CHRONOLOGY

1483

Disappearance of Edward V and the Duke of York – the ‘Princes in the Tower’

1484

Edward, Prince of Wales dies – the Earl of Warwick is briefly heir to the throne

1484

Richard III recognizes his nephew the Earl of Lincoln as his heir

1485

Battle of Bosworth and accession of Henry VII

1486

Rising for Warwick against Henry by Lord Lovell and the Stafford brothers

1487

Lincoln and Lambert Simnel (‘Edward VI’) defeated at Stoke – death of Lincoln

1490

The Abbot of Abingdon’s plot to rescue the Earl of Warwick from the Tower

1491

Perkin Warbeck comes to Ireland and is identified as ‘Richard, Duke of York’

1492

Margaret of Burgundy recognizes Warbeck as her nephew

1495

James IV of Scotland recognizes Warbeck as King of England

1496

Warbeck invades northern England, unsuccessfully

1497

Warbeck lands in Cornwall but is captured

1499

Execution of Warbeck and the Earl of Warwick

1501

Flight of Edmund de la Pole, Earl of Suffolk, nephew of Richard III

1502

Attainder of Edmund, who proclaims himself ‘The White Rose’

1506

Edmund is captured and imprisoned in the Tower

1509

Edmund excluded from Henry VIII’s ‘accession pardon’

1513

Edmund is executed – his brother Richard de la Pole becomes ‘The White Rose’

1514

Recognized as ‘Richard IV’ by France, the White Rose prepares to invade

1515

English spies try to murder Richard, ‘the king’s most dreaded enemy’

1521

Execution of the Duke of Buckingham, for ‘dreaming of the throne

1522

Francis I of France asks ‘Richard IV’ to invade England

1525

Richard de la Pole, ‘The White Rose’, is killed at Pavia

1531

Lord Exeter, male heir presumptive, is sent to the Tower on suspicion of treason

1533

Bishop Fisher asks Emperor Charles V’s ambassador to depose Henry VIII

1534

Charles V considers replacing Henry VIII by Mary Tudor and Reginald Pole – but rejects the idea

1536

The Pilgrimage of Grace, the gravest threat to Henry VIII during his entire reign

1537

Reginald Pole prepares to land in England but the Pilgrimage is crushed

1538

Execution of Exeter and Lord Montague, key members of the White Rose party

1539

Reginald Pole tries and fails to organize an invasion of England

1539

Attainder of the Countess of Salisbury, the only surviving Plantagenet

1541

Abortive plot to revive the Pilgrimage of Grace

1541

Execution of the Countess of Salisbury – ‘last of the White Rose faction’

1547

Execution of the Earl of Surrey on suspicion of planning to claim the throne