Preface

This book is a collection of reprinted essays devoted to the study of Sicily and the Mediterranean in the Middle Ages, a crossroads of Latin-Christian, Greek-Byzantine and Arab-Islamic cultures. The papers included here were published in English between 1985 and 2017. Of the twenty papers and reviews (chapters and appendixes), eighteen are reprinted here as originally published, with a few minor corrections and modifications. In Chapter 1 I have added English translations to most of the Latin and Greek texts quoted. These English translations were not included in the original article. In Chapter 12 I have removed all Japanese and Chinese characters from the text and notes, and attached an appendix of Chinese texts quoted.

The range of the papers extends from Norman administration to multi-cultural elements at the royal court, confrontation of powers (kings, nobles, bureaucrats and cities), religious tolerance, Frederick II’s crusade (Christian-Muslim diplomacy), migrations and classification of villeins. In a series of papers on the administrative structure of the Norman Kingdom of Sicily, I have engaged in major debates with other scholars in the field based on analysis of Latin, Greek and Arabic documents as well as multilingual parchments. These works would give insight into how the Norman rulers successfully governed multi-cultural people in Sicily and South Italy.

The special position of medieval Sicily and the Mediterranean, bordered by the Latin, Greek and Islamic cultural zones, makes possible the analysis of the three different cultural elements within the same context and offers a valuable and rare vantage point to grasp the picture of a larger geographical unity in which the three different cultures interacted. I hope this book will reveal various aspects of cross-cultural activities in medieval Sicily and the Mediterranean, as well as the historical relationship between Christians and Muslims, and thus help us understand the globalizing world in which people with different religions, languages and cultures interact more intensely than ever.

For the publication of this book, I would like particularly to thank Professor David Abulafia of Cambridge University and Professor Anna Abulafia of Oxford University who gave me valuable suggestions, advice, encouragement and recommendations. I would also like to express my gratitude to my supervisors, Professor Kōichi Kabayama, Professor Takeshi Kido and Professor Tsugitaka Satō (†) at the University of Tokyo; Professor John Boswell (†), Professor Robert Stacey and Professor Harry Miskimin (†) at Yale University; and those scholars who gave me their valuable advice and encouragement, especially Professor Kenneth M. Setton (†), Professor Giles Constable, Professor David J. Herlihy (†), Professor Robert I. Burns (†), Professor Norbert Kamp (†), Professor Elizabeth A. R. Brown, Professor Peter Herde, Dr. Susan Reynolds, Professor Pierre Toubert, Professor Shōsaburō Kimura, Professor Sadao Itō, Professor Henri Bresc, Dr. Jean-Marie Martin, Professor Giovanni Maniscalco Basile (†), Professor Masanori Aoyagi, Professor Jean-Philippe Genet, Professor Lester K. Little, Professor Shōichi Satō, Professor Jean-Claude Schmitt, Professor Kazuhiko Kondō, Professor Hubert Houben, Professor Horst Enzensberger, Professor Patrick J. Geary, Professor Errico Cuozzo, Professor Michael Borgolte, Professor Katsumi Fukasawa, Professor Pietro Corrao, Professor Jeremy Johns, Professor Graham Loud, Professor Lucia Travaini, Professor Shunichi Ikegami and Professor Claudia Rapp. For the preparation of the manuscript, I am grateful to my graduate students, especially Daiki Sano, Shinichi Kubo, Takanori Shibata, Wataru Yanada and Andrea A. Tanosaki.

I should like to dedicate this book to my wife Yoshiko Takayama.

HIROSHI TAKAYAMA

The University of Tokyo

14 February 2019

Acknowledgments

I would like to thank the following persons, editors, publishers and organizations for permission to reprint the articles as the chapters of this book: Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies (UCLA) for Chapter 1; Oxford University Press for Chapters 2, 9 and Appendix III–3; Cambridge University Press for Chapter 3; Anton Hiersemann KG. Verlag (Stuttgart) for Chapter 4; Professor Cosimo Damiano Fonseca (editor) for Chapter 5; Dr. Maria Stuiber (editor) and University of Bamberg Press for Chapter 6; Professor Susan O. Shapiro (editor of Mediterranean Studies) for Chapter 7; Viella Libreria Editrice for Chapter 8; Dr. Vivian Prigent (editor) and Professor Constantin Zuckerman (Managing Director of ACHCByz) for Chapter 10; Taylor & Francis for Chapter 11 and Appendix II–2; De Gruyter for Chapter 12; Professor Shōichi Satō (editor of Spicilegium) for Chapter 13; Professor Nobuaki Kondō (editor-in-chief, Japan Association for Middle East Studies) for Appendix I–1; Professor Yasuhiro Ōtsuki (editor of Mediterranean World) for Appendix I–2; Professor Kazuhiko Kondō (editor) for Appendix II–1; and Medieval Academy of America for Appendix III–1 and Appendix III–2.

The articles and reviews included in this book first appeared in the following publications:

• Chapter 1 in Viator, vol. 16 (1985), pp. 129–157.
• Chapter 2 in English Historical Review, vol. 104 (1989), pp. 357–372.
• Chapter 3 in Papers of the British School at Rome, vol. 58 (1990), pp. 317–335.
• Chapter 4 in Forschungen zur Reichs-, Papst- und Landesgeschichte, eds. K. Borchardt and E. Bunz, 2 vols. (Stuttgart, Anton Hiersemann, 1998), vol. 1, pp. 133–144.
• Chapter 5 in Mezzogiorno – Federico II – Mezzogiorno, ed. Cosimo D. Fonseca, 2 vols. (Rome, Editore De Luca, 2000), vol. 1, pp. 61–78.
• Chapter 6 in Bausteine zur deutschen und italienischen Geschichte. Festschrift zum 70. Geburtstag von Horst Enzensberger, ed. Maria Stuiber and Michele Spadaccini (Bamberg, University of Bamberg Press, 2014), pp. 413–431.
• Chapter 7 in Mediterranean Studies, vol. 12 (2003), pp. 1–15.
• Chapter 8 in Città e vita cittadina nei Paesi dell’area mediterranea: secoli XI–XV, Atti del Convegno Internazionale in onore di Salvatore Tramontana, ed. B. Saitta (Rome, Viella, 2006), pp. 541–552.
• Chapter 9 in Italy in the Central Middle Ages, ed. David Abulafia (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2004), pp. 58–81, 257–260.
• Chapter 10 in Puer Apuliae. Mélanges offerts à Jean-Marie Martin, ed. E. Cuozzo, V. Déroche, A. Peters-Custot and V. Prigent, 2 vols. (Paris, Centre de Recherche d’Histoire et Civilisation de Byzance, 2009), vol. 1, pp. 451–464.
• Chapter 11 in Mediterranean Historical Review, vol. 25-2 (2010), pp. 169–185.
• Chapter 12 in Europa im Geflecht der Welt: Mittelalterliche Migrationen in globalen Bezügen, ed. M. Borgolte et al. (Berlin, Akademie Verlag, 2012), pp. 217–229.
• Chapter 13 in Spicilegium, vol. 1 (2017), pp. 3–16.
• Appendix I–1 in Annals of Japan Association for Middle East Studies (AJAMES), vol. 7 (1992), pp. 427–443.
• Appendix I–2 in Mediterranean World, vol. 13 (1992), pp. 21–30.
• Appendix II–1 in Proceeding of the Fourth Anglo-Japanese Conference of Historians 2003, ed. Kazuhiko Kondo (Tokyo, 2003), pp. 27–36.
• Appendix II–2 in Journal of Medieval History, vol. 21 (1995), pp. 167–193.
• Appendix III–1 in Speculum, vol. 62 (1987), pp. 704–706.
• Appendix III–2 in Speculum, vol. 81 (2005), pp. 1267–1268.
• Appendix III–3 in English Historical Review, vol. 128 (2013), pp. 645–647.

Abbreviations

Only unusual abbreviations or those cited very frequently are listed here. Other abbreviations will be easily recognized through the Bibliography.

Appendix I and the Bibliography have different abbreviation systems, which are shown at their beginnings.

• Amari, Biblioteca, testo arabo: Michele Amari, ed., Biblioteca arabo- sicula ossia Raccolta di testi arabici che toccano la geografia, la storia, le biografie e la bibliografia della Sicilia, Leipzig 1857.
• Amari, Biblioteca, versione italiana: Michele Amari, ed. and trans., Biblioteca arabo-sicula, versione italiana, 2 vols., Turin/Rome 1880–1881.
• Amari, Storia dei Musulmani: Michele Amari, Storia dei Musulmani di Sicilia, 2nd ed. Carlo Alfonso Nallino, 3 vols., Catania 1933–1939. Amari, “Su la data”: “Su la data degli sponsali di Arrigo VI con la Costanza erede del trono di Sicilia, e su i divani dell’azienda normanna in Palermo. Lettera del dottor O. HARTWIG e Memoria del Socio Amari,” Atti della R. Accademia dei Lincei, anno 275 (1877–1878), serie 3, Memorie della classe di scienze morali, storiche e filologiche, vol. 2 (1878), pp. 409–438.
• Amatus: Amatus Casinensis, Storia de’ Normanni di Amato di Montecassino, ed. Vincenzo de Bartholomaeis, Rome 1935 (Fonti per la storia d’Italia pubblicate dall’Istituto storico italiano per il Medio Evo, vol. 76).
• API: Archivio paleografico italiano, Rome 1882–.
• Brühl: Carlrichard Brühl, Urkunden und Kanzlei König Rogers II. von Sizilien, Köln 1978.
• Collura: Paolo Collura, Le più antiche carte dell’archivio capitolare di Agrigento (1092–1282), Palermo 1961 (Documenti per servire alla storia di Sicilia, serie 1, vol. 25).
• Constantiae: Constantiae imperatricis et reginae siciliae diplomata, ed. Theo Kölzer, Köln 1983. (Codex diplomaticus regni siciliae, Series secunda: Diplomata regum egente suevorum, vol. I–2).
• Cusa: Salvatore Cusa, I diplomi greci ed arabi di Sicilia pubblicati nel testo original, vol. 1 (2 parts), Palermo 1868–1882.
• Delaborde: Henri-François Delaborde, Chartes de Terre-Sainte, provenant de l’abbaye de Notre-Dame de Josaphat, Paris 1880 (Bibliothèque des Écoles françaises d’Athènes et de Rome, vol. 19).
• Del Giudice: Giuseppe del Giudice, Codice diplomatico del Regno di Carlo I e II d’Angiò, Naples 1863.
• Delisle, RHF, vol. 24: Léopold Delisle, “Chronologie des baillis et des sénéchaux royaux depuis les origines jusqu’à l’avènement de Phillipe de Valois,” Recueil des historiens des Gaules et de la France, ed. Martin Bouquet et al., 24 vols. (Paris, 1738–1904), vol. 24 (1904), pp. *15–270*.
• Falcandus, “Epistola”: Hugo Falcandus, “Epistola ad Petrum Panormitane ecclesie thesaurarium de calamitate Sicilie,” Giovanni B. Siragusa, ed., La historia o Liber de Regno Sicilie e la epistola ad Petrum Panormitane ecclesie thesaurarium di Ugo Falcando, Rome 1897, pp. 167–186.
• Falcandus, Liber de Regno: Hugo Falcandus, Liber de Regno Sicilie, in Giovanni B. Siragusa, ed., La historia o Liber de Regno Sicilie e la epistola ad Petrum Panormitane ecclesie thesaurarium di Ugo Falcando, Rome 1897, pp. 1–165.
• Garufi, I documenti inediti: Carlo A. Garufi, I documenti inediti dell’epoca normanna in Sicilia, Palermo 1899 (Documenti per servire alla storia di Sicilia, s.1, Diplomatica XIII).
• Institutions, vol. 1: Ferdinand Lot and Robert Fawtier, eds., Histoire des institutions françaises au Moyen Age, vol. 1: Institutions seigneuriales, Paris 1957.
• Inventaire: Robert Mignon, Inventaire d’anciens comptes royaux dressé par Robert Mignon sous le règne de Philippe de Valois, ed. Charles-Victor Langlois, Paris 1899 (Recueil des historiens de la France, Documents financieres, vol. 1).
• Journaux: Les journaux du Trésor de Philippe IV le Bel, ed. Jule Viard, Paris 1940.
• Malaterra: Gaufredus Malaterra, De rebus gestis Rogerii Calabriae et Siciliae comitis et Roberti Guiscardi ducis fratris eius, ed. Ernesto Pontieri, Bologna 1928 (Rerum Italicarum Scriptores, vol. 5–1).
• Ménager, Recueil de actes: Léon-Robert Ménager, ed., Recueil des actes des ducs normands d’Italie (1046–1127), I. Les premiers ducs (1046–1087), Bari 1981 (Società di storia patria per la Puglia, Documenti e monografie, vol. 45).
• MGH: Monumenta Germaniae Historica.
• MGH SS: Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Scriptores.
• MGH SS rer. Lang.: Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Scriptores rerum Langobardicarum et Italicarum, ed. Georg Waitz, Hannover 1878.
• Olim: Les Olim, ou registres des arrêts rendus par la cour du roi... ed. Arthur Beugnot, 3 vols. in 4 parts, Paris 1723–1849.
• Pirro, Sicilia sacra: Rocco Pirro, Sicilia sacra disquisitionibus et notitiis illustrata, 2 vols., 3rd ed., A. Mongitore, Palermo 1733.
• RHF: Recueil des historiens des Gaules et de la France, ed. Martin Bouquet et al., 24 vols., Paris 1738–1904.
• RIS: Rerum Italicarum scriptores, 25 vols., Milan 1723–1751.
• Rogerii II.: Rogerii II. Regis diplomata Latina, ed., Carlrichard Brühl, Köln 1987 (Codex diplomaticus regni siciliae, series prima: Diplomata regum et principum e gente normannorum, vol. 2–1).
• Spata: Giuseppe Spata, Le pergamene greche esistenti nel grande archivio di Palermo, Palermo 1862.
• Strayer, “Viscounts”: Joseph R. Strayer, “Viscounts and Viguiers under Philip the Fair,” Speculum, vol. 38 (1963), pp. 242–255, repr. in: Medieval State-craft and the Perspective of History. Essays by Joseph Strayer, eds. John F. Benton and Thomas N. Bisson (Princeton, 1971), pp. 213–231. I use the page numbers of this book.

Transliteration System

Greek

α = a, β = b, γ = g, δ = d, ε = e, ζ = z, η = ē, θ = th, ι = i, κ = k, λ = l, μ = m, ν = n, ξ = x, ο = o, π = p, ρ = r, σ(ς) = s, τ = t, υ = y, φ = ph, χ = ch, ψ = ps, ω = ō, ‘ = h

• As for proper nouns, I usually use e, in place of ē, for η, and o, in place of ō, for ω based on customary English usage. Greek names are written in Latinized forms if they are familiar in such.
• All accent marks and ’ are ignored.
• γ before κ, γ, χ or ξ is transliterated into n.

Arabic

bāʾ = b, tāʾ = t, thāʾ = th, jīm = j, ḥāʾ = ḥ, khāʾ = kh, dāl = d, dhāl = dh, rāʾ = r, zāy = z, sīn = s, shīn = sh, ṣād = ṣ, ḍād = ḍ, ṭāʾ = ṭ, ẓāʾ = ẓ, ʿayn = ʿ, ghayn = gh, fāʾ = f, qāf = q, kāf = k, lām = l, mīm = m, nūn = n, hāʾ = h, wāw = w, yāʾ = y, hamza = ʾ

• I transliterate Arabic letters based on this rule with vowels added. If there is a problem in determining vowels, I show only consonants with dashes.
• Example: sh/m/sh
• I usually do not transliterate hamza. If necessary I use ’ to indicate hamza.
• I ignore assimilation of the definite article al.
• Ex.: al-dīwān, not ad-dīwān; Abū al-Qāsim, not Abū-l-Qāsim.