66
912–1304/1506–1887
Harar, in south-eastern Ethiopia
1. The line of Ahmad Grāñ in Harar and Ausa
|
912/1506 |
Ahmad Grāñ b. Ibrāhīm, Imām, Ṣāḥib al-Fatḥ |
|
950/1543 |
(Bat‘iah) Dël Wanbarā, Aḥmad Grāñ‘s widow, and his son ‘Alī Jarād, jointly |
|
959/1552 |
Nūr b. Mujāhid, nephew of Aḥmad Grāñ, Ṣāḥib al-Fatḥ al-Thānī, d. 975/1567 |
|
975/1567 |
‘Uthmān |
|
977/1569 |
Ṭalḥa b. ‘Abbās al-Wazīr, with the title of sultan |
|
979/1571 |
Nāṣir b. ‘Uthmān |
|
980/1572 |
Muḥammad b. Nāṣir, k. 985/1577 |
|
985/1577 |
Muhammad Jāsā, Imām, transferred his capital to Ausa, leaving his brother in Harar as his vizier there, k. 991/1583 |
|
993/1585 |
Sa‘d al-Dīn |
|
1022/1613 |
Ṣabr al-Dīn b. Ādam, d. 1034/1625 or 1041/1632 |
|
1041/1632 |
Ṣādiq |
|
1056/1646 |
Malāq Ādam b. Ṣādiq |
|
1057/1647 |
Aḥmad b. al-Wazīr Abrām |
|
1083-?/1672-? |
Imam ‘Umar Dīn b. Ādam, overthrown by the ‘Afar at an unknown date |
2. The line of ‘Alī b. Dāwūd in Harar, independent of Ausa
|
1057/1647 |
‘Alī b. Dāwūd |
|
1073/1662 |
Hāshim b. ‘Alī |
|
1081/1671 |
‘Abdallāh I b. ‘Alī |
|
1111/1700 |
Ṭalḥa b. ‘Abdallāh |
|
1134/1721 |
Abū Bakr I b. ‘Abdallāh |
|
1144/1732 |
Khalaf b. Abī Bakr |
|
1146/1733 |
Ḥāmid b. Abī Bakr |
|
1160/1747 |
Yūsuf b. Abī Bakr |
|
1169/1755 |
Aḥmad I b. Abī Bakr |
|
⊘ 1197/1782 |
‘Abd al-Shakūr Muḥammad I b. Yūsuf |
|
⊘ 1209/1794 |
Aḥmad II b. Muḥammad |
|
1236/1820 |
‘Abd al-Raḥmān b. Muḥammad |
|
⊘ 1240/1825 |
‘Abd al-Karīm b. Abī Bakr |
|
⊘ 1250/1834 |
Abū Bakr II b. Aftal Jarād |
|
⊘ 1268/1852 |
Aḥmad III b. Abī Bakr |
|
⊘ 1272–92/1856–75 |
Muḥammad II b. ‘Alī |
|
1292–1302/1875–85 |
Egyptian occupation |
|
⊘ 1302–4/1885–6 |
‘Abdallāh II b. Muḥammad b. ‘Alī |
|
1304/1887 |
Conquest by the Emperor Menelik of Ethiopia |
Harar has been an ancient centre for Islam and its diffusion within the interior of the Horn of Africa, mainly among the Galla and Somali there, whereas the coastal areas have been Islamised from such maritime centres as Maqdishū (Mogadishu). (The names of many sultans of Mogadishu are known from coins, but their genealogical connections and their chronology are almost wholly obscure.) The Walashma‘ (Amharic, Walasma) sultanate of If at transferred itself to Harar in the early sixteenth century, and it was one of the commanders of the Walasma, Ahmad Grāñ (Amharic, ‘left-handed’), who upheld the Muslim cause in Ethiopia until his death in battle with Christian Ethiopian and Portuguese forces in 950/1543. Thereafter, various of his descendants ruled in Harar and Ausa until the mid-seventeenth century, when a new line of sultans, that of ‘Alī b. Dāwūd, took over power at Harar for over two centuries. The connection of the last sultans of this line, from ‘Abd al-Karīm b. Abī Bakr onwards, with the original line of ‘Alī Dāwūd is uncertain.
A Turco-Egyptian force occupied Harar in 1292/1875 and executed its sultan, and in 1304/1887 the Emperor Menelik captured Harar and incorporated it into the Ethiopian kingdom.
Zambaur, 89, 309 (fragmentary).
EL2‘Harar’ (E. Ullendorff).
R. Basset, ‘Chronologie des rois de Harar (1637–1887)’,JA, 11th series, 3 (March-April 1914), 245–58.
E. Cerulli, ‘Gli emiri di Harar dal secolo XVI alla conquista egiziana (1875)’, Rassegna di Studi Etiopici, 2 (1942), 3–20.
E. Wagner, Legende und Geschichte. Der Fatḥ madīnat Harar von Yaḥyā Naṣralldh, Wiesbaden 1978.
Ahmed Zakaria, ‘Harari coins: a preliminary survey’, Journal of Ethiopian Studies, Institute of Ethiopian Studies, Addis Ababa University, 24 (November 1991), 23–46.