1 Some of the material in this Conclusion is also addressed in Katherine L. French and Gary G. Gibbs, “The Poor, the Pious, and the Privileged: Toward a Social and Cultural Topography of Parish Participation in Late Medieval London,” in David Harry and Christian Steer (eds.), Church and City in the Middle Ages: Essays in Honour of Clive Burgess, Harlaxton Medieval Studies (Donington: Shaun Tyas, 2019).
2 The CWA of Saint James Garlickhythe, 1555–1627, LMA MS P69/JS2/B/005/MS04810/001, fo. 7v.
3 Frederick Gerschow, “Diary of the Journey of Philip Julius, Duke of Stettin-Pomerania, through England in the Year 1602,” trans. Gottfried von Bülow, TRHS, n.s. 6(1892): 1–67; a description can be found in W.D. Robson-Scott, German Travelers in England, 1400–1800 (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1953): 64.
4 The CWA of Saint Dunstan in the West, 1516–17 to 1607–08, LMA MS P69/DUN2/B/011/MS02968/001, fo. 157r.
5 Clive Burgess, “Shaping of the Parish: Saint Mary at Hill, London, in the Fifteenth Century,” in John Blair and Brian Golding (eds.), The Cloister and the World: Essays in Medieval History in Honour of Barbara Harvey (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996): 253–4.
6 Katherine L. French, “Rebuilding Saint Margaret’s: Parish Involvement and Community Action in Late Medieval Westminster,” Journal of Social History 45 (2011): 153.
7 The CWA and VM of the Church of St Martin Outwich, 1508–46, LMA MS PB69/MTN/3/B/004/MSO6842, opposite fo. 5r.
8 G.W. Bernard, The Late Medieval English Church: Vitality and Vulnerability before the Break with Rome (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2012), Chapter 2.
9 Ethan Shagan, Popular Politics and the English Reformation (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003): 4, 308–10, and passim.
10 Gary G. Gibbs, “The Queen’s Easter Pardons, 1554: Ancient Customs and the Gift of Thucydides,” in Sarah Duncan and Valerie Schutte (eds.), The Birth of a Queen: Essays on the Quincentenary of Mary (New York: Palgrave, 2016): 119–20.
11 J.J. Scarisbrick, The Reformation and the English People (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1984): 89.
12 I have employed a phrase coined by Malinowski, but not his method. Bronislaw Malinowski, Magic, Science, and Religion (Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press, 1984): 237–40.
13 Clive Burgess. “Pre-Reformation Churchwardens’ Accounts and Parish Government: Lessons from London and Bristol,” EHR 117 (2002): 306–32; Ronald Hutton, “Seasonal Festivity in Late Medieval England: Some Further Reflections,” EHR 120 (2005): 66–79; and Beat A. Kümin, “Late Medieval Churchwardens’ Accounts and Parish Government: Looking Beyond London and Bristol,” EHR 119 (2004): 87–99.
14 The CWA of Saint Benet Gracechurch Street, 1548–1620, LMA MS P69/BEN2/B/012/MS01568/001, fo. 64r.
15 The CWA of Saint Alphage London Wall, 1527–1631, LMA MS P69/ALP/B/006/MS01432/002, 1559 (no pagination).
16 The CWA of Saint Botolph Aldersgate, 1466–1604, LMA MS P69/BOT1/B/013/MS01454, roll 65.
17 The CWA of Saint Michael le Querne, 1514-1606, LMA MS P69/MIC4/B/005/MS02895/001, fo. 167r.
18 Patrick Collinson, Archbishop Grindal, 1519–1583: The Struggle for a Reformed Church (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1979): 99.
19 The CWA of Saint Lawrence Pountney, 1530–1681, LMA MS P69/LAW2/B/010/MS03907/001; TNA PRO E 117 4/16.
20 TNA PRO E 117 4/67; H.B. Walters, London Churches at the Reformation (London: SPCK, 1939): 125–9.
21 The CWA of Saint Mary Woolnoth, 1539–99, LMA MS P69/MRY15/B/006/MS01002/001 A, fo. 2v; Cal Husting: 2: 609.
22 Wardens’ Accounts and Court Minutes, Minute Book A, 1444–1516, Goldsmiths’ Hall, MS 1520, fos. 85–6. Bartholomew Rede was master of the royal mint in the reign of Edward IV and the entire reign of Henry VII. See William Chaffers, Gilda Aurifabrorum: A History of English Goldsmiths and Pewterers, and Plateworkers (London: Allen, 1883): 288.
23 Christine Peters, Patterns of Piety (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003): 195.
24 Micheline White, “Power Couples and Women Writers in Elizabethan England: The Public Voices of Dorcas and Richard Martin and Anne and Hugh Dowriche,” in Rosalynn Voaden and Diane Wolfthal (eds.), Framing the Family: Narrative and Representation in the Medieval and Early Modern Periods (Tempe, AZ: Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, 2005): 128.
25 French and Gibbs, “The Poor, the Pious, and the Privileged.”
26 Susan Brigden, London and the Reformation (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991): 430.
27 Ibid.: 417.
28 The CWA of Saint Andrew Hubbard, 1454–1525, LMA MS P69/AND3/B/003/MS01279/001, fo. 17v; Clive Burgess (ed.) The Church Records of Andrew Hubbard Eastcheap, c. 1450–c. 1570 (London: London Record Society, 1999): 10.
29 The CWA of Saint Stephen Walbrook, 1474–1683, LMA MS P69/STE2/ MS 00593/001, np; The CWA of Saint Benet Gracechurch Street, 1548–1620, LMA MS P69/BEN2/B/012/MS01568/001, fo. 55v.
30 The CWA of Saint Mary Woolnoth, 1539–99, LMA MS P69/MRY15/B/006/MS01002/001 A, fo. 4r.
31 Clifford Geertz, The Interpretation of Cultures (New York: Basic Books, 1973): 5.
32 Anthony G. Dyson, “A Calendar of the Cartulary of the Parish Church of Saint Margaret, Bridge Street (Guildhall Library MS 1174),” GSLH 1 (1974): 163–91; Saint Margaret Soper Lane: “White Book” being a Parish Memorandum Book, LMA MS P69/MGT3/D/001/MS01174.
33 The CWA and VM of Saint Helen Bishopsgate, 1565–1654, LMA MS P69/HEL/B/005/MS06385/001, fo. 1v.
34 The Annals of Helen’s, Bishopsgate, London, Rev. John Edmund Cox (London: Tinsley Brothers, 1876): 220.
35 Cal Hustings, 2: 421–22.
36 I am influenced here by the work of J.P.D. Cooper, “‘Oh Lorde save the kyng’: Tudor Royal Propaganda and the Power of Prayer,” in G.W. Bernard and S.J. Gunn (eds.), Authority and Consent in Tudor England: Essays Presented to C.S.L. Davies (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2002): 179–96; and, Natalie Mears, “Public Worship and Political Participation in Elizabethan England,” JBS 51(1) (2012): 4–25.
37 Beat Kümin discusses the “ambiguous” status of the clergy by mid-century. See Kümin, The Shaping of a Community (Aldershot: Scholar Press, 1996): 242; Shagan, Popular Politics, 138.
38 Kümin, The Shaping of a Community, 245.
39 Gary G. Gibbs, “New Duties for the Parish Community in Tudor London,” in Katherine L. French, Gary Gibbs, and Beat Kümin (eds.), The Parish in English Life, 1400–1600 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1997): 164.
40 Patrick Collinson, “The Elizabethan Church and the New Religion,” in Christopher Haigh (ed.), The Reign of Elizabeth I (Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 1987): 173.
41 Gerald Bray (ed.), Tudor Church Reform: The Henrician Canons of 1535 and the Reformatio Legum Ecclesiasticarum (Woodbridge: Boydell Press; Church of England Record Society, 2005): 375.
42 Ronald Hutton, The Rise and Fall of Merry England: The Ritual Year, 1400–1700 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994): 176; Keith Thomas, Religion and the Decline of Magic (London: Penguin, 1971): 71–4.
43 Edwin Freshfield (ed.), The Account Books of the Parish of Saint Bartholomew Exchange in the City of London, 1596–1698 (London: Rixon and Arnold, 1895): 9.