183
c. 983–1168/c. 1575–1755
Central Java
|
c. 983/c. 1575 |
Mas Ngabehi Sutavijaya Senapati, son of Kjai Gede Pamanahan |
|
1009/1601 |
Panembahan Seda Krapyak, Mas Jolang |
|
1022/1613 |
Tjakrakusuma Ngabdurrahman, Sultan Agung, after 1034/1625 with the title Susuhunan |
|
1055/1645 |
Prabu Amangkurat I, Sunan Tegalwangi |
|
1088/1677 |
Amangkurat II |
|
1115/1703 |
Amangkurat III, Sunan Mas |
|
111 7/1705 |
Pakubuwana I, Sunan Puger |
|
1131/1719 |
Amangkurat IV, Jawa |
|
1137/1725 |
Pakubuwana II, Kombul |
|
1162–8/1749–55 |
Pakubuwana III, Swarga |
|
1168/1755 |
Division of the kingdom into the states of Surakarta and Jogjakarta (Yogyakarta) |
Mataram was the third Muslim sultanate to arise in Java after those of Demak in north-central Java (917–57/1511–50) and Bantam at the extreme western end of the island (932–1228/1526–1813). It was centred on what is now Surakarta, and was founded by the father of Senepati (literally, ‘commander’, i.e. of his original overlord the Sultan of Pajang), around whose origins a cloud of legend grew up in an attempt to connect him, probably speciously, with earlier royal families such as those of Majapahit. With his grandson Sultan Agung, the dynasty produced one of Indonesia’s greatest rulers, who captured the rival city of Surabaya and extended his power as far as the island of Madura and Borneo; in 1625 he assumed the title Susuhunan (literally, ‘royal foot’, i.e. placed on the head of a vassal paying homage, not very felicitously rendered by the Dutch as ‘emperor’, since the term has more a religious connotation, being associated with the legendary walīs or saints who are said first to have brought Islam to Java).
The Dutch in Batavia were in fact becoming a power in Java, and were opposed to Agung’s strongly Islamic policies of forging closer links with Arabia and of reviving the former Javanese empire of Majapahit. Agung’s weaker successors eventually came to terms with the Dutch, and a treaty of 1684 made the sultanate practically a dependency of the Dutch East India Company (VOC), which now controlled a block of territory in western Java cutting the island into two parts. In the early eighteenth century, the Dutch were called into the internal quarrels of Mataram, the so-called First and Second Javanese Wars of Succession (1116– 17/1704–5 and 1133–4/1721–2), and further disputes led to apartition of Mataram between rival claimants in 1168/1755, with two subsequent sultanates at Surakarta and Jogjakarta (see below, nos 184, 185).
EI1 ‘Java’ (A. W. Nieuwenhuis), ‘Surakarta’ (C. C. Berg).
D. G. E. Hall, A History of South-East Asia, 4th edn, 303–8, 337–8, 341–2, 346–54, 359–60, with a genealogical table at p. 972.
M. C. Ricklefs, A History of Modern Indonesia since c. 1300, 2nd edn, 39–48, 69–93.