References are given for most quotations and for curious, debatable, or relatively obscure items for which an inquiring reader might want to know the source. I have not documented the better-known facts, events, and general conditions, which can be found in standard histories. With regard to quotations from the chronicles and other contemporary writers such as the Ménagier, La Tour Landry, Chaucer, Langland et al., I have given page references where it seemed important. Otherwise, when the source is named in the text and the work appears in the Bibliography, I have not thought it necessary to cite the page. This applies especially to Froissart, both for the sake of reducing bulk and because I read or consulted different editions (Berners, Johnes, Kervyn Lettenhove, Luce) at different times, resulting in too many variants.
ABBREVIATIONS
|
AN |
Archives nationales |
|
BN |
Bibliothèque nationale |
|
CMH |
Cambridge Medieval History, vol. VII |
|
DBF |
Dictionnaire de biographie française, 1933– (in progress; at |
|
the time used by the author, this had reached the letter F) |
|
|
DNB |
Dictionary of National Biography |
|
KL |
Kervyn Lettenhove edition of Froissart |
|
LUCE-F |
Luce edition of Froissart |
|
OCFL |
Oxford Companion to French Literature |
Foreword
1 THOMPSON: Aftermath, 565.
2 SISMONDI: Républiques, chap. 38. The original is “ne fut point heureuse pour l’humanité.” “A PERIOD OF ANGUISH”: Heers, 111.
3 PERROY: Hundred Years, χ.
4 COMTE D’AUXERRE: Delachenal, I, 207, n. 3.
5 ISABEAU OF BAVARIA, A BLONDE: Mazas, IV, 181. “DARK AND LIVELY”: CMH, 375
6 HUNGARIAN HISTORIAN: Otto Zarek, A History of Hungary, trans., London, 1939.
Chapter 1—“I Am the Sire de Coucy”: The Dynasty
2 SOURCES FOR THE CASTLE AND donjon: Viollet-le-Duc, Dict., II, 440–41; III, 113–14; V, 34, 74–75, 79; Larousse, Grand Dictionnaire universel, V, 1869; Dufour; Lefèvre-Pontalis. COMPARISON TO THE PYRAMIDS: q. Dufour, 21.
3 “Coucy à la merveille!”: L’Art de vérifier. “Roi ne suis”: Duchesne, 205. CASTLE BUILT IN SEVEN YEARS: Viollet-le-Duc, Dict., V, 74.
4 “WORTHY OF NERO”: Antoine d’Asti, secretary of Charles, Duc d’Orléans, inheritor of the Coucy domain. Description of the castle written 1410, q. Dufour, 58.
5 “ONE OF THE KEYS OF THE KINGDOM”: SO described in a suit over disputed property brought in 1407 by the Duc d’Orléans against Coucy’s grandson, Robert de Bar, based on the claim that the barony must be held as a whole by its seigneur in order that he may “better resist those who come against the said kingdom,” q. Jarry, Orléans, 240. (The date 1447 given by Jarry must be a typographical error.)
6 ff. HISTORY OF THE DYNASTY: Duchesne, 185–274; L’Art de vérifier, 219 ff.; Sars, passim; Duplessis.
7 ENGUERRAND I AND SYBIL: Guibert of Nogent, 148–50.
8 “RAGING WOLF”: Suger in Vie de Louis VI le Gros, q. Ross & McLaughlin, 267–73.
9 ORIGIN OF THE COUCY ARMS: Ancien, based on Duchesne and L’Alouëte. Other versions in Rev. Nobiliare, 1865, vol. Ill, q. Lacaille thèse; also Histoire de la ville de Marie, q. Chaurand, 67–68. See also Dumas & Martinet, 17; Duckett, 19. THOMAS DE MARLE’S CAREER: Guibert of Nogent, 170, 184–85, 199, and dynastie sources.
10 CHARTER OF COUCY-LE-CHÂTEAU: Sars, 170; Larousse, Gr. Encyc.
11 ENGUERRAND III: Lelong, 281, 286–87.
12 HIS CONSTRUCTIONS AT COUCY: Viollet-le-Duc, Dict., IV, 233–34.
13 AMIENS, “HIGHER THAN ALL THE SAINTS”: J. Brandicourt & J. Desobry, The Cathedral of Amiens, undated brochure issued by the Cathedral.
14 DUC DE BERRY AND CHAPEL WINDOWS: Dufour, 51.
15 COINED OWN MONEY: Sars, 194. COUCY OWED 30 KNIGHTS: Lot & Fawtier, 517.
16 ENGUERRAND IV: for his trial, in addition to dynastic sources, see Margaret Wade Lafarge, St. Louis, Boston, 1968, 175–76.
17 VALUE OF 20 sous: Perroy, “Wage Labour,” 45, n. 1; Jusserand, 46–47, 51.
18 “OF THE GOOD TOWNS”: Georges Chastellain, q. Cartellieri, 76. “EXPOSURE OF THEIR BODIES”: q. Bloch, Feudal, 451.
19 AQUINAS, “COMMON GOOD”: q. Jarret, Social, 18. “PRINCES ARE INSTITUTED”: ibid.
20 “NOT ONE OF US”: Girard de Roussilon, q. Oakeshott, 53.
21 GARIN LI LOHERAINS: q. Gautier (Eng. ed.), 281.
22 BERTRAND DE BORN: q. Bloch, Feudal, 293. DANTE PUT HIM IN HELL: Inferno, XXVIII.
23 “NOT PROPER FOR A NOBLE”: Lewis, 175, 180. SONS OF NOBLES AS MERCHANTS: Cazelles, Société politique, 290.
24 “SHALL HAVE NO CAUSE”: Bonet, 131.
25 KNIGHT WITH 32 COATS-OF-ARMS: He was Jacques de Lalaing; Cartellieri, 75.
26 DURATION OF NOBLE FAMILIES: Lewis, 176–77.
27 DISAPPEARANCE RATE OF 50 PERCENT: Perroy, “Social Mobility.” CLUSEL AND GUICHARD VERT: ibid.
28 SUMPTUARY LAWS: Baldwin, passim.
29 IN FLORENCE: Origo, 290, 298, 300–301. IN FRANCE: Franklin, Rues et cris, 35–36.
30 KNIGHTON: q. Baldwin, 69.
31 GIRALDUS CAMBRENSIS: q. Shears in Prestage, 57. UNCOUTH GERMANS: Bonet, 204. “MOST CHIVALROUS SOJOURN”: q. Michelet, III, 255. DON PERO NIÑO: q. Díaz de Gómez (Evans trans.), 133.
32 FRENCH LANGUAGE, MARCO POLO, ST. FRANCIS, VENETIAN SCHOLAR: Artz, 350; Cheyney, 248–49.
33 LONDON BRIDGE: Jusserand, 23–24. FRENCH DOLLS: Bradley, 136.
34 FRENCH IVORIES: E. Mâle, Art et artistes du moyen age, Paris, 1927, 313–14.
35 “YOU PARIS MASTERS”: q. E. R. Chamberlin, Life in Medieval France, London, 1967, 118. “TWO LIGHTS OF THE WORLD”: q. Coville, 394.
36 CEREMONY OF THE rissoles: Dufour, 62–64; Lelong, 181.
Chapter 2—Born to Woe: The Century
1 BALTIC SEA: J. C. Russell, Fontana, 24. CASPIAN SEA: Carpentier, “Autour de la peste noire.”
2 PEOPLE EATING CHILDREN: Russell, Op. cit.
3 BISHOP DENIED BURIAL: CMH, 280.
4 CHILDREN OF PRIESTS: Flick, 175–76. AND OTHER DISPENSATIONS: ibid., 121–22.
5 ALVAR PELAYO, “I FOUND BROKERS”: q. ibid., 180.
6 UNFIT CLERGY, BOY OF SEVEN ET AL.: ibid., 174. BISHOP OF DURHAM: Coulton, Panorama, 128.
7 HENRY OF HEREFORD: q. Cohn, 133–34.
8 JOHN XXII, GOLD CLOTH AND FURS: Origo, 8.
9 “RICH, INSOLENT AND RAPACIOUS”: q. Hay, 277. CARDINAL’S TEN STABLES: CMH, 282.
10 PETRARCH ON “BABYLON OF THE WEST”: Robinson, Readings, I, 502–3. LATRINES OF THE PAPAL PALACE: Gagnière. AMBASSADOR FROM ARAGON: Origo, 7.
11 ST. BRIGITTA, “A FIELD FULL OF PRIDE”: q. Hay, 277.
12 ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY’S COMPLAINT: q. Cutts, 242–43. MATTEO VILLANI: q. Emerton, 178.
13 14TH CENTURY POEM: T. Wright, Political Songs, I, 264–66. “DID NOT BEHAVE AS FRIARS OUGHT”: q. Jusserand, 170.
14 ST. FRANCIS AND BREVIARY: ibid., 166.
15 MONKS LENT MONEY AT INTEREST: Coulton, Panorama, 269.
16 “MUSTARD POTTIS”: q. Jusserand, 171–72. BOILING AN EGG: Ménagier de Paris, 295.
17 FEAST OF FOOLS: Chambers, 294, 315, 325–27; Gayley, 49–50.
18 “THE THORN FALLS OUT”: Chron. C6, I, 317. WOMAN ACCUSED OF INCEST: Cohen, 327.
19 PETRARCH, “A HARD AND WEARY JOURNEY”: Correspondence, 398. “TURN THEE AGAIN”: q. Herlihy, Med. Culture, 409.
20 GASCON SEIGNEUR: He was Amanieu d’Albret VI, q. Boutruche, 177. JOINVILLE ON THE POOR: q. Shears in Prestage, 64.
21 ST. AUGUSTINE: q. Coulton, Panorama, 369. ST. JEROME: q. Pirenne, Europe, 229.
22 “DEVIL ON THE LID”: q. Pirenne, loc. cit. DATINI’S MOTTO: Origo, xiv. PHILIPPE DE BEAUMANOIR: q. Mollat & Wolff, 46.
23 Confréries: Mâle, 167 ff.; M. Mollat, Vie, 91–103.
24 JACQUES DE VITRY: q. Davis, 271, and Evans, Med. France, 34.
25 TEMPLARS ACCUSED OF BLACK ARTS: Jeffry Russell, 195–96, 198.
26 “AND HE WOULD HAVE CONFESSED”: q. CMH, 318–19.
27 MOLAY’S CURSE: The eyewitness report by Godfrey of Paris is quoted in Nouv. biog. générale, ed. Hoefer, Paris, 1861. See also Marcel Lobet, Histoire des Templiers, Liège, 1944, 225; M. Reynouard, Procès et condamnation des Templiers, Paris, 1805, 113.
28 “BAD LAME QUEEN”: Coville, 399. PHILIP VI and THE BEATIFIC VISION: Lea, III, 590, 593; Cath. Encyc, II, 430; Coville, 14.
29 THREAT TO BURN THE POPE: reported by Giovanni Villani, q. J. B. Christophe, Histoire de la Papauté, Paris, 1853, II, 30.
30 PHILIP ARRANGES MARRIAGE OF ENGUERRAND VI: Duchesne, 262–63.
31 EMPEROR LUDWIG AND DAUGHTER: Jarrett, Social, 58.
Chapter 3—Youth and Chivalry
1 ENGLISH PREACHER ON MOTHER AND CHILD: q. Owst, 34–35.
2 KNITTING ON FOUR NEEDLES: White, “Technology Assessment” with illus. Ancren Riivle: q. McLaughlin, 153, n. 90.
3 INFANT MORTALITY ESTIMATED: McLaughlin, III.
4 PHILIP OF NOVARA: “Des iiii tenz d’aage d’ome” [The four ages of man] in Langlois, II, 210–11.
5 ADVICE ON ETIQUETTE: Ménagier, 10, 14–17, 20, 24, 47, 204, 209, 215, 219; T. Wright, Manners, 275; Christine de Pisan, Livre des trois vertus, q. Power, 318; Fra Benvenisco da Ripa, Zinquanta cortesi da Tavola [Fifty courtesies at the table], q. Aries, 381. On absence of advice on child-rearing, see Power, 420.
6 BARTHOLOMEW OF ENGLAND and ALDOBRANDINO OF SIENA: q. McLaughlin, 115, 137, 144, n. 31.
7 HALF THE POPULATION UNDER 21: J. C. Russell, Fontana, 31.
8 BOCCACCIO, “BIRDS, WILD BEASTS”: Questioni d’Amore, chap. 5, q. Putnam’s Reader, 188.
9 CHRONICLER’S COMPLAINT OF SHORT TUNICS: Jean de Venette, q. Luce, Jacquerie, 37.
10 MARCH, “IN WHICH THE WORLD BEGAN”: Nun’s Priest’s Tale.
11 A SCHOLAR OF OXFORD: Thorndike, III, 143. MENTAL DEPRESSION AN ILLNESS: ibid., 251. TRIANGULATION BY A MONK: Davis, 338. WINDMILLS MUST PAY TITHES: White, Med. Tech., 89.
12 TRAVEL—DISTANCES AND CONDITIONS: Boyer; Jusserand, 123; Hay, 363; d’Haucourt, 17; Cipolla, 534; Boissonade, 287; T. Wright, Manners.
13 VENICE-TO-BRUGES POSTAL SERVICE: Origo, 99.
14 SIR HERVÉ DE LÉON: Coulton, Panorama, 325. PILGRIMS’ “HERTES BEGIN TO FAYLE”: ibid.
15 DESCHAMPS ON GERMAN INNS: q. Coopland in notes to Mézières, I, 36. KNEW THE WORLD WAS ROUND: Bartholomew of England, Image du Monde and others in Langlois, Connaissance.
16 AS A FLY ON AN APPLE: Image, q. ibid., 78. DISTANCE FROM THE STARS: ibid., 79.
17 UNIVERSE IN GOD’S ARMS: Mâle, 298. MOON, ECLIPSE, RAIN, TIME BETWEEN THUNDER AND LIGHTNING: Image du Monde, 97–100. VIEWS OF INDIA, PERSIA: ibid., 83–84.
18 GARDEN OF EDEN: Howard Patch, The Other World, Harvard University Press, 1950.
19 “THEY ARE AS GOD PLEASES”: ibid., 93.
20 BOOK OF SIDRACH: Langlois, Connaissance, 224 ff.
21 DANTE, CHANTED BY BLACKSMITHS, AND PUBLIC LECTURES ON: Cheyney, 260.
22 ITALIAN BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY: Bandini of Arezzo, Fons memorabilium universi, q. Thorndike, III, 562.
23 CATHERINE’S HUSBAND: He is named Conrad de Hardeck in L’Art de vérifier, 237, and Conrad de Magdebourg by La Chesnaye-Desbois. 62 CATHERINE’S CARE FOR SON’S EDUCATION: BN, ms. fr. 18616.
24 JOHN OF SALISBURY: q. Coulton, Panorama, 242. JOHN THE BLIND DUG UP SYNAGOGUE: Jarrett, Charles IV, 104, n. 1. HIS DEATH: Froissart on Crécy.
25 COST OF HELMET AND WAR-HORSE: Contamine, 656.
26 ST. BERNARD ON TOURNAMENTS: Gautier, 272.
27 KEEP HIS TEETH AND NAILS CLEAN: Painter, 135. Châtelain de Coucy: Delbouille, passim.
28 “MELANCHOLY, AMOROUS AND BARBARIC”: Gaston Paris, q. in Larousse, Gr. Encyc, XIII, 34.
29 EDWARD III AND COUNTESS OF SALISBURY: Chron. Jean le Bel, 30–34; Chron. normande, 54, 59–60; Luce-F, II, 346, and IV, xviii–ix.
30 IDENTITY OF JEAN LE BEL: Snell, 339; Coville, 413.
31 TEUTONIC KNIGHTS HUNTED PEASANTS FOR SPORT: Pirenne, Europe, II, 110.
Chapter 4—War
1 LONGBOW: Stein, 66; Lot & Fawtier, 528.
2Ribauds (CANNON): Oman, 211–17; Chron. Jean de Venette, 157, n. 45.
3 “OH, THE COWARDLY ENGLISH”: Walsingham, q. KL, III, notes, 491. FISH DRANK SO MUCH FRENCH BLOOD: Melsa Chron., q. notes to Chron. Jean de Venette, 154, n. 27.
4 EDWARD III, “CHARM” AND “PETULANCE”: CMH, 438.
5 AQUINAS ON “JUST WAR”: q. Jarrett, Social, 193; Painter, 157. “RIGHT OF SPOIL”: Keen, Laws, 65, 74–75, 140.
6 MICHELET ON BRITTANY: from the famous “Tableau de France” in the Histoire, II, 7–18.
7 CHARLES DE BLOIS—CHARACTER: Huizinga, Waning, 178. BAREFOOT IN THE SNOW: ibid.
8 HURLED 30 HEADS: Mackinnon, 219; see also Roujoux, Hist, des rois et des ducs de Bretagne, 1839, III, 127; A. Clauziou, Hist, de Bretagne, 1941, 97–98.
9 QUEEN JEANNE ON BRUGES: q. Mollat & Wolff, 25.
10 MATTHEW OF WESTMINSTER ON WOOL: q. Thompson, 61. COURTRAI, LOSSES MADE UP BY ENNOBLEMENT: Bloch, Feudal, 324–25.
11 ARTEVELDE STRIKES FLEMISH KNIGHT: Pemoud, 214.
12 ARTEVELDE’S DEATH: Froissart. “Il piccolo re”: q. Tourneur, 467.
13 Double et louche: III, 250.
14 ADVICE OF PARLIAMENT IN 1344: Barnes, 303.
15 SHIPS FOR EXPEDITIONARY FORCE: Hewitt, Organization, 51, 76; Coopland, in notes to Mézières, I, 59.
16 RECRUITMENT AND PROPAGANDA: Oman, 126; Hewitt, op. cit., 30, 159. 84 MILITARY OBLIGATION OF TOWNS: Contamine, 33, 176. ROUEN, NARBONNE, NÎMES: Henneman, Royal, 116, 120, 122, 135, 147.
17 KNIGHTS’ RATES OF PAY: Contamine, 622–23, 626. THE montre: ibid., 537. ARMOR AND HELMET: Oakeshott, 15, 43; Cutts, 344–45; Contamine, 656.
18 “TERRIBLE WORM”: q. Lefranc, 137, from an unnamed contemporary poem, not further identified, MACE FAVORED BY MARTIAL CLERICS: Davis, 196.
19 FRENCH DISDAINED MISSILES: Evans, Life, 140. ARCHER AS “COWARD”: q. Davis, 190.
20 CROSSBOW BANNED BY CHURCH: Painter, 21.
21 CRÉCY: The battle is described in all the chronicles. A useful summary is in Lot, 340–50.
22 ENGLISH ARCHERS PROTECTED BOWSTRINGS: Chron. Jean de Venette, 43. The subject of the wet and dry bowstrings and whether, when wet, they shrink or stretch has been a question of intense discussion among the Crécy buffs, and even of physical experiment by one historian who soaked bowstrings in water to determine the answer.
23 “15 DENIERS WORTH THREE”: Chron. 4 Valois, 14. ESTATES’ DISPLEASURE VOICED: Perroy, Hundred Years, 121.
24 ISABELLE’S BETROTHAL TO LOUIS DE MALE: Chron. Jean le Bel, II, 135–39; Chron. normande, 84–86, 276, n. 7; Luce-F, IV, nn. 1–2, 34–37; Grandes Chrons., ed. Viard, IX, 292; Chron. Jean de Venette, 47–48, 184–85, n. 27; Chron. de Jean de Noyal, ed. Molinier, Bull. SHF, 1883, 253. Song about Isabelle is in Jean de Venette, 48. Summary of the sources in Henry Lucas, The Low Countries and the Hundred Years’ War, 1929, 559–65.
25 CALAIS REDUCED TO EATING EXCREMENT (“Toutes ordures par droite famine”): q. CMH, 349.
26 NUMBERS ENGAGED IN CRÉCY-CALAIS: Postan, EHR.
Chapter 5—“This Is the End of the World”: The Black Death
The chief sources used for this chapter were Campbell; Carpentier; Crawfurd; Coulton, Black Death; Gasquet; Hecker; Ziegler; also Barnes; Bowsky; Bridbury; Cazelles, Peste; Deaux; Meiss, Painting … After the Black Death; Nohl; Renouard: Saltmarsh; Seebohm; Thompson; Thrupp. On the Jews: Abrahams; Salo Baron; Chazan, and Encyclopedia Judaica, Jerusalem and New York, 1970–71.
1 “DEATH IS SEEN SEATED”: Simon de Covino, q. Campbell, 80.
2 “COULD INFECT THE WORLD”: q. Gasquet, 41. WELSH LAMENT: q. Ziegler, 190.
3 “DOGS DRAGGED THEM FORTH”: Agnolo di Tura, q. Ziegler, 58.
4 “OR IF NO MAN IS PRESENT”: Bishop of Bath and Wells, q. Ziegler, 125.
5 “NO BELLS TOLLED”: Agnolo di Tura, q. Schevill, Siena, 211. The same observation was made by Gabriel de Muisis, notary of Piacenza, q. Crawfurd, 113.
6 p. 95 GIVRY PARISH REGISTER: Renouard, III. THREE VILLAGES OF CAMBRIDGESHIRE: Saltmarsh.
7 PETRARCH’S BROTHER: Bishop, 273. BROTHER JOHN CLYN: q. Ziegler, 195.
8 APATHY; “AND IN THESE DAYS”: q. Deaux, 143, citing only “an old northern chronicle.”
9 AGNOLO DI TURA, “FATHER ABANDONED CHILD”: q. Ziegler, 58.
10 “MAGISTRATES AND NOTARIES”: q. Deaux, 49. ENGLISH PRIESTS TURNED AWAY: Ziegler, 261.
11 PARENTS DESERTING CHILDREN: Hecker, 30. GUY DE CHAULIAC, “A FATHER”:
12 q. Gasquet, 50–51.
13 Q NUNS OF THE HÔTEL DIEU: Chron. Jean de Venette, 49.
14 Q PICARDS AND SCOTS MOCK MORTALITY OF NEIGHBORS: Gasquet, 53, and Ziegler, 198.
15 QCATHERINE DE COUCY: L’Art de vérifier, 237. AMIENS TANNERS: Gasquet, 57. “BY THE JOLLITY THAT IS IN us”: Grandes Chrons., VI, 486–87.
16 JOHN OF FORDUN: q. Ziegler, 199. SIMON DE COVINO ON THE POOR: Gasquet, 42. ON YOUTH: Cazelles, Peste.
17 KNIGHTON ON SHEEP: q. Ziegler, 175. WOLVES OF AUSTRIA AND DALMATIA: ibid., 84, III. DOGS AND CATS: Muisis, q. Gasquet, 44, 61.
18 BAVARIAN CHRONICLER OF NEUBERG: q. Ziegler, 84. WALSINGHAM, “THE WORLD COULD NEVER”: Denifle, 273. “OH HAPPY POSTERITY”: q. Ziegler, 45. GIOVANNI VILLANI, “e dure questo”: q. Snell, 334.
19 PHYSICIANS OF VENICE: Campbell, 98. SIMON DE COVINO: ibid., 31. GUY DE CHAULIAC, “I WAS IN FEAR”: q. Thompson, Ec. and Soc., 379. THUCYDIDES: q. Crawfurd, 30–31.
20 CHINESE ORIGIN: Although the idea of Chinese origin is still being repeated (e.g., by William H. McNeill, Plagues and People, New York, 1976, 161–63), it is disputed by L. Carrington Goodrich of the Association for Asian Studies, Columbia Univ., in letters to the author of 18 and 26 October 1973. Citing contemporary Chinese and other sources, he also quotes Dr. George A. Perera of the College of Physicians and Surgeons, an authority on communicable diseases, who “agrees with me that the spaces between epidemics in China (1334), Semirechyé (1338–9) and the Mediterranean basin (1347–9) seem too long for the first to be responsible for the last.”
21 REPORTS FROM THE EAST: Barnes, 432; Coulton, Black Death, 9–11.
22 ANONYMOUS FLEMISH CLERIC, “MOST TERRIBLE”: His correspondence was edited in the form of a chronicle by De Smet, in Recueil des chroniques de Flandres, III, q. Ziegler, 22. GENTILE DA FOLIGNO, “COMMUNICATED BY AIR”: Campbell, 38.
23 REPORT OF THE UNIVERSITY OF PARIS: Hecker, 51–53; Campbell, 15.
24 M. VILLANI, “EXTERMINATION OF MANKIND”: q. Meiss, Painting … After the Black Death, 66. ROUEN PROHIBITS GAMBLING: Nohl, 74.
25 AT MESSINA, DEMONS LIKE DOGS: Coulton, Black Death, 22–27. PEST MAIDEN: Ziegler, 85.
26 CANTACUZENE: Barnes, 435. PIERS PLOWMAN, “PURE SIN”: B text, V, 13.
27 CLEMENT VI, “SENSUAL VICES”: Gregorovius, VI, 334.
28 DOCTORS’ SKILLS: Thorndike, III, 249–51. CATARACTS: Gilles li Muisis, Chron., q. in Intro, χ. SKIN GRAFTS: M. Rowling, Life in Medieval Times, New York, 1973, 192. See also Arturo Castiglione, A History of Medicine, New York, 1946, 398–99.
29 SEWAGE DISPOSAL: Thrupp; Coulton, Panorama, 456; Sabine.
30 VISCONTI MEASURES: Hecker, 58. LEICESTERSHIRE AUTOCRAT RAZED NOSELEY: letter to author, 25 June 1974, from Lord Hazelrigg, direct descendant of the autocrat, and present proprietor of Noseley Hall.
31 LEGEND OF ST. ROCH; “IN THESE SAD TIMES”: q. Mâle, 190. “GOD IS DEAF”:
32 Passus X, line 79.
33 “HOSTILITY OF GOD”: q. Campbell, 132.
34 JEWS’ INTENT TO “KILL AND DESTROY”: Chron. Jean le Bel, I, 225, and Gilles li Muisis, 222.
35 WELL-POISONING: Chron. Jean de Venette, 50; S. W. Baron, XI, 160. “RIVERS AND FOUNTAINS”: from Jugement du Roi de Navarre, 70.
36 RABBI MOSES OF COUCY: Encyc. Jud., VI, 167; VII, 19. JEWS’ BADGE AND POINTED HAT: Abrahams, 287; Enlart, 435. WILLIAM OF NEWBURGH: q. Coulton, Panorama, 359.
37 TRIALS IN SAVOY: COX, 60–70; “Black Death” in Encyc. Jud. CLEMENT’S BULL: Luce-F, IV, 101.
38 FLAGELLANTS: Cohn, 125–37; CMH, chap. 10; Lea, II, 882; Hecker, 34–39; Schnyder, 279–89.
39 MASSACRES AT WORMS, FRANKFURT, COLOGNE, MAINZ, ERFURT: Cohn, 138–39;
40 Heinrich Graetz, History of the Jews, Philadelphia, 1894, IV, 109.
41 DUKE ALBERT H OF AUSTRIA: S. W. Baron, XI, 163. “LIKE NIGHT PHANTOMS”: q. Cohn, 139.
42 JEWS RETURN TO ERFURT: S. W. Baron, IX, 224.
43 DICE INTO PRAYER BEADS: Gasquet, 60. PIERS PLOWMAN: Passus IX, ed. Wells, 110.
44 M. VILLANI, “BETTER MEN”: q. Coulton, Black Death, 66–68.
45 ORVIETO: Carpentier, Ville, 190. PENALTY FOR INTERCOURSE BETWEEN CHRISTIAN AND JEW: ibid., 196.
46 EMPEROR CHARLES IV, “PRECIOUS KNOWLEDGE”: Campbell, 150. CORPUS CHRISTI: ibid., 150.
47 PETRARCH ON BOLOGNA: ibid., 159–60.
48 DECLINE IN POPULATION: J. C. Russell, “Med. pop.”; Carpentier, AESC; Bowsky; Heers, 101–5; Hay, 76.
49 EFFECTS ON LABOR: Perroy in EHR; Seebohm, 269, 273; Helen Robbins, 473–76; Heers, 108–11.
50 JUBILEE YEAR: Gregorovius, 323–25. “A PONTIFF SHOULD MAKE HIS SUBJECTS HAPPY”: q. G. Mollat, Papes, 86.
51 TREASURY OF MERIT: Jusserand, 170.
52 A MILLION VISITORS: Meiss, 80.
53 BEQUESTS, ST. GERMAIN: Ziegler, 78. SIENA: Bowsky, 26. FLORENCE: Meiss, 78.
54 CARDINAL-LEGATE ATTACKED IN ROME: Gregorovlus, 325.
55“Bene quidem”: Coulton, Black Death, 59.
56 “WICKEDER THAN BEFORE”: Chron. Jean de Venette, 51. CLEMENT, “WHAT CAN YOU PREACH”: ibid., 55–56. LOTHAR OF SAXONY: q. Campbell, 144. 124 TRAINI’S FRESCO: Meiss, “Traini”; Supino, 73–80.
Chapter 6—The Battle of Poitiers
1 EXECUTION OF COMTE D’EU: This affair, generating a mass of gossip and speculation, is treated at length by all the chroniclers—Jean le Bel, Chron. J. & C., 4 Valois, Gilles li Muisis, Normande, and Froissart, with extensive notes in Luce-F, IV, and KL Biog. Index, and discussion in Cazelles, Société pol., 249–52.
2“Ung bien hastif homs”: Chron. 4 Valois, 16–17.
3 “A VERY CRUEL LADY”: KL, IV, 202.
4 GIRARD D’ORLÉANS, COURT PAINTER: Dupont & Gnudi, 134. ORDINANCE OF 1351: Lot; Tourneur, Poitiers.
5 GILLES LI MUISIS ON MONEY: q. Lewis, 58.
6 GARTER’S HISTORIAN: Elias Ashmole, The History of the Most Noble Order of the Garter, London, 1715.
7 ORDER OF THE STAR: Michelet, III, 294–95; Goville, 92; Contamine, 186–87; Huizinga, Men and Ideas, 204; Anquetil, 402. For the Battle of Mauron, in which the members were slaughtered, see Chron. normande, 106, and Luce-F, IV, notes.
8 COMBAT OF THIRTY: KL, V, 514.
9 MURDER OF CHARLES D’ESPAGNE: all the chronicles, especially Chron. 4 Valois, 25–28.
10 RIOT AT OXFORD: Trevelyan, English Social History, London, 1949, I, 49. FRANCESCO ORDELAFFI: Emerton, 170.
11 ENGLAND, CORONERS’ ROLLS: Coulton, Panorama, 371.
12 VILLAGE GAMES: Origo, 42. CITIZENS OF MONS: Huizinga, Waning, 22–23.
13 CHARLES OF NAVARRE, LETTERS TO POPE AND EDWARD III: Denifle, 99.
14 EDWARD III, “ON THE WORD OF A KING”: “In verbo regiae veritatis dicimus et contestamur fideliter coram Deo,” q. Denifle, 103–4, from text in Secousse and Rymer.
15 “HARRYING AND WASTING”: letter to Bishop of Winchester, q. Sedgwick, 117.
16 HENRY OF LANCASTER: Fowler, King’s Lieutenant, 106–10.
17 ENGUERRAND IN THE PICARDY CAMPAIGN: Chron. 4 Valois, 41. For this campaign see also Chron. Jean de Venette and Denifle.
18 JEAN’S SEIZURE OF CHARLES OF NAVARRE AND EXECUTION OF NORMAN NOBLES: all the chronicles and summary in Delachenal, I, 140–57. 143 ff. BATTLE OF POITIERS: On the English side the chief sources are Anonimalle, Chandos Herald, Godfrey le Baker; and on the French side, Grandes Chrons., Chron. 4 Valois, Chron. normande, Froissart. Hewitt’s Black Prince is the most thorough recent account; Tourneur-Aumont devotes a whole book to it, infused with a special thesis; Delachenal, Denifle, Lot, and MacKinnon give full accounts.
19 TALLEYRAND DE PERIGORD: Zacour, 8, 24.
20 SIRE DE FERTÉ-FRESNEL: Delachenal, I, 397.
21 RUINED KNIGHTS: for documents illustrating these cases, see Moisant, 59–61; Delachenal, I, 248, n.
22 “COMPLAINT OF THE BATTLE OF POITIERS”: Beaurepaire.
Chapter 7—Decapitated France:
The Bourgeois Rising and the Jacquerie
For the physical events of this chapter, from the meeting of the Estates to the death of Marcel, the chief primary source is Chron. J. & C, vol. I, with additional material from Chron. 4 Valois, Chron. normande, Jean de Venette, Jean le Bel, and Froissart. These are supplemented by the notes of their respective editors and by the modern accounts of Delachenal, vol. I, and Coville.
1 ROBERT LE COQ’S LIBRARY: Autrand, 1220.
2 DAUPHIN’S BASTARD SONS: Chron. normande, 136; Delachenal, I, no, n. 2. GOSSIP ABOUT HIS PATERNITY: ibid., 68, 69, n. 2.
3 MARCEL’S UNCLE, FATHER- AND BROTHER-IN-LAW: Cazelles, “Etienne Marcel,” 415–17.
4 FINANCE OFFICERS “WHO TRAVEL IN POMP”: Mézières, Coopland, I, 417–18. Renart le Contrefait: q. Evans, Life, 42.
5 TAX SURVEY OF 1292: Franklin, Vie privée, I, 12; Evans, ibid., 49–50.
6ff. CONDITIONS OF PARIS: Franklin, Rues, Dict., Vie privée, VII, 12–13; Batifol; Hillairet; Legrand; Coulton, Panorama, 308; Coville, 427–28. 160 ENGLISH VISITOR ON BOOKSELLERS: q. Evans, ibid., 131.
7 GRAND ORDINANCE: Coville, 119–21.
8 FREE COMPANIES: Luce, Jacquerie, 9–28; Denifle, passim; Gray, Scalacronica, 130–31; Gregorovius, 317 ff.; Delachenal, II, 28. “WRITE SORROW ON THE BOSOM OF THE EARTH”: Shakespeare, Richard 11, act III, sc. 2.
9 FRA MONREALE: Gregorovius, 356–66; Hale, Highfield & Smalley, 102–3; Oman, 293.
10 Società dell’ acquisito: Lot, 397, n. 1. CERVOLE RECEIVED BY THE POPE: Luce-F, V, 95; Gregorovius, 395.
11 KNOLLYS: DNB.
12 EUSTACHE D’AUBRECICOURT: Luce-F, V, 160; Delachenal, II, 40–42.
13 “TRAGIC ACCOUNT”: M. L. Delisle, Tragicum Argumentum.
14 JEAN’S ENTRY INTO LONDON: John of Reading, 206; Brute Chron., q. Green, 197.
15 HIS EXPENDITURES AS A CAPTIVE: Orléans, 29, 42–43; Delachenal, II, 78–79; Putnam, 312; Gazeau.
16 MICHELET’S COMMENT: III, 360.
17 ENGUERRAND ACCOMPANIES CHARLES OF NAVARRE: Chron. 4 Valois, 64; see also Cazelles, “Parti navarrais.” 171 ff. CONDITIONS OF THE PEASANT: H. See, 540–624; Bloch, Rural, 80–94; Perroy, “Wage Labour”; Mollat & Wolff, 19–20; Davis, 268–70; Fossier, 358–59; Horizon, 238; Helen Robbins; Turner, “Ec. Discontent”; Viollet-le-Duc, Dict., VI, 292; Bell, Old German Epics.
18 COST OF PLOW: Fossier to author.
19 “BATHING WAS COMMON”: Gasquet, 64. DIET: Luce, Guesclin, 57; Thrupp, 483; Contamine, 654; Horizon, 238.
20 COMFORTABLE PEASANT OF NORMANDY: Duby, 518–19. DOWRIES: Mollat & Wolff, 17–20.
21Merlin Merlot: Joly, 452–53. DEMONS REFUSE TO CARRY HIS SOUL: ibid., 458.
22 Le Despit au Vilain: ibid., 460–61.
23 JACQUERIE: For the outbreak and subsequent events, the major source is Luce, Jacquerie, invaluable for its documentation of royal pardons issued after the event, which, in the course of stating the circumstances in each case, gives a picture more true to life than the chronicles. In addition, Chron. Jean le Bel, II, 256; KL, VI, 44–58; Chron J. & C., I, 177–78; Chron. normande, 127–28;Chron. 4 Valois; Chron. Jean de Venette.
24 ATTACK AT MEAUX: KL, VI, 477; Chron. J. & C, 180–84.
25 NOBLES APPEAL TO CHARLES OF NAVARRE: Luce, Jacquerie, 147.
26 COUCY’S PRESENCE: Chron. 4 Valois, 74. According to the terms of the subsequent Treaty of Calais in 1360, the persons who followed Charles of Navarre “during the troubles” were to receive pardons from the King of France. Coucy’s name does not appear either in the list of 300 persons who had been followers of Charles or in a second list of 300 who received pardons from King Jean: Secousse, II, 177–81, 181–85.
27 “THEY FLUNG THEMSELVES”: Chron. Jean de Venette.
28 “20,000” KILLED: Secousse, Mem. 239.
29 COUCY GUARDS HIS TERRITORY: Chron. Jean le Bel, II, 277; KL, VI, 99.
30 “DID NOT LIKE THE SAID BISHOP”: Chron. Jean le Bel, II, 260; Denifle, 224.
Chapter 8—Hostage in England
1 COUCY NAMED HOSTAGE IN TREATY OF LONDON: Delachenal, II, 408. “THEY SAID THE TREATY WAS DISPLEASING”: q. ibid., 87.
2 EDWARD’S EXPEDITIONARY FORCE: Knighton, q. Locke, 53; Hewitt, Edw., 31, 51, 88; Fowler, Lanc, 198–200.
3 “AS THE STARRES HAVE INFLUENCE TO PRODUCE”: Sir Richard Baker, Chron. of Kings of England, q. Barnie, 104.
4 FRENCH RAID ON WINCHELSEA: Gray, Scalacronica, 152; Orléans, 50–51, Delachenal, II, 158.
5 ENGLAND IN A PANIC: from the Calendar of Close Rolls, q. Hewitt, Edw., 19.
6 BLACK MONDAY, “FOUL DARK DAY”: Chron. of London, q. Thompson, 101; Knighton and Eulogium, q. Delachenal, II, 191.
7 PDESIGNATION OF HOSTAGES: Chron. 4 Valois, 122; Chron. normande, 155, n. 190 TREATY OF BRÉTIGNY: the text occupies 33 pages in Chron. J. & C., I, 267–300. See also Duckett, 7–8. COUCY’S CONTRIBUTION TO RANSOM: Lépinois, 165.
8 VISCONTI MARRIAGE: Chamberlin, 31–35; Cook, 49 ff. VILLANI QUOTED: ibid., 49, n. 55.
9 PHILIP THE BOLD EARNS HIS NAME: Froissart.
10 FROISSART SAILS WITH THE HOSTAGES: Shears, 12–13. WALTER SCOTT: Old Mortality, chap. 35.
11 CHAUCER WITH THE HOSTAGES, and HIS RANSOM: Coulton, Chaucer, 25–26.
12 “COUCY SHINED IN DANCING”: KL, VI, 392.
13 GOD OF LOVE IN Roman de la Rose: lines 2140–53, 2166–72.
14 POSTHUMOUS PORTRAIT: now in the Museum of Soissons. DUC D’ORLÉANS’ 16 SERVANTS: Coulton, Chaucer, 33.
15 FROISSART ON THE GERMANS: Luce-F, V, 289.
16 KING EDWARD NOT FLUENT IN ENGLISH: Coulton, Panorama, 237. ENGLISH COMPLAINT OF 1340: q. Darmesteter, 13. JOHN OF TREVISA: q. Gasquet, 234; Campbell, 177.
17 “ARRAYED AS FOR WAR” and STATUTE OF 1362: Hewitt, Edw., 175.
18 PLAGUE OF 1361: Chron. 4 Valois, 130–31; John of Reading, 150, 364; Polychronicon, 411; Saltmarsh; Carpentier, Ville; G. Mollat, Papes, 106; Coville, 160–61.
19 PROPHECY OF JEAN DE LA ROQUETAILLADE: Chron. Jean de Venette, 61–62; Cohn, 105–6.
20 LONDON, ONE-THIRD EMPTY, and SANITATION: Sabine.
21 BUXEAUL: Duby, 523.
22 DESOLATION OF CHURCHES: M. Mollat, Vie, 4, 9. UNIVERSITY OF MONTPELLIER: Campbell, 156–57.
23 PETRARCH’S ACCOUNT OF FRANCE: text from his Epistolae de Rebus Familiaribus in Cook, 23–24. MISSION FROM GALEAZZO AND ORATION AT COURT: Wilkins, 217–24.
24 DAUPHIN’S SORROWS and NAVARRE’S POISON PLOT: Gr. Chrons., VI, 166, 222; Delachenal, II, 268–69.
25 CITIZENS OF LA ROCHELLE AND CAHORS: Froissart. ST. ROMAIN DE TARN:
26 Hewitt, Edw., 151.
27 RINGOIS OF ABBEVILLE: Gr. Chrons., VI, 91; Delachenal, II, 178, n. 4.
28 TREATY OF THE “LILIES” AND COUCY: Letters of King Jean naming Coucy and other correspondence in this matter are collected in Rymer, 72, 694, 700, 702; see also Lehoux, I, 171.
29 FIGHT AT BRIGNAIS: Lot, 404–5; Cox, 164.
30 JEAN CONSIDERS MARRYING JOANNA OF NAPLES: Orléans, H.D., Notes et documents.
31 JEAN’S RETURN TO CAPTIVITY: KL, la, 119; Duckett, 9; Delachenal, II, 351.
32 JEAN’S DEATH AND FUNERAL: Chron J. & C, I, 339–41; Michelet, III, 368.
Chapter 9—Enguerrand and Isabella
1 I SABELLA: The facts of Isabella’s life, household, possessions, and finances are in Green, 164–228, who collected them from extensive original research in the Wardrobe Accounts, Close Rolls, Pipe Rolls, and various contemporary English chronicles. On Isabella’s character, see Hardy, 168, 182.
2 BÉRARD D’ALBRET: KL, Biog. Index, XX, 20.
3 “ONLY FOR LOVE”: Poly chronic on, 365. JOAN OF RENT: KL, II, 243.
4 LADIES IN MALE ATTIRE AT TOURNAMENTS: Knighton, q. J. Cammidge, The Black Prince, 1943, 108.
5 PLUCKING EYEBROWS: La Tour Landry, 96.
6 DUENNA’S ADVICE IN Roman de la Rose: lines 13,879–14,444, trans, in Herlihy, Med. Culture.
7 AGNES AND MACHAUT: Machaut, xiv, xvii. CHASTITY BELT: Dingwall, 4, 76, 160. DESCHAMPS, “Suis-je belle?”: q. Cohen, Vie, 293–95.
8 JEAN DE CONDÉ’S TALE: Hellman & O’Gorman, 24–25. OTHER fabliaux: ibid., also Brians, Bawdy Tales.
9 VINCENT DE BEAUVAIS: q. Owst, 378.
10 PETRARCH RENOUNCES THE FLESH: Correspondence, 62, 92, 403. “WHERESOEVER BEAUTY SHOWS”: Master Rypon, a 14th century preacher, q. Owst, 48.
11 QUESTIONS OF SEX AND SIN: Noonan, 249, 274, 279, 283, 293–94.
12 SODOMY “AGAINST NATURE” AND “WORST OF SINS”: Aquinas, Summa Theologica, q. Noonan, 339–40.
13 ILLUMINATED MS. DEPICTING IRE AS A WOMAN: Mâle, 331–33. AQUINAS ON WOMAN’S PLACE: Summa Theologica, q. Jarrett, Social, 72, 74. BONET, “MAN IS NOBLER”: 194.
14 DUNMOW FLITCH: For text of the oath, see Reader’s Encyclopedia, ed. W. R. Benét, New York, 1948.
15 NUNS “LIKE DOGS CHAINED UP TOO MUCH”: q. Jarrett, Social, 82. WOMEN’S DEATH RATE: J. C. Russell, Fontana, 29.
16 JACOBA FELICIE: Power, 422. NOVELLA D’ANDREA: Will Durant, Story of Civilization, V, 4.
17 MARCIA ORDELAFFI: Emerton, 177–87.
18 217CHRISTINE DE PISAN: Coville, 410–11. POEM ON WIDOWHOOD: ibid, (trans. BT).
19 OTHER WORKS AND POEMS: Huizinga, Waning, 111–12, 123, 286.
20 CONTROVERSY ON Roman de la Rose: Kilgour, 136; Masson, 174.
21 ON JOAN OF ARC: Jarrett, Social, 86.
22 MARRIAGE OF ENGUERRAND AND ISABELLA: documents in Rymer, 773, 778. A LADY’S CARRIAGE: Avenel, 49–50; Jusserand, 48–49.
23 ENGUERRAND MADE EARL OF BEDFORD: Issue Rolls, 40 Edw. Ill, q. Green, 206; also Barnes, 667, 670.
24 COUCY ACQUIRES SOISSONS: KL, VII, 232–34.
Chapter 10—Sons of Iniquity
1 ONE OF THE WORST OF THE CAPTAINS, he was Anichino Baumgarten: Cox, 138–40.
2 PHILIP OF BURGUNDY AND ARNAUT DE CERVOLE: Zurlauben, Cervole, 162.
3 BERTUCAT D’ALBRET: KL, XI, 228. SEGUIN DE BADEFOL: ibid., XX, 232–36. AIMERIGOT MARCEL: ibid., XIV, 164.
4 INNOCENT vi, PASTORAL LETTER: M. Mollat, Vie, 5, 30. “IF GOD HIMSELF WERE A SOLDIER”: q: Kilgour, 26. COMPANIES DEMAND PAPAL ABSOLUTION: Denifle, 185.
5 HAWKWOOD: Leader-Temple & Marcotti and Gaupp, passim, “NOTHING WAS MORE TERRIBLE”: q. Leader-Temple & Marcotti, 27. “Perfidi sceleratissimi”: ibid., 14. “DID NOT ROAST AND MUTILATE”: q. Stanley, 401.
6 “AN ITALIANIZED ENGLISHMAN”: q. Gaupp, 308.
7 CUVELIER ON DU GUESCLIN: i, 5. In the opinion of Edouard Perroy (Hundred Years, 148), Du Guesclin “enjoyed a popularity out of all proportion to his talents and exploits.… [He was] a mediocre captain, incapable of winning a battle or being successful in a siege of any scope … swollen with self-importance.” See also Michelet, IV, 4.
8 BATTLE OF COCHEREL: Luce-F, VI, 131; Lot, 436.
9 DU GUESCLIN AND ASTROLOGERS: Lewis, 26; Thorndike, III, 586. CHARLES V AND SAME: Campbell, 128; Pernoud, 224.
10 THOMAS OF PISANO: Thorndike, II, 801–2; III, 611, 615.
11 ENRIQUE ELDEST OF FATHER’S TEN BASTARDS: Chron. Jean de Venette. Notes, 304, n. 2.
12 “THE TYRANNY OF RHYME”: Delachenal, III, 455.
13 DU GUESCLIN, CARDINAL, ET AL. AT VILLENEUVE: Cuvelier, verses 7530–7620, trans, in D. F. Jamison, Life and Times of Bertrand du Guesclin, 1864, 260–65.
14 BLACK PRINCE ENCOURAGED TROOPS “UNDERHAND”: Froissart, Johnes ed., I, 383. “DID SO MUCH DAMAGE”: ibid.
15 “HE DID NOT VALUE A KNIGHT”: Cuvelier, q. Sedgwick, 195–97.
Chapter 11—The Gilded Shroud
1 COUCY’S CHARTER OF LIBERTIES: text in Melleville, 103–6.
2 CHÂTEAU OF HESDIN, MECHANICAL JOKES: Vaughan, 205.
3 SWAN FESTIVAL OF PICARDY: Le Grand d’Aussy, II, 23.
4 FORKS, listed in an inventory of Charles V’s household in 1379: Le Grand d’Aussy, III, 179.
5 TROUSSEAU OF BLANCHE DE BOURBON: Evans, Flowering, 174.
6 “BUSYING THEMSELVES WITH OTHER THINGS”: q. Coulton, Life, I, 204. COMMUNION WAFERS’ MAGICAL POWERS: Lea, I, 50.
7 COMMUNION AND CONFESSION ONCE A YEAR: M. Mollat, Vie, 72. “THIS I
8 KNEW NOT”: Jacques de Vitry, q. Coulton, Life, I, 57. RELIGIOUS OBSERVANCE IN NORTHERN FRANCE: M. Mollat, Vie, 72–73. CHARLES v: Christine de Pisan, Charles V, passim; Coville, 183–85. TAILLEVENT: Evans, Flowering, 172
9 47 JEWELED CROWNS: Vaughan.
10 PCHARLES v’s ILLNESSES AND ABSCESS: KL, IX, 280–82; Delachenal, I, 14; II, 306–11. Froissart’s account, according to Delachenal, V, 389, is a “tissue of fables.”
11 PCHARLES v’s LIBRARY: Christine de Pisan, Charles V, II, 13; Coville, 189.
12 CLARENCE’S RETINUE: Cook (a study in detail of the entire affair), CLARENCE IN PARIS: Chron. J. & C., II, 41; Rymer, 845. VISITED BY COUCY: Green, 208.
13 AMADEUS’ PURCHASES: Cordey, 184–85.
14 VISCONTI FAMILY: Chamberlin, 15–30, 67–70; also Cook, 16, 18; Muir, 70.
15 CASTLE OF PAVÍA: Corio, Storia di Milano, q. Chamberlin, 119. “FINEST DWELLING”: J. A. Symonds, Age of Despots, q. Cook, 43. PETRARCH: Correspondence, 323–25.
16 MILAN: Mesquita, 2–3; Chamberlin, 13–15; Molho, 30.
17 WEDDING: Cook; Chamberlin, 42–43. For presence of Froissart and Chaucer, see Jarrett, Charles IV, 5, and Coulton, Chaucer, 48, 50.
18 KING EDWARD’S OFFER TO PLEDGE CALAIS: Vaughan, 5.
19 COUCY SELLS BURGUNDY PEARL NECKLACE: Luce, Cent ans, I, 96.
20 PHILIP OF BURGUNDY’S HABITS: Luce, Cent ans, II, 206; Petit, Itinéraires,
21 Vaughan, 6, 197.
22 COUCY “FINEST SHOWING”: Luce-F, VII, 130.
23 PETRARCH TO BOCCACCIO: Correspondence, 213–14.
Chapter 12—Double Allegiance
1 CHARLES CONSULTS UNIVERSITIES: Chaplais, 55.
2 “SORE TROUBLED IN THEIR MYNDES”: Froissart. BONET ON DOUBLE ALLEGIANCE: 167–68.
3 COUCY’S HAPSBURG INHERITANCE: Duplessis, 119–20; Zurlauben, Enguerrand VII, 170–73, has collected the evidence; also Lacaille, thèse, 17–20.
4 COUCY’S SEAL OF 1369: AN, Service des sceaux; No. 308 in Demay, Flandre, attached to a document of 14 November 1369 stamped Sigillum Engueranni filii ducisse Austrie domini de Couciaco et comitis Suessionensis et Bedfordis. Bears the device Semper. A similar seal of 1376 (No. 8644 in Demay, Clairembault) bears the device Sans plus and shows a shield quartered 1 and 4 vairéand 2 and 3 fascé. Anselme, 542, gives a further description of Coucy’s seals with the upright figure.
5 CONTRACT WITH MONTBÉLIARD, and MANIFESTO TO STRASBOURG AND COLMAR: KL, VIII, cxxx, n. 3; Bardy, 13–14.
6 DOCUMENT DATED PRAGUE: mentioned by Galbraith in notes to Anonimalle Chron., 117. Copied for the author at the Public Record Office (Memoranda Roll, 13 Richard II, Michaelmas Communia, Recorda, fourth membrane after 19), the document is an “inspection” made in 1390 of earlier letters patent to Robersart, and repeats the full text of Coucy’s letter given under his seal “at Prague in Bohemia on the 14th day of January of the year 1369 [1370].” p. 248 ITALY INFESTED BY BRIGANDS: John Bromyard, q. Owst, 174; Origo, 153, 275–76.
7 BERNABÒ VERSUS THE PAPACY: Gregorovius, 408; Milman, VIII, 14–16. PUBLIC ATTRIBUTED URBAN’S ELECTION TO GOD: Milman, VIII, 13.
8 URBAN’S RETURN: ibid., 20; Jarrett, Charles IV, 156. CONDITION OF ROME: Pirenne, Europe, 23–24; Flick, 213.
9 ENGUERRAND WITH COUNT OF SAVOY IN ITALY: Cox, 264–68; Cognasso, 197; Gabotto, 201–2.
10 PASSAGE OF THE ALPS: Cox, The Eagles of Savoy, Princeton, 1974, 339–43.
11 VILLANI ON HAWKWOOD’S COMPANY: This is Filippo Villani, q. Cook, 25.
12 ORDERS OF visconti’s PARENTS: q. Chamberlin, 58.
13 PAPAL CORRESPONDENCE AND CONTRACTS WITH COUCY: Lacaille, An. Bull. SHF, 187–206, gives the full texts from the Vatican Archives.
14ff. CAMPAIGN OF THE PAPAL LEAGUE and BATTLE OF MONTICHIARI: Annales Mediolanensis in Muratori’s RIS, chaps, cxxxv–vi, 752–56 (trans, for the author by Phyllis G. Gordan); Corio, Historia di Milano, q. Mazas, 187–90; Servion, 198–205; Leader-Temple & Marcotti, 72–78; Lacaille, thèse, 26–31; Cox, 276–77; Chamberlin, 58–60; Cognasso, 208.
15 TITLE OF SIRE DE COUCY HELD HIGH: KL, Ib, 17, n. 5.
16 APPOINTED MARSHAL: Luce-F, VIII, cxxxii.
17 NEUTRALITY HELD HONORABLE: KL, VIII, 291–93. CHEVALIER DE CHIN: ibid., 21, 24.
18 BATTLE OF ENRIQUE AND PEDRO: Luce-F, VII, XXXII, N. 1.
19 BLACK PRINCE’S ILLNESS: That it was dropsy is stated by Denifle, 497, and Lefranc, 108. English biographers avoid naming this unheroic malady.
20 BATTLE OF LA ROCHELLE: In addition to Froissart and Chron. 4 Valois, Roncière, 15–16; Sherborne; Runyan.
21 CAPTAL DE BUCH HELD IN PRISON: Chron. J. & C., III, 62–78; Keen, Laws, 90; Delachenal, III, 186–87.
22 COUCY INTERCEDES: KL, VIII, 401–2.
23 LANCASTER’S LONG MARCH: Walsingham, q. MacKinnon, 552; Lot, 367–68; Delachenal, III, 302.
Chapter 13—Coucy’s War
1 BURGUNDY’S EXPENSES: Delachenal, IV, 568.
2 PROPOSAL TO COUCY TO LEAD COMPANIES: KL, VIII, 369, 372. RIVIÈRE, MERCIER: Lefranc, 217–18; Coville, 220.
3 COUCY LENT MONEY TO BERRY: Lehoux, I, 358, n. 3.
4 BRETON COMPANIES AND THE POPE: Mirot, “Budes,” 590; Denifle, 583.
5 OWEN OF WALES: Chotzen. COUCY’S CONTRACT WITH HIM: ibid., 236.
6 CANNON AT SIEGE OF ST. SAUVEUR: Chron. 4 Valois, 253; Delachenal, IV, 527–28.
7 PALSATIAN CHRONICLE: Koenigshofen, 334–35.
8 COUCY’S CHANTRIES AT NOGENT: BN, Fonds fr., nouv. acq. no. 3653, no. 293, and a later “vidimus” of this document, nouv. acq. fr. 20510, pièce 48. CAPTAL’S MASSES: Lewis, 204.
9 PRINCESS OF WALES’ THREE PRIESTS: Rosenthal, 15.
10 COUCY’S LETTERS TO IMPERIAL VICAR AND CITIES: Bardy, 17; Zurlauben, Enguerrand VII, 177.
11 RAVAGES IN ALSACE: Bardy, 23–25.
12 ff. INVASION OF THE AARGAU: Sources for the Swiss campaign are: Dierauer, 287–92; Dandliker, 547–52; Muller, 201–18 (translated for the author by Kathie Coblenz); also Bardy, 17–29; Chotzen, 234–38; Laguille, 309–10; Zurlauben, 177–80. Chotzen includes a list of the original Swiss chronicles.
13 MORGARTEN AND LAUPEN: Oman, 235–46.
14 FROISSART’S VERSION: KL, VIII, 376–78.
15 FRAUBRUNNEN, BALLADS ON THE BATTLE: R. Liliencron, ed., Die Historischen Volkslieder des Deutschen vom 13 bis 16 Jahrhundert, Leipzig, 1865, I, 88–90; Chotzen, 238.
16 FRAUBRUNNEN, INSCRIPTION ON STONE MONUMENT: copied by the author and translated by Prof. E. A. R. Brown.
17 HAPSBURG SETTLEMENT WITH COUCY: Delachenal, IV, 583, n. 5; Zurlauben, Enguerrand VII, 180 (who undertakes to dispose of the errors of all previous historians).
18 COUCY COMMISSIONED TO ACT AGAINST COMPANIES: Delachenal, IV, 584, n. 1; Lehoux, I, 380, n. 9.
19 EDWARD’S GRANTS TO ISABELLA: Green, 213–16. ALICE PERRERS: Chron. Angl., Thompson, xlviii.
20 “LADY OF THE SUN”: q. Green, 210, n. 2.
21 COUCY’S FRIENDS URGE HIM TO TURN FRENCH, and HIS MISSION TO ENGLAND: KL, VIII, 378–80. On double allegiance, see Keen, Laws, 89–91.
Chapter 14—England’s Turmoil
The major contemporary narrative source for English affairs in this period is Thomas Walsingham’s Chronicon Angliae, which unfortunately does not exist in English (although Thompson’s notes are useful). Those like myself not fluent in Latin must depend on quotations and excerpts in English by other historians. The somewhat less lively Anonimalle Chronicle has been translated by V. H. Galbraith. Secondary sources on the condition of England used for this chapter are Jusserand, McKisack, Postan, Saltmarsh, Seebohm, and Trevelyan. Although the last, which was Trevelyan’s first book, may lag behind modern scholarship, it is far ahead in general interest and a comprehensive view of the social milieu.
1 “NOT STRONGER IN MIND THAN A BOY OF EIGHT”: Chron. Angl., q. Collis, 186, n. 2.
2 “WHEREBY THE JUSTICES BE AFRAID”: a statute of 2 Rich. II, q. Jusserand, 76.
3 BISHOP OF ROCHESTER: q. ibid., 86.
4 COMMONS COMPLAIN OF LABORERS AND SERVANTS: Jusserand, 147–48, from Rymer, V, 668.
5 “GATHER TOGETHER IN GREAT ROUTS”: q. Seebohm, 274.
6 FOUR VILLAGES OF GLOUCESTER: Beresford & Hurst, 8. FIVE CHURCHES OF NORFOLK: Saltmarsh, 24.
7 WYCLIF: Poole; Trevelyan, passim; Cheyney, 211–24.
8 PRIESTS LICENSED TO KEEP A CONCUBINE: MacKinnon, 563. CONFESSOR IN CASES OF ADULTERY: Lea, I, 31.
9 EUCHARIST WITHHELD: ibid., 28. MISBEHAVIOR OF CLERICS: Coulton, Life, I, 96, 99–100. WORLDLY CLERICS’ CLOTHING: Jusserand, 55.
10 LOLLARDY AMONG THE NOBLES: Cheyney, 217.
11 Horribles expenses: q. McKisack, 386, n. 1.
12 PURVEYORS “SEIZE ON MEN”: J. R. Green, Short History of England, I, 455–56.
13 GOOD PARLIAMENT: In addition to sources at head of chapter, MacKinnon; Harold I. Nelson, “Thomas Walsingham and the Crisis of 1376” (unpublished ms.); A. F. Pollard; Powell & Wallis; Stubbs’ Constitutional History.
14 COUCY AS EARL OF BEDFORD: A search of the Close Rolls, Parl. Rolls, and Parl. Writs made for the author at the Public Record Office disclose no evidence that Coucy was summoned to or attended the Parliament of 1376, although he was summoned as Earl of Bedford to the Parliament of 43 Edw. Ill (1370) (The Dignity of a Peer of the Realm; Reports from the Lords’ Committees …, London, 1829, IV, 645).
15 ISABELLA AND COUCY VISIT BLACK PRINCE: KL, VIII, 379.
16 HIS DEATHBED, WILL, AND MONUMENT: Chandos Herald, 170; Chron. Angl., q. Trevelyan, 27; Collins, 300–301; DNB.
17 COUCY ADVISES INVASION: Froissart, q. Lépinois, 178.
18 KING EDWARD’S PHYSICIANS “DESPAIRED”: Anonimalle, 95. COUCY’S MISSION TO FLANDERS: Lacaille, thèse, 40.
19 QUEEN’S ILLNESS: Chron. 4 Valois, 244; Delachenal, IV, 536. PAYMENTS TO COUCY: BN, Pièces originales, 875, dossier 19, 660 Coucy. MARIE DE COUCY: Lehoux, I, 392, 398, n. 7.
20 COUCY IN PARLEYS WITH THE ENGLISH: KL, VIII, 383–84; Barnes, 906–7.
21 CHAUCER’S PRESENCE: Braddy; Manley; also F. N. Robinson, Introduction to Chaucer’s Complete Works.
22 SUBSTANCE OF THE PARLEYS: Delachenal, V, 4; Delisle, Coll. BE, No. 1425; Perroy, “Anglo-French.”
23 EDWARD’S DEATH; JUBILEE YEAR PASSED UNNOTICED: J. J. Jusserand, Piers Plowman, London, 1894, 53.
24 ISABELLA’S MOVEMENTS: KL, XXI, 41; Green, 215–17, from Rymer, VII, 153.
25 ROBERSART: Collins, 237, 249.
26Songe du Vergier: q. Delachenal, IV, 601–2 DIALOGUE WRITTEN BY D’AILLY: q. Kirkland, 18.
27 COUCY’S LETTER OF RENUNCIATION: text in KL, XXI, 41–42, and in Rymer, VII, 172, from Patent Roll, 1 Richard II.
28 TRUSTEESHIP FOR ISABELLA: DNB; Green, 219, from Rymer, IV, 60; Hardy, 309.
29 ESTATES SETTLED ON PHILIPPA: Lacaille, “Vente,” 574, n. 1. FRENCH RAIDS AND EFFECT ON ENGLAND: Searle & Burghart.
30 SIR JOHN ARUNDEL AND LANCASTER: Chron. Angl., q. ibid., 382, and in Delachenal, V, 30.
Chapter 15—The Emperor in Paris
1 CHARLES IV, CHARACTER AND APPEARANCE: Matteo Villani, q. Cox, 189; Jarrett, Charles IV, 219–24.
2 WELCOMING PARTY AT CAMBRAI, and SUBSEQUENT ACCOUNT OF THE EMPEROR’S VISIT: Chron. J. & C., II, 200–276; Christine de Pisan, Charles V, II, 90–132.
3 CHANCELLOR’S CHRONICLER: Pierre d’Orgement, the Chancellor, is believed to have supervised, or possibly himself written, the Chron. J. & C.: Delachenal, I, xviii.
4 BANQUET DISHES: from menus listed by the Ménagier, 226–36.
5 VISIT TO SAVOY, PLATTERS SERVED ON LANCES: Cox, 197.
6 BANQUET BY vidame DE CHARTRES: Le Grand d’Aussy, III, 343. DRAMA AND STAGECRAFT: Mâle, 36–37; Artz, 356–60; Cohen, Theatre, 49, 93–94, 99, 162, 273; Gayley, 33–34, 75–80, 214, 263–64; Frank, 115–35; A. W. Pollard, xli. 313 LOLLARD PREACHER: q. A. W. Pollard, xxii.
7 SIEGE OF JERUSALEM STAGED: in addition to the primary accounts, Loomis.
8 BEAUTÉ-SUR-MARNE: Luce, Cent ans, II, 41–44.
9 GREAT THEOLOGIAN ON CONSENT OF THE GOVERNED: Jean Gerson, q. Lewis, 94.
10 BRETHREN OF THE FREE SPIRIT: Chron. J. & C., II, 163–64; Cohn, chap. 8; Leff.
11 BÉGUINES A RETREAT FROM “MARITAL BONDS”: Southern, 329. BIBLE IN FRENCH: Cohn, 161.
12 ANJOU, “THE WORLD BROUGHT TO NOTHING”: q. Campbell, 151.
13 DEMONOLOGY AND SORCERY: Lea, III, 464; J. B. Russell, 208–14; P. Hughes, passim.
14 ORESME: Thorndike, III, 428–38, 466–68; q. Coopland in notes to Mézières, 1, 25.
Chapter 16—The Papal Schism
Based on the Italian and French chroniclers, the two major modern authorities for the events of this chapter are Valois, vol. I, and Ullman, supplemented by Creighton, Flick, McFarlane, and of course Delachenal, especially for the role of Charles V. Sources other than these are cited below. All quotations from St. Catherine are from Jorgensen, unless otherwise cited.
1 ABBOT OF MONTMAYEUR: Sismondi, IV, 412.
2 Based“FOR WITH NO OTHER QUARREL”: The French governor quoted was Marshal Boucicaut. Godefroy, Boucicaut, 2–3.
3 “AS IF THESE TIMES”: Neri di Donato, q. Jorgensen, 171.
4 ROBERT OF GENEVA: Valois, I, 109; conflicting versions of his appearance are from Muratori and the chronicler Dietrich of Niem, q. Ullman, 163.
5 BRETONS’ SWORDS BLESSED BY THE CARDINAL: Mirot, “Budes.” MASSACRE OF CESENA: Leader-Temple & Marcotti, 110–22. “Sangue et sangue!”: Lot, 417; Sismondi, IV, 422.
6 BERNABÒ’S DAUGHTER MARRIES HAWKWOOD: Leader-Temple & Marcotti, 126.
7 “MAN OF BLOOD” and “BUTCHER OF CESENA”: Delachenal, V, 143. “PEOPLE NO LONGER BELIEVE”: q. ibid., 121.
8 JOHANNES TAULER: Mâle, 89, 107. ST. BRIGITTA: ibid., 89–90.
9 CATHERINE’S LETTER TO HAWKWOOD: q. Leader-Temple & Marcotti, 82–83. CATHERINE IN AVIGNON: Delachenal, IV, 598.
10 ON THE RETURN TO ROME: from the Carrier edition of her letters, q. ibid., 596, nn. 3, 4, 5.
11 ECCLESIASTICAL EXTORTIONS, IN GERMANY: CMH, 280. PRIESTS DESERTED: ibid, AS TAVERNERS AND HORSE-DEALERS: M. Mollat, Vie, 43. BRIGITTA, “FEAR OF GOD”: q. Jorgensen, 160. CATHERINE ON REFORM: q. Ullman, 60–61.
12 CHARLES v, “ROME IS WHEREVER”: q. Renouard, Papacy, 64.
13 GREGORY’S RETURN TO ROME: Froissart, Berners ed., II, 505; Jarrett, Charles IV, 200–11, HIS FATHER: Jorgensen, 237. ONE OF HIS BISHOPS: Renouard, Papacy, 66.
14 URBAN REGARDED AS MAD: Ullman, 53; Creighton, 83; Cath. Encyc.
15 MICHELET, “NO EPOCH MORE NATURALLY MAD”: IV, 8.
16 “OH, UNHAPPY MEN”: q. Ullman, 67–68.
17 JUAN 1, “WHAT GOVERNMENT”: q. Delachenal, V, 171.
18 EFFECTS OF THE SCHISM: Chron. C6, I, 85–87; Michelet, IV, 8; Huizinga, Waning, 21.
19 BONET ON THE SCHISM: 92–93.
20 MONK OF ST. DENIS, “LIKE A PROSTITUTE”: Chron. C6, I, 91.
21 ANJOU AND CLEMENT AND KINGDOM OF ADRIA: Valois, I, 145, 167–68; Durrieu, “Adria.”
22 UNIVERSITY RESISTS and ARREST OF ROUSSE: Chron. C6, I, 87.
23 WYCLIF ON INDIVIDUAL SALVATION: q. Trevelyan, 141.
24 NO ONE HAD ENTERED PARADISE: q. Huizinga, Waning, 29.
Chapter 17—Coucy’s Rise
1 KING “SORROWED LONG”: Gr. Chrons., q. Delachenal, V, 20.
2 FF, CHARLES OF NAVARRE’S TREASON AND PLOTS: Chron. J. & C., II, 286 ff., and documents in Secousse; Coville, 246–47; Delachenal, V, 180–218.
3 FOIX, “IMPETUOUS PASSIONS”: q. Tarbé in notes to Machaut, xix. AFFAIR OF GASTON: Chron. C6, I, 365; also Froissart; and Tarbé, op cit.
4 NORMANDY CAMPAIGN: KL, IX, 56, 61–63, 77–78.
5 COUCY AND CLISSON: Lefranc, 189, 270. COMRADESHIP OF BROTHERHOOD-IN-ARMS: see Keen, Laws, 138.
6 CLISSON’S CAREER: Lefranc, 24–37, 58–68, 132–34.
7 “ALWAYS IN PERFECT HARMONY”: ibid., 270. ASSASSINATION OF OWEN OF WALES: Froissart, Berners ed., III, 15.
8 POLICY ON BRITTANY and TRIAL OF MONTFORT: Moranvillé, Mercier, 76–81; Delachenal, V, 242–45.
9 COUCY AS A “PEER OF FRANCE”: Froissart says specifically, in connection with Coucy’s campaign in Italy in 1372–74, “et li uns des xii pers”: KL, VII, 419. On the somewhat elastic nature of the twelve French peers, see Bloch, Feudal, 333–35; Lot & Fawtier, 297, n. 1.
10 KING’S VISIT TO COUCY: Chron. J. & C., III, 215; Lacaille, thèse, 59; Moranvillé, Mercier, 70–72, 319.
11 DESCHAMPS: Coville, 401, 407–9; Gaston Raynaud, 27; intro. and notes to Queux edition of Deschamps’ works, vol. XI. BALLADE ON COUCY: Deschamps, I, 269 (Trans. B.T.). PURCHASE OF GREAT FIEFS: see Lewis, 191.
12 MARRIAGE NEGOTIATIONS: Lehoux, I, 439.
13 COUCY’S ORDER OF THE CROWN: Deschamps, Queux ed., II, 35 (on the twelve qualities of the crown), and IV, 115. Duplessis, 89; Zurlauben, Enguerrand VII, 183.
14 JOHN PHILPOT: Chron. Angl., q. Barnie, 108–9; McKisack, 403.
15 REVOLT OF GHENT, “ON THE FOLLIES OF PRINCES”: q. Hutton.
16ff. OPPRESSION AND UPRISING IN LANGUEDOC, and PUNISHMENT OF MONTPELLIER: Chron. J. & C., II, 365–76; Delachenal, V, chap. 6.
17 “KILL ALL THE RICH!”: q. Mollat & Wolff, 182. “CUT OPEN BODIES”: q. Delachenal, V, 303, n. 3.
18 ENGLISH TAX OF 1379: Trevelyan, 100–103. MISCALCULATION OF THE TAX BASE: it was derived from an estimate of the number of English parishes at 40,000–50,000 when in fact they numbered about 9,000, see Coulton, Five Centuries, III, 449.
19 ARUNDEL’S VOYAGE: Chron. Angl., q. Collis, 225–27, and DNB; Froissart, Berners ed., III, 11; Roncière, 65–66. HIS 52 SUITS OF CLOTHES: Baldwin, 74. COMMONS’ PROTEST AND GOVERNMENT’S REPLY: Jusserand, 124–25, from Parl. Rolls, 2 Rich. II.
20 “ALL THE WITTE OF THIS WORLDE”: B text, xiii, 173.
21 COUCY OFFERED constableship: KL, IX, 237–38; Lefranc, 211–12. SCOPE OF THE OFFICE: Vuatrin, 89–90; Lefranc, 230–31.
22 COUCY NAMED CAPT.-GEN. OF PICARDY and GIVEN MORTAIGNE: KL, IX, 243; Duchesne, 267; Duplessis, 91–92.
23 BUCKINGHAM EXPEDITION: KL, IX, 260–91; Chron. C6, I, 7. PREPARATIONS: Sherborne, EHR.
24 CLISSON ON THE ENGLISH: KL, VIII, 302. “THEY CAN BETTER LIVE IN WAR”: KL, XIV, 314.
25 DOCUMENTS ON COUCY’S MOVEMENTS: Luce-F, xcix, n. 8. lmmobilis quasi lapis: q. Coville, 264.
26 p. 362 ff, CHARLES v’s DEATHBED and THE PROBLEM OF TAXES: Coville in CMH, 265–66; Perroy, Hundred Years, 173–74; Delachenal, V, 408–10.
27 Songe du Vergier: q. Mirot, Urbaines, 6, n. 1. TEXT OF KING’S ORDINANCE: ibid., 4.
28 PRECEDENTS: Brown, “Taxation and Morality.”
29 “TO THEIR GREAT DISCOMFORT”: Anonimalle, q. Collis, 230.
Chapter 18—The Worms of the Earth Against the Lions
On the conditions, taxation, and sentiments of the working class, the chief sources used for this chapter are Mollat & Wolff, Ongles Bleues; Turner, “Economic Discontent”; Perroy, “Wage Labour”; Pirenne, Europe, 103–12; Boissonade, 303–7; Thompson, Econ. and Soc. Hist.; Carpentier,Ville, 220–21.
For the Ciompi: Mollat & Wolff, 144–62; Turner; Schevill, Florence, 277–83; contemporary texts in Brucker, Society, 233–39.
For the insurrections in France and associated events, the chief primary sources are: Chron. C6 by the Monk of St. Denis, vol. I (especially for Paris), and Chron. 4 Valois (especially for Rouen), plus Froissart in KL, IX. The most detailed secondary studies are Mirot’s Insurrections urbaines and, for Rouen, Lecarpentier’s “Harelle.”
On the Peasants’ Revolt in England, so much has been written that it is hardly necessary to cite references except, for convenience, McKisack, Trevelyan, Keen’s “Robin Hood,” and a good account in Collis. The chief primary sources are Anonimalle, Malverne’s continuation of Polychronicon, and Froissart.
For Ghent, Hutton should be added to the sources mentioned above on the working class, and Froissart.
1 “LET HIM GO TO THE DEVIL!”: q. Luce-F, Notes, X, xliii.
2 LAON REFUSED COUCY: Lacaille, thèse, 64–65.
3 ANJOU TOOK 32 BOOKS: Delisle, Lib. Chas. V, 136–37. 369 “WORMS OF THE EARTH”: q. Jacob, 192, and Origo, 66.
4 CARDINAL DE LA GRANGE: Chron. 4 Valois, 283; Jean Juvenal des Ursins, q. Moranvillé, Mercier, 83–84, and Lefranc, 217.
5 COUCY PAYING SPIES: BN, Clairembault, vol. xxxv, No. 92.
6 “TOURNAMENTS OF THE RICH,” “EVIL PRINCES,” JOHN BROMYARD, FRANCISCAN FRIAR: q. Owst, 293, 299, 301, 310–11.
7 “VILLEINS YE ARE”: q. McKisack, 418.
8 “DAYS OF WRATH AND ANGUISH”: Walsingham, q. ibid., 414.
9 “TOKENS OF GRETE VENGAUNCE”: T. Wright, Political Songs, I, 252. WALSINGHAM ON FRENCH RAIDS: q. Barnie, 103. FLORENTINE DIARIST: Paolo Sassetti, q. Brucker, Society, 42.
10 VILLANI, “IT SHOULD BE”: q. Mollat & Wolff, 133–34. 381 BUONACCORSO PITTI: q. Mollat & Wolff, 172.
11 COUCY NEGOTIATES WITH THE REBELS: KL, IX, 447; Luce-F, X, xlv, n. 1; also Chron. de Berne reprinted in KL, notes, X, 456–57; Mirot, Insurrections, 152–55. COUCY’S hotel: Roussel, 24, n. 1, and Hillairet, Dict., entry under “St. Jean-en-Grève.” p. 386 TUCHINS: Chron. €6; Boudet, passim; also Mollat & Wolff, 10–35, 184–85.
12 RIOTERS OF BÉZIERS IN PLOT: Mollat & Wolff.
13ff. FLANDERS CAMPAIGN and BATTLE OF ROOSEBEKE: Chron. Bourbon (the author, Chateaumorand, was a participant) in addition to Chron. C6, I, Chron. 4 Valois, and Froissart in KL, X; also Lot, 451–52, and Hutton.
14 COUCY’S RETINUE IN ARMY FOR FLANDERS: BN, Clairembault 35, pièce 2628, nos. 99 and 100.
15 COUCY PROPOSED AS CONSTABLE FOR THE BATTLE: KL, X, 160–63.
16 COUCY IN THE BATTLE OF ROOSEBEKE: in addition to Chron. Bourbon, Chron. de Berne in KL, X, 477–79. 396 “THE SIRE DE COUCY HAD NOT FEARED”: KL, notes, X, 501.
17 DESCHAMPS, “THEREFORE THE INNOCENT”: q. Coulton, Life, 111, 112.
Chapter 19—The Lure of Italy
The chief contemporary sources for Anjou’s campaign for Naples are Chron. C6, vol. I, and the Journal of Jean le Fèvre. The fullest secondary account is in Valois, vol. II. Additional material from Valeri, 230–31, and on Amadeus of Savoy from Cox, 330–37.
Coucy’s campaign in Italy is fully documented in Durrieu’s “Prise d’Arezzo” (Bibliog. I, B) using the Documenti degli Archivi Toscani … Comune di Firenze, published 1866, and other Italian sources. Lacaille’s thèse adds material on the proceedings of the Florentine Signoria taken from the Chronicle of Naddo da Montecatini, in Delizie degli eruditi Toscani, vol. XVIII, Firenze, 1784. The Chron. de Berne, reprinted in KL, XI, 442–43, and Jean le Fèvre are further sources. As part of Anjou’s venture, Coucy’s campaign is covered also in Valois, II.
1 BOCCACCIO ON NAPLES AND OTHER QUOTATIONS IN THIS PARAGRAPH: Croce, 52.
2 “GORGED WITH BOOTY”: Chron. C6, I, 165.
3 GIOVANNI DI MUSSI (footnote): Herlihy, Pistoia, 3, 266.
4 EFFORTS TO ENGAGE COUCY: Jean le Fèvre, 47–48; Valois, II, 443–45. NORWICH CRUSADE, HIS CHARACTER: DNB. EXTORTIONS: Trevelyan, 268–69. SACRAMENTS WITHHELD: Barnie, 24.
5 CALVELEY, “BY MY FAITH”: q. Barnie, 27.
6 BOURBOURG, “THEIR ANTIQUE NOBILITY”: Chron. C6, I, 281. COUCY’S IMPRESSIVE SHOWING: KL, X, 254; also Johnes ed. of 1805–6, VI, 313. BISHOP OF ROCHESTER: q. Barnie, 28.
7 NEGOTIATIONS WITH DUC DE BAR: Lacaille, thèse, 78.
8 COUCY, MASSES AT ST. MÉDARD: BN, Pièces originales 875, dossier Coucy.
9 COUCY VISITS BERNABÒ: Mesquita, 28.
10 GIAN GALEAZZO, CARRARA’S OPINION: q. Sismondi, V, 76.
11 HIS MOTHER’S WARNING: q. Chamberlin, 74.
12 A STATE PAPER BY SALUTATI: q. Schevill, Florence, 320. “WE MET WITH JOYFUL EMBRACES”: Full texts of the Florentine correspondence concerning Coucy’s campaign are printed in Durrieu, “Arezzo.” The report of the meeting with Coucy and the complaint of his march are from the Signoria’s letter to the King of France of 20 October 1384, which is also given in full (in Latin) in KL, XI, 442–49. p. 409 ANJOU’S WILL: Valois, II, 76–83. DURAZZO’S SERVICES: Chron. C6, 339, n. 3.
13 MESSAGES FROM ANJOU’S FOLLOWERS: Jean le Fèvre, 79.
14 CORRESPONDENCE ON THE PIETRAMALA: Coucy to Florence, 18 November 1384; Signoria to Coucy, 24 November 1384, in Durrieu, “Arezzo,” 180–90.
15 GUILLAUME LE JUPPONNIER: Douet-d’Arcq, I, 59. “HA! FALSE TRAITOR”: q. Collas, 144–45.
16 COUCY IN AVIGNON: KL, X, 323; Lehoux, II, 109, n. 1. BONET: 63, 68, 81, 117–19, 153, 160, 188.
Chapter 20—A Second Norman Conquest
For events and quotations concerning the invasion of England, the Monk of St. Denis (Chron. C6, I) and Froissart (KL, XII) may be generally taken for granted as the original sources, supplemented by Mirot’s “Une tentative” Terrier de Loray’s life of Vienne, and Roncière’s history of the French navy.
1 ISABEAU OF BAVARIA, WITTELSBACHS AND VISCONTIS, STEPHEN OF BAVARIA,
2 MARRIAGE NEGOTIATIONS ET SEQ.: Thibault, 12–42, in addition to the chroniclers.
3 GIAN GALEAZZO’S OUSTER OF BERNABÒ: Sismondi, V, 50; Mesquita, 15–36; Chamberlin, 74–82; Cook, 19. ACTIVITY OF THE DUCHESSE D’ANJOU: Jean le Fèvre, 97; Lehoux, II, 125 ff.
4 CHARLES VI and DEER WITH THE GOLDEN COLLAR: Chron. C6, I, 71.
5 BURGUNDY DOUBLE WEDDING: in addition to the chroniclers, Vaughan, 88; CMH, 374.
6 COUCY ARRIVES IN “GREAT HASTE”: Anselme, 542.
7 ff. EXPEDITION TO SCOTLAND: Chron. C6, I, 351.
8 FRENCH BROUGHT 50 SUITS OF ARMOR: Book of Pluscarden, q. Locke, 84. See also P. Hume Brown, History of Scotland, Cambridge, 1929, I, 191–92. The statement in some of the earlier histories that Coucy was a member of this expedition was based on a misreading of a reference in one ms. of Froissart to a Seigneur de Courcy, corrected by Terrier de Loray, 204, n. 2. (The inconvenient Sire de Courcy causes a further error with regard to Coucy’s second wife—see notes to chap. 25, p. 650.)
9 COUCY’S REMARRIAGE: KL, X, 347; Duchesne, 267–68; Zurlauben, Enguerrand VII, 182.
10 RENOVATION OF THE CASTLE: Broche 340 ff.; Dufour, 50–54; Evans, Art, 166.
11 PERCEVAL, BASTARD OF COUCY: AN, Demay, Coll. Clairembault, Nos. 2841–42; Duchesne, 273.
12 COUCY AT HAPSBURG-BURGUNDY WEDDING: Broche, 135. He is the archivist quoted.
13 ROYAL COUNCIL VOTED UNANIMOUSLY: Chron. C6, I, 420–31.
14 P “YOU ARE THE GREATEST KING LIVING”: Chron. Bourbon, q. Mirot, 429, n. 3. FISHERMEN: ibid., 441.
15 P FRENCH INVASION FLEET: In addition to the sources listed above, material from the Chronique de Tournai and other primary sources is quoted by Palmer, England, France, 77–79.
16 BURGUNDY’S MOTTO: Terrier de Loray, 214. COUCY’S SHIP: Roncière, 89.
17 COUCY’S SEAL: AN, Demay. Coll. Clairembault, I, 2838. HIS RETINUE: KL, XXI, 45.
18 WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR: Cutts, 391. DESCHAMPS, NORMAN CONQUEST: q. Mirot, 455.
19 DUC DE BERRY: Luce, Cents ans, I, 212–27; Wylie, II, 405–32; Dupont & Gnudi, 150–51.
20 HOUNDS FROM SCOTLAND: Jusserand, 125, from Rymer for 3 April 1396.
21 FINED LANGUEDOC: Boudet, 64–65.
22 “SNUB-NOSES”: q. Wylie, II, 399, n. 5.
23 FLEET CAPTAINS’ LIST OF “ITEMS”: text from Chron. de Tournai, q. Vaughan, 50.
24 THIS “USELESS WAR”: Walsingham, q. Barnie, 129.
25 CHARLES vi VISITS COUCY: Broche, 341–43.
26 BAUDET LEFÈVRE: text of the pardon, which recounts the circumstances, in Mangin (Bibliog. I, A), 42, n. 1.
27 COUCY’S VESSEL LOADED AT SOISSONS: Broche, 342.
28 ff. MONTFORT-clisson AFFAIR: Froissart, Berners ed., IV, 440–59; Lefranc, 279, 304–24; Moranvillé, Mercier, 112–13.
29 COUCY’S INSISTENCE ON RESTITUTION: KL, XIII, 84.
30 GUELDERS AFFAIR: Chron. C6, I, 523–25. VASSAL FOR MONEY: Perroy, Hundred Years, 191; GUELDERS’ LETTER TO CHARLES VI: text in Douet-d’Arcq, I, 78.
31 COUCY ARGUES IN COUNCIL: KL. XIII, 84.
32 DEATH OF CHARLES OF NAVARRE: Chron. C6, I, 473, and Froissart.
33 COUCY’S MISSION TO MONTFORT: KL, XIII, 136, 337 ff.
34 KING’S GIFT OF A BIBLE: Lacaille, thèse, 117, from Delisle. FROISSART’S TRIBUTE: Berners ed., V, 163.
Chapter 21—The Fiction Cracks
As before, events and quoted statements not otherwise identified may be presumed to come from Chron. C6, I, or Froissart.
1 DESCHAMPS, “NOT ON THE GRAND PONT”: Queux ed., I, 156–57.
2 MÉZIÈRES QUOTED: Coopland ed., 524–25.
3 SOFT BEDS AND PERFUMED BATHS: preachers q. in Owst, 412. GERSON: q. Kilgour, 184.
4 SACCHETTI: q. Jacob Burckhardt, Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy, New York, 1960 (paperback ed.), 262. 441 DESCHAMPS ILL ON CAMPAIGN: Raynaud in Deschamps, Queux ed., XI, 296. An excellent analysis of Deschamps’ life, work, and opinions may be found in this long essay by Queux’s editorial successor. Ballads discussed here are in II, 214–26, 226–35. See also Kilgour, 64. p. 442 LOUIS D’ORLÉANS: Chron. C6; Jorga, 505; Collas, 143, 296.
5 CAMAL: Evans in notes to Díaz de Gómez, 153. VERSE: q. Mary Duchaux (Darmesteter), A Short History of France, 1918, 86.
6 BURGUNDY VISITS COUCY: Petit, Itinéraires, 203; Prost, 475.
7 RICHARD DESCRIBED: Vita R. Ricardi II, ed. Hearne, 1729, q. Locke, 110. HANDKERCHIEF: Hutchison, 239.
8 GRAND BOUTEILLER and PRIVILEGE OF TWO FAIRS: Duplessis, notes, 121; Duchesne, 268–69; Lacaille, “Vente,” 574–75; DBF, IX, 873. Text of the King’s grant in Lépinois, 209–11. ON THE OFFICE OF GRAND BOUTEILLER: Lot & Fawtier, 54.
9 COMPLAINT OF 1388: q. Denifle, 594.
10 MARKS OF DECLINE: Denifle, 594; Jusserand, 43–44. The Benedictine abbey was St. Nicolas-aux-Bois, diocese of Laon: Denifle, 706.
11 DON PERO NIÑO AT SERIFONTAINE: Díaz de Gómez, 134–38. The host served as Admiral of France from 1397 to 1405, which places the date of the visit about 1405–6.
12 DESCHAMPS’ BALLAD ON RAUCOUS EVENING: Queux ed., VII, 253. ON BALDNESS: Ballade 867. Obscurities in the language of this ballade were elucidated by Prof. Howard Garey of Yale.
13 BROMYARD ON FOPPERY: q. Owst, 408.
14 DESCHAMPS’ AILMENTS, SINS HE CONDEMNED, COMPLAINT OF COURT LIFE: Raynaud in Deschamps, Queux ed., XI, 296–97, 303–5.
15 COUCY SENDS MESSAGE TO PHILIPPA: Green, 227, from Rymer. NAMED CAPTAIN OF GUIENNE: KL, XIV, 25.
16 MARCIAL LE VÉRIT: from text of pardon in Douet-d’Arcq. NOTTINGHAM’S CHALLENGE: text in KL, notes, XIV, 398–99.
17 BOUCICAUT AT Roosebeke: KL, notes, X, 481.
18 COUCY PROPOSED FROISSART FOR CANONRY AT LILLE: Shears, 55–56. VERSE ON COUCY AS PATRON: KL, la, 345. The meaning of rouge eseaille was suggested in consultation by Profs. Howard Garey and Harry Miskimin of Yale.
19 COUCY OWNED OLDEST FROISSART MS.: KL, notes, lb, 224. This copy passed from Coucy’s great-granddaughter Jeanne de Bar to the royal library when Louis XI confiscated the books of her husband, Louis of Luxemburg. Listed as ms. II 88 in the Royal Library of Brussels (and as #6941 in the Catalogue des Mss. by Van den Gheyn), the copy has the Coucy coat-of-arms on fo. 16 r.
20 PETRARCH’S COMPLAINT: Correspondence, 28.
21 BOOKS GIVEN TO COUCY: Lacaille, thèse, 117, from Delisle, Cat. de la librairie du Louvre, III, nos. 19, 1160.
22 VALENTINA VISCONTI: Chamberlin, 89–91, 109–12; Collas, 48 ORLÉANS HOUSEHOLD: Lacroix, 74–75.
23 QUEEN’S ENTRY: Both Froissart and the Monk of St. Denis were eyewitnesses.
24 BURGUNDY’S CLOTHES: Vaughan, 43. ON THE “BED OF JUSTICE”: Bapst.
Chapter 22—The Siege of Barbary
1 TREASURY OFFICIALS, “HE HAS HAD TOO MUCH”: Chron. C6, I, 609.
2 CHARLES vi IN AVIGNON: Froissart; Chron. C6, I; Valois, II, 152–54.
3 Cent Ballades: Pannier, passim; Raynaud, xxxvi–xlix, li–v, lxiv–viii, 226–27.
4 BASTARD OF COUCY: La Chesnaye-Desbois.
5 KING’S TOUR OF LANGUEDOC and Bétizac AFFAIR: Chron. C6, I; Chron. Bourbon; Froissart; Coville, 304–5.
6 GENOESE AMBASSADORS: Chron. C6, I, 653; Mirot, “Politique” 10.
7 FRESCO IN THE CLOISTER OF CARMES: Vaissète, IV, 396; Sabine Coron-Lesur, unpublished dissertation on the Couvent des Grands Carmes de Toulouse, 140–43, supplied through the kindness of Prof. Philippe Wolff of Toulouse. A copy of the fresco, generally known as “The Vow of Charles VI,” exists as an engraving in the Musée Paul Dupuy in Toulouse, and is reproduced in Vaissète, IV, plate XX-C, in G. Lafaille, Annales de la ville de Toulouse, 1687, I, 143, and in a number of later volumes. Lacking differentiation of faces, it is of little interest.
8 ff. SPANISH MISSION: That Coucy could have gone to Spain in the course of the tour of Languedoc is unlikely but not impossible. The documents show him to have been with the King at Toulouse for the founding of the Ordre de l’Espérance on an unknown date in December, and again (or still) there on January 5 when his signature was added to the King’s treaty with the Count of Foix (Vaissète, ed. of 1885, IX, 938–51, X, notes, 125–29; Lacaille, thèse, 127–28). He reappeared at Avignon on January 28 to testify in the Processus of Pierre de Luxemburg. This allows two intervals—one of unknown length in December and one of 23 days in January—when he might have gone to Barcelona and back, although the time element is very tight. No evidence exists to support Froissart’s version of his role in the Anjou-Aragon marriage. According to R. Oliver Bertrand, Bodas Reales entre Francia y la Corona de Aragon, Barcelona, 1947, 203, a marriage contract was concluded and a dispensation from Clement VII obtained in 1390, but the contract itself was not found. Researches by Richard Famiglietti at the BN and AN and in the published French and Spanish sources, and a search of the documents in the Archivo de la Corona de Aragon at Barcelona (commissioned through the kindness of Prof. J. N. Hillgarth) found no evidence of a journey by Coucy in connection with the Anjou-Aragon marriage.
9 PIERRE DE LUXEMBURG: Baring-Gould, Lives of the Saints, VII, 85–88; Jorga, 460–62; Valois, II, 300, 362–66; Huizinga, Waning, 179–80. Testimony in the Processus for canonization occupies 133 double-column folio pages in Acta Sanctorum, Paris, 1863–1940, vol. XXVIII, in which Coucy’s testimony appears on pp. 464–65, 468, 472, 476, 488.
10 THE ROYAL VISIT TO DIJON: Petit, Entrée, passim; KL, la, 556.
11 “FOR THE SOUL’S SALVATION”: q. Cartellieri, 29.
12 COUCY’S FOUNDATION OF CÉLESTIN MONASTERY: Roussel, 19–24.
13 FOIX’S “BOOK OF PRAYERS”: Pierre Tucoo-Chala, Gaston Febus, Pau, 1976, 103.
14 P COUCY’S CHARTER: BN, Fonds Latins, 5149, published in Roussel, 193–96, and (in part) in Duplessis, 158–59.
15 ff. THE ENTERPRISE AGAINST BARBARY: Chron. Bourbon, 218–57, is the chief primary source, taking precedence in this episode over Froissart (KL, XIV) and Chron. C6, I, 650–57 et seq. Secondary accounts: Delaville le Roux, 166–200; Mirot, “Politique”; Atiya, Crusade in Later Middle Ages.
16 BONET ON WAR AGAINST UNBELIEVERS: 126–27.
17 STRATEGY OF ABOU-’L-ABBAS: Ibn-Khaldoun, 118–19.
18 COUCY DISAPPROVES THE CHALLENGE: Chron. Bourbon, 233.
19 CHARLES VI VISITS COUCY: Jarry, “Voie de Fait,” 224.
Chapter 23—In a Dark Wood
1 “WE CAN ENVISION NOTHING FINER”: KL, XIV, 280–81. On the Voie de Fait in general, Froissart and Chron. C6, I, continue to be the narrative sources. Valois, II, and Mirot, “Politique,” are modern accounts.
2 JEAN GERSON: Morrall, passim. ON JOAN OF ARC: CMH, 810.
3 PETRARCH ON THE SCHOLASTICS: Correspondence, 222–23.
4 ff. GERSON’S OPINIONS: Copleston, 278; Thorndike, IV, 108, 114, 128. ON CURRICULUM FOR SCHOOLS: Gabriel, ON CHILDREN’S SEXUAL HABITS: Ariès, 106–7.
5 CONTROVERSY OVER Roman de la Rose: Bédier & Lazard, 98–99.
6 GERSON, “INTO THE FIRE”; KL, la, 221, n. 1.
7 JEAN DE MONTREUIL AND PIERRE COL: Huizinga, Waning, 113–15, 308–9.
8 BONIFACE, SALE OF BENEFICES: Creighton, I 16–17. CLEMENT PAWNS TIARA: Coville, 314–15.
9 WENCESLAS IV: Lindner, II, 170–77; Kamil Krofta, “Bohemia in the 14th Century,” chap. 6 in CMH; Jules Zeller, Les Empereurs du XIVe siècle, Paris, 1890, 450–52.
10 DRUNKENNESS IN GERMANY: Lindner, II, 174. POGROM OF PRAGUE: Baron, IX, 160 ff., 202, 318.
11 CONTROVERSY OVER THE IMMACULATE CONCEPTION: Michelet, ed. of 1840, IV, 57; Creighton, 112.
12 BERNARDINO OF SIENA: q. G. G. Coulton, Inquisition and Liberty, London, 1938, 45. WALSINGHAM ON UNBELIEF: q. Jusserand, 224.
13 CLAMANGES AND GERSON ON IRREVERENCE: q. M. Mollat, Vie, 65.
14 BRETHREN OF THE COMMON LIFE: Hyma, passim; Southern, 331–52.
15 GROOTE AND THOMAS A KEMPIS: ibid.
16 Imitation of Christ ASCRIBED TO GERSON: Coville, 416–17. GERSON’S SERMON: Valois, II, 395.
17 CLEMENT PREPARES FOR ROME: Coville, 302.
18 THOMAS OF GLOUCESTER: KL, XIV, 314–15, 384; XV, 165, 240.
19 GUY DE BLOIS: KL, XIV, 370; Barante, II, 36–38.
20 COUCY’S ROLE: Jarry, Orléans, 85; Lacaille, thèse, 138; KL, XVI, 71.
21 PRECAUTIONS TAKEN AT AMIENS: KL, XIV.
22 COUCY AND PHILIPPA: ibid., 378. BURGUNDY’S CLOTHES: Barante, II, 39.
Chapter 24—Danse Macabre
1 ff. THE CRAON-CLISSON AFFAIR: Chron. C6, II, 3 ff., and KL, XIV, 316–20, are the basic narrative sources. They are combined in a lively account by Barante, II, 46–55. Modern accounts in Coville, 305; CMH, 372; Lefranc, 340–56. Admiral de Vienne’s conduct: Lefranc, 356. On Craon personally, see DBF and Bio. Index in KL.
2 CRAON’S ASSASSINATION OF A KNIGHT OF LAON: KL, notes, XV, 362. 495 SECRET CORRESPONDENCE OF THE UNCLES WITH DUKE OF BRITTANY: Sismondi, Histoire des Français, Paris, 1828, II, 597.
3 ff. CAMPAIGN AGAINST BRITTANY and THE KING’S MADNESS AT LE MANS: Chron.
4C6, II, 19–25; KL, XV, 40–49; Barante, II, 59–81; Moranvillé, 89, 124–26, 149.
5 GUILLAUME DE HARSIGNY: Edouard Fleury, Antiquités et monuments du département de l’Aisne, Paris, 1882, 242–43. Also Mâle.
6 COUCY IN RIVIERE’S ARREST: KL, XV, 63–64, and notes, 365; Lefranc, 367. RECEIVES MERCIER’S PROPERTY: KL, XV, 67; Moranvillé, 158, 161, 163.
7 BURGUNDY AND CLISSON: Lefranc, 365–67. COUCY REFUSES CONSTABLESHIP: KL, XV, 97.
8 COUCY ESCORTS KING TO LIESSE: Lacaille, thèse, 142; DBF, IX, 873. HARSIGNY’S EFFIGY: now in the museum at Laon. The inscription reads “Deo et Nature reddo Simplicia. Acta compositi sint Deo Grata.” Allowing for ambiguities of language, the translation could be: “I give back to God and nature my [bodily] elements. May the deeds of the whole [man] be pleasing to God.”
9 LADIES HAD TO TURN SIDEWAYS TO PASS THROUGH DOORWAYS: described by Juvenal des Ursins, q. Collas, 75.
10 COUCY IN SAVOY: Duchesne, 269–70.
11 CUSTOMS AT SECOND MARRIAGES: M. Mollat, Vie, 57.
12 ff. DANCE OF THE SAVAGES: Chron. C6, II, 65–71; KL, XV, 77, 85–87, 89–90, 92; Chron. Valois, 328; Barante, II, 95–99. Huguet de Guisay’s character is from Chron. C6.
13 LOUIS’ CÉLESTIN CHAPEL: Chron. C6, II, 75; Jorga, 506.
14 ff. Danse Macabre: Carco; Chaney; Huizinga, Waning, 139–41. On origin of the phrase, in addition to the above, OCFL. CHURCH OF THE INNOCENTS MURALS: Chaney, from verses and woodcuts in Guyot Marchant’s Danse Macabre, c. 1485. EFFIGY OF CARDINAL DE LA GRANGE: now in Musée Calvet, Avignon; illustrated in Joseph Girard, Avignon: ses monuments, Marseille, 1930. A thorough if pedestrian listing of such effigies with illustrations appears in Kathleen Cohen, Metamorphosis of a Death Symbol: The Transi Tomb in the Late Middle Ages and Renaissance, Berkeley, 1974.
15 CEMETERY OF THE INNOCENTS: Mâle, 360; Huizinga, Waning, 144; Carco, 29.
16 SEVEN SORROWS OF THE VIRGIN: Mâle, 125. BEAUTIFUL MADONNAS: One of the most characteristic and charming is the statue of the Madonna of the Bird at the church of Notre Dame du Mathuret in Riom in Auvergne. POPULATION REDUCED BY 50 PERCENT: Russell, “Effects of Pestilence,” 470; Carpentier, AESC, 1082–83.
17 ff. PESSIMISM: Gower, from Confessio Amantis. DATINI: q. Origo, 116. GERSON: q. Thorndike, History, IV, 115. MONK OF CLUNY: q. Coulton, Life, I, 2. MÉZIÈRES: q. Coopland ed., I, 255. ROGER BACON: q. Coulton, Life, II, 57. DESCHAMPS: q. KL, la. 440–41. CHRISTINE DE PISAN: q. ibid.; SAFE-CONDUCTS: from her Book of Fayttes, xix. UNIVERSITY SELLING DEGREES: Coville, 395.
18 “VICES OF THE DIFFERENT ORDERS”: q. T. Wright, Political Songs, I, lxxxiv–vi.
19 NOTARY OF CAHORS: Denifle, 827.
20 GOWER ON WAR: q. Barnie, 123, 131. “NO PEACE TILL THEY GIVE BACK CALAIS”: q. Locke, 95.
21 PARLEY AT LEULINGHEN: Chron. C6, II, 77–83; Froissart (who was present), Berners ed., VI, 110–21.
22 THOMAS OF GLOUCESTER: ibid.
23 CHARLES vi’s PERIODS OF MADNESS: Chron. C6, II, 87–91, 405, 455; Barante, II, 110–11, 223–24; Collas, 260; Thibault, 222–24.
24 WILLIAM OF HAINAULT: Darimesteter, 38. ON MENTAL ILLNESS: E. Wright, 356.
25 ISABEAU’S CONDUCT: Collas, 297; Thibault, 265, 281, 290, 316. “THIS RIDICULOUS TRIBUNAL”: Juvenal des Ursins, q. Mazas, IV, 181. Founded in 1400 with the intention of honoring women and cultivating poetry, the Cour Amoureuse included one member who was convicted of attempted rape in 1405, and another who kidnapped a dame d’honneur (whom he later married after repudiating his wife). Among other members of all classes were the vocal advocates of the Roman de la Rose, Jean de Montreuil, and Pierre and Gontier Col. (A. Piaget, “Cour Amoureuse,” Romania, XX, 447.)
26 MARQUIS DE SADE: see Bibliography. Written in 1813, this was his last book, not published until 1953. Sade claimed to have found at Dijon the transcript of the trial of Louis de Bourdon, the Queen’s lover, who revealed under torture her part in the crimes of the reign. Unhampered by the disappearance of the transcript in the destruction of the library by the “Huns of the French Revolution,” the Marquis was able, 40 years after reading it, to write the biography ascribing to Isabeau responsibility for every “drop of blood spilled in this terrible reign.” In his version, she prostituted herself to Craon to contrive the attack on Clisson, gave Charles the poisons that caused his madness, arranged for the appearance of the madman in the forest of Mans, planned the fatality of the Dance of the Savages, acted as accomplice in the murder of her former lover Louis d’Orléans, coupled in the slums with thieves and murderers, poisoned three of her own children, and delivered Joan of Arc to the Inquisition. Sade was a one-cause historian.
27 DUG DE SULLY: q. François Guizot, Hist, of France, trans., New York, 1885, III, 9.
Chapter 25—Lost Opportunity
For the efforts to end the schism, the death of Clement, the election of Benedict, and his refusal to abdicate, the chief primary source is the Monk of St. Denis (Chron. C6, II, 131–317), who was obviously more interested in, and closer to the struggle than Froissart (KL, XIV–XV). Both are supplemented by Valois, II–III; Jarry, “Voie de Fait,” 523–41; Creighton. Where not otherwise stated, the above are the sources for the events in this chapter that relate to the schism.
1 SPINELLI’S ARGUMENT: q. Chamberlin, 153.
2 COUCY’S MISSION TO AVIGNON: KL, XIV, notes, 422–26; Durrieu, “Adria,” 13–64; Jarry, Orléans, 117; Mirot, “Politique,” 527; Lehoux, II, 296.
3 NOBLES FEARED COMMONERS’ ARCHERY: Chron. C6, II, 131. Also Jean Juvenal des Ursins, q. Fowler, Plantagenet and Valois, 177.
4 GERSON’S ORAL DEFENSE: Morrall, 34–36.
5 COUCY AGAIN IN AVIGNON: same sources as above: KL, ibid.; Durrieu, 72–75; Jarry, Orléans, 121; Jarry, “Voie de Fait,” 517; Mirot, “Politique,” 530–31.
6 NICOLAS DE CLAMANGES: Ornato, 16; DBF and Michaud, Biographie universelle. Text of his address in Chron. C6, II, 135 ff.
7 TRANSLATED FOR THE COUNCIL: Jarry, “Voie de Fait,” 523.
8 “AS THOUGH THE HOLY GHOST”: q. Creighton, 129. 400 MILES IN FOUR DAYS: Hay, 363.
9 ff. COUCY’S CAMPAIGN FOR GENOA: The major sources are Jarry’s Orléans, 134–56, and Delisle’s summaries of the documents in the Coll. Bastard d’Estang at the BN, Fonds fr., nouv. acq. 3638–9 and 3653–4–5. These contain some three dozen documents covering transactions by Coucy. Payments to him from the crown are in BN, Pièces originales, 875, dossier Coucy. Lacaille, thèse, 156–94, adds references from Italian sources. Froissart is the source for Coucy holding conferences with the Genoese outdoors (KL, XV, 221–22). Modern authorities: Jarry, “Voie de Fait,” 532–37; Mesquita, 157–58; Mirot, “Politique,” 533–35.
10 VISIT TO PAVÍA: BN, Coll. Bastard d’Estang, 231, 234.
11 GIOVANNI DEI GRASSI: Meiss & Kirsch.
12 BUILDING OF THE CATHEDRAL: Chamberlin, 122–26, 173–75.
13 COUCY’S “WOUNDED LEG”; Jarry, Orléans, 161.
14 CLAMANGES GOES OVER TO BENEDICT: Valois, III, 270, n. 4; Creighton, 433–34. Further on this episode: Ornato, 27, 33–41.
15 BENEDICT DIED AT 94: CMH, 301.
16 “TO AID AND SUSTAIN” RICHARD II: q. McKisack, 476, from Rymer, VII, 811. LOLLARD TWELVE “CONCLUSIONS”: Gairdner, I, 43–44.
17 THREATENED TO KILL SIR RICHARD STURY: Hutchison, 155.
18 COUCY REFUSED “BECAUSE HE WAS A FRENCHMAN”: Froissart, Berners ed., VI, 130.
19 GLOUCESTER, ROBERT THE HERMIT, WALERAN DE ST. POL: ibid., VI, 161–68, 211–12.
20 MARRIAGE OF ISABEL AND RICHARD: Froissart, Berners ed., 224–29. Froissart’s statement that the only French lady to accompany Isabel to England was the Dame de Courcy (KL, XV, 306) became Coucy in Lord Berners’ translation (VI, 229) and accounts for Mrs. Green’s error (228) in identifying this lady, who was later to bring back the news of Richard’s deposition, as Coucy’s second wife.
Chapter 26—Nicopolis
Apart from Schiltberger’s sparse account told 30 years after the event (see p. 554), the primary Western sources for the crusade to Nicopolis are the Livre des faits du bon messire Jean le Maingre, dit Bouciquaut (Godefroy ed., pp. 78–104), written at about the time of the subject’s death in 1421 (by an “anonymous cleric” according to OCFL, although Kervyn Lettenhove—XX, 372—believed the author was Christine de Pisan); the Monk of St. Denis (Chron. C6, II, 485–519); and Froissart, KL, XV, 218–328, passim. These are the bases for the spirited accounts by Abbé Vertot in the 18th century and Barante in the early 19th. KL’s notes add material from Dom Plancher’s Histoire Générale de Bourgogne, Dijon, 1739–81. The most thorough modern account and a classic work is Delaville le Roux, La France en Orient, Book III, chaps. 1–5, whose wealth of notes fills in a mass of information. Where not otherwise cited, the events in this chapter are drawn from the above sources.
Atiya’s Nicopolis, usually cited (by English-speaking historians) as the standard work, supposedly draws on an impressive bibliography of Turkish sources, but little evidence of this appears in the text. With minor exceptions, not all of them accurate, this book is not much more than a reworking of Delaville. Rosetti supplies a useful survey from all sources of estimated numbers engaged in the crusade. Savage points up the importance of Coucy’s offensive. Tipton contributes an original and valuable investigation of the supposed English role.
1 HALF THE TURKISH ARMY HELD LAND IN EUROPE: Oman, 344.
2 A ghazi, “THE SWORD OF GOD”: q. Anthony Luttrell, “The Crusade in the 14th century” in Hale, Highfield & Smalley, 139.
3 A FORD OF THE DANUBE AT NICOPOLIS: Kousev, 70. This does not seem to jibe with accounts of fugitives of the battle drowning in attempts to swim across.
4 BAJAZET ANSWERED WITHOUT WORDS: Hammer, 323.
5 SIGISMUND, “YOU BOHEMIAN PIG!”: Otto Zarek, The History of Hungary, trans., London, 1939, 182.
6 BONE OF ST. ELIZABETH: q. Wylie, II, 432, n. 4.
7 AT PARLEMENT OF PARIS: Douet-d’Arcq, I, 382. 544 MÉZIÈRES’ ORDER OF THE PASSION: Kilgour, 148–62. 546 JEAN DE NEVERS, APPEARANCE: Michelet, IV, 45; Calmette, 57–58.
8 EQURPMENT: David, 37, from Plancher, Bourgogne, III, 149.
9 SUPPOSED ENGLISH PARTICIPATION: The evidence refuting it has been effectively presented by Tipton, leading to his conclusion, “No Englishman whatsoever can be identified as positively among the crusading army,” 533. p. 550 “THEY GO LIKE KINGS”: q. Jorga, 489.
10 SLANDER OF VALENTINA: chronicles, and Mesquita, 203; Chamberlin, 176.
11 GIAN GALEAZZO SUPPOSEDLY INFORMED BAJAZET: KL, XV, 253, 262, 329, 338.
12 ESTIMATE OF NUMBERS: Lot, 456; Rosetti, 633–35.
13 “HOW SEDUCTIVE is WAR!”: Jean de Beuil, Le Jouvencel, 2 vols. SHF, Paris, 1887, II, 20–21.
14 COUCY’S ATTACK: Wavrin, 149; KL, XV, 314; Savage, 437–40.
15 COUCY SEEN “UNSHAKEN”: Livre des faits, Godefroy ed., 97. SIGISMUND, “WE LOST THE DAY”: Schiltberger, ed. notes, 109.
16 BAJAZET SWEARS REVENGE: Schiltberger, 4.
Chapter 27—Hung Be the Heavens with Black
Livre des faits … de Boucicaut (Godefroy ed., 104–14), Froissart, and Chron. C6, II, continue to be the main primary sources. It may be assumed that these and Delaville le Roux, chaps. 6–9, are the sources for material not otherwise cited.
1 MARCH OF THE PRISONERS: from the account of Geoffrey Maupoivre in Delaville, “Le Legs d’Enguerrand VII” (Bibliog. I, B).
2 COUCY’S MIRACLE: ibid.
3 “FORTUNATE TO BE IN A WORLD”: KL, XV, 334.
4 DESCHAMPS ON FUNERALS: Queux ed., VIII, 85–86.
5 DAME DE COUCY WRITES TO DOGE: XV, 426. ORLÉANS’ MESSENGERS:
6 Mangin, 45–46, 52–54; BN, Fonds fr., nouv. acq. 3638–9, nos. 268–9, 308, 456.
7 ManginGIFTS FOR BAJAZET: Barante, II, 201; Jarry, Orléans, 185–86.
8 DESCHAMPS, “MONEY!”: q. Gustave Masson, Story of Medieval France, 1888.
9 L’ALOUËTE: 182.
10 ANONYMOUS POEM ON TWELVE AGES: q. Mâle, 303–4.
11 NICHOLAS OF AENOS: Livre des faits, q. Atiya, Nicopolis, 105.
12 COUCY’S WILL: published in Testaments enregistrés au parlement de Paris sous le règne de Charles VI, ed. A. Tuetey, in Documents inédits, Mélanges historiques, nouv. série, Paris, Imp. nat., 1858, III, 39–44.
13 COUCY’S DEATH: The assumption made by some historians that he died alone, the Sultan having moved on, taking the prisoners with him and leaving Coucy behind because he was too ill to travel, cannot be reconciled with the eight signatures to his will. The Sultan and French prisoners did indeed move on to Mikalidsch, two days’ journey from Brusa, where Burgundy’s envoy Guillaume de l’Aigle met them, supposedly in January. Either that date is an error or the prisoners must have returned to Brusa—perhaps because of Coucy’s imminent death—in time to sign the will.
14 “REFINED AND BARBARIC”: Lefranc, Intro., x.
15 “SEIGNEUR OF MOST MERIT”: Livre des faits, Godefroy, 2nd ed., The Hague, 1711, 81.
16 RETURN OF COUCY’S REMAINS: Duplessis, 103. DAME DE COUCY: Godefroy, 1620, 106. FUNERAL: KL, XV, 357, 437; XVI, 31. TOMB: destroyed (presumably) in the destruction of Nogent-sous-Coucy; the plaque from Ste. Trinité is now in the museum of Soissons. DESCHAMPS’ DIRGE: Queux ed., Ballad 1366.
17 ff. RANSOM AND RETURN OF THE PRISONERS: In addition to the sources at the head of the chapter, Vaughan, 71–77. BURGUNDY’S GIFTS MISFIRED: Bavyn ms., Mémoires du voiage fait en Hongrie par Jean dit Sans-Peur, Comte de Nevers, q. Atiya, Nicopolis, 103. BURGUNDY’S BOOKS BOUGHT FROM DINO RAPONDI: Durrieu, Mss. de luxe, 163, and Putnam, 275.
18 TOURNAI EXPECTED A PARDON: Delaville, 320, n. 2.
19 Epistre Lamentable: Jorga, 500–503; also reprinted as anonymous in KL, XVI, 444–523. BONET’S SATIRE: q. Kilgour, 158–60, 172–73.
20Quatre Valois: Chron. 4 Valois, 187, 192.
21 BAJAZET IN WAGON WITH BARS: On this famously disputed question, Gibbon (VI, 370–84) cites French, Italian, Turkish, and Greek sources to refute the claim of Persian historians that the story is a fable reflecting “vulgar credulity.” Gibbon’s editors (Milman, Guizot, Wenck, and Smith) accept the explanation of Von Hammer that the so-called iron cage was a mistranslation of the Turkish word hafe meaning a covered litter, in this case covered by a latticework made of iron. See also F. Schevill, History of the Balkan Peninsula, New York, 1922, 190. COUCY’S “MANY FINE PONDS”: as described in the suit brought by Robert de Bar, q. Lacaille, “Vente,” 594. FAMILY LITIGATION: ibid.
22 PROPOSED MARRIAGE TO STEPHEN OF BAVARIA: originating in Chron. C6, II, 765, the erroneous statement that the marriage was concluded was repeated by Duchesne and Duplessis and others down the line until corrected by Thibault, 355. SALE OF THE PROPERTY TO ORLÉANS: Lacaille, “Vente,” 574–87; Jarry, Orléans, 239–42, 311.
Epilogue
1 ORLÉANIST MANIFESTO, SUNK IN CRIME AND SIN: q. Enid McLeod, Charles d’Orléans, New York, 1970, 63.
2 AGINCOURT: Wylie, II, 108–230. An eyewitness account of the battle from the Chronicle of Jehan de Wavrin is quoted in Allmand, 107–11.
3 HEAVY ARMOR AND HEART FAILURE: Oman, 377.
4 “FORESTS CAME BACK WITH THE ENGLISH”: q. Evans, Life, 141. DESOLATION OF PICARDY AND STARVING WOMAN OF ABBEVILLE: Lestocquoy, 47–48. COUCY DELIVERED TO THE ENEMY: Antoine d’Asti, q. Dufour, 51. REALISTIC HORRORS ON STAGE: Cohen, 149, 267.
5 CONGEALING OF CHARITY: Mâle, 440.
6 HUSSITE “MOVING FORT”: Oman.
7 POPULATION, ROUEN: Cheyney, 166. SCHLESWIG: Heers, 106.
8 THOMAS BASIN: Histoire de Charles VII, ed. Charles Samaran, Paris, 1933, I, 87, q. Fowler, Plantagenet and Valois, 150–51.
9 CASTILLON: ibid., q. Allmand, 11–13.
10 TURKS’ SIEGE TRAIN: Oman, 357–58. VICTOR HUGO: q. Mâle, 295.
11 COUCY LINEAGE: La Chesnaye-Desbois; Anselme, V, 243, VII, 566; L’Art de vérifier, 243; Melleville, 20. PERCEVAL HAD NO HEIRS: Duplessis, 107.
12 FATE OF THE CASTLE AND MONASTERY: Duchesne, 672; L’Art de vérifier, 219; Dufour, 21, n. 1; Viollet-le-Duc, Coucy, 30–31; Roussel, 42.
13 RUPPRECHT OF BAVARIA: His intervention was related by him to Friedrich P. Reck-Malleczewen, Diary of a Man in Despair, trans., New York, 1970, 196. LUDENDORFF’S 28 TONS OF DYNAMITE: Histoire de Coucy, pamphlet of Ass’n … Coucy-le-Château, by R. Leray, J. Vian, and H. Crepin.
