|
306 |
Constantine I acclaimed emperor at York, northern Britain |
|
312 |
Constantine’s victory at the battle of the Milvian Bridge outside Rome |
|
313 |
Edict of Milan declares religious toleration |
|
324 |
Constantine’s victory over Licinius at Chrysopolis and foundation of Constantinople |
|
325 |
First Oecumenical Council at Nicaea |
|
326 |
Helena’s pilgrimage to Jerusalem |
|
330 |
11 May, inauguration of the city of Constantine, Constantinople |
|
337 |
Death and Christian funeral of Constantine I |
|
356/7 |
Constantius II installs relics of saints at the church of Holy Apostles |
|
378 |
Valens killed by Goths at the battle of Adrianople |
|
380 |
Theodosius I enters Constantinople |
|
381 |
Second Oecumenical Council at Constantinople |
|
402 |
Honorius moves court from Milan to Ravenna |
|
406 |
Withdrawal of Roman forces from Britain |
|
410 |
Rome sacked by Alaric and Goths |
|
412/13 |
Constantinople expanded by new walls |
|
437 |
Marriage of Valentinian III and Eudoxia, daughter of Theodosius II |
|
437/8 |
Codex Theodosianus issued |
|
451 |
Fourth Oecumenical Council at Chalcedon |
|
455 |
Rome sacked by Vandals from North Africa |
|
489 |
Theoderic’s victory at Ravenna |
|
524 |
Boethius’ Consolation of Philosophy |
|
529 |
Platonic Academy of Athens closed |
|
532 |
Eternal Peace with Persia; Nika riot in Constantinople |
|
533 |
Defeat of Vandals in Africa |
|
534 |
Codex Juris Civilis issued |
|
540 |
Capture of Gothic king Vitiges in Ravenna |
|
541/2 |
Bubonic plague spreads throughout Mediterranean |
|
547 |
4 Dedication of the church of San Vitale, Ravenna |
|
608 |
Senate of Constantinople appeals to Herakleios, exarch of Carthage |
|
610 |
Phokas overthrown by Herakleios, son of exarch |
|
622 |
Flight of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina |
|
626 |
Siege of Constantinople by combined Avar and Persian forces |
|
628 |
Herakleios defeats Persia, Chosroes II dies |
|
630 |
Herakleios returns the True Cross to Jerusalem |
|
632 |
Death of Muhammad |
|
636 |
Arab victory at battle of Yarmuk |
|
638 |
Arabs capture Antioch and Jerusalem |
|
642 |
Arabs overrun Egypt |
|
655 |
Arabs defeat Constans II at naval battle of Phoinix |
|
662 |
Constans II moves court to Syracuse in Sicily |
|
674–8 |
Long blockade and siege of Constantinople by Arabs |
|
680/81 |
Sixth Oecumenical Council at Constantinople |
|
691/2 |
Caliph ‘Abd al-Malik constructs Dome of the Rock |
|
692 |
Council in Trullo (Quinisext) at Constantinople |
|
698 |
Arabs overrun exarchate of Carthage |
|
711 |
Arabs defeat Visigoths in Spain, cross River Oxus in Uzbekistan |
|
717–18 |
Siege of Constantinople by Arabs |
|
726 |
Underwater volcanic eruption at Thera (Santorini) |
|
730 |
Leo III dismisses Patriarch Germanos and imposes iconoclasm |
|
740 |
Ekloga issued by Leo III and Constantine V; Byzantine victory over the Arabs at Akroinon |
|
750 |
Abbasid revolt and removal of Caliphate to Baghdad |
|
751 |
Fall of Ravenna to Lombards |
|
754 |
Iconoclast Council at Hiereia; Alliance between Pope Stephen II and Pippin, king of the Franks |
|
787 |
Seventh Oecumenical Council at Nicaea |
|
800 |
Pope Leo III crowns Charles, king of the Franks, emperor in Rome |
|
815 |
Iconoclast Council in Hagia Sophia |
|
829 |
Relics of St Mark taken from Alexandria to Venice |
|
843 |
Theodora ends Iconoclasm with Synodikon of Orthodoxy |
|
858–67 |
Patriarch Photios, first reign, conversion of the Bulgars and baptism of Khan Boris |
|
860 |
Russian attack on Constantinople |
|
863 |
Mission of Constantine-Cyril and Methodios to Moravia |
|
867 |
Murder of Michael III by Basil I the Macedonian |
|
869/70 |
Eighth Oecumenical Council in Constantinople |
|
877–86 |
Patriarch Photios, second reign |
|
905 |
Birth of Constantine Porphyrogennetos |
|
907 |
Fourth marriage of Leo VI |
|
911 |
First treaty between Byzantium and the Rus |
|
941 |
Russian attack on Constantinople |
|
944 |
Second trade treaty with Rus, followed by Olga’s visit to Constantinople |
|
961 |
Byzantine reconquest of Crete by Nikephoros Phokas |
|
965 |
Byzantine reconquest of Cyprus |
|
972 |
Marriage of Theophano to Otto II in Rome |
|
969 |
Byzantine reconquest of Antioch by John Tzimiskes |
|
989 |
Baptism of Vladimir of Kiev and marriage to Anna Porphyro gennetos |
|
992 |
Basil II issues first Byzantine chrysobull for Venice |
|
1004 |
Marriage of Maria Argyropoulaina and Giovanni Orseolo |
|
1004/5 |
Introduction of the fork to Venice |
|
1034 |
Harald Hadrada arrives in Constantinople with Varangians |
|
1046–53 |
Pechenegs cross Danube frontiers and devastate Balkans |
|
1048 |
onwards Constantine IX Monomarchos devalues gold coinage |
|
1054 |
Schism between Constantinople and Rome |
|
1071 |
Normans capture Bari in southern Italy; Seljuk Turks defeat and capture Romanos IV Diogenes at the battle of Mantzikert |
|
1082/4 |
Alexios I Komnenos issues second chrysobull for Venice |
|
1082–5 |
Norman invasion of Epiros |
|
1087 |
Seljuk Turks capture Jerusalem |
|
1092 |
Alexios I Komnenos reforms the gold coinage |
|
1095 |
Alexios I Komnenos appeals for western military help against the Turks |
|
1096–9 |
First Crusade |
|
1111 |
Basil the Bogomil burned at the stake |
|
1146–8 |
Second Crusade |
|
1171 |
Byzantine attack on Venetian colonies throughout the empire |
|
1182 |
Further Byzantine attacks on Venetian, Pisan and Genoese property |
|
1187 |
Saladin recaptures Jerusalem, expels crusaders |
|
1189–92 |
Third Crusade, Richard I, ‘the Lionheart’ of England, invades |
|
Cyprus |
|
|
1202–4 |
Fourth Crusade |
|
1203 |
First siege of Constantinople, flight of Alexios III Angelos, |
|
Crusaders install Alexios IV with his father Isaac II Angelos |
|
|
1204 |
Crusaders’ second siege and sack of Constantinople, establishment of the Latin Empire of Constantinople |
|
1204/5 |
Foundation of rival Byzantine states in Trebizond, Nicaea and |
|
Epiros |
|
|
1208 |
Theodore I Laskaris crowned as emperor in Nicaea |
|
1216 |
Theodore Komnenos Doukas captures Ohrid |
|
1224 |
Theodore Komnenos Doukas captures Thessalonike |
|
1225/7 |
Theodore Komnenos Doukas captures Adrianople, crowned |
|
emperor in Thessalonike |
|
|
1248 |
Mistras founded by William II Villehardouin |
|
1249 |
Michael II Komnenos Doukas adopts the title Despot of Epiros |
|
1249/50 |
Theological debates between Byzantines and friars at Nymphaion |
|
1259 |
Michael Palaiologos defeats forces of Epiros and Achaia, William II Villehardouin taken prisoner |
|
1261 |
Latins driven out of Constantinople, Michael VIII Palaiologos |
|
returns in triumph |
|
|
1274 |
Council of Lyons declares union of churches |
|
1278 |
William II Villehardouin dies, Charles of Anjou inherits principality of Achaia |
|
1282 |
‘Sicilian Vespers’ attack on Charles of Anjou halts his projected |
|
invasion of Byzantium |
|
|
1327 |
Ottomans capture Prousa/Bursa |
|
1331 |
Ottomans capture Nicaea/Iznik |
|
1337 |
Ottomans capture Nikomedeia/Izmit |
|
1341–7 |
Civil war between John V Palaiologos and John VI Kantakouzenos |
|
1342–9 |
Zealots seize control of Thessalonike |
|
1351 |
Council in Constantinople approves doctrine of Hesychasm |
|
1354 |
Ottoman forces cross Dardanelles and capture Gallipoli |
|
1369 |
Ottomans capture Adrianople/Edirne |
|
1396 |
Crusade of King Sigismund defeated at Nicopolis |
|
1397–1402 |
Siege of Constantinople |
|
1399–1403 |
Manuel II’s travels in Western Europe |
|
1402 |
Timur (Tamerlane) defeats Ottomans at Ankyra, Sultan Bayezid and son Musa captured |
|
1422 |
Sultan Murad II besieges Constantinople |
|
1438/9 |
Council of Ferrara-Florence, another attempt at church union |
|
1444 |
Murad II defeats Crusade of Christian forces at Varna |
|
1453 |
29 May, Sultan Mehmed II captures Constantinople, death of |
|
Constantine XI on the walls of the city |
|
|
1460 |
Ottomans capture Mistras |
|
1461 |
Ottomans capture Trebizond/Trabzon |