Chapter 1: Is Flying All That Bad? Stacking Up the Stats
1‘Statistical information on air passenger numbers and characteristics collected for the House of Lords Science and Technology Committee inquiry into the Air Cabin Environment’, Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology (www.parliament.uk/documents/post/e3.pdf).
2‘Terminal and Transit Passengers 2018’, CAA (www.caa.co.uk/uploadedFiles/CAA/Content/Standard_Content/Data_and_analysis/Datasets/Airport_stats/Airport_data_2018_annual/Table_09_Terminal_and_Transit_Passengers.pdf).
3IATA data, 2018 (www.iata.org/en/pressroom/pr/2019-07-31-01/).
4‘Holiday Habits Report 2018’, ABTA (www.abta.com/sites/default/files/2018-10/Holiday%20Habits%20Report%202018%20011018.pdf).
5Statista (www.statista.com/statistics/564769/airline-industry-number-of-flights/).
6‘Animal Agriculture’s Impact on Climate Change’, Climate Nexus (https://climatenexus.org/climate-issues/food/animal-agricultures-impact-on-climate-change/).
7Niko Kommenda, ‘How your flight emits as much CO2 as many people do in a year’, The Guardian, 19 July 2019 (www.theguardian.com/environment/ng-interactive/2019/jul/19/carbon-calculator-how-taking-one-flight-emits-as-much-as-many-people-do-in-a-year).
8IATA World Air Transport Statistics, 2018 (www.iata.org/en/pressroom/pr/2018-10-24-02/).
9‘Ryanair one of Europe’s top polluters, EU data suggests’, BBC News, 2 April 2019 (www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-47783992).
10‘Climate change: Should you fly, drive or take the train?’, BBC News, 24 August 2019 (www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-49349566); ‘Greenhouse gas reporting: conversion factors 2019’, Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy, 4 June 2019 (www.gov.uk/government/publications/greenhouse-gas-reporting-conversion-factors-2019).
11Jocelyn Timperley, ‘Explainer: The challenge of tackling aviation’s non-CO2 emissions’, Carbon Brief, 15 March 2017 (www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-challenge-tackling-aviations-non-co2-emissions).
12Hannah Ritchie, ‘Cars, planes, trains: where do CO2 emissions from transport come from?’, Our World in Data, 6 October 2020 (https://ourworldindata.org/co2-emissions-from-transport).
13‘Facts & Figures’, ATAG (www.atag.org/facts-figures.html).
14Simon Evans, ‘UK’s CO2 emissions have fallen 29% over the past decade’, Carbon Brief, 3 March 2020 (www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-uks-co2-emissions-have-fallen-29-per-cent-over-the-past-decade).
15Jocelyn Timperley, ‘Explainer: The challenge of tackling aviation’s non-CO2 emissions’, Carbon Brief, 15 March 2017 (www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-challenge-tackling-aviations-non-co2-emissions).
16‘Carbon Calculator’, Carbon Footprint (www.carbonfootprint.com/calculator.aspx).
17Emissions are often expressed as either CO2 or CO2e. The former is just a measure of carbon dioxide; the latter literally means ‘carbon dioxide equivalent’ and includes other greenhouse gas emissions too, allowing them to be expressed in terms of CO2 based on their relative global warming potential.
18‘These countries have the largest carbon footprints’, World Economic Forum, 2 January 2019 (www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/01/chart-of-the-day-these-countries-have-the-largest-carbon-footprints/).
19Stefan Gössling, ‘The global scale, distribution and growth of aviation’, Global Environmental Change 65 (2020) (www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959378020307779).
20David Banister, ‘Heathrow’s third runway is expensive, polluting and unequal – why the poor will lose out’, The Conversation, 25 June 2018 (www.theconversation.com/heathrows-third-runway-is-expensive-polluting-and-unequal-why-the-poor-will-lose-out-98781).
21Simon Calder, ‘Coronavirus: Two-Thirds of China Flights Cancelled Due to Virus Fears’, The Independent, 21 February 2020 (www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/coronavirus-china-flights-cancelled-virus-symptoms-covid-19-a9350911.html).
22Mark Kaufman, ‘The carbon footprint sham’, Mashable (https://mashable.com/feature/carbon-footprint-pr-campaign-sham).
23‘Sweden sees rare fall in air passengers’, BBC News, 10 January 2020 (www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-51067440).
Chapter 2: This Green and Pleasant Land: Mastering the Art of the Staycation
1‘The GB Tourist 2019 Annual Report’, Kantar (www.visitbritain.org/sites/default/files/vb-corporate/gb_tourist_annual_report_2019.pdf).
2Calculated using ClimateCare’s Carbon Calculator (https://climatecare.org/calculator/), based on a flight from London Gatwick to Inverness.
3Calculated using Trainline’s Carbon Calculator (www.thetrainline.com/trains/carbon-calculator), based on a train from London Euston to Inverness.
4Simon Calder, ‘Luxembourg Makes All Public Transport Free from Midnight’, The Independent, 28 February 2020 (www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/luxembourg-travel-free-public-transport-traffic-congestion-trams-trains-buses-a9364686.html).
5Calculated using ClimateCare’s Carbon Calculator (https://climatecare.org/calculator/)
6Calculated using the EcoPassenger tool (http://ecopassenger.org/)
7Calculated using Travel and Climate’s Climate Impact Calculator (https://travelandclimate.org/). Please note, general emission calculators have been used to calculate ferry emissions as the companies involved are yet to carry out their own audits to calculate the carbon footprints of individual passengers.
Chapter 3: Why Would Anyone Do This to Themselves? Tips and Tricks from the Flight-Free Experts
1‘European Railway Station Index 2020’, Consumer Choice Center (https://consumerchoicecenter.org/european-railway-station-index-2020/).
2‘Use of aviation by climate change researchers’, Global Environmental Change 65 (2020) (www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0959378020307676).
Chapter 4: At a Rail’s Pace: All Aboard a Train Tour of Europe
1Calculated using ClimateCare’s Carbon Calculator (https://climatecare.org/calculator/).
2Calculated using the EcoPassenger tool (http://ecopassenger.org/).
Chapter 5: Carbon Guilt: Does Offsetting Actually Work?
1‘Paris Agreement’, European Commission (https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/international/negotiations/paris_en).
2‘Voluntary Carbon Market’, Corporate Finance Institute (https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/knowledge/other/voluntary-carbon-market/).
3Sabrina Weiss, ‘Carbon offsetting isn’t a cure-all for your filthy flying habit’, WIRED, 25 August 2019 (www.wired.co.uk/article/carbon-offsetting-uk-flights).
4John Vidal, ‘Offsetting carbon emissions: “It has proved a minefield’”, The Guardian, 2 August 2019 (www.theguardian.com/travel/2019/aug/02/offsetting-carbon-emissions-how-to-travel-options).
5‘The Oxford Principles for Net Zero Aligned Carbon Offsetting’, Smith School of Enterprise and the Environment, September 2020 (www.smithschool.ox.ac.uk/publications/reports/Oxford-Offsetting-Principles-2020.pdf).
6‘How additional is the Clean Development Mechanism’, Öko-Institut (2016) (https://ec.europa.eu/clima/system/files/2017-04/clean_dev_mechanism_en.pdf).
7‘Invasive pests kill so many trees each year, it’s equal to 5 million car emissions’, Purdue University, 13 August 2019 (www.purdue.edu/newsroom/releases/2019/Q3/invasive-pests-kill-so-many-trees-each-year,-its-equal-to-5-million-car-emissions.html).
8Giulia Realmonte et al., ‘An inter-model assessment of the role of direct air capture in deep mitigation pathways’, Nature Communications 10 (2019) (www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-10842-5).
9Simon Evans, ‘Direct CO2 capture machines could use “a quarter of global energy” in 2100’, Carbon Brief, 22 July 2019 (www.carbonbrief.org/direct-co2-capture-machines-could-use-quarter-global-energy-in-2100).
10Roger Tyers, ‘Nudging the jetset to offset: voluntary carbon offsetting and the limits to nudging’, Journal of Sustainable Tourism 26 (2018) (www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09669582.2018.1494737?journalCode=rsus20&).
11Camilla Hodgson, ‘Carney task force confronts concerns over carbon credits market’, Financial Times, 27 January 2021 (www.ft.com/content/de5e8631-bdf2-4c2e-8b7f-83c0c80cdea8).
12‘Aviation 2050 Goal and the Paris Agreement’, Aviation Benefits, March 2019 (https://aviationbenefits.org/media/166838/fact-sheet_4_aviation-2050-and-paris-agreement.pdf).
13‘The UK’s Net Zero Target: Is Aviation In or Out?’, Aviation Environment Federation, 17 December 2019 (www.aef.org.uk/2019/12/17/the-uks-net-zero-target-is-aviation-in-or-out/).
14Brandon Graver et al., ‘CO2 emissions from commercial aviation, 2018’, ICCT, 19 September 2019 (https://theicct.org/publications/co2-emissions-commercial-aviation-2018).
15‘CO2 emission and compensation price per destination’, KLM (www.klm.com/travel/gb_en/images/CO2-emission-and-compensation-price-per-destination-2019_tcm638-995022.pdf).
16Patrick Greenfield, ‘Carbon offsets used by major airlines based on flawed system, warn experts’, The Guardian, 4 May 2021 (www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/may/04/carbon-offsets-used-by-major-airlines-based-on-flawed-system-warn-experts).
17‘Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability’, IPCC (www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/03/ar4_wg2_full_report.pdf).
Chapter 6: Drive Me Crazy: Learning to Hitchhike vs. Learning to Drive
1‘CO2 emissions from cars: facts and figures (infographics)’, European Parliament, 11 March 2019 (www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/headlines/society/20190313STO31218/co2-emissions-from-cars-facts-and-figures-infographics).
2‘Transport and environment statistics: Autumn 2021’, Department for Transport, 19 October 2021 (www.gov.uk/government/statistics/transport-and-environment-statistics-autumn-2021/transport-and-environment-statistics-autumn-2021).
3‘Climate change: Should you fly, drive or take the train?’, BBC News, 24 August 2019 (www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-49349566).
4‘2021 set to be second “staycation” summer, RAC research reveals’, BBC News, 16 June 2021 (www.rac.co.uk/drive/news/motoring-news/2021-set-to-be-second-staycation-summer-rac-research-reveals/).
5Based on 82kg CO2e per passenger (x 4) flying London Heathrow–Newquay (www.atmosfair.de/) compared to 19.4kg per passenger (x 4) driving London–Newquay (www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-49349566).
6Joseph Stromberg, ‘The forgotten art of hitchhiking – and why it disappeared’, Vox, 10 June 2015 (www.vox.com/2015/6/8/8737623/hitchhiking).
7Ginger Strand, ‘Hitchhiking’s Time Has Come Again’, The New York Times, 10 November 2012 (www.nytimes.com/2012/11/11/opinion/sunday/hitchhikings-time-has-come-again.html?_r=0).
8‘California Crimes and Accidents Associated with Hitchhiking’, California Highway Patrol, 1974 (http://bernd.wechner.info/Hitchhiking/CHP/body.html).
9‘Hanger Lane: from country road to malfunction junction’, Footprints of London, 13 February 2020 (http://footprintsoflondon.com/2020/02/hanger-lane-from-country-road-to-malfunction-junction/).
10G. Chesters and D.B. Smith, ‘The neglected art of hitch-hiking: risk, trust and sustainability’, Sociological Research Online 6.3 (2001) (www.research.lancs.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/the-neglected-art-of-hitchhiking--risk-trust-and-sustainability%28c957316d-5777-4871-9ee8-3ee6800eb26f%29/export.html).
Chapter 7: But … What about Tourism? The Dark Side of Going Cold Turkey
1Vicky Karantzavelou, ‘Travel and Tourism in 2018 contributed $8.8 trillion to the global economy’, TravelDailyNews, 28 February 2019 (www.traveldailynews.com/post/travel-tourism-in-2018-contributed-88-trillion-to-the-global-economy).
2Anurag Kotoky et al., ‘Jobs Are Being Wiped Out at Airlines, and There’s Worse to Come’, BloombergQuint, 23 July 2020 (www.bloombergquint.com/business/400-000-jobs-lost-at-airlines-during-coronavirus-pandemic).
3‘Tourism-dependent economies are among those harmed the most by the pandemic’, International Monetary Fund, Winter 2020 (www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2020/12/impact-of-the-pandemic-on-tourism-behsudi.htm).
4Asif Khan et al., ‘Tourism and Development in Developing Economies: A Policy Implication Perspective’, Sustainability 12.4 (2020) (www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/12/4/1618).
5Ibid.
6Haroon Rasool et al., ‘The relationship between tourism and economic growth among BRICS countries: a panel cointegration analysis’, Future Business Journal 7 (2021) (https://fbj.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s43093-020-00048-3).
7Franklin I. Ormaza-González, ‘COVID-19 Impacts on Beaches and Coastal Water Pollution at Selected Sites in Ecuador, and Management Proposals Post-Pandemic’, Frontiers in Marine Science 8 (2021) (www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2021.669374/full).
8‘Cornwall tourists urged to “stay away” as cases rise’, BBC News, 24 August 2021 (www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-cornwall-58318695).
9‘Fly Responsibly’, KLM (https://flyresponsibly.klm.com).
Chapter 8: I Love to Ride My Bicycle: From Commuter to Explorer in Amsterdam
1‘Number of overnight tourists up to 46 million in 2019’, CBS, 9 March 2020 (www.cbs.nl/en-gb/news/2020/10/number-of-overnight-tourists-up-to-46-million-in-2019).
2‘Tourism in Amsterdam – Statistics and Facts’, Statista, 10 November 2021 (www.statista.com/topics/6025/tourism-in-amsterdam/).
3Senay Boztas, ‘Best case scenario: tourists to Amsterdam around half of 2019 peak this year’, Dutch News, 23 April 2021 (www.dutchnews.nl/news/2021/04/best-case-scenario-tourists-to-amsterdam-around-half-of-2019-peak-this-year/).
4‘Redesigning the Visitor Economy of Amsterdam’, amsterdam&partners (www.iamsterdam.com/media/pdf/corporate/brochure-redesigning-the-visitor-economy-of-amsterdam.pdf).
5‘National Travel Attitudes Study: Wave 3’, Department for Transport, 5 August 2020 (https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/905887/national-travel-attitudes-study-wave-3.pdf).
6Calculated using ClimateCare’s Carbon Calculator (https://climatecare.org/calculator/).
7Calculated using the EcoPassenger tool (http://ecopassenger.org/).
8Calculated using Travel and Climate’s Climate Impact Calculator (https://travelandclimate.org/). Please see note 7 on page 280 for more information on the figures used for ferry emissions.
Chapter 9: Get on Your Soapbox: Infrastructure Changes to Save the World
1‘Amsterdam’s cycling history’, I Amsterdam (www.iamsterdam.com/en/plan-your-trip/getting-around/cycling/amsterdam-cycling-history).
2Abbie Meehan, ‘Edinburgh flights to London are five times cheaper than getting a train’, Edinburgh Live, 9 August 2021 (www.edinburghlive.co.uk/news/edinburgh-news/edinburgh-flights-london-five-times-21261046).
3‘Are UK train fares the highest in Europe?’, BBC News, 14 August 2019 (www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-49346642).
4‘Should train operating companies be brought back into public ownership?’, YouGov (https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/trackers/should-train-operating-companise-be-brought-back-into-public-ownership).
5‘2020 UK Greenhouse gas emissions, provisional figures’, Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy, 25 March 2021 (https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/972583/2020_Provisional_emissions_statistics_report.pdf).
6Philip Alston et al., ‘Public Transport, Private Profit: The Human Cost of Privatizing Buses in the United Kingdom’, CHRGJ, July 2021 (https://chrgj.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Report-Public-Transport-Private-Profit.pdf).
7‘Railway Restored: regular trains to run on the Dartmoor Line for first time in 50 years’, Network Rail, 17 November 2021 (www.networkrailmediacentre.co.uk/news/railway-restored-regular-trains-to-run-on-dartmoor-line-for-first-time-in-50-years).
8‘Restoring Your Railway Fund’, Department for Transport, 27 October 2021 (www.gov.uk/government/publications/re-opening-beeching-era-lines-and-stations/re-opening-beeching-era-lines-and-stations).
9‘Decarbonising the Scottish transport sector’, Transport Scotland, 23 September 2021 (www.transport.gov.scot/publication/decarbonising-the-scottish-transport-sector/).
10Alex Chapman et al., ‘A Frequent Flyer Levy: Sharing Aviation’s Carbon Budget in a Net Zero World’, New Economics Foundation (https://neweconomics.org/uploads/files/frequent-flyer-levy.pdf).
11‘The Climate Consensus: The Public’s Views on How to Cut Emissions: Results from the Climate Calculator’, Demos, September 2021 (https://demos.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Climate-Consensus.pdf).
12Ross Lydall, ‘London cyclist deaths increase as more people take to two wheels’, Evening Standard, 24 June 2021 (www.standard.co.uk/news/london/london-cyclist-deaths-increase-during-covid-pandemic-b942378.html).
13Duncan Dollimore, ‘Highway Code proposals: a simple rule for junctions’, Cycling UK, 11 August 2020 (www.cyclinguk.org/blog/highway-code-proposals-simple-rule-junctions).
14Steve Westlake, ‘A Counter-Narrative to Carbon Supremacy: Do Leaders Who Give Up Flying because of Climate Change Influence the Attitudes and Behaviour of Others?’, SSRN, 2 October 2017 (https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3283157).
15‘Minority rules: Scientists discover tipping point for the spread of ideas’, Science Daily, 26 July 2011 (www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/07/110725190044.htm).
Chapter 10: Walk the Walk: A Real-Life Pilgrim’s Progress
1Kerry Walker, ‘Could pilgrimages be the next post-pandemic trend?’, National Geographic, 1 May 2021 (www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/travel/2021/05/could-pilgrimages-be-the-next-post-pandemic-trend).
2Calculated using ClimateCare’s Carbon Calculator (https://climatecare.org/calculator/).
3Calculated using the EcoPassenger tool (http://ecopassenger.org/).
4Calculated using Travel and Climate’s Climate Impact Calculator (https://travelandclimate.org/). Please see note 7 on page 280 for more information on the figures used for ferry emissions.
Chapter 11: Whatever Next? Introducing the Sustainable Travel Tech of the Future
1Dan Rutherford, ‘Size matters for aircraft fuel efficiency. Just not in the way that you think’, ICCT, 27 February 2018 (https://theicct.org/blog/staff/size-matters-for-aircraft-fuel-efficiency).
2‘Waypoint 2015’, Aviation Benefits (https://aviationbenefits.org/environmental-efficiency/climate-action/waypoint-2050/).
3Brandon Garver et al., ‘CO2 Emissions from Commercial Aviation’, ICCT, October 2020 (https://theicct.org/sites/default/files/publications/CO2-commercial-aviation-oct2020.pdf).
4Alex Dichter et al., ‘How airlines can chart a path to zero-carbon flying’, McKinsey & Company, 13 May 2020 (www.mckinsey.com/industries/travel-logistics-and-infrastructure/our-insights/how-airlines-can-chart-a-path-to-zero-carbon-flying).
5‘IAG to power 10 per cent of its flights with sustainable aviation fuel by 2030’, IAG, 22 April 2021 (www.iairgroup.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/newsroom-listing/2021/sustainable-aviation-fuel).
6Tom Otley, ‘Airlines pledge 10 per cent sustainable aviation fuel by 2030’, Business Traveller, 23 September 2021 (www.businesstraveller.com/business-travel/2021/09/23/airlines-pledge-10-per-cent-sustainable-aviation-fuel-by-2030/).
7‘US airlines pledge huge increase in use of sustainable aviation fuel by 2030’, Fastmarkets, 14 September 2021 (www.fastmarkets.com/article/4007630/us-airlines-pledge-huge-increase-in-use-of-sustainable-aviation-fuel-by-2030).
8‘BA in SAF pledge during COP26 conference’, Biofuels International, 8 September 2021 (https://biofuels-news.com/news/ba-in-saf-pledge-during-cop26-conference/).
9Christine Akrofi, ‘A Guide to Sustainable Aviation Fuels’, ADS, 17 April 2020 (www.adsgroup.org.uk/sustainability/sustainable-aviation-fuels/).
10‘Developing Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF)’, IATA (www.iata.org/en/programs/environment/sustainable-aviation-fuels/).
11‘What is sustainable aviation fuel (SAF)?’, BP, July 2021 (www.bp.com/en/global/air-bp/news-and-views/views/what-is-sustainable-aviation-fuel-saf-and-why-is-it-important.html).
12‘Benefits from Sustainable Aviation Fuels Must Not Be Over-Claimed, AEF Highlights in Response to SAF Consultation’, AEF, 21 September 2021 (www.aef.org.uk/2021/09/21/benefits-from-sustainable-aviation-fuels-must-not-be-over-claimed-aef-highlights-in-response-to-saf-consultation/).
13‘Government Proposals for a Sustainable Aviation Fuels Mandate: Key Questions Still Need to Be Answered’, AEF, 11 August 2021 (www.aef.org.uk/2021/08/11/government-proposals-for-a-sustainable-aviation-fuels-mandate-key-questions-still-need-to-be-answered/).
14‘The trouble with SAF’, Flight Free UK, 12 October 2021 (https://flightfree.co.uk/post/the-trouble-with-saf/).
15Jane O’Malley et al., ‘Estimating sustainable aviation fuel feedstock availability to meet growing European Union demand’, ICCT, 2021 (https://theicct.org/sites/default/files/publications/Sustainable-aviation-fuel-feedstock-eu-mar2021.pdf).
16‘Hydrogen-powered aviation: A fact-based study of hydrogen technology, economics, and climate impact by 2050’, FCH, May 2020 (www.fch.europa.eu/sites/default/files/FCH%20Docs/20200720_Hydrogen%20Powered%20Aviation%20report_FINAL%20web.pdf).
17‘Mandating the use of sustainable aviation fuels in the UK’, Department for Transport, 13 July 2021 (www.gov.uk/government/consultations/mandating-the-use-of-sustainable-aviation-fuels-in-the-uk).
18‘Government Proposals for a Sustainable Aviation Fuels Mandate: Key Questions Still Need to Be Answered’, AEF, 11 August 2021 (www.aef.org.uk/2021/08/11/government-proposals-for-a-sustainable-aviation-fuels-mandate-key-questions-still-need-to-be-answered/).
19‘Hydrogen-powered aviation: A fact-based study of hydrogen technology, economics, and climate impact by 2050’, FCH, May 2020 (www.fch.europa.eu/sites/default/files/FCH%20Docs/20200720_Hydrogen%20Powered%20Aviation%20report_FINAL%20web.pdf).
20‘Hydrogen: An important pathway to our zero-emission ambition’, Airbus (www.airbus.com/en/innovation/zero-emission/hydrogen).
21Caspar Henderson, ‘The hydrogen revolution in the skies’, BBC Future Planet, 8 April 2021 (www.bbc.com/future/article/20210401-the-worlds-first-commercial-hydrogen-plane).
22Ibid.
23Alex Dichter et al., ‘How airlines can chart a path to zero-carbon flying’, McKinsey & Company, 13 May 2020 (www.mckinsey.com/industries/travel-logistics-and-infrastructure/our-insights/how-airlines-can-chart-a-path-to-zero-carbon-flying).
24Chris Baraniuk, ‘The largest electric plane ever to fly’, BBC Future Planet, 18 June 2020 (www.bbc.com/future/article/20200617-the-largest-electric-plane-ever-to-fly).
25Duncan Walker, ‘Electric planes are here – but they won’t solve flying’s CO2 problem’, The Conversation, 5 November 2019 (https://theconversation.com/electric-planes-are-here-but-they-wont-solve-flyings-co-problem-125900).
26‘Sustainable synthetic carbon based fuels for transport’, Royal Society, 2019 (https://royalsociety.org/-/media/policy/projects/synthetic-fuels/synthetic-fuels-briefing.pdf).
27Peggy Hollinger, ‘Hydrogen-powered planes: pie in the sky?’, Financial Times, 15 March 2021 (www.ft.com/content/7099d84c-07b8-4970-b826-ac28b4e59841).
Chapter 12: The Big One: Just How Far Can I Get at Zero Altitude?
1Halligan Agade, ‘Nearly 13 million tourists visited Morocco in 2019’, CGTN Africa, 3 February 2020 (https://africa.cgtn.com/2020/02/03/nearly-13-million-tourists-visited-morocco-in-2019/).
2Calculated using ClimateCare’s Carbon Calculator (https://climatecare.org/calculator/).
3Calculated using the EcoPassenger tool (http://ecopassenger.org/).
4Calculated using Travel and Climate’s Climate Impact Calculator (https://travelandclimate.org/). Please see note 7 on page 280 for more information on the figures used for ferry emissions.