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Warfare and Crusade in Central and Southeastern Europe |
Western Europe |
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1347–50 The Black Death |
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1354 Ottoman capture of Gallipoli |
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1355 Death of Serbian prince Stefan Dušan |
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c. 1361 Ottoman capture of Adrianople (Edirne) |
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1371 Ottoman victory over Serbians at the Battle of the Maritsa |
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1374 Death of Francesco Petrarca (Petrarch), humanist author and poet |
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c. 1375 Rise of Prince Lazar Hrebeljanović and Moravian Serbia |
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1376 Ottomans establish suzerainty over Bulgaria; raids begin into Serbia |
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1378 Outbreak of papal schism |
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1381 Peasant rebellion in England |
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1383 First translations of Wycliffe Bible |
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1389 Battle of Kosovo; accession of Bayezid I; Lazar of Serbia executed |
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1395 Bayezid battles Mircea of Wallachia at Rovine |
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1396 Bayezid defeats Western crusaders at Nicopolis; siege of Constantinople |
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1400 Death of Geoffrey Chaucer |
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1402 Timur defeats Bayezid at Ankara; Stefan Lazarević granted title of despot |
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1406 Death of Coluccio Salutati, humanist chancellor of Florence |
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1413 End of Ottoman interregnum and civil war; rise of Mehmed I |
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1414–18 Council of Constance |
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1415 Battle of Agincourt |
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1418 Election of Otto Colonna, Pope Martin V (d. 1431) |
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1420–34 Hussite Wars |
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1421 Death of Mehmed I; |
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1422 Murad II besieges Constantinople |
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1424 Peace treaty between Byzantines and Murad II |
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c. 1425 Flowering of Serbian culture at Belgrade under Stefan Lazarević |
c. 1425 Bernardino of Siena begins preaching career |
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1427 Under the agreement of Tati, Stefan Lazarević designates George Branković his successor and returns Belgrade and Golubac to Hungary |
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1428 Masaccio, Holy Trinity |
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1430 Murad II takes Thessalonica; Despot George Branković establishes exiled court at Smederevo |
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1431 Election of Gabriele Condulmer, Pope Eugenius IV (d. 1447); execution of Joan of Arc |
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1431–49 Council of Basel-Ferrara-Florence |
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1436 Completion of Brunelleschi’s dome on the cathedral of Florence |
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1439 Death of King Albert V and Hungarian succession crisis; Ottoman capture of Smederevo; George Branković exiled to Hungary |
1439 Decree of Union (Laetentur coeli) proclaimed at Florence |
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1440 Murad II launches first Ottoman siege of Belgrade |
1440 Lorenzo Valla, Donation of Constantine |
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1441–2 Hungarian civil war and rise of John Hunyadi |
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1443–4 “Long campaign” and Crusade of Varna |
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1444 Death of Bernardino of Siena, OFM |
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1447 Election of Tommaso Parentucelli, Pope Nicholas V (d. 1455) |
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1448 Death of Byzantine emperor John VIII; Second Battle of Kosovo |
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1450 Jubilee in Rome |
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1451–6 John Hunyadi regent and captain general of Hungary |
1451–4 Preaching tour of John of Capistrano across northern Europe |
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1452 Construction of Rumeli Hisarı |
1452 Frederick III crowned Holy Roman emperor |
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1453 Mehmed II captures Constantinople |
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1454 Gutenberg’s earliest printings in Mainz |