Post-classical history

Timeline

1152	Henry Fitz-Empress marries Eleanor of Aquitaine
1153	Treaty of Wallingford – King Stephen recognizes Henry as heir to the English throne

HENRY II

1162	Thomas Becket becomes Archbishop of Canterbury
1164	Constitutions of Clarendon Thomas Becket goes into exile
1166	Assize of Clarendon
1170	Murder of Thomas Becket
1172	Henry conquers Ireland
1173	Rebellion of Henry’s son, the ‘Young King’
1174	Defeat of the Young King’s rebellion
1187	Henry quarrels with his son and heir, Richard
1189	Richard openly rebels, aided by Philip II of France – death of Henry II

RICHARD I

1190–2	Richard on Crusade
1193	Richard, a captive of the emperor
1194	Richard’s return to England
1194–9	Richard’s war in France against Philip II
1199	Death of Richard I

JOHN

1203	John murders his nephew, Arthur of Brittany
1204	Philip II conquers Normandy, Anjou, Maine and most of Poitou
1205	English barons refuse to help John reconquer his lands in France
1207	Stephen Langton made Archbishop of Canterbury – John refuses to accept him
1208	Pope Innocent III places England under an interdict
1210	John campaigns in Ireland
1211	John subdues Llewelyn ap Iorwerth in north Wales – Llewelyn counter-attacks
1212	English barons plot to murder John
1213	John becomes the pope’s vassal
1214	John’s campaign in France wrecked by his German allies’ defeat at Bouvines
1215	John forced to grant Magna Carta
1216	Civil war between John and the barons, who invite Louis of France to replace him
1216	Death of John

HENRY III

1216	Henry crowned at Gloucester
1217	William Marshal routs the barons and the French at Lincoln Louis of France concedes defeat
1219	Hubert de Burgh becomes justiciar
1230	Henry’s unsuccessful campaign in France
1231	Systematic attacks on papal tax collectors in England
1232	Dismissal of Hubert de Burgh Stephen de Segrave becomes justiciar – government run by Peter des Roches
1234	Henry rules as his own first minister
1242	Henry’s defeat at Taillebourg
1255	Henry accepts the crown of Sicily for his son Edmund
1258	The Provisions of Oxford
1264	The Mise of Amiens – Louis IX decides in favour of Henry Simon de Montfort refuses to accept Louis’s decision Henry defeated at Lewes by Simon, who rules England as Lord Steward
1265	The Lord Edward defeats and kills Simon de Montfort at Evesham
1270	Edward goes on Crusade
1272	Death of Henry III

EDWARD I

1275	First Statute of Westminster
1277	Defeat of Llewelyn ap Gruffydd
1279	Statute of Mortmain
1282	Final conquest of Wales
1285	Statute of Merchants
1290	Expulsion of the Jews
1291	Parliament of Norham to discuss Scottish succession
1294	Philip IV invades Gascony Rebellion of Madog ap Llewelyn
1296	Edward conquers Scotland
1297	William Wallace defeats the English at Stirling Barons refuse to fight in Gascony
1298	Edward destroys Wallace’s army at Falkirk
1304	All Scotland submits to Edward
1306	Robert the Bruce revolts against English rule
1307	Death of Edward I

EDWARD II

1308	Exile of Edward II’s favourite, Piers Gaveston
1312	Murder of Gaveston
1314	Scots defeat the English at Bannockburn
1318	Edward accepts ordinances limiting his power
1322	Earl of Lancaster defeated at Boroughbridge and executed
1322	Edward defeated by Scots at Old Byland
1322	Despensers’ tyranny
1326	Queen Isabella and Mortimer invade – fall of the Despensers
1327	Edward II abdicates

EDWARD III

1329	Treaty of Northampton recognizes Scottish independence
1330	Edward III overthrows Mortimer
1333	English archers annihilate the Scots at Halidon Hill
1337	Edward claims the French crown
1340	Edward defeats the French fleet at Sluys
1346	English defeat the French at Crécy English defeat the Scots at Neville’s Cross
1347	English capture Calais
1348	Black Death
1349	Ordinance of Labourers
1355	Black Prince’s campaign in France
1356	Black Prince defeats the French at Poitiers, capturing King John II
1360	Treaty of Brétigny gives Aquitaine to the English
1369	Charles V ‘confiscates’ Aquitaine
1372	Castilians defeat English fleet off La Rochelle
1373	Failure of John of Gaunt’s campaign – loss of Aquitaine
1376	Death of the Black Prince
1377	Death of Edward III

RICHARD II

1381	The Peasants’ Revolt
1387	Royal army defeated by Lords Appellant at Radcot Bridge
1388	The Merciless Parliament purges Richard’s supporters
1389	Richard regains control Peace with France
1394	Richard’s Irish campaign
1397	Murder of Thomas, Duke of Gloucester Richard’s revenge on the Lords Appellant
1398	Richard’s despotism Gaunt’s son, Bolingbroke, is exiled
1399	Gaunt dies and his estates are confiscated Richard’s new campaign in Ireland Bolingbroke seizes the throne

HENRY IV

1400	Owain Glyndwr’s revolt
1403	Henry defeats the Percys at Shrewsbury
1405	Archbishop Scrope’s rebellion Henry struck down by disease
1407	French invade Gascony, unsuccessfully
1408	Northumberland and Lord Bardolf defeated and killed at Bramham Moor
1409	Surrender of Harlech Castle – defeat of Owain Glyndwr
1411	English expedition to help Burgundians against Armagnacs
1412	Henry quarrels with his heir, Prince Henry
1413	Death of Henry IV

HENRY V

1414	Lollard plot
1415	Southampton plot Battle of Agincourt
1417	Henry invades Normandy
1419	Rouen falls to Henry John, Duke of Burgundy, assassinated – Burgundians ally with England
1420	Treaty of Troyes – Charles VI recognizes Henry as ‘Heir and Regent of France’ English occupy Paris
1422	Death of Henry V

HENRY VI

1424	Duke of Bedford, Regent of France, routs the Dauphinists at Verneuil
1429	Joan of Arc relieves Orléans
1431	Joan of Arc burned at Rouen Coronation at Paris of Henry VI as King of France
1435	Treaty of Arras – Burgundians abandon alliance with England
1436	French recapture Paris
1444	Truce of Tours between French and English
1445	Henry marries Margaret of Anjou
1447	Death of Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester
1448	English surrender Maine
1449	French invade Normandy – Rouen falls
1450	English defeat at Formigny – loss of Normandy Jack Cade occupies London
1451	English lose Gascony
1452	Duke of York’s rising Lord Talbot reoccupies Gascony
1453	Talbot defeated at Castillon – Gascony finally lost Henry VI goes insane Birth of Henry’s son, Henry of Lancaster
1454	Duke of York becomes Lord Protector King Henry regains his sanity
1455	First Battle of St Albans, won by York York’s second protectorate
1456	End of York’s second protectorate
1459	‘Rout of Ludford’ – York and his allies flee from England
1460	Yorkist victory at Northampton Parliament recognizes York as heir to the throne York defeated and killed at Wakefield
1461	Yorkist victory at Mortimer’s Cross Lancastrian victory at second Battle of St Albans Edward, Earl of March, proclaimed king in London

EDWARD IV

1461	Edward IV wins a decisive victory at Towton
1462	Surrender of last Lancastrian garrisons in Northumberland
1464	Edward IV marries Elizabeth Wydeville Duke of Somerset’s rebellion defeated at Hexham
1465	Capture of Henry V in Lancashire
1469	Edward survives plot by the Earl of Warwick and the Duke of Clarence
1470	Warwick’s reconciliation with Margaret of Anjou
1470	Flight of Edward IV and restoration of Henry VI
1471	Edward defeats and kills Warwick at Barnet Edward defeats last Lancastrian army at Tewkesbury Murder of Henry VI
1475	Edward invades France but makes peace with Louis XI
1478	Murder of the Duke of Clarence
1483	Death of Edward IV – Duke of Gloucester becomes Protector

EDWARD V

1483	Deposition of Edward V

RICHARD III

1483

Gloucester becomes Richard III

Failure of Buckingham’s rebellion

1485

Richard III killed at Bosworth

1499

Execution of the Earl of Warwick, last male Plantagenet

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