day.
38. Liner notes to The New Haven and Chicago Women’s Liberation Rock Band, Mountain Moving Day.
39. The New Haven and Chicago Women’s Liberation Rock Band, Mountain Moving Day.
40. The New Haven and Chicago Women’s Liberation Rock Band, Mountain Moving Day.
41. See Roberts, Killing the Black Body; Solinger, Wake Up Little Susie; Stern, Eugenic Nation; Washington, Medical Apartheid. For Black feminism, see Collins, Black Feminist Thought; Smith, “Black Feminism and Intersectionality.”
42. See Trouillot, “North Atlantic Universals.”
43. See Crenshaw, “Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex”; Smith, “Black Feminism and Intersectionality.”
44. Cavarero, “Equality and Sexual Difference,” 37.
45. Cavarero, “Equality and Sexual Difference,” 37.
46. See Pateman, The Sexual Contract.
47. Roth, Separate Roads to Feminism, 3.
48. hooks, Ain’t I a Woman; Hull et al., All the Women Are White; hooks, Feminist Theory; Giddings, When and Where I Enter; Lorde, Sister Outsider.
49. Giddings, When and Where I Enter, 308.
50. See Beale, “Double Jeopardy”; hooks, Feminist Theory.
51. Rosen, The World Split Open, 136–37. See also Roth, Separate Roads to Feminism.
52. See Gilmore, Feminist Coalitions; Bradley, Mass Media; Lehman, Those Girls.
53. See May, Homeward Bound; Cooper, Family Values.
54. Lorde, Sister Outsider, 110–11.
55. See Roediger, The Wages of Whiteness.
56. This transaction, of course, points to an entire set of colloquialisms—from “working like a n****r” to “Free, white, and 21”—utilizing Blackness as the weight of oppressive treatment across the history of American culture, including its use by the Founding Fathers to justify the American Revolution. While those using the slave-master dialectic might not have been consciously trafficking anti-Black sentiment, from a longue durée systemic viewpoint, we see the depth of the intersectional psychology that masks imagery associated with Black degradation as color blind and universal, and thus invisible as a norm. See Citron, “The ‘Rightness of Whiteness’ ”; Robbins, “Social awareness and semantic change”; Horne, The Counter-revolution of 1776.
57. Bradley, Mass Media, 244.
58. For example, see Delton, Racial Integration in Corporate America.
59. “For Women, a Difficult Climb to the Top,” 42.
60. “For Women, a Difficult Climb to the Top,” 42.
61. “How Bosses Feel about Women’s Lib,” 18.
62. “How Bosses Feel about Women’s Lib,” 18.
63. “Secretaries Play Hard to Get,” 24.
64. “Why Women’s Stock Is Rising on Wall Street,” 114.
65. “The Corporate Woman: Up the Ladder, Finally,” 58.
66. “The Corporate Woman: The 100 Top Corporate Women,” 56; “The Corporate Woman: Stress Has No Gender,” 73; “The Corporate Woman: When Career Couples Have Conflicts of Interest,” 86; “How Men Adjust to a Female Boss,” 90.
67. “A Double Standard for Women Managers’ Pay,” 61.
68. Lorde, Sister Outsider, 119.
69. Pateman, The Sexual Contract, 2; hooks, Feminist Theory, 9. See also Trouillot, “North Atlantic Universals.”
70. hooks, Feminist Theory, 16.
71. Cowie, The Great Exception, 151.
72. Hallin, “Neoliberalism, Social Movements and Change in Media Systems,” 52.
73. See Fraser, “Feminism, Capitalism and the Cunning of History.”
74. Fraser, “Feminism, Capitalism and the Cunning of History,” 103–4.
75. For examples of business language engaging with diversity, see Gundling and Zanchettin, Global Diversity; Greene and Kirton, The Dynamics of Managing Diversity.
76. For post-1970s wealth, and racial wealth inequality, see Conley, Being Black, Living in the Red; Congressional Budget Office, “Trends in the Distribution of Household Income”; Piketty, Capital in the Twenty-First Century.
77. Snipp and Cheung, “Changes in Racial and Gender Inequality since 1970”; Brown, “The Intersection and Accumulation of Racial and Gender Inequality.”
78. See Ward, Women Workers and Global Restructuring; Hong, The Ruptures of American Capital; Wright, Disposable Women and Other Myths of Global Capitalism.
79. Fraser, “Feminism, Capitalism and the Cunning of History,” 99.
80. Fraser, “Feminism, Capitalism and the Cunning of History,” 108.
81. For the “Great Compression,” see Goldin and Margo, “The Great Compression,” 1; Piketty and Saez, “Income Inequality in the United States”; Stein, Pivotal Decade. For “family wage,” see Cooper, Family Values.
82. For “corporate multiculturalism,” see Marable, Beyond Black and White.
83. Rosen, The World Split Open, 275.
84. Mellen, “The Return of Women to Seventies Films,” 525.
85. Gordon, “Moralizing Doesn’t Help,” 30. See also Rosen, The World Split Open, 269; Baxandall and Gordon, America’s Working Women, 318–20.
86. Higgins, 9 to 5.
87. Cowie, Stayin’ Alive, 351.
88. Dow, Prime-Time Feminism, xvi, xxiii, 26.
89. See Bradley, Mass Media; Faludi, Backlash.
90. Barger, “Backlash,” 341.
91. “The Corporate Woman: Why So Few Women Have Made It to the Top,” 99.
92. Higgins, 9 to 5.
93. See Washington State Commission on African American Affairs, Affirmative Action, Who’s Really Benefitting?
94. See MacLean, Freedom Is Not Enough.
95. “The New Pay Push for Women,” 66.
96. MacLean, Freedom Is Not Enough, 315.
97. “Sexual Harassment Lands Companies in Court,” 120.
98. Corporate adaptation after the 1960s to demands for greater worker control, or sense of control, over their workplace environment is discussed in Boltanski and Chiapello, The New Spirit of Capitalism.
99. Cowie, Stayin’ Alive, 352.
100. For work on Born in Flames, see Oxenberg and Winer, “Born in Flames”; De Lauretis, “Aesthetic and Feminist Theory”; MacDonald and Borden, “Interview with Lizzie Borden”; Kuhn, Women’s Pictures; Foster, Women Film Directors; Lane, Feminist Hollywood; Sherwood, “Anarcha-Filmmaker.” See also the transcription of the film Born in Flames.
101. See Hung, The Ruptures of American Capital. See “Feminism Takes a Backseat at Women’s Banks,” 125–30.
102. “An ‘Old Girl Network’ Is Born,” 154.
103. For contemporary studies, see Gregory, “ ‘Talking Sports.’ ”
104. Lane, Feminist Hollywood, 127.
105. Lane, Feminist Hollywood, 129.
106. See Echols, Daring to Be Bad.
107. New York Magazine, November 21, 1983, 121.
108. Jaehne, “Born in Flames by Lizzie Borden,” 22.
109. See Randolph, “Not to Rely Completely on the Courts.”
110. For the connection between Islam and the Black freedom struggle, see Daulatzai, Black Star, Crescent Moon.
111. See Gilmore, “Thinking about Feminist Coalitions.”
112. Jaehne, “Born in Flames by Lizzie Borden,” 24.
113. Sherwood, “Anarcha-Filmmaker,” 316.
114. De Lauretis, “Aesthetic and Feminist Theory,” 165; Foster, Women Film Directors, 46. See also Stein, Rethinking the Gay and Lesbian Movement.
115. See Hull et al., All the Women Are White; Springer, Living for the Revolution, 137; Lane, Feminist Hollywood, 131.
116. See Larson, Television’s Window on the World; Donovan and Scherer, Unsilent Revolution; Bradley, Mass Media; Postman, Amusing Ourselves to Death.
117. Oxenberg and Winer, “Born in Flames,” 17.
118. Borden, Born in Flames.
119. Cowie, Stayin’ Alive, 238–39; Kessler-Harris, Out of Work, 309–10; Baxandall and Gordon, America’s Working Women; “The New Pay Push for Women.”
120. Mies, Patriarchy & Accumulation on a World Scale, 27.
121. Borden, Born in Flames.
122. Faludi, Backlash, 388–93.
123. Schwarz, America’s Hidden Success, 28.
124. See Cooper, Family Values.
125. Borden, Born in Flames.
126. Borden, Born in Flames.
127. Rosen, The World Split Open, 78–79. See also Fousekis, Demanding Child Care.
128. Borden, Born in Flames.
129. Lorde, Sister Outsider, 152.
130. Postman, Amusing Ourselves to Death, 7, 102.
131. Postman, Amusing Ourselves to Death, 131.
132. Kruse and Zelizer, Fault Lines, 214.
133. Rosen, The World Split Open, 337.
134. Rosen, The World Split Open, 339. See also Kessler-Harris, Out to Work, 318.
135. “Women: The New Venture Capitalists,” 100.
136. Lind, “Conservative Elites and the Counterrevolution against the New Deal,” 258.
137. Garrison, “U.S. Feminism-Grrrl Style!”; Gillis et al., Third Wave Feminism.
138. See Fanon, Wretched of the Earth.
139. Friedman, Capitalism and Freedom, xiv.
140. Jayne Cortez and the Firespitters, There It Is. See also Cortez, Coagulations. Originally from Firespitter.
141. Brown, “Of Poststructuralist Fallout, Scarification, and Blood Poems,” 76.
142. Brown, “Of Poststructuralist Fallout, Scarification, and Blood Poems,” 75.
143. Jayne Cortez and the Firespitters, There It Is.
144. Cortez, Coagulations, 63.
145. Cortez, Coagulations, 63–64.
146. Lester, Look Out, Whitey!, x.
147. Baldwin, Conversations with James Baldwin, 194.
Chapter 8
1. Scott-Heron, I’m New Here: Gil Scott-Heron.
2. Guralnick, Searching for Robert Johnson, 43; Johnson, King of the Delta Blues Singers.
3. See Peck, Constructions of Neoliberal Reason; Phillips-Fein, Fear City.
4. “Why U.S. Mayors Plead Poverty,” 46; “The Financial Noose Draws Tighter,” 31; Rhoalyn, “New York City Mirrors the U.S.,” 12. See also Lankevich, New York City, 209–29; Beauregard, When America Became Suburban, 82–83.
5. Sites, Remaking New York, 37, author’s italics. See also Greenberg, Branding New York.
6. Sites, Remaking New York, 39.
7. Carson-Parker, “The Options ahead for the Debt Economy,” 120.
8. Shapiro et al., “The Roots of the Widening Racial Wealth Gap.”
9. Frank, “Income Inequality.”
10. Davies, The Limits of Neoliberalism, 27.
11. Sites, Remaking New York, 39.
12. Scott-Heron, Small Talk at 125th and Lenox.
13. Cooper, Africa since 1940; Singh, “Resistance, Essentialism, and Empowerment in Black Nationalist Discourse in the African Diaspora”; Austin, “All Roads Led to Montreal”; Gaines, “Locating the Transnational in Postwar African American History”; Plummer, In Search of Power; Quinn, Black Power in the Caribbean.
14. See Du Bois, Black Reconstruction in America; James, The Black Jacobins; Du Bois, The World and Africa; Jones, “Women in the Struggle for Peace and Security.” See also Robinson, Black Marxism; Gilroy, The Black Atlantic; Taylor, “ ‘Read[ing] Men and Nations’ ”; James, Holding Aloft the Banner of Ethiopia; Kelley, Freedom Dreams; Moten, In the Break; Bogues, Black Heretics, Black Prophets; Davies, “Sisters Outside”; Rabaka, Africana Critical Theory; Bay et al, Toward an Intellectual History of Black Women.
15. Bush, We Are Not What We Seem; Steinberg, Turning Back.
16. For Black arts movement, see Smethurst, The Black Arts Movement; Clarke, “After Mecca”; Widener, Black Arts West.
17. Fraser, “Rethinking the Public Sphere,” 67. See O’Reilly, “Racial Matters”; Churchill and Wall, The COINTELPRO Papers; Bush, We Are Not What We Seem; Countryman, Up South.
18. Gilroy, The Black Atlantic; Bush, We Are Not What We Seem, 20. For “age of diminishing expectations,” see Lasch, The Culture of Narcissism.
19. Baker, “Critical Memory and the Black Public Sphere,” 7.
20. Young, Soul Power, 9.
21. See Wacquant, “From Slavery to Mass Incarceration.”
22. Marable, How Capitalism Underdeveloped Black America, xxxviii. Originally published in 1984.
23. Van Deburg, New Day in Babylon; Woodard, A Nation within a Nation; Ogbar, Black Power; Joseph, Waiting ’Til the Midnight Hour; Thörn, Anti-Apartheid and the Emergence of a Global Civil Society; The Watts Prophets, The Black Voices; The Definitive Groove Collection Grandmaster Flash, Melle Mel and the Furious Five. See Kitwana, The Hip Hop Generation, viii. The movement against globalization often cites the New Left as a model for activism. The rise of Black Power, in the wake of an already transnational critique of modernity emanating from Black Atlantic scholars such as Aimé Césaire and Frantz Fanon, played an important role in theorizing Eurocentrism, including a longue durée view of slavery and colonialism. As this chapter asserts, Black Power advocates such as Scott-Heron and Cortez expanded these ideas into critiques of globalization taking shape in the 1970s while simultaneously focusing on the racial oppression that often emanated from the policies of multinationals and their nation-state sponsors. For anti-globalization, see Juris, Networking Futures.
24. See Gale Reference Team, “Biography”; Geesling, “The First Minute of a New Day”; Scott-Heron, The Last Holiday.
25. Scott-Heron utilized “Coming from a Broken Home” to bookend I’m New Here. For “welfare queen,” see Hancock, The Politics of Disgust.
26. Scott-Heron, I’m New Here; Scott-Heron, Now and Then, 1–6.
27. See Wilkinson, “New York Is Killing Me.”
28. See Neal, “The Black Arts Movement,” 272; Joyce, “Gil Scott-Heron.” This essay originally appeared in Drama Review in the summer of 1968.
29. Gale Reference Team, “Biography.”
30. See Isoardi, The Dark Tree.
31. See Ford, Gender and the Poetics of Excess; Brown, “Of Poststructuralist Fallout, Scarification, and Blood Poems”; Page, Encyclopedia of African American Women Writers.
32. Garrett, “Cortez, Jayne.” See also Widener “The Art of Creative Survival.”
33. See Widener, Black Arts West, 130–32.
34. Anderson, Notes to Make the Sound Come Right, 122. See also Isoardi, The Dark Tree.
35. Anderson, Notes to Make the Sound Come Right, 122.
36. Melhem, Heroism in the New Black Poetry, 203.
37. Melhem, Heroism in the New Black Poetry, 200.
38. Anderson, Notes to Make the Sound Come Right, 119. See also Wallenstein, “The Jazz-Poetry Connection.”
39. Anderson, Notes to Make the Sound Come Right, 120.
40. Melhem, Heroism in the New Black Poetry, 201.
41. Nielsen, Black Chant, 221.
42. Melhem, Heroism in the New Black Poetry, 182.
43. Garrett, “Cortez, Jayne.”
44. For “supersurrealism,” see Melhem, Heroism in the New Black Poetry, 181. Kelley, Freedom Dreams, 187.
45. See Manifestoes of Surrealism. For discussion on Black surrealism, see Kelley, Freedom Dreams.
46. Kelley, Freedom Dreams, 160.
47. Kelley, Freedom Dreams, 160.
48. Melhem, Heroism in the New Black Poetry, 205–6.
49. Nielsen, Black Chant, 189. See also Palmer, “The Poetry of Three Revolutionaries”; Smethurst, The Black Arts Movement; Isoardi, The Dark Tree. Clarke, “After Mecca”; Widener, Black Arts West.
50. Ogbar, Black Power, 94–95. For vernacular and African American poetry, see Brown, Performing the Word.
51. Ongiri, Spectacular Blackness, 98.
52. James, Holding Aloft the Banner of Ethiopia, 80; Jackson, Get Your Ass in the Water and Swim like Me. See also Levine, Black Culture and Black Consciousness; Floyd, The Power of Black Music; Brown, Performing the Word.
53. James, Holding Aloft the Banner of Ethiopia, vii.
54. Brown, Performing the Word, 83.
55. Jackson, Get Your Ass in the Water and Swim like Me, 5.
56. Anderson, Notes to Make the Sound Come Right, 121.
57. Melhem, Heroism in the New Black Poetry, 200.
58. See The Watts Prophets, The Black Voices; Angelou, The Poetry of Maya Angelou; Crouch, Ain’t No Ambulances for No Nigguhs Tonight; The Last Poets, The Last Poets; Scott-Heron, Small Talk at 125th and Lenox; The Original Last Poets, Right On!; The Last Poets, This Is Madness; Kain, Blue Guerrilla; Sanchez, A Sun Lady for All Seasons Reads Her Poetry; Giovanni, Truth Is on Its Way; Giovanni, Like a Ripple on a Pond; Giovanni, The Way I Feel; Robinson, The Soul Jazz of Wanda Robinson; The Watts Prophets, Things Gonna Get Greater; The Last Poets, At Last. See also Thomas, Listen, Whitey!
59. Boyd, The Notorious PH.D.’s Guide to the Super Fly ‘70s. See also Van Deburg, New Day in Babylon.
60. Widener, Black Arts West, 114. For my own work on this, see McClure, “ ‘Have You Understood Anything I’ve Said?’ ” For work on suggesting the liberal–Black Power connection dampened Black Power advocacy in a positive way, see Fergus, Liberalism, Black Power, and the Making of American Politics.
61. Scott-Heron, Small Talk at 125th and Lenox.
62. Beauregard, When America Became Suburban, 41–51. See also Katznelson, When Affirmative Action Was White; Freund, Colored Property; Marable, Race, Reform and Rebellion, 121–23.
63. Hartman, Lose Your Mother, 6. Scott-Heron, Small Talk at 125th and Lenox. When possible, my quotations follow the form from his book of poetry, with the alterations during the recording of the album in brackets. See Scott-Heron, Small Talk at 125th and Lenox: A Collection of Black Poems. See also Scott-Heron’s So Far, So Good and Now and Then.
64. Scott-Heron, Small Talk at 125th and Lenox.
65. Scott-Heron, Small Talk at 125th and Lenox.
66. Marable, Blackwater, 74.
67. Scott-Heron, Small Talk at 125th and Lenox.
68. See Patterson, Freedom and the Making of Western Culture, xiii.
69. See Muse, The American Negro Revolution; Allen, Black Awakening in Capitalist America.
70. Bush, We Are Not What We Seem, 31.
71. Liner notes to Scott-Heron, Pieces of a Man.
72. Scott-Heron, Pieces of a Man.
73. Cortez, Celebrations and Solitudes.
74. Scott-Heron and Jackson, Winter in America. The following quotations are from this album, unless noted otherwise.
75. Daulatzai, Black Star, Crescent Moon, 36. See also Malcolm X, By Any Means Necessary; Marable, Race, Reform and Rebellion, 87–88.
76. See also Cortez, Scarifications, 32.
77. Cortez, Scarifications, 56.
78. Scott-Heron and Jackson, Winter in America. The following quotations are from this album, unless noted otherwise.
79. Scott-Heron and Jackson, Winter in America.
80. Scott-Heron and Jackson, Winter in America.
81. Scott-Heron and Jackson, Winter in America.
82. Scott-Heron and Jackson, Winter in America.
83. See Blum, Years of Discord, 368, 385, 386–87, 415.
84. For ITT involvement in Chile, see http://foia.state.gov/Reports/HincheyReport.asp#17. See also Klein, The Shock Doctrine.
85. See Blum, Killing Hope; Grandin, Empire’s Workshop; Westad, The Global Cold War.
86. See Panitch and Gindin, The Making of Global Capitalism; Latin American Bureau, The Poverty Brokers; Grandin, Empire’s Workshop; Westad, The Global Cold War.
87. See Osterhammel and Petersson, Globalization; Adelman, dir., Controlling Interest.
88. See Peck, Constructions of Neoliberal Reason; MacLean, Democracy in Chains; Klein, The Shock Doctrine.
89. For example, the infamous Kirkpatrick, “Dictatorships and Double Standards.” See also Clark and Worger, South Africa; Berger, South Africa in World History.
90. Gilmore, “Globalisation and US Prison Growth”; Wacquant, “From Slavery to Mass Incarceration”; Davis, Are Prisons Obsolete?; Wacquant, Punishing the Poor; De Jong, Invisible Enemy; Daulatzai, Black Star, Crescent Moon.
91. Koh, The National Security Constitution; Marshall, Scott, and Hunter, The Iran Contra Connection; Wacquant, Punishing the Poor; Alexander, The New Jim Crow.
92. Koh, The National Security Constitution, 63.
93. See Cunningham, There’s Something Happening Here; O’Reilly, “Racial Matters”; Churchill and Wall, Agents of Repression.
94. Scott-Heron and Jackson, Midnight Band: The First Minute of a New Day. See also Scott-Heron, Now and Then, 69.
95. See Killen, 1973 Nervous Breakdown.
96. See Bradley, This Is Reggae Music; Chang and Chen, Reggae Routes; Collins, “A Social History of Ghanaian Popular Entertainment since Independence”; Olaniyan, Arrest the Music!; Gilbert, “Singing against Apartheid.”
97. Gilroy, “There Ain’t No Black in the Union Jack,” 157. See also Chrisman and Hare, Pan-Africanism; Marable, Blackwater, 102–15.
98. For a description of the early era of record distribution, see Denning, Noise Uprising.
99. Gilroy, “There Ain’t No Black in the Union Jack,” 172. See also Bradley, This Is Reggae Music; Grant, The Natural Mystics; Alleyne, Roots of Jamaican Culture.
100. See Bob Marley and the Wailers, Catch a Fire; The Harder They Come; Henzell, The Harder They Come. See also Hoberman and Rosenbaum, Midnight Movies.
101. For Black Power in Jamaica and the link between reggae and Rastafarianism, see Campbell, Rasta and Resistance; Palmer, “Identity, Race, and Black Power in Independent Jamaica.” See also Rodney, The Groundings with My Brothers.
102. See Hebdige, Cut ’n’ Mix, 55–58; Johnson, “African Consciousness in Reggae Music”; Trojan Nyahbinghi Box Set; Price, Maroon Societies.
103. Campbell, Rasta and Resistance, 139; James, “The IMF and Democratic Socialism in Jamaica.” See also Kaufman, Jamaica under Manley.
104. Bob Marley and the Wailers, Catch a Fire.
105. James, Holding Aloft the Banner of Ethiopia, 78–80, 124.
106. The Last Poets, The Last Poets; Big Youth, Chi Chi Run.
107. Big Youth, Chi Chi Run. The Last Poets’ version goes: “when the revolution comes / jesus christ is gonna be standing / on the corner of Malcolm X Blvd. and 125 St. / trying to catch the first gypsy cab out of Harlem.” See Oyewole and Hassan, The Last Poets, 47.
108. See Chang, Can’t Stop Won’t Stop.
109. Chang, Can’t Stop Won’t Stop, 78.
110. Nuriddin’s release was a follow-up to his earlier 1969 explorations of traditional toasts accompanied with musical backing by guitarist Jimi Hendrix and drummer Buddy Miles (“Doriella Du Fontaine”). See Lightnin’ Rod, Hustlers Convention; Hendrix/Lightnin’ Rod/Miles, Doriella Du Fontaine.
111. For Black action films, see Guerrero, Framing Blackness; Massood, Black City Cinema; Sims, Women of Blaxploitation; Dunn, “Baad Bitches” & Sassy Supermamas.
112. Toop, The Rap Attack, 119.
113. For hip-hop and postindustrialism, see Shonk and McClure, Historical Theory and Methods through Popular Music, 111–40.
114. Rose, Black Noise, 63. See also Reeves, Somebody Scream!
115. See Bagdikian, The Media Monopoly.
116. Scott-Heron and Jackson, Midnight Band: The First Minute of a New Day; Scott-Heron and Jackson, From South Africa to South Carolina.
117. Skinner, The Foundations of Anti-Apartheid, 201. See also Thörn, Anti-Apartheid and the Emergence of a Global Civil Society; Parrott, “Boycott Gulf!”
118. Liner notes to Scott-Heron, The Mind of Gil Scott-Heron.
119. Cortez, Mouth on Paper.
120. Cortez, Unsubmissive Blues.
121. See Wilson, Steve Biko; Ross, A Concise History of South Africa; Abraham, Politics of Black Nationalism.
122. Cortez, Unsubmissive Blues.
123. Scott-Heron, The Mind of Gil Scott-Heron.
124. Liner notes to Scott-Heron, The Mind of Gil Scott-Heron.
125. Marable, Race, Reform, and Rebellion, 148.
126. Marable, Blackwater, 116.
127. Marable, Blackwater, 117.
128. Scott-Heron and Jackson, Winter in America.
129. Wilson, The Declining Significance of Race.
130. See Porter, “Affirming and Disaffirming Actions,” 69; Lipsitz, The Possessive Investment in Whiteness, 18.
131. Toop, The Rap Attack, 19.
132. See Rose, Black Noise; Chang, Can’t Stop Won’t Stop.
133. See George, Hip Hop America; Kitwana, The Hip Hop Generation; Reeves, Somebody Scream!
134. Chang, Can’t Stop Won’t Stop, 85.
135. Chang, Can’t Stop Won’t Stop, 15–19.
136. Liner notes to Big Apple Rappin’.
137. Spoonie Gee, Godfather of Hip-Hop.
138. For example, see Blow, Kurtis Blow.
139. Sugrue, The Origins of the Urban Crisis; Self, American Babylon; Beauregard, Voices of Decline; Freund, Colored Property.
140. See Johnson, Street Justice; Taylor, Fight the Power.
141. Chang, Can’t Stop Won’t Stop, 99.
142. Smiley and Fakunle, “From ‘Brute’ to ‘Thug.’ ” See also Van Deburg, “Villains, Demons, and Social Bandits”; Robinson, Forgeries of Memory and Meaning.
143. See Flamm, Law and Order.
144. Wacquant, Punishing the Poor, xiii. For the death penalty, see Ellsworth, and Gross. “Hardening of the Attitudes.”
145. Watkins, Representing, 30.
146. Watkins, Representing, 30. The song was released as a single: Brother D, “Dib-Be-Dib-Be-Dize”/”How We Gonna Make the Black Nation Rise.” Jamaican connections continued as the hip-hop era unfolded. Reggae producer Joe Gibbs worked with emerging hip-hop groups (including female vocalist Xanadu), while some signposted the island nation (Jamaica Girls). Crossover between reggae and hip-hop also emerged, including General Echo’s “Rapping Dub Style.” The Clappers label started distributing reggae music in the United States while also releasing one of the first tracks combining a rapper and a DJ (reggae singer/toaster): Sons of Creation “Feeling Down a Yard” (1982). Finally, dance hall (reggae’s dominant style after roots reggae) and hip-hop increasingly blended together through the 1980s, with crossover successes like Shabba Ranks, Sean Paul, and Lumidee. See Big Apple Rappin’; Cooper, “ ‘Ragamuffin Sounds.’ ”
147. Davis, Prisoners of the American Dream, 136.
148. Gilmore, “What Is to Be Done?,” 250.
149. Scott-Heron, Reflections.
150. See Jacobson, “Resistance to Affirmative Action.”
151. Scott-Heron, Reflections.
152. Clymer, “Black Influence Is Lowest in Two Decades.”
153. Stein, Pivotal Decade, 262–69.
154. Scott-Heron, Reflections.
155. Stein, Pivotal Decade, 267.
156. Urquhart and Hewson, “Unemployment Continued to Rise in 1982 as Recession Deepened,” 3.
157. Chang, Can’t Stop Won’t Stop, 90.
158. Chang, Can’t Stop Won’t Stop, 178.
159. Wonder, Innervisions.
160. Chang, Can’t Stop Won’t Stop, 179.
161. See “The Message” from Grandmaster Flash, Melle Mel and the Furious Five: The Definitive Groove Collections.
162. See Conley, Being Black, Living in the Red; Feagin, “Excluding Blacks and Others from Housing”; Katznelson, When Affirmative Action Was White; Freund, Colored Property.
163. Chang, Can’t Stop Won’t Stop, 15.
164. Barnett, “The US Farm Financial Crisis of the 1980s.”
165. Pinkney, The Myth of Black Progress, 76.
166. For “counterrevolution against the New Deal,” see Lind, “Conservative Elites and the Counterrevolution against the New Deal.”
167. See Phillips, The Politics of Rich and Poor.
168. Jayne Cortez and the Firespitters, There It Is.
169. See also Cortez, Coagulations, 68.
170. See Eagleton-Pierce, “Historicizing the neoliberal spirit of capitalism.”
171. Jayne Cortez and the Firespitters, There It Is. See also Cortez, Coagulations, 68.
172. See Anderson, White Rage; Baldwin, The Devil Finds Work, 562.
173. Steinberg, Turning Back, 112–15
174. Scott-Heron, The Mind of Gil Scott-Heron.
175. See Cowie and Salvatore, “The Long Exception.”
176. Mugge, Black Wax.
177. Scott-Heron, Free Will.
178. See Jong, Invisible Enemy.
179. Trattner, From Poor Law to Welfare State, 368.
180. See Lind, Up from Conservatism; Carter, From George Wallace to Newt Gingrich; Lowndes, From the New Deal to the New Right; Perlstein, Nixonland.
181. See Kruse and Zelizer, Fault Lines.
182. See Scott-Heron, Spirits.
183. Daulatzai, Black Star, Crescent Moon, xvi.
184. Harvey, A Brief History of Neoliberalism, 6.
185. Harvey, A Brief History of Neoliberalism, 17.
Conclusion
1. Carson-Parker, “The Options ahead for the Debt Economy,” 120.
2. Carson-Parker, “The Options ahead for the Debt Economy,” 120.
3. See Brantlinger, Dark Vanishings.
4. See Lake and Reynolds, Drawing the Global Colour Line.
5. Baldwin, The Devil Finds Work, 562–63.
6. Kendi, Stamped from the Beginning, 410.
7. Kendi, Stamped from the Beginning, 426.
8. Hayek, The Constitution of Liberty, 99.
9. Piketty and Saez, “Income Inequality in the United States, 1913–1998.”
10. See Brown, Strain of Violence.
11. Burns, Martin, and Haberman, “G.O.P. Alarmed by Trump’s Comments on Extremist Group.”
12. See Hayden and Bejarano, Trump’s Immigration Order Was Drafted by Officials with Ties to Hate Groups, According to Report; Serwer, “Jeff Sessions’s Unqualified Praise for a 1924 Immigration Law.”
13. See Griffith, God’s Daughters; Shaw, “Gracious Submission”; Padgett, “The Bible and Gender Troubles.” For example, on the website for Focus on the Family (https://www.focusonthefamily.com/family-qa/submission-of-wives-to-husbands), it states: “Unfortunately, ‘male bashing’ in our culture makes it too easy to forget about the importance of masculine leadership altogether. We can’t swing so far one way trying to avoid male domination that we go to the other extreme and strip husbands of their authority.”
14. Pew Research Center, February 7, 2020. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/02/07/6-facts-about-economic-inequality-in-the-u-s/ft_2020-02-07_inequality_05/.
15. Zammito, “Are We Being Theoretical Yet?,” 800.
16. Kellner, Language and Historical Representation, 207–8.
17. Baldwin, The Devil Finds Work, 562.
18. Kellner, Language and Historical Representation, 8.
19. Trouillot, “North Atlantic Universals,” 847.