AC Annales Cambriae, ed. John Williams Ab Ithel (London, 1860). References to page and year
Bede, HE Bede, Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum, ed. and trans. Bertram Colgrave and R. A. B. Mynors, Bede’s Ecclesiastical History of the English People (Oxford, 1969). References to book and chapter
Britannia (1695) Camden’s Britannia, Newly Translated into English: with Large Additions and Improvements, ed. Edmund Gibson (London, 1695)
BS Brenhinedd y Saesson, or, The Kings of the Saxons, ed. and trans. Thomas Jones (Cardiff, 1971). References to page and corrected year
BT, Pen20 Brut y Tywysogyon, Peniarth MS. 20 Version, ed. Thomas Jones (Cardiff, 1941). References to page and column of Peniarth MS 20 transcribed there
BT, Pen20Tr Brut y Tywysogyon, or, The Chronicle of the Princes, Peniarth MS. 20 Version, trans. Thomas Jones (Cardiff, 1952). References to page and corrected year
BT, RBH Brut y Tywysogyon, or, The Chronicle of the Princes, Red Book of Hergest Version, ed. and trans. Thomas Jones (Cardiff, 1955). References to page and corrected year
CW Cronica de Wallia, ed. Thomas Jones, ‘ “Cronica de Wallia” and Other Documents from Exeter Cathedral Library MS. 3514’, Bulletin of the Board of Celtic Studies, 12 (1946–8), 29–41. References to page and year
DEB Gildas, De Excidio Britanniae, ed. and trans. Michael Winterbottom, Gildas: The Ruin of Britain and Other Sources (Chichester, 1978). References to chapter and sub-section
DGB Geoffrey of Monmouth, The History of the Kings of Britain: An Edition and Translation of De gestis Britonum [Historia Regum Britanniae], ed. Michael D. Reeve and trans. Neil Wright (Woodbridge, 2007). References to page followed by book and section
DK Gerald of Wales, ‘Descriptio Kambriae’, ed. James F. Dimock, Giraldi Cambrensis Opera, vol. 6 (Rolls Series, London, 1868), 155–227; trans. Lewis Thorpe, Gerald of Wales: The Journey through Wales and the Description of Wales (London, 1978), 211–74. References to book and chapter
DPO (1716)Theophilus Evans, Drych y Prif Oesoedd. Yn ôl Argraffiad Cyntaf: 1716, ed. Garfield H. Hughes (Cardiff, 1961)
DPO (1740)Theophilus Evans, Drych y Prif Oesoedd (Second or 1740 Edition), ed. Samuel J. Evans (Bangor, 1902)
HB Historia Brittonum, ed. Edmond Faral, La légende Arthurienne: Études et documents, vol. 3 (Paris, 1929), 5–44, 57–62. References to chapter
HBC Gweirydd ap Rhys [R. J. Pryse], Hanes y Brytaniaid a’r Cymry, 2 vols. (London, 1872–4)
HBD John Prise, Historiae Britannicae Defensio: A Defence of the British History, ed. and trans. Ceri Davies (Toronto, 2015)
HC Harleian Chronicle (Annales Cambriae, A-text), ed. Egerton Phillimore, ‘The Annales Cambriae and Old-Welsh Genealogies from Harleian MS. 3859’, Y Cymmrodor, 9 (1888), 152–69. References to year supplied by the editor
HG Harleian Genealogies, ed. Ben Guy, Medieval Welsh Genealogy: An Introduction and Textual Study (Woodbridge, 2020), 333–7. References to section number
IK Gerald of Wales, ‘Itinerarium Kambriae’, ed. James F. Dimock, Giraldi Cambrensis Opera, vol. 6 (Rolls Series, London, 1868), 3–152; trans. Lewis Thorpe, Gerald of Wales: The Journey through Wales and the Description of Wales (London, 1978), 63–209. References to book and chapter
Jones, HWMW Owain Wyn Jones, ‘Historical Writing in Medieval Wales’ (PhD Thesis, Bangor University, 2013)
Lhuyd, Glossography Edward Lhuyd, Archæologia Britannica, Giving Some Account Additional to What Has Hitherto Been Publish’d, of the Languages, Histories, and Customs of the Original Inhabitants of Great Britain. Vol. I: Glossography (Oxford, 1707)
Lhwyd, Archæologia Edward Lhwyd, Archæologia Britannica: Texts and Translations, ed. Dewi W. Evans and Brynley F. Roberts (Aberystwyth, 2009)
Lloyd, HW John Edward Lloyd, A History of Wales from the Earliest Times to the Edwardian Conquest, 2 vols. (London, 1911)
Llwyd, Breviary Humphrey Llwyd, The Breviary of Britain, with Selections from The History of Cambria, ed. Philip Schwyzer, MHRA Tudor & Stuart Translations, 5 (London, 2011)
Llwyd, CW Humphrey Llwyd, Cronica Walliae, ed. Ieuan M. Williams (Cardiff, 2002)
MA Owen Jones, Edward Williams, and William Owen, The Myvyrian Archaiology of Wales, 3 vols. (London, 1801–7)
Parochialia Parochialia, being a Summary of Answers to “Parochial Queries in order to a Geographical Dictionary, etc. of Wales”, issued by Edward Lhwyd, ed. Rupert H. Morris, Archaeologia Cambrensis Supplements, 3 parts (April 1909, April 1910, July 1911). References to part and page
Pennant, Tour Thomas Pennant, A Tour in Wales, 2nd edn., 2 vols. (London, 1784; repr. Wrexham, 1991)
Powel, HC David Powel, The Historie of Cambria, Now Called Wales (London, 1584). References to sigla of introductory matter and pages of main text; references to pages of separately paginated ‘Description of Wales’ preceded by ‘D’ (e.g. D15)
Powel, PV Pontici Virunnii Viri Doctissimi Britannicæ Historiæ Libri Sex: magna et fide et diligentia conscripti: ad Britannici codicis fidem correcti, & ab infinitis mendis liberati: quibus præfixus est catalogus regum Britanniæ. Itinerarium Cambriæ, seu Laboriosæ Balduini Cantuar. archiepiscopi per Walliam legationis, accurata descriptio. Cambriae Descriptio: Avctore Sil. Giraldo Cambrense, ed. David Powel (London, 1585)
Price, HC Thomas Price (Carnhuanawc), Hanes Cymru, a Chenedl y Cymry, o’r Cynoesoedd hyd at Farwolaeth Llewelyn ap Gruffydd; ynghyd a Rhai Cofiaint Perthynol i’r Amseroedd o’r Pryd Hynny i Waered (Crickhowell, 1842)
Pryce, Lloyd Huw Pryce, J. E. Lloyd and the Creation of Welsh History: Renewing a Nation’s Past (Cardiff, 2011)
RMWL J. Gwenogvryn Evans, Report on Manuscripts in the Welsh Language, 2 vols. in 7, Historical Manuscripts Commission, 48 (London, 1898–1910)
VGC Vita Griffini filii Conani: The Medieval Latin Life of Gruffudd ap Cynan, ed. and trans. Paul Russell (Cardiff, 2005). References to page number and chapter
VSB Vitae Sanctorum Britanniae et Genealogiae, ed. and trans. A. W. Wade-Evans (Cardiff, 1944)W. Welsh
WP John Rhys and David Brynmor-Jones, The Welsh People (London, 1900)
Wynne, History William Wynne, The History of Wales Comprehending the Lives and Succession of the Princes of Wales from Cadwalader the Last King, to Lhewelyn the last Prince, of British Blood, with a Short Account of the Affairs of Wales, under the Kings of England (London, 1697)
Note on References
References in the footnotes are given in a shortened form (including the abbreviations listed above): details of all works cited may be found in the Bibliography.
Map 1 Medieval Wales, showing territorial divisions and selected places mentioned in the text
Map 2 Early modern and modern Wales and the border, showing historic counties and selected places mentioned in the text