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Modern Works
Barbera, Henry. Medieval Sicily: The First Absolute State. Brooklyn: Legas, 2000.
Barlow, Frank. Edward the Confessor. London: Yale University Press, 1997.
Benjamin, Sandra. Sicily: Three Thousand Years of Human History. Hanover: Steerforth Press, 2006.
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Chibnall, Marjorie. The Normans. Malden: Blackwell Publishing, 2006.
Gibbon, Edward. The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. 7 vols. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., 1993.
Gravett, Christopher and David Nicolle. The Normans: Warrior Knights and their Castles. New York: Osprey Publishing Ltd., 2007.
Kreutz, Barbara M. Before the Normans: Southern Italy in the Ninth & Tenth Centuries. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1991.
Neveux, François. A Brief History of The Normans: The conquests that changed the face of Europe. Trans. Howard Curtis. Philadelphia: Running Press, 2008.
Norwich, John Julius. The Normans In Sicily: The magnificent story of ‘the other Norman Conquest’. New York: Penguin Books, 1970.
Runciman, Steven. A History of the Crusades, Volume 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1951.