NOTES
CHAPTER 1: GENERAL MCNAIR'S CHILDREN
1. "The Historical Combat Effectiveness of Lighter-Weight Armored Forces: Final Report," the Dupuy Institute, 6 August 2001, www.dupuyinstitute.org/pdf/mwa-2lightarmor.pdf, accessed May 2007. Untitled memorandum on infantry tank strength from Lt. Col. William Crittenberger to the Chief of Cavalry, 16 June 1939, records of the Chief of Cavalry.
2. Brig. Gen. Adna Chaffee, "Mechanized Cavalry: Lecture Delivered at the Army War College, Washington, DC, September 29, 1939."
3. Matthew Darlington Morton, "Men on `Iron Ponies:' The Death and Rebirth of the Modem U.S. Cavalry," doctoral dissertation, Florida State University, 2004, 167, 178.
4. Robert Stewart Cameron, "Americanizing the Tank: U.S. Army Administration and Mechanized Development Within the Army, 1917-1943," doctoral dissertation, Temple University, August 1944, 492-93; Donald E. Houston, Hell on Wheels: The 2d Armored Division (Novato, California: Presidio Press, 1977), 33-34.
5. Cameron, `Americanizing the Tank," 492-93; Houston, Hell on Wheels, 33-34.
6. Cameron, "Americanizing the Tank," 492-93.
7. Cameron, "Americanizing the Tank," 493. David E. Johnson, Fast Tanks and Heavy Bombers: Innovation in the U.S. Army; 1917-1945 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1998), 121.
8. Records of the 13th Armored Regiment; History, 70th Tank Battalion; FM 17-33, The Armored Battalion, September 1942, 7; "Redesignation of Units," memorandum AG 320.2, War Department, 8 May 1941.
9. History, 70th Tank Battalion; Marvin Jensen, Strike Swiftly: The 70th Tank Battalion from North Africa to Normandy to Germany (Novato, Ca.: Presidio Press, 1997), 7-8.
10. History and Role ofArmor, ST 17-1-2, US Armor School, April 1974, 13; Cameron, `Americanizing the Tank," 500.
11. Jensen, Strike Swiftly, 7-8; Chester Hall, History of the 70th Tank Battalion: June 5, 1940... May 22, 1946 (Louisville, KY: Southern Press, 1950?), 17-19.
12. History, 193d Tank Battalion.
13. Roger Fazendin, The 756th Tank Battalion in the Battle of Cassino, 1944 (Lincoln, Nebraska: iUniverse, Inc., 1991), xv.
14. "Trends in Organization of Armored Forces," memorandum from Lt. Gen. Leslie McNair to the acting chief of staff, G-3, War Department, 28 January 1943; Kent Roberts Greenfield, et al., United States Army in World War II, The Army Ground Forces: The Organization of Ground Combat Troops (Washington, D.C.: Historical Division, Department of the Army, 1947), 56-61, 321-26.
15. Rich Anderson.
16. Armored Special Equipment, The General Board, United States Forces, European Theater, 14 May 1946; "Leaflet Tank," 21 July 1945, General Staff G-2 Section Intelligence Reports, Numerical File, 1943-46, folder 481, NARA.
17. Armored Special Equipment, 35-38.
18. Rich Anderson.
19. Staff Officers' Field Manual forAmphibious Operations, Fleet Marine Force, Pacific, 10 September 1944; "Landing Vehicle Board Questionnaire," Pacific Warfare Board Report No. 70, 5 October 1945, NARA, RG 407, Special File, 4-7.70/45, box 24464.
20. History, 28th Tank Battalion.
21. T/4 Verne Mauer, et al., Tank Tracks: 44th Tank Battalion, Tennessee to Tokyo (Japan: The Battalion, 1945), 3-4; S/Sgt. William Martin, ed., History of Company "C", 44th Tank Battalion, 1942-1945 (Tokyo: The Battalion, 1945), not paginated.
22. AAR, 713th Tank Battalion, Armored Flamethrower; "713th Flame Throwing Tank Battalion," The 11th Armored Division Association, www.l ltharmoreddivision.com, accessed January 2004; "Future Organization and Employment of Main Armament Flamethrower Tanks," Pacific Warfare Board Report No. 76, 6 November 1945, NARA, RG 407, Special File, 4-7.76/45, box 24464.
23. James A. Sawicki, Tank Battalions of the U.S. Army (Dumfries, Va.: Wyvern Publications, 1983), 14.
24. Sawicki, Tank Battalions, 32 and passim; Steven Zaloga, et al., Amtracs (Botley, UK: Osprey Publishing Ltd., 1999), 13.
25. History, 70th Tank Battalion.
26. Col. George Hallanan Jr., "The Go-Anywhere Tank Company," Army (January 1991): 42.
27. Johnson, Fast Tanks and Heavy Bombers, 120ff.
28. Operations, FM 100-5, 22 May 1941, 278.
29. Cameron, "Americanizing the Tank," 796; Armored Force Field Manual: Tactics and Technique, FM 17-10, 7 March 1942.
30. Armored Force Field Manual: Tactics and Technique, FM 17-10, 7 March 1942; Armored Force Field Manual: The Armored Battalion, Light and Medium, FM 17-33, 18 September 1942.
31. Wayne Robinson, Move Out, Verify: The Combat Story of the 743d Tank Battalion (Frankfurt am Main, Germany: The Battalion, 1945), 30-31.
32. Organization, Equipment and Tactical Employment of Separate Tank Battalions, The General Board, United States Forces, European Theater, 14 May 1946, Appendix 2.
33. Memorandum, "Antitank Doctrine and Development," Maj. Gen. George A. Lynch, Chief of Infantry, to the Assistant Chief of Staff, G-3, 3 July 1940, RG 337, box 341, NARA.
34. Brig. Gen. Lesley J. McNair to Adjutant General, AG 320.2 (7-3-40) M-C, 29 July 1940, RG 337, box 341, NARA.
35. Armored Force Field Manual: Tactics and Technique, FM 17-10, 7 March 1942.
36. 2d Armored Division report to General Eisenhower.
37. Tank Gunnery, The General Board, United States Forces, European Theater, 14 May 1945.
38. Lt. Col. George Rubel, Daredevil Tankers: The Story of the 740th Tank Battalion, United States Army (Gottingen, Germany: The Battalion, 1945), 157; AAR, October 1944, 702d Tank Battalion.
39. William S. Triplet, A Colonel in the Armored Divisions (Columbia, Missouri: University of Missouri Press, 2001), 46.
40. "Army Amphibian Tank and Tractor Training in the Pacific," 1st Information and Historical Service, records of the 708th Amphibian Tank Battalion, NARA.
41. Headquarters Armored Force, AG 320.2/58, Reorganization of GHQ Reserve Tank Battalions, and Enlisted Cadres for Newly Activated Battalions, 16 March 1942.
42. W. J. Blanchard Jr., "Home page of the 746th Tank Battalion," Battalion History, home.hiwaay.net/-blan/Blanchard.
43. William Folkestad, The View from the Turret (Shippensburg, PA: Burd Street Press, 2000), vi.
44. History, 726th Amphibian Tractor Battalion.
45. Diary of the 747th Tank Battalion.
46. Robinson, Move Out, Verify, 14; History, 775th Tank Battalion.
47. Lt. Col. Raymond Fleig, 707th Tank Battalion in World War II (Self-published, not dated), 26.
48. History, 767th Tank Battalion.
49. History, 706th Tank Battalion; History, 193d Tank Battalion; History, 713th Tank Battalion, Armored Flamethrower.
50. "Organization of the Armored Units," memorandum from the Special Projects Branch, Army Ground Forces, to the acting chief of staff, Army Groeund Forces, 18 July 1942.
51. "Tanks and Doughboys," Infantry Journal (July 1945): 8; "Report of Observations at the European Theater of Operations and North African Theater of Operations," 1 August 1943, General Staff G-2 Section Intelligence Reports, Numerical File, 194346, folder 22, NARA.
52. Homer D. Wilkes, 747th Tank Battalion (Scottsdale, Ariz.: self-published, 1977?), 6.
53. Tank Gunnery, 18.
54. Vice Adm. George Carroll Dyer, The Amphibians Came to Conquer: The Story of Admiral Richmond Kelly Turner, online version, Hyperwar website, www.ibiblio.org/ hyperwar/USN/ACTC/index.html, accessed November 2007, 209-16.
55. Hall, History of the 70th Tank Battalion, 18, 21.
56. Fazendin, The 756th Tank Battalion in the Battle of Cassino, xv.
57. David Redle, letter to author, January 2008.
58. `Army Amphibian Tank and Tractor Training in the Pacific."
59. Ibid.
60. Cameron, "Americanizing the Tank," 494; Houston, Hell on Wheels, 35.
61. Memorandum from Chief of Ordnance to Gen. Jacob L. Devers, Chief, Army Field Forces, 3 August 1948, NARA, RG 337, Army Field Forces Headquarters, Box 9, folder 470.8. Greenfield, et al., Organization of Ground Combat Troops, 56-61, 32126; Cameron, "Americanizing the Tank," 521-22.
62. Armored Force Board report 138, 30 June 1941, NARA, RG 156, Chief of Ordnance, Box J-358.
CHAPTER 2: FIRST BLOOD
1. Al Zdon, War Stories: Accounts of Minnesotans Who Defended Their Nation (St. Paul, Minnesota: Stanton Publications: 2002), 115.
2. Burton Anderson, "A History of the Salinas National Guard Company: 1895-1995," Monterey County Historical Society, www.mchsmuseum.com/guard.html, accessed February 2007; "Operations of the Provisional Tank Group, United States Army Forces in the Far East-1941-1942," Bataan Was Hell! website, bataanwashell.blog- city.com, accessed February 2007; Proviso East High School Bataan Commemorative Research Project, www.proviso.kl2.il.us/Bataan%20Web/index.htm, accessed February 2007.
3. Philippine Islands, the U.S. Army Campaigns of World War II Series, Washington, D.C.: Center of Military History, n.d., online reprint of CMH Pub 72-3, www.army .mil/cmh-pg/brochures/pi/PLhtm, accessed February 2007.
4. Anderson, "History of the Salinas National Guard Company"; "Operations of the Provisional Tank Group, United States Army Forces in the Far East-1941-1942"; Bataan Commemorative Research Project.
5. Philippine Islands.
6. "Operations of the Provisional Tank Group, United States Army Forces In The Far East-1941-1942"; Bataan Commemorative Research Project, which contains a filmed interview with Ben Morin.
7. "Operations of the Provisional Tank Group, United States Army Forces in the Far East-1941-1942"; Bataan Commemorative Research Project.
8. Philippine Islands.
9. History, 193d Tank Battalion.
10. Anderson, "History of the Salinas National Guard Company"; "Operations of the Provisional Tank Group, United States Army Forces in the Far East-1941-1942"; Philippine Islands; Gene Eric Salecker, Rolling Thunder against the Rising Sun: The Combat History of U.S. Army Tank Battalions in the Pacific in World War II (Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2008), 36-37.
11. Bataan Commemorative Research Project.
12. "Operations of the Provisional Tank Group, United States Army Forces in the Far East-1941-1942"; Anderson, "History of the Salinas National Guard Company"; Bataan Commemorative Research Project.
13. "Operations of the Provisional Tank Group, United States Army Forces in the Far East-1941-1942"; Bataan Commemorative Research Project; Salecker, Rolling Thunder against the Rising Sun, 39-41.
14. "Operations of the Provisional Tank Group, United States Army Forces in the Far East-1941-1942."
15. Bataan Commemorative Research Project.
16. "Operations of the Provisional Tank Group, United States Army Forces in the Far East-1941-1942."
17. Philippine Islands.
18. "Operations of the Provisional Tank Group, United States Army Forces in the Far East-1941-1942"; Anderson, "History of the Salinas National Guard Company"; Philippine Islands.
19. Zdon, War Stories, 116.
20. "Operations of the Provisional Tank Group, United States Army Forces in the Far East-1941-1942."
21. Louis Morton, The Fall of the Philippines: United States Army In World War II: The War in the Pacific (Washington, D.C.: Center of Military History, United States Army, 1953), 341; Bataan Commemorative Research Project.
22. Philippine Islands.
23. Bataan Commemorative Research Project.
24. Ibid.
25. Zdon, War Stories, 116-17.
26. Philippine Islands.
27. Bataan Commemorative Research Project.
28. Ibid.
29. Landing Operations on Hostile Shores, FM 31-5, 2 June 1941.
30. Dyer, Amphibians Came to Conquer, 224-25.
31. Lt. Gen. Lucian K. Truscott, Command Missions (New York: E. P. Dutton and Company, Inc., 1954), l8ff.
32. "US Army Military History Research Collection, Senior Officers Debriefing Program: Conversation between General Theodore J. Conway and Col. Robert F. Ensslin," U.S. Army Heritage Collection OnLine, www.ahco.army.mil/site/index.jsp, accessed August 2007 (hereafter cited as Conway interview).
33. Hall, History of the 70th Tank Battalion, 30.
34. Jensen, Strike Swiftly, 19; "The 756th Tank Battalion" website, photographs, www.756tank.com, accessed October 2007. Col. Harry Roper, "Report on Observations Made as Observer with Task Force Brushwood (3d Division Landing at Fedala and Subsequent Attack on Casablanca, French Morocco)," undated, included in "Report of Observers: Mediterranean Theater of Operations," vol. 1, 22 December 1942-23 March 1943.
35. Redle letter.
36. George F. Howe, Northwest Africa: Seizing the Initiative in the West: United States Armv in World War II, The Mediterranean Theater of Operations (Washington, DC: Center of Military History, United States Army, 1993), 40-41.
37. AAR, I st Infantry Division. "Summary of Lessons Derived from Amphibious Operations, November 8-11 1942, at Casablanca and Oran," 25 February 1943.
38. "Observer Report," 5 March 1943, included in "Report of Observers: Mediterranean Theater of Operations," vol. 1, 22 December 1942-23 March 1943.
39. Howe, Northwest Africa, 49.
40. Ibid., 53.
41. Dyer, Amphibians Came to Conquer, 208, 342-43.
42. Roper, "Report on Observations Made."
43. Hall, History of the 70th Tank Battalion, 20.
44. Howe, Northwest Africa, 103-7.
45. History, 70th Tank Battalion; Capt. Joseph B. Mittelman, Eight Stars to Victory: A History of'the Veteran Ninth U.S. Infantry' Division (Washington, DC: The Ninth Infantry Division Association, 1948), 64; Hall, History of the 70th Tank Battalion, 2526; Howe, Northwest Africa, 147ff.
46. "US Army Military History Research Collection, Senior Officers Debriefing Program: Conversation between General Ben Harrell and Col. Robert T. Hayden," U.S. Army Heritage Collection OnLine, www.ahco.army.mil/site/index.jsp, accessed August 2007 (hereafter cited as Harrell interview); Redle letter.
47. Howe, Northwest Africa, 124.
48. Conway interview.
49. Fazendin, The 756th Tank Battalion in the Battle of Cassino, xxi.
50. Howe, Northwest Africa, 125-27.
51. Roper, "Report on Observations Made"; Rick Atkinson, An Army at Dawn (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 2002), 156.
52. Account contained in folder "Rpts of Units of 3rd Div in the Casablanca Opus," 3d Infantry Division history files, NARA.
53. Howe, Northwest Africa, 128; Medal of Honor citation.
54. AAR, 7th Infantry Regiment; AAR, 30th Infantry Regiment.
55. Jensen, Strike Swiftly, 25-28.
56. Howe, Northwest Africa, 247.
57. Ibid., 138.
58. Col. James Taylor, "Narrative of Observer's Tour with W.T.F., French Morocco," not dated, included in "Report of Observers: Mediterranean Theater of Operations," vol. 1, 22 December 1942-23 March 1943. Hall, History of the 70th Tank Battalion, 2526. Howe, Northwest Africa, 161-62.
59. Howe, Northwest Africa, 252, 263-64.
60. "Narrative of Observer's Tour with W.T.F., French Morocco."
61. Ernest Harmon letter to "Dave," 27 December 1942, records of the Armored Board, Army Ground Forces, classified correspondence, RG 337, NARA.
62. "Eisenhower Report on `Torch'," scanned copy from the Command and General Staff College Combined Arms Research Library's digital library, cgsc.leavenworth.army .mil/carl/contentdm/home.htm, accessed August 2007. B. H. Liddell Hart, History of the Second World War (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1970), 329, 335.
63. "Eisenhower Report on `Torch'."
64. Helmuth Greiner, Minesterialrat Custodian of the War Diary in Hitler's Headquarters, "Greiner Diary Notes, 12Aug 1942-12 Mar 1943 (English Copy)," MS # C-065a, not dated (hereafter cited as Greiner diary.)
65. "Minutes, Meeting of the General Council," the War Department, 7 December 1942 and 1 February 1943.
66. "Narrative Report of Antiaircraft Observer in North Africa Theater Lt. Col. Arthur L. Fuller, 27 December, 1942, to 13 January 1943," not dated, included in "Report of Observers: Mediterranean Theater of Operations," vol. 1, 22 December 1942-23 March 1943.
67. History, 1st Armored Group.
68. History, 70th Tank Battalion; Hall, History of the 70th Tank Battalion, 26-30; Jensen, Strike Swiftly, 57.
69. History, 70th Tank Battalion.
70. Howe, Northwest Africa, 376-77.
71. "Eisenhower Report on `Torch'."
72. Jensen, Strike Swiftly, 57-58.
73. Howe, Northwest Africa, 378-79.
74. Ralph Ingersoll, The Battle Is the Payoff (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1943), 31-33.
75. Howe, Northwest Africa, 380-82.
76. Tunisia (CMH Pub 72-12) (Washington, DC: Center of Military History, not dated), 17.
77. Operations report, 1st Armored Division; Operations report, Combat Command B, 1st Armored Division.
78. History, 70th Tank Battalion.
79. Jensen, Strike Swiftly, 62-67.
80. Ingersoll, Battle Is the Payoff, 33.
81. Jensen, Strike Swiftly, 61-63.
82. "Eisenhower Report on `Torch"'; Howe, Northwest Africa, 595ff.
83. Jonathon Forsey, "For the Honour of France," Flames of War website, www.battle- front.co.nz/Article.asp?ArticlelD=568, accessed May 2007; "La Jere DFL, `noyau dur' des Forces francaises libres." France-Libre.net website, www.france-libre.net/ force s_francaises_libres/1_1_2_3_1 re_DFL_campagne_tunisie.htm, accessed May 2007.
84. History, 70th Tank Battalion. Hall, History of the 70th Tank Battalion, 26-30.
85. History, 70th Tank Battalion.
86. Jensen, Strike Swiftly, 79.
87. History, 1st Armored Group.
88. History, 751st Tank Battalion.
89. Manuscript by PFC Francis Sternberg, WWII Survey 4792, Military History Institute, Carlisle, Pennsylvania (hereafter cited as Sternberg survey).
90. History and AAR, 751st Tank Battalion.
91. "Eisenhower Report on `Torch"'; Howe, Northwest Africa, 578-82.
92. Sternberg survey.
93. History and AAR, 751st Tank Battalion; Tankers in Tunisia, Headquarters, Armored Replacement Training Center, 31 July 1943, online version at the Lone Sentry website, www.lonesentry.com, accessed July 2007.
94. Sternberg survey.
95. Journal, 135th Infantry Regiment; History and AAR, 751st Tank Battalion.
96. Tankers in Tunisia.
97. Ibid.; Journal, 135th Infantry Regiment.
98. Journal, 135th Infantry Regiment.
99. History, 751st Tank Battalion.
100. Tankers in Tunisia.
101. History, 751st Tank Battalion; AAR, 9th Infantry Division.
102. "Report of Observations at the European Theater of Operations and North African Theater of Operations," 1 August 1943, General Staff G-2 Section Intelligence Reports, Numerical File, 1943-46, folder 23, NARA.
103. Ernest Harmon memorandum to Lt. Gen. Jacob Devers, Chief of the Armored Force, 2 March 1943, records of the Armored Board, Army Ground Forces, classified correspondence, RG 337, NARA (hereafter cited as Harmon memorandum).
104. "Report of Observations at the European Theater of Operations and North African Theater of Operations," 1 August 1943, General Staff G-2 Section Intelligence Reports, Numerical File, 1943-46, folder 23, NARA.
105. Harmon memorandum.
106. Memorandum 319.1/37, "Observer Report," Headquarters, Army Ground Forces, 5 March 1943.
107. "Examination of Tank Casualties," undated memo, folder 091, records of the Armored Board, Army Ground Forces, classified correspondence, RG 337, NARA.
108. "Operational Information on M-4 Series Medium Tanks," Headquarters, 26th Infantry Division, 1 December 1944.
109. "Lessons from the Tunisian Campaign," memorandum, Allied Forces Headquarters, 4 August 1943, records of II Corps.
CHAPTER 3: BEACHHEADS AND MOUNTAINS
1. Field Marshal Lord Carver, The Imperial War Museum Book of the War in Italy, 1943-1945 (London: Pan Books, 2002), 4-10; Sicily (CMH Pub 72-16) (Washington, DC: Center of Military History, 1999), 6-9.
2. General Staff Col. Hellmut Bergengruen, la of the Hermann Goring Panzer Division, "Kampf der Pz. Div. `Hermann Goering' auf Sizilien vom 10.-14.7.1943," MS # C- 087a, 31 December 1950, National Archives.
3. Lt. Col. Albert N. Garland, et al., Sicily and the Surrender of Italy: United States Army in World War II, The Mediterranean Theater of Operations (Washington, DC: Center of Military History, 1993), 104-5.
4. The Historical Board, The Fighting Forty-Fifth: The Combat Report of an Infantry Division (Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Army & Navy Publishing Company, 1946), 17.
5. Truscott, Command Missions, 196.
6. C.O.H.Q. Bulletin no. Y/1, "Notes on the Planning and Assault Phases of the Sicilian Campaign by a Military Observer," October 1943.
7. Truscott, Command Missions, 198.
8. Journal, 45th Infantry Division; Journal, II Corps.
9. "Report of Observations at the European Theater of Operations and North African Theater of Operations," 1 August 1943, General Staff G-2 Section Intelligence Reports, Numerical File, 1943-46, folder 23, NARA.
10. "Report of the Mission Headed by Lieutenant General Jacob L. Devers to Examine the Problems of Armored Force Units in the European Theater of Operations," undated memorandum, records of the headquarters, Army Ground Forces.
11. "Notes on Operations of 1st Armored Division," 2 April 1943, General Staff G-2 Section Intelligence Reports, Numerical File, 1943-46, folder 45, NARA.
12. Rick Atkinson, The Day of Battle (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 2002), 60.
13. Maj. Ellsworth Cundiff, "The Operations of the 3d Battalion, 179th Infantry (45th Infantry Division) 13-14 July 1943 South of Grammicele, Sicily (Personal Experience of a Regimental S-2)," submitted for the Advanced Infantry Officers Course, 1947-1948, the Infantry School, Fort Benning, Georgia.
14. Garland, et al., Sicily and the Surrender of Italy, 10-11.
15. The Historical Board, The Fighting Forty-Fifth, 21.
16. Cundiff, "Operations of the 3d Battalion"; Bergengruen, "Kampf der Pz. Div. 'Hermann Goering'."
17. The Historical Board, The Fighting Forty-Fifth, 22.
18. History, 70th Tank Battalion.
19. Ibid.; Jensen, Strike Swiftly, 83.
20. History, 70th Tank Battalion.
21. Ibid.
22. Combat Lessons Number 1, War Department, nd, 31.
23. History, 70th Tank Battalion.
24. Carver, Imperial War Museum Book of the War in Italy, 48, 54.
25. Ibid., 59-60.
26. History, Fifth Army.
27. "Outline Plan-Operation Avalanche," Fifth Army records.
28. Truscott, Command Missions, 247.
29. Field Marshal Albert Kesselring and Gen. of Cavalry Siegfried Westphal, "Questions Regarding the General Strategy during the Italian Campaign," MS # B-270, November 1950, National Archives.
30. C. S. D. I. C. (U.K.) G. G. Report S.R.G.G. 1332(c), 9 July 1945, record group 407, miscellaneous lists, NARA.
31. Martin Blumenson, Salerno to Cassino: United States Army in World War II, The Mediterranean Theater of Operations (Washington, DC: Center of Military History, 1993), 159.
32. AAR, 45th Infantry Division.
33. "Outline Plan-Operation Avalanche," G-2 assessment, 21 August 1944, Fifth Army records; History, Fifth Army. Blumenson, Salerno to Cassino, 49.
34. AAR, 751st Tank Battalion; "Outline Plan-Operation Avalanche, A-Allotment of Shipping," Fifth Army records; "Report of Observation Trip, NATO," Maj. Gen. W. H. H. Morris, Jr., 27 November 1943, General Staff G-2 Section Intelligence Reports, Numerical File, 1943-46, folder 57, NARA; Operations report, 601st Tank Destroyer Battalion. Blumenson, Salerno to Cassino, 56-57.
35. Western Naval Task Force, Operation Plan No. 7-43, Short Title "AVON/W L" "Outline Plan-Operation Avalanche," Fifth Army records.
36. History, Fifth Army.
37. Ibid.
38. Ibid.; Blumenson, Salerno to Cassino, 73-77.
39. AAR, 751st Tank Battalion.
40. History and AAR, 191st Tank Battalion.
41. History, Fifth Army.
42. AAR, 751st Tank Battalion.
43. History, Fifth Army.
44. AAR, 751st Tank Battalion.
45. AAR, 751st Tank Battalion.
46. AAR, 191st Tank Battalion.
47. "Report of Observation Trip, NATO," Maj. Gen. W. H. H. Morris, Jr., 27 November 1943, General Staff G-2 Section Intelligence Reports, Numerical File, 1943-46, folder 57, NARA.
48. History, Fifth Army.
49. Ibid.; AAR, 45th Infantry Division.
50. AAR and S-3 journal, 191st Tank Battalion; Journal, 45th Infantry Division.
51. AAR, 751st Tank Battalion.
52. Journal, 45th Infantry Division.
53. AAR, 191st Tank Battalion; Journal, 45th Infantry Division.
54. AAR, 45th Infantry Division.
55. Thomas E. Griess, ed., The Second World War: Europe and the Mediterranean (Wayne, NJ: Avery Publishing Group, 1984), 234.
56. "Report of Observation Trip, NATO," Maj. Gen. W. H. H. Morris, Jr., 27 November 1943, General Staff G-2 Section Intelligence Reports, Numerical File, 1943-46, folder 57, NARA.
57. Ibid.; "Observers Notes on the Italian Campaign during the Period 25 August 1943 to 7 October 1943," 5 December 1943, General Staff G-2 Section Intelligence Reports, Numerical File, 1943-46, folder 59, NARA.
58. AAR, 756th Tank Battalion.
59. AAR, 191st Tank Battalion.
60. History, Fifth Army.
61. "From the Volturno to the Winter Line: 6 October-15 November 1943," Washington, DC: Center of Military History, United States Army, 1990, online reprint of CMH Pub 100-8, itself a reprint of a 1945 American Forces in Action Series publication, www.army.miI/cmh/books/wwii/volturno/volturno-fm.htm#cont, accessed August 2007,16-18,28-32.
62. History, Fifth Army; Gen. of Panzer Troops Frido von Senger and Etterlin, "War Diary of the Italian Campaign (1943-45)," MS # C-095A to 095G, 1952, National Archives.
63. Ibid.
64. Maj. Gen. Martin Schmidt, "Panzer Units, Employment in Central Italy, 1944," MS # D-204, 1947, National Archives.
65. History, Fifth Army.
66. AAR, 751st Tank Battalion.
67. History, Fifth Army.
68. Ibid.
69. AAR, 751st Tank Battalion.
70. History, 2d Armored Group.
71. History, Fifth Army.
CHAPTER 4: THE BATTLE FOR ROME
1. Operation Instruction No. 34, H.Q. 15 Army Group, 12 January 1944.
2. Field Order 20, II Corps, 16 January 1944.
3. AAR on Cassino operation, Fifth Army.
4. Field Order 42, 36th Infantry Division, 18 January 1944. AAR, Combat Command B, 1st Armored Division.
5. Field Order 1 1, 34th Infantry Division, 21 January 1944.
6. Field Order 20, II Corps, 16 January 1944.
7. AAR on Cassino operation, Fifth Army; History, Fifth Army; AAR, 760th Tank Battalion.
8. AAR, Combat Command B, 1st Armored Division.
9. Fazendin, The 756th Tank Battalion in the Battle of Cassino, 10, 76, 81.
10. AAR, 756th Tank Battalion; G-2 monthly report, 34th Infantry Division, January 1944; Senger and Etterlin, "War Diary"; Griess, Second World War, 242. Fazendin, The 756th Tank Battalion in the Battle of Cassino, 20.
I I . AAR, 756th Tank Battalion.
12. Ibid.
13. Ibid.; Fazendin, The 756th Tank Battalion in the Battle of Cassino, 13, 21-24, 28-32; David Redle, letter to author, January 2008.
14. AAR, 756th Tank Battalion; Fazendin, The 756th Tank Battalion in the Battle of Cassino, 38.
15. Legion of Merit citation, Maj. Edwin Arnold.
16. Silver Star citation, T/4 Earl Hollon.
17. AAR, 756th Tank Battalion.
18. Silver Star citation, Capt. French Lewis. Fazendin, The 756th Tank Battalion in the Battle of Cassino, 49-51.
19. AAR, 756th Tank Battalion. Fazendin, The 756th Tank Battalion in the Battle of Cassino, 61ff, 84.
20. Fazendin, The 756th Tank Battalion in the Battle of Cassino, 89-101, 114-17, 124; David Redle, letter to author, January 2008; "History" (actually the journal), I33d Infantry Regiment; AAR, 760th Tank Battalion.
21. "Action by 756 Tank Bn (US) in support of 133 Infantry Regiment (US) During the Crossing of the Rapido River and Subsequent Fighting in the Northeast End of Cassino," Lieutenant Colonel Grenfell, Director of Military Training (Brit) Observer Staff, not dated.
22. Fazendin, The 756th Tank Battalion in the Battle of Cassino, 126-27.
23. Ibid., I1 1 .
24. AAR, Combat Command B, 1st Armored Division.
25. Martin Blumenson, Anzio: The Gamble That Failed (New York, NY: Cooper Square Press, 2001), 33-40.
26. Ibid., 43ff.
27. Ibid., 56.
28. Ibid., 61-63.
29. "Operation Instruction No. 32," H.Q. 15 Army Group, 2 January 1944.
30. Griess, Second World War, 239.
31. Harrell interview.
32. "Shingle Intelligence Summary No. 9," Headquarters, Fifth Army, 16 January 1944.
33. History, Fifth Army.
34. "Shingle Intelligence Summary No. 8," Headquarters, Fifth Army, 1 1 January 1944.
35. AAR, 751st Tank Battalion.
36. History, Fifth Army.
37. AAR, 751st Tank Battalion.
38. Blumenson, Anzio, 75-76.
39. AAR, 751st Tank Battalion; AAR, 3d Cavalry Reconnaissance Troop; History, Fifth Army.
40. AAR, 751st Tank Battalion.
41. History, Fifth Army; "The German Operation at Anzio: A Study of the German Operations at Anzio Beachhead from 22 Jan 44 to 31 May 44," GMDS by a combined British, Canadian, and U.S. staff, not dated.
42. History, Fifth Army; "The German Operation at Anzio."
43. AAR, 191st Tank Battalion.
44. Ibid.
45. History, Fifth Army.
46. AAR, 751st Tank Battalion.
47. "The German Operation at Anzio."
48. AAR, 191st Tank Battalion.
49. Anzio (CMH Pub 72-19) (Washington, DC: U.S. Army Center of Military History, not dated), 18-19.
50. AAR, 751st Tank Battalion.
51. AAR, 191st Tank Battalion.
52. AAR, 751st Tank Battalion.
53. Ibid.
54. "Report, Trip to NATOUSA, Modification of Medium Tanks," 3 May 1944, General Staff G-2 Section Intelligence Reports, Numerical File, 1943-46, folder 78, NARA.
55. "Report of Trip to North African Theater of Operations," 5 April 1944, General Staff G-2 Section Intelligence Reports, Numerical File, 1943-46, folder 78, NARA.
56. "Report, Trip to NATOUSA, Modification of Medium Tanks"
57. Ibid.
58. "Report of Trip to North African Theater of Operations."
59. "Observers Notes on the Italian Campaign during the Period 4 October 1943 to 29 December 1943, Inclusive," 7 February 1944, General Staff G-2 Section Intelligence Reports, Numerical File, 1943-46, folder 64, NARA.
60. History, Fifth Army.
61. Outline History of II Corps (Italy: 12th Polish Field Survey Company, 1945), 6-7.
62. History, Fifth Army.
63. AAR, 2d Armored Group.
64. History, Fifth Army.
65. Jack Hay, Italian Campaigns as Witnessed through the Eyes of ci U.S. Tank Driver (Newton, Kansas: Mennonite Press, Inc., 2006), 17-18.
66. AAR, 755th Tank Battalion; History, Fifth Army.
67. History, Fifth Army.
68. AAR, 2d Armored Group.
69. AAR, 756th Tank Battalion.
70. Fazendin, The 756th Tank Battalion in the Battle of Cassino, 193-98.
71. AAR, 2d Armored Group.
72. AAR, 2d Armored Group.
73. History, Fifth Army.
74. History and journal, 91st Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadron; Maj. Gen. E. N. Harmon, with Milton MacKaye and William Ross MacKaye, Combat Commander: Autobiography of a Soldier (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1970), 191; AAR, 760th Tank Battalion.
75. Harmon, Combat Commander, 182-83.
76. Anzio, 24-25.
77. AAR, 751st Tank Battalion.
78. 191 Tank Bn. (Germany: The Battalion, 1945); AAR, 191st Tank Battalion; AAR, First Special Service Force.
79. History, Fifth Army.
80. Hamilton Howze, A Cavalryman's Story (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1996), 112-13.
81. Fazendin, The 756th Tank Battalion in the Battle of Cassino, I70-7I I.
82. Howze, Cavalryman's Storv, 112-14. Fazendin, The 756th Tank Battalion in the Battle of Cassino, 171-72.
83. AAR, 756th Tank Battalion; AAR, First Special Service Force; Howze, Cavalryman's Story, 115; Fazendin, The 756th Tank Battalion in the Battle of Cassino, 173-75.
84. AAR, 191st Tank Battalion.
85. AAR, 760th Tank Battalion.
86. AAR, 756th Tank Battalion.
87. History, 752d Tank Battalion.
88. AAR, 1st Armored Group.
89. History, Fifth Army.
90. Fazendin, The 756th Tank Battalion in the Battle of Cassino, 178-79, 206-7.
91. AAR, 191st Tank Battalion.
92. "Extract from an Armored Commanders Narrative on the Italian Campaign," 7 February 1944, General Staff G-2 Section Intelligence Reports, Numerical File, 1943-46, folder 180, NARA.
93. AAR, 756th Tank Battalion.
94. AAR, 760th Tank Battalion.
95. "Tank-Infantry-Artillery Team," 1 July 1944, General Staff G-2 Section Intelligence Reports, Numerical File, 1943-46, folder 128, NARA.
96. Kesselring and Westphal, "Questions Regarding the General Strategy."
97. Griess, Second World War, 275.
98. Conway interview.
99. History, 752d Tank Battalion.
CHAPTER 5: LETHAL SEA TURTLES
1. T/5 Clair Polites, WW II Survey 4533, Military History Institute, Carlisle, Pennsylvania.
2. "World War II (Asia-Pacific Theater)," Center of Military History Online, www.army .mil/cmh-pg/reference/apcmp.htm, accessed July 2006.
3. "Observers Report," 29 August 1943, General Staff G-2 Section Intelligence Reports, Numerical File, 1943-46, folder 14, NARA.
4. History and AAR, 193d Tank Battalion.
5. "APM-2/LSD-2 Belle Grove," NavSource Online: Amphibious Photo Archive, www.navsource.org/archives/10/12/1202.htm, accessed May 2007; "History of USS Belle Grove (LSD-2)," www.USSBelleGrove.org website, http://www.ussbellegrove .org/shipshistory/ihistory.html, accessed May 2007.
6. "Participation of Task Force 52.6, 27th Division, in GALVANIC (MAKIN) Operation," 15 January 1944, General Staff G-2 Section Intelligence Reports, Numerical File, 1943-46, folder 63, NARA; Dyer, Amphibians Came to Conquer, 626, 660-6 1, 681.
7. AAR, 193d Tank Battalion.
8. "Participation of Task Force 52.6, 27th Division, in GALVANIC (MAKIN) Operation."
9. AAR, 193d Tank Battalion.
10. "The Tank Infantry Engineer Team in Jungle Operations," memorandum, Headquarters, XIV Corps, 20 January 1944.
11. Journal, 132d Infantry Regiment.
12. "Combined Infantry-Tank-Engineer Operations in the Jungle," memorandum, Headquarters XIV Corps, 4 April 1944; John Miller, Cartwheel: The Reduction of Rabaul: United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific (Washington, D.C.: Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army, 1959), 351ff.
13. "Questions on Operation of All Types of Military Vehicles in Mud-Ordnance Technical Letter #24."
14. "Combined Infantry-Tank-Engineer Operations in the Jungle," memorandum, Headquarters XIV Corps, 4 April 1944; Combat Lessons Number 2, War Department, nd, 62.
15. Lt. Col. James Rogers, "Amphibian Tank Battalion in Combat," The Cavalry Journal (March-April 1946): 26.
16. Zaloga, et al, Amtracs, 6-10.
17. "Army Amphibian Tank and Tractor Training in the Pacific."
18. Triplet, Colonel in the Armored Divisions, 64.
19. Rogers, "Amphibian Tank Battalion in Comat," 26-28; Army Amphibian Tank and Tractor Training in the Pacific."
20. Triplet, Colonel in the Armored Divisions, 64.
21. History, 767th Tank Battalion; Combat Lessons Number 4, War Department, nd, 8283.
22. Rogers, "Amphibian Tank Battalion in Combat," 29-30; "Amphibious Operations: The Marshall Islands, January-February 1944," COMINCH P-002, United States Fleet.
23. Rogers, "Amphibian Tank Battalion in Combat," 30.
24. Army Amphibian and Tractor Training in the Pacific, 1st Information and Historical Service, not dated.
25. Triplet, Colonel in the Armored Divisions, 48.
26. History, 726 Amphibian Tractor Battalion.
27. AAR, 708th Amphibian Tank Battalion; "History: World War II Part II," Kwajalein Atoll, Republic of the Marshall Islands, website, www.angelfire.com/hi2/kwa/ 0his_ww2b.html, accessed February 2007; "Extracts from Observers' comments on Flintlock Operation," Office of the Commander, Fifth Amphibious Force, Pacific Fleet, 12 April 1944.
28. Rogers, "Amphibian Tank Battalion in Combat," 30-31; Journal, 767th Tank Battalion.
29. "The Marshall Islands Operations," Historical Division, U.S. Marine Corps, online version, www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/usmchist/island.txt, accessed February 2007.
30. "The First Armored Amphibian Battalion in World War II," The First Armored Amphibian Battalion, www.marineamphibians.com, accessed January 2007.
31. "Landing Vehicle Board Questionnaire."
32. Lt. Col. S. L. A. Marshall, "One Day on Kwajalein," Infantry Journal (August 1944): 14.
33. Journal and history, 767th Tank Battalion; Journal, 767th Tank Battalion.
34. "Amphibious Operations: The Marshall Islands, January-February 1944," COMINCH P-002, United States Fleet; Lt. Col. Robert Heinl and Lt. Col. John Crown, The Marshalls: Increasing the Tempo, USMC Historical Monograph, Historical Branch, G-3 Division, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps, 1954 (online version at Hyperwar: A Hypertext History of the Second World War, http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperward, accessed February 2007.), 117.
35. Heinl and Crown, The Marshalls, 128; Rogers, "Amphibian Tank Battalion in Combat," 32.
36. "Eniwetok Operations, Report of," Commander, Eniwetok Expeditionary Group, 7 March 1944; Heinl and Crown, The Marshalls, 128; Rogers, `Amphibian Tank Battalion in Combat," 32-33.
37. AAR, 708th Amphibian Tank Battalion; Rogers, "Amphibian Tank Battalion in Combat," 33.
38. Sgt. Merle Miller, "Surprise Party at Eniwetok," Yank (31 March 1944): 5.
39. "Eniwetok Operations, Report of," Commander, Eniwetok Expeditionary Group, 7 March 1944. AAR, Task Group 1, V Amphibious Corps.
40. "Development of Tactical Doctrine for Employment of Amphibian Tanks, 19 June 1945, General Staff G-2 Section Intelligence Reports, Numerical File, 1943-46, folder 394, NARA.
41. Army Amphibian Tank and Tractor Training in the Pacific"; Rogers, "Amphibian Tank Battalion in Combat," 34.
42. "Amphibious Operations: The Marshall Islands, January-February 1944," COMINCH P-002, United States Fleet.
43. AAR, 767th Tank Battalion.
CHAPTER 6: SAIPAN: BOOKEND TO NORMANDY
1. Maj. Carl Hoffman, Saipan: The Beginning of the End, USMC Historical Monograph, Historical Branch, G-3 Division, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps, 1950 (online version at Hyperwar: A Hypertext History of the Second World War, www.ibiblio.org/ hyperward, accessed February 2007), 1-12.
2. Lt. Russell Gugeler, "Army Amphibian Tractor and Tank Battalions in the Battle of Saipan: 15 June-9 July 1944," 20 January 1945 (online version of document contained in file 8-5.3 BA, Historical Manuscripts Collection, U.S. Army Center of Military History, www.army.mil/cmh-pg/documents/wwii/amsai/amsai.htm, accessed February 2007).
3. Lt. Col. James Rogers, "Command Control of an Armored Amphibian Battalion," The Cavalry Journal (January-February 1945): 5.
4. "Army Amphibian Tank and Tractor Training in the Pacific"; Journal, 708th Amphibian Tank Battalion.
5. Lt. Harry Semmes, "Amtanks at Saipan," The Cavalry Journal (May-June 1945): 30; Rogers, "Command and Control of an Armored Amphibian Battalion," 35.
6. Journal, 708th Amphibian Tank Battalion; Gugeler, "Army Amphibian Tractor and Tank Battalions in the Battle of Saipan."
7. Semmes, "Amtanks at Saipan," 30.
8. Journal, 708th Amphibian Tank Battalion; History, 534th Amphibian Tractor Battalion; Hoffman, Saipan, 48ff.
9. Semmes, "Amtanks at Saipan," 30.
10. Journal, 708th Amphibian Tank Battalion; History, 534th Amphibian Tractor Battalion. Gugeler, `Army Amphibian Tractor and Tank Battalions in the Battle of Saipan"; Hoffman, Saipan, 51, 55ff.
11. Semmes, "Amtanks at Saipan," 30.
12. Rogers, "Command and Control of an Armored Amphibian Force," 35.
13. Hoffman, Saipan, 61-62; History, 534th Amphibian Tractor Battalion.
14. Gugeler, "Army Amphibian Tractor and Tank Battalions in the Battle of Saipan."
15. Gugeler, "Army Amphibian Tractor and Tank Battalions in the Battle of Saipan"; Hoffman, Saipan, 50.
16. Maj. Richard Adams, "The Operations of Company `B,' 715th Amphibian Tractor Battalion during the Assault Landing on Saipan Island, 15 June 1944 (Marianas Campaign) (Personal Experience of Company Commander)," submitted for the Advanced Infantry Officers Course, 1949-1950, the Infantry School, Fort Benning, Georgia.
17. Gugeler, "Army Amphibian Tractor and Tank Battalions in the Battle of Saipan"; Hoffman, Saipan, 50; Adams, "The Operations of Company B,' 715th Amphibian Tractor Battalion."
18. Journal, 708th Amphibian Tank Battalion; Gugeler, "Army Amphibian Tractor and Tank Battalions in the Battle of Saipan."
19. Journal, 708th Amphibian Tank Battalion; Gugeler, "Army Amphibian Tractor and Tank Battalions in the Battle of Saipan."
20. Hoffman, Saipan, 50.
21. Gugeler, "Army Amphibian Tractor and Tank Battalions in the Battle of Saipan."
22. Hoffman, Saipan, 77, 85-86.
23. Capt. Roy E. Appleman, 1st Information and Historical Service, Army Tanks in the Battle for Saipan," manuscript, records of the 762d Tank Battalions.
24. Hoffman, Saipan, 95; Gugeler, `Army Amphibian Tractor and Tank Battalions in the Battle of Saipan"; Rogers, "Command and Control of an Armored Amphibian Force," 36; `Army Tanks in the Battle for Saipan."
25. Gugeler, "Army Amphibian Tractor and Tank Battalions in the Battle of Saipan."
26. "Army Tanks in the Battle for Saipan."
27. Ibid.
28. Ibid.
29. Ibid.
30. Journal, 708th Amphibian Tank Battalion; History, 534th Amphibian Tractor Battalion.
31. Rogers, "Command and Control of an Armored Amphibian Force," 36.
32. "Army Amphibian Tank and Tractor Training in the Pacific."
33. Memorandum, 762 Tank Battalion, 7 September 1944.
CHAPTER 7: DDS AT D-DAY
1. Peter Chamberlain and Chris Ellis, Churchill and Sherman Specials (Windsor, England: Profile Publications, n.d); Memo by Maj. William Duncan, 743d Tank Battalion, "Results of Training, Tests, and Tactical Operations of DD Tanks at Slapton Sands, Devon, England, during Period 15 March-30 April 1944," dated 30 April 1944 and contained in the records of the 753d Tank Battalion.
2. "Armor in Operation Neptune (Establishment of Normandy Beachhead)," Committee 10, Officers Advanced Course, The Armored School, 1949. Online edition posted at Axis History Forum, forum.axishistory.com/viewtopic.php?t=51896, accessed April 2007.
3. Joseph Balkoski, Beyond the Beachhead, The 29th Infantry Division in Normandy (Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 1999), 124.
4. "Tanks and Doughboys," 8.
5. Jensen, Strike Swiftly, 125.
6. Capt. Charles H. Kidd, "Operations of Company M, 116th Infantry (29th Inf. Div.), in the Landing on Omaha Beach, 6-13 June 1944 (Normandy Campaign)," submitted for the Advanced Infantry Officers Course, 1946-1947, the Infantry School, Fort Ben- ning, Georgia.
7. Unit History for March 1944, 746th Tank Battalion.
8. S-3 Journal, 743d Tank Battalion.
9. Al Heintzleman, We'll Never Go Over-Seas (self-published, 1982), 26.
10. Jensen, Strike Swiftly, 134.
11. Griess, ed., Second World War, 295.
12. Ibid.
13. Seventh Army war diary, record group 407, miscellaneous lists, NARA.
14. Griess, ed., Second World War, 296.
15. History of the 6th Armored Group; AAR, 70th Tank Battalion; "Armor In Operation Neptune."
16. Griess, ed., Second World War, 296.
17. Ibid., 144; "Armor in Operation Neptune."
18. Maj. Roland Ruppenthal, American Forces in Action: Utah Beach to Cherbourg (6 June-27 June 1944) (Washington, DC: Center of Military History, United States Army, 1990), online edition at www.army.mil/cmh-pg/books/wwii/utah/utah.htm, accessed June 2006, 53; Maj. Robert Tincher, "Reconnaissance in Normandy-In Support of Airborne Troops," The Cavalry Journal (January-February 1945): 12.
19. Griess, ed., Second World War, 297.
20. Omaha Beachhead (6 June-13 June 1944), American Forces in Action Series, (Washington, D.C.: Center of Military History, 1984), online reprint of CMH Pub 100-1, www.army.mil/cmh-pg/books/wwii/100-11/100-11.HTM, 38.
21. AAR, 3d Armored Group.
22. Interview with Sgt. Maj. Paul Ragan (ret.), 22 December 2001.
23. AAR, 741st Tank Battalion; Heintzleman, We'll Never Go Over-Seas, A 14.
24. Heintzleman, We'll Never Go Over-Seas, 28.
25. Hand-written interviewer notes on reverse of "Company H, 16th Infantry," Combat Interviews, 1st Infantry Division, NARA.
26. Interview with Paul Ragan; Unit journal, 741st Tank Battalion.
27. Heintzleman, We'll Never Go Over-Seas, 28.
28. Interview with Paul Ragan.
29. Hand-written interviewer notes on reverse of "Company H, 16th Infantry," Combat Interviews, 1st Infantry Division, NARA; Heintzleman, We'll Never Go Over-Seas, 24-25.
30. Griess, ed., Second World War, 297.
31. Alfred Whitehead, "The Diary of a Soldier," the Second Infantry Division Photo Web Pages website, home.thirdage.com/Military/friends2idww2/Combat_Journal.htm1, accesed November 2007.
32. "16-E on D-Day," Combat Interviews, 1st Infantry Division, NARA. "Company H, 16th Infantry," Combat Interviews, 1st Infantry Division, NARA. "Armor In Operation Neptune."
33. Personal reports, records of the 741st Tank Battalion.
34. Ibid.
35. AAR, 741st Tank Battalion.
36. Ibid.; `Armor in Operation Neptune"; "The D-Day Experiences of Company L, 16th Infantry," Combat Interviews, 1st Infantry Division, NARA; "Company H, 16th Infantry," Combat Interviews, 1st Infantry Division, NARA; "The Story of Company F, 16th Infantry, on D-Day," Combat Interviews, 1st Infantry Division, NARA; "Company H, 16th Infantry," Combat Interviews, 1st Infantry Division, NARA.
37. Unit Journal, 741st Tank Battalion; Hand-written interviewer notes on reverse of "Company H, 16th Infantry," Combat Interviews, 1st Infantry Division, NARA; Heintzleman, We'll Never Go Over-Seas, 25, 28-29.
38. Omaha Beachhead, 39.
39. AAR, 743d Tank Battalion.
40. Folkestad, View from the Turret, 4.
41. Account of Lt. Jack Shea, Combat Interviews, 29th Infantry Division, NARA (hereafter cited as Shea account).
42. Gordon A. Harrison, Cross-Channel Attack: United States Army in World War II, The European Theater of Operations (Washington, D.C.: Center of Military History, 2002), 319-20.
43. Robinson, Move Out, Verify, 26-27.
44. Shea account; Journal, 741st Tank Battalion.
45. S-3 Journal, 743d Tank Battalion. Interview with Capt. Joseph Ondre, Combat Interviews, 29th Infantry Division, NARA.
46. S-3 Journal, 743d Tank Battalion.
47. Omaha Beachhead, 81.
48. Charles Kidd, "Operations of Company M."
49. Omaha Beachhead, 107-8.
50. AAR, 3d Armored Group.
5I. AAR, 745th Tank Battalion.
52. AAR, 747th Tank Battalion.
53. Sawicki, Tank Battalions, 22.
54. Ruppenthal, American Forces in Action, 53.
CHAPTER 8: THE BOCAGE: A SCHOOL OF VERY HARD KNOCKS
1. David Heathcott, "The 749th Tank Battalion: World War II Memories." personal.pitnet .net/heathde/749, accessed November 2007.
2. Robinson, Move Out, Verifiv, 52-53.
3. Martin Blumenson, Breakout and Pursuit: United States Army in World War 11, The European Theater of Operations (Washington, D.C.: Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army, 1961), 177.
4. Griess, ed., Second World War, 307-8.
5. Seventh Army war diary, record group 407, miscellaneous lists, NARA.
6. Lt. Col. Richard Langston Jr., WW 11 Survey 12,268, Military History Institute, Carlisle, Pennsylvania.
7. Ibid.; AAR, 746th Tank Battalion; History of the 6th Armored Group; Interviews with Col. Francis F. Fainter, Capt. Richard M. Langston, S-3, 746th Tank Battalion, and Lt. Huston Payne, 746th Tank Battalion, Combat Interviews, 4th Infantry Division.
8. W. J. Blanchard Jr., Our Liberators: The Combat History of the 746th Tank Battalion during World War 11 (Tucson, Arizona: Fenestra Books, 2003), 12-13.
9. Interviews with Maj. McKericher, S-3, 70th Tank Battalion, and Lt. John Casteel, Company B, 70th Tank Battalion, Combat Interviews, 4th Infantry Division.
10. Harrison, Cross-Channel Attack, 344-45.
11. Wilkes, 747th Tank Battalion, 11 if, supplement; conversation with Mrs. Wilkes by author, 10 November 2001.
12. "Combat Interviews, 29 Inf Div, Col S. L. A. Marshall," Combat Interviews, 29th Infantry Division, NARA; "Company H, 16th Infantry," Combat Interviews, 1st Infantry Division, NARA.
13. Harrison, Cross-Channel Attack, 352-53.
14. "Armor in Operation Neptune."
15. 746th Tank Battalion Report, 10 July, 83d Div. G-2, G-3 Journal File, cited by Blu- menson, Breakout and Pursuit, 132.
16. AAR, 6th Armored Group.
17. History of the 6th Armored Group; Jensen, Strike Swiftly, 147.
18. AAR, 746th Tank Battalion.
19. 1st Division assault maps.
20. Jensen, Strike Swiftly, 144.
21. Stephen E. Ambrose, Citizen Soldiers (New York: Touchstone, 1997), 34.
22. Ira Wolfert, "Sure Surprised Hell Out of the Germans!" Tulsa Tribune (24 July 1944).
23. Blumenson, Breakout and Pursuit, 205; AAR, 749th Tank Battalion.
24. AAR, 749th Tank Battalion.
25. Jensen, Strike Swiftly, 144.
26. Blumenson, Breakout and Pursuit, 96.
27. Charles Kidd, "Operations of Company M."
28. Blumenson, Breakout and Pursuit, 43.
29. S-3 journal, November 1944, 774th Tank Battalion.
30. S-3 journal, 743d Tank Battalion.
31. Robinson, Move Out, Verify, 56.
32. AAR, August 1944, 741st Tank Battalion.
33. AAR, July 1944, 6th Armored Group.
34. AAR, 6th Armored Group.
35. Battle Report, 747th Tank Battalion.
36. From D + 1 to 105: The Story of the 2nd Infantry Division (Paris: Stars and Stripes, 1944); "The Enemy and His Defenses," Combat Interviews, 2d Infantry Division; Richard Schimpf, "Fighting of the 3rd Parachute Division during the Invasion of France from June to August 1944," MS # B-020, translated by Janet E. Dewey, November 1989 at the US Army Military History Institute and for the Center of Military History.
37. Maj. Lee M. Ray, "Operations of the 23d Infantry Regiment, 2d Infantry Division, in the attack on Hill 192, east of St. Lo, 11-12 July 1944 (Normandy Campaign)," submitted for the Advanced Infantry Officers Course, 1947-1948, the Infantry School, Fort Benning, Georgia.
38. Schimpf, "Fighting of the 3rd Parachute Division."
39. Journal, 741st Tank Battalion.
40. "Planning and Preparation," Combat Interviews, 2d Infantry Division.
41. Schimpf, "Fighting of the 3rd Parachute Division."
42. AAR, 747th Tank Battalion.
43. Robinson, Move Out, Verify, 40.
44. Maj. William R. Campbell, "Tanks With Infantry," Armored Cavalry Journal (September-October 1947): 49.
45. Combat interviews, 30th Infantry Division, NARA.
46. AAR, 3d Armored Group.
47. Robinson, Move Out, Verify, 48.
48. AAR and S-3 Journal, 747th Tank Battalion.
49. Wilkes, 747th Tank Battalion, 18.
50. S-3 Journal, 747th Tank Battalion.
51. Ray, "Operations of the 23d Infantry Regiment."
52. AAR, 741st Tank Battalion.
53. AAR, 743d Tank Battalion.
54. Wolfert, "Sure Surprised Hell Out of the Germans!"
55. "Extracts from Overseas reports," 28 July 1944, General Staff G-2 Section Intelligence Reports, Numerical File, 1943-46, folder 132, NARA.
56. AARs, 741st and 749th Tank Battalions.
57. "Visit to Armored Units of VIII Corps," memorandum, Twelfth Army Group Armored Section, 15 February 1945.
58. AAR, 749th Tank Battalion.
59. Wilkes, 747th Tank Battalion, 27.
60. S-3 journal, 3d Armored Group.
61. S-3 journal, 745th Tank Battalion; Blumenson, Breakout and Pursuit, 43.
62. Blumenson, Breakout and Pursuit, 85.
63. Tank Gunnery, 11.
64. AARs, June-July and November 1944, 745th Tank Battalion; AARs, June 1944, January 1945, 756th Tank Battalion.
65. Harrison, Cross-Channel Attack, 479; AAR, 746th Tank Battalion.
66. "Entry into Cherbourg and the Taking of the Arsenal: 25-26 June," interview with Captain Hilbert, Combat Interviews, 9th Infantry Division, NARA.
67. Blumenson, Breakout and Pursuit, 36-39, 178.
68. Ibid., 175.
69. AAR, 741st Tank Battalion. Ray, "Operations of the 23d Infantry Regiment."
70. AAR, 3d Armored Group.
71. "Planning and Preparation," Combat Interviews, 2d Infantry Division.
72. "Narrative of the Attack-38th Infantry Regiment, 1st Bn.," Combat Interviews, 2d Infantry Division; "Planning and Preparation"; Heintzleman, We'll Never Go Overseas, A17, 33; Schimpf, "Fighting of the 3rd Parachute Division."
73. Heintzleman, We'll Never Go Over-Seas, 39.
74. "Narrative of the Attack-38th Inf. Regt., 2d Bn.," Combat Interviews, 2d Infantry Division; Heintzleman, We'll Never Go Over-Seas, 34.
75. "Narrative of the Attack-38th Infantry Regiment, 1st Bn."
76. Ray, "Operations of the 23d Infantry Regiment."
77. Interview with Col. Dwyer, Combat Interviews, 29th Infantry Division, NARA.
78. Interview with Maj. Sydney V. Bingham Jr., Combat Interviews, 29th Infantry Division, NARA.
79. Interview with Col. Godwin Ordway Jr., Combat Interviews, 29th Infantry Division, NARA.
80. AARs, 743d Tank Battalion.
81. Michaeel Green, M4 Sherman: Combat and Development History of the Sherman Tank andAll Sherman Variants (Osceola, WI: Motorbooks, 1993), 40.
82. S-3 Journal, 3d Armored Group.
83. AAR, November 1944, 756th Tank Battalion.
84. Maj Budd W. Richmond, "Operations of the 3d Battalion, 137th Infantry, 35th Infantry Division, in the Attack on Hill 122, north of St. Lo, France, 11-15 July 1944 (Normandy Campaign) (Personal Experience of a Battalion Operations Officer)," submitted for the Advanced Infantry Officers Course, 1949-1950, the Infantry School, Fort Benning, Georgia.
85. History, 737th Battalion, 3-4.
86. Unit Journal and History, 737th Tank Battalion.
87. Richmond, "Operations of the 3d Battalion."
88. Rubottom, Maj. Don C., "Operations of the 1st Battalion, 134th Infantry, 35th Infantry Division, in the Attack on Hill 122, north of St. Lo, France, 15-17 July 1944 (Normandy Campaign) (Personal Experience of a Company Commander)," submitted for the Advanced Infantry Officers Course, 1949-1950, the Infantry School, Fort Ben- ning, Georgia.
89. "Report on Operations of XIX Corps in Normandy and Comments based upon Interviews and Personal Observations," 2 August 1944, General Staff G-2 Section Intelligence Reports, Numerical File, 1943-46, folder 141, NARA.
CHAPTER 9: OPEN-FIELD RUNNING
1. Blumenson, Breakout and Pursuit, 181.
2. The following description of Cobra relies heavily on Blumenson, Breakout and Pursuit, 218-40.
3. Northern France (CMH Pub 72-30) (Washington, DC: U.S. Army Center of Military History, not dated), 7; Report of operations, First Army. AAR, VIII Corps.
4. Robinson, Move Out, Verify, 64; Combat interviews, 30th Infantry Division, NARA.
5. Blumenson, Breakout and Pursuit, 240; Griess, ed., Second World War, 331
6. Interviews with Maj. Robert H. Herlong and Capt. Clayborn Wayne, 119th Infantry Regiment, combat interviews, 30th Infantry Division, NARA.
7. Interviews with Col. Hammond D. Birks and other officers, 120th Infantry Regiment; and Lt. Col. William Duncan and Lt. Ernest Aas, 743d Tank Battalion, combat interviews, 30th Infantry Division, NARA.
8. Robinson, Move Out, Verify, 66.
9. Seventh Army war diary, record group 407, miscellaneous lists, NARA.
10. Blumenson, Breakout and Pursuit, 243.
11. Christopher J. Anderson, Hell on Wheels: The Men of the U.S. Armored Forces, 1918 to the Present (London: Greenhill Books, 1999), 29.
12. Heintzleman, We'll Never Go Over-Seas, 36-37.
13. Griess, ed., Second World War, 317.
14. S-3 journal, 745th Tank Battalion.
15. Blumenson, Breakout and Pursuit, 268.
16. Ibid., 253-54.
17. Ibid., 251-52.
18. Interview with Maj. A. V. Middleworth, S-3 of the 18th Infantry Regiment, "The 1st Division in the Breakthrough of July 25th," Combat Interviews, 1st Infantry Division, NARA.
19. Interview with Lt. Col. E. F. Driscoll and Maj. W. R. Watson, "Normandy Breakthrough: 1st Battalion, 16th Infantry, 1st Infantry Division," Combat Interviews, 1st Infantry Division, NARA; interview with Lt. Col. Chas. T. Horner and Maj. Eston T. White, "Normandy Breakthrough: 27-31 July 1944, 3d Bn., 16th Inf., 1st Division," Combat Interviews, 1st Infantry Division, NARA.
20. Col. Robert S. Allen, Patton's Third Army: Lucky Forward (New York: Manor Books Inc., 1965), 71-74.
21. AAR, 749th Tank Battalion.
22. Ibid.
23. Jensen, Strike Swiftly, 190-9 1; AAR, 70th Tank Battalion; Report of operations, First Army.
24. Blumenson, Breakout and Pursuit, 308.
25. Col. Roy Moore Jr., Chariots of Iron: The 735th Tank Battalion (M), World War II, Europe (Lopez Island, WA: Island Graphics and Advertising, 1991), 70.
26. Ibid., 72-73.
27. AAR, 747th Tank Battalion.
28. Allen, Patton's ThirdArmy, 83.
29. Ibid., 87.
30. Chester Wilmot, The Struggle for Europe (Ware, England: Wordsworth, 1997), 424.
31. "The Gap at Chambois-Aug 15-22, 1944," Combat Interviews, 90th Infantry Division, NARA; "1st Bn Action at Le Bourg St. Leonard," interview with Maj. Leroy Pond and other battalion officers, Combat Interviews, 90th Infantry Division, NARA.
32. Aaron Elson, Tanks for the Memories: An Oral History of the 712th Tank Battalion from World War H (Hackensack, NJ: Chi Chi Press, 1994), 66-68.
33. "The Gap at Chambois-Aug 15-22, 1944," Combat Interviews, 90th Infantry Division, NARA.
34. History, 12th Army Group Armored Section.
35. S-3 Journal, 3d Armored Group; S-3 Journal, 70th Tank Battalion; S-4 Reports, 774th Tank Battalion.
36. S-3 Journal, 737th Tank Battalion.
37. S-3 Journal, 741st Tank Battalion.
38. AAR, 743d Tank Battalion.
39. S-3 Journal, 3d Armored Group.
40. AAR, 756th Tank Battalion.
41. Green, M4 Sherman, 102.
42. History, 12th Army Group Armored Section.
43. S-3 Journal, 6th Armored Group.
44. S-3 Journal, 3d Armored Group.
45. Johnson, Fast Tanks and Heavy Bombers, 192-93.
46. Griess, ed., Second World War, 338-40.
47. Blumenson, Breakout and Pursuit, 689.
48. AAR, August 1944, 746th Tank Battalion.
49. AAR, 743d Tank Battalion.
50. AAR, August and September 1944, 743d Tank Battalion.
51. Homer D. Wilkes, APO 230 (Scottsdale, AZ: self-published, 1982), 115.
52. Griess, ed., Second World War, 342.
53. Jensen, Strike Swiftly, 205ff.
54. Heintzleman, We'll Never Go Over-Seas, 49.
55. S-3 journal, 741st Tank Battalion.
56. AAR, 70th Tank Battalion; Jensen, Strike Swiftly, 216.
57. Elson, Tanks for the Memories, 74-81; AAR, September 1944, 712th Tank Battalion; "The Battle of the Cps," Combat Interviews, 90th Infantry Division, NARA; "Interview of the Assembled Members of the 712th Tank Battalion (1st Platoon Co C) at the Battalion CP (U619802) Concerning the Enemy Attack on the 90th Infantry Division CP the Morning of 8 September," Combat Interviews, 90th Infantry Division, NARA.
58. AAR, 749th Tank Battalion.
59. Charles B. MacDonald, The Siegfried Line Campaign: United States Army in World War 11, The European Theater of Operations (Washington, D.C.: Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army, 1963), 386.
60. S-3 Journal, AARs, 743rd Tank Battalion.
61. Allen, Patton's Third Army, 107.
62. AAR, 743d Tank Battalion. Robinson, Move Out, Verify, 86, 89.
63. S-4 Report, 702d Tank Battalion.
64. Dr. Steven E. Anders, "POL on the Red Ball Express," Quartermaster Professional Bulletin (Spring 1989), Quartermaster Museum on-line, www.qmfound.com/pol_on _the_red_ball_express.htm.
65. AARs, 743d, 745th, and other tank battalions.
66. AARs, 191st and 753d Tank Battalions.
67. AARs, 191st and 753d Tank Battalions.
68. Redle letter.
69. "Summary of Lessons Learned in Combat," Headquarters I st Armored Group, 6 November 1944.
70. Redle letter.
71. Maj. Percy Ernst Schramm, "OKW War Diary (I Apr-18 Dec 1944," MS # B-034, not dated. NARA, 84ff, 104; Obkdo. Armeegruppe G: "Kriegstagebuch Nr. 2 (Fuhrungsabteilung)" I.7.-30.9.1944; Bennett, 159.
72. Truscott, Command Missions, 414ff.
73. Ibid., 407; G-3 journal, VI Corps. Brig. Gen. Frederic Butler, "Butler Task Force," Armored Cavalry Journal, published in two parts (January-February 1948, MarchApril 1948): 13.
74. AAR, 753d Tank Battalion; Samsel.
75. AAR, 753d Tank Battalion.
76. Butler, "Butler Task Force," 36.
77. AAR, 753d Tank Battalion; Butler, "Butler Task Force," 36; Combined G2 and G3 journal, Task Force Butler.
78. Field Message #3, Headquarters Task Force Butler, 22 August 1944.
79. Clarke and Smith, 153.
80. AAR, 753d Tank Battalion. Butler, 37.
81. Schramm, "OKW War Diary (1 Apr-18 Dec 1944)," 107.
82. F. W. von Mellenthin, Panzer Battles (New York: Ballantine Books, 1971), 382.
83. AAR, 191st Tank Battalion.
84. Southern France, 13 ff; Charles Whiting, America's Forgotten Army: The True Story of the U.S. Seventh Army in WWII and an Unknown Battle that Changed History (New York: St. Martin's Paperbacks, 1999), 49 ff.
85. AAR, 756th Tank Battalion.
86. Ibid.
87. Ibid.
88. Ibid.
89. Southern France, 28.
90. AARs and S-3 journal, 753d Tank Battalion.
91. "Summary of Lessons Learned in Combat," Headquarters 1st Armored Group, 6 November 1944.
92. AAR, 753d Tank Battalion.
93. AAR, 756th Tank Battalion.
CHAPTER 10: HITTING THE WEST WALL
1. Allen, Patton's Third Armv, 115-20.
2. MacDonald, Siegfried Line Campaign, 35.
3. AAR, October 1944, 737th Tank Battalion.
4. MacDonald, Siegfried Line Campaign, 106.
5. Whiting, America's Forgotten Army, 100.
6. Wilmot, Struggle for Europe, 478-79; MacDonald, Siegfried Line Campaign, 31ff.
7. MacDonald, Siegfried Line Campaign, 34-35.
8. Campbell, "Tanks with Infantry," 50.
9. MacDonald, Siegfried Line Campaign, 37ff.
10. AAR, 746th Tank Battalion.
11. MacDonald, Siegfried Line Campaign, 48.
12. AAR, 747th Tank Battalion.
13. Interview with Al Heintzleman, 8 December 2001. Letter from Thornton's nephew, Mr. Paul McDaniel, 6 June 2001; interview with Paul McDaniel, 22 December 2001.
14. MacDonald, Siegfried Line Campaign, 55ff.
15. Armored Special Equipment, 26-27.
16. Chamberlain and Ellis, Churchill and Sherman Specials.
17. Jensen, Strike Swiftly, 225.
18. S-3 journal, 3d Armored Group.
19. "The Flame Thrower in the Pacific: Marianas to Okinawa."
20. S-3 journal, 3d Armored Group.
21. AAR, 70th Tank Battalion.
22. Jensen, Strike Swiftly, 226.
23. Wilkes, 747th Tank Battalion, 44, 58.
24. Armored Special Equipment, 28.
25. Rhineland, the U.S. Army Campaigns of World War lI Series (Washington, D.C.: Center of Military History, n.d.), online reprint of CMH Pub 72-25, www.army.mil/ cmh-pg/brochures/rhineland/rhineland.htm, 13.
26. MacDonald, Siegfried Line Campaign, 231ff.
27. Ibid., 260ff; AAR, 743d Tank Battalion.
28. MacDonald, Siegfried Line Campaign, 306.
29. AAR, 743d Tank Battalion.
30. "Clearing Area South of the Rail Road Tracks," Combat Interviews, 1st Infantry Division, NARA.
31. Ibid.
32. Ibid.; MacDonald, Siegfried Line Campaign, 310; Campbell, "Tanks with Infantry," 50-51.
33. "Clearing Area South of the Rail Road Tracks," Combat Interviews, 1st Infantry Division, NARA.
34. Desmond Hawkins, ed., War Report, D-day to VE-day (London: British Broadcasting Corporation, 1985), 212-13.
35. "Clearing Area South of the Rail Road Tracks," Combat Interviews, 1st Infantry Division, National Archives; Gefechtsbericht des I.SS-Btl. (Kampfgruppe Rink) ffr die Zeit vom 9-22.10.44, Ia KTB, LXXXIArmee Korps, National Archives; Rhineland, 15.
26. Rhineland, 17.
37. AAR, 746th Tank Battalion.
38. Soixante-Dix: A History of the 70th Tank Battalion, 11. Soixante-Dix is an informal battalion history contained in the 70th's official records.
39. Omar N. Bradley and Clay Blair, A General's Life (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1983), 343.
40. AAR, 746th Tank Battalion.
41. Peter Chamberlain and Chris Ellis, Pictorial History of Tanks of the World, 1915-45 (Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 1972), 182.
42. AARs or S-3 Journals of units cited and of 3d Armored Group.
43. Armored Special Equipment, 5-8.
44. AAR, 12th Army Group Armored Section.
45. AARs and S-3 Journal, 3d Armored Group.
46. AARs, 709th and 743d Tank battalions.
47. Organization, Equipment, and Tactical Employment of Separate Tank Battalions, 6.
48. Unit History, December 1944, 781st Tank Battalion.
49. Wilkes, 747th Tank Battalion, 44; Undated memorandum, "Method of Operation: 737th Tank Battalion," 5.
50. AAR, 707th Tank Battalion; S-3 journal, 3d Armored Group; "Vossenack-Kommer- scheidt-Schmidt (2-8 November 1944) Action of the 28th Division," interview with S/Sgt. Eugene Holden, Combat Interviews, 28th Infantry Division, NARA; Interview with Sgt. Tony Kudiak, Combat Interviews, 28th Infantry Division, NARA; Raymond Fleig, telephone interview with author, February 2008; Fleig, 707th Tank Battalion in World War II, 80ff; MacDonald, Siegfried Line Campaign, 341ff; Edward G. Miller and David T. Zabecki, "Battle of Hurtgen Forest: Fight for Schmidt and Kommerscheidt," Historynet.com, www.historynet.com/wars_conflicts/world_war_2/3033146 .html'?page=l &c=y, accessed February 2008.
51. AAR, 712th Tank Battalion.
52. Hugh M. Cole, The Lorraine Campaign: United States Army in World War II, The European Theater of Operations (Washington, D.C.: Historical Division, Department of the Army, 1950), 264-65.
53. Ibid., 266.
54. Armored Special Equipment, 10.
55. Cole, Lorraine Campaign, 275.
56. Battalion History, 737th Tank Battalion; Allen, Patton's Third Army, 122.
57. Cole, Lorraine Campaign, 278; Elson, Tanks for the Memories, 82ff.
58. Battalion History, 737th Tank Battalion; Allen, Patton's Third Army, 122.
59. Allen, Patton's Third Army, 125.
60. Ibid., 128ff; Wilmot, Struggle for Europe, 565-66.
61. AAR, 737th Tank Battalion.
62. S-3 Journal, I I November 1944, 737th Tank Battalion.
63. Battalion History, 737th Tank Battalion.
64. Ulysses Lee Wilson, U.S. Army in World War II: The Employment of Negro Troops (Washington, D.C.: Office of the Chief of Military History, United States Army, 1966).
65. "Lorraine Campaign," interview with Lt. Edmund T. Tierney, 101st Infantry Regiment, 26th Infantry Division, NARA; Trezzvant W. Anderson, Come Out Fighting: The Epic Tale of the 761st Tank Battalion, 1942-1945 (Salzburg, Austria: Salzburger Druckerei and Verlag, 1945), 31; David J. Williams, Hit Hard (New York: Bantam Books, 1983), 190-91; Gina DiNicola, "Come Out Fighting," Military Officer (February 2006), reprinted at the 761st Tank Battalion website, www.761st.com/index .php?page=DiNicolo, accessed January 2008.
66. Cole, Lorraine Campaign, 421.
67. Ibid., 380 if.
68. Ibid.; "Assault of Metz: 5th Infantry Division Operations from the South, 9 to 20 November 1944," interview with Lt. Col. Randolph Dickens, G-3, and Maj. H. A. McGuire, G-2, Combat Interviews, 5th Infantry Division, NARA; "Assault of Metz: 2d Regimental Combat Team, November 9-21, 1944," interview with officers of the 2d Infantry Regiment and 735th Tank Battalion, Combat Interviews, 5th Infantry Division, NARA; "11th Regimental Combat Team: Assault of Metz, 9-24 November 1944," interview with officers of the 11th Infantry Regiment, Combat Interviews, 5th Infantry Division, NARA; "Metz Operation: 735th Tank Battalion," interview with Lt. Col. Bock and other officers of the 735th Tank Battalion, Combat Interviews, 5th Infantry Division, NARA.
69. Cole, Lorraine Campaign, 447-48.
70. AAR, 735th Tank Battalion.
71. Rhineland.
72. Wilmot, Struggle for Europe, 569; Griess, ed., Second World War, 230.
73. AARs, 702d and 743d Tank Battalions; Armored Special Equipment, 41.
74. Steven J. Zaloga, The Sherman Tank in U.S. andAllied Service (London: Osprey Publishing, 1982), 17.
75. AAR, February 1945, 737th Tank Battalion; AAR, January 1945, 702d Tank Battalion.
76. AAR, February 1945, and S-3 journal, March 1945, 737th Tank Battalion.
CHAPTER 11: HITLER'S LAST GAMBLE
1. Wilmot, Struggle for Europe, 577.
2. Ibid., 576.
3. Gerald Astor, A Blood-Dimmed Tide: The Battle of the Bulge by the Men Who Fought It (New York: Dell, 1992), v.
4. AAR, S-3 journal, 771st Tank Battalion, unless otherwise noted.
5. Waffen-SS Maj. Gen. Hugo Krass, "The 12th SS Panzer Division `Hitler Jugend' in the Ardennes Offensive," MS # B-522, 1 May 1947, National Archives; Maj. Gen. Viebig, "Operations of the 277th Volksgrenadier-Division in November and December 1944: During the Ardennes Offensive," MS # B-273, 10 November 1946, National Archives.
6. Waffen-SS Col. Rudolf Lehmann, "The I SS Panzer Corps during the Ardennes Offensive," MS # B-779, not dated, National Archives. Viebig, "Operations of the 277th Volksgrenadier-Division."
7. AAR, 741st Tank Battalion. Heintzleman, We'll Never Go Over-Seas, 61-63.
8. Journal and AAR, 741st Tank Battalion. "The German Breakthrough-V Corps Sector," interview with Maj. Gen. Walter M. Robertson, Combat Interviews, 2d Infantry Division, NARA (hereafter cited as Robertson interviews); "The German Breakthrough (V Corps Sector)," interview with Col. Jay B. Lovless, CO, 23d Infantry, Combat Interviews, 2d Infantry Division, NARA; "The German Breakthrough-V Corps Sector," interview with Maj. William A. Smith, executive officer, 2d Battalion, 23d Infantry, Combat Interviews, 2d Infantry Division, NARA; "The German Breakthrough (V Corps Sector)," interview with Lt. Col. Tom Morris, executive officer, 38th Infantry Regiment, Combat Interviews, 2d Infantry Division, NARA (hereafter cited as Morris interview).
9. Lehmann, "The I SS Panzer Corps during the Ardennes Offensive."
10. "The German Breakthrough (V Corps Sector)," interview with Maj. Vern L. Joseph, executive officer, 3d Battalion, 23d Infantry Regiment, Combat Interviews, 2d Infantry Division, NARA (hereafter cited as Joseph interview); Charles B. MacDonald, The Battle of the Bulge (London: Guild Publishing, 1984), 375ff; Journal, 741st Tank Battalion.
11. Morris interview; Joseph interview.
12. Journal, 38th Infantry Regiment; "The German Breakthrough (V Corps Sector)," interviews with Capt. Fred L. Rumsey, Maj. Martin B. Coopersmith, and Sgt. Grover C. Farrell, Ist Battalion, 38th Infantry Regiment, Combat Interviews, 2d Infantry Division, NARA.
13. Wiliam C. C. Cavanagh, The Battle East of Elsenborn & the Twin Villages (Barnsley, UK: Pen & Sword Books, 2004), 127.
14. Heintzleman, We'll Never Go Over-Seas, 63. Hubert Meyer, The 12th SS: The History of the Hitler Youth Panzer Division, vol. 2 (Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2005), 259-60.
15. "The German Breakthrough (V Corps Sector)," interview with Capt. Ralph H. Stallworth, Combat Interviews, 2d Infantry Division, NARA; AAR, 741st Tank Battalion; Heintzleman, We'll Never Go Over-Seas, 61, 67-68; Lehmann, "The I SS Panzer Corps during the Ardennes Offensive"; Cavanagh, Battle East of Elsenborn & the Twin Villages, 127.
16. AAR and journal, 741st Tank Battalion. Journal, 38th Infantry Regiment; "The German Breakthrough (V Corps Sector)," interviews with Capt. Fred L. Rumsey, Maj. Martin B. Coopersmith, and Sgt. Grover C. Farrell, 1st Battalion, 38th Infantry Regiment, Combat Interviews, 2d Infantry Division, NARA; "The German Breakthrough (V Corps Sector)," interviews with Lt. Col. Olinto Barsanti and Capt. John L. Murphy, 3d Battalion, 38th Infantry Regiment, Combat Interviews, 2d Infantry Division, NARA; Heintzleman, We'll Never Go Over-Seas, 67-68.
17. Heintzleman, We'll Never Go Over-Seas, 64.
18. "The German Breakthrough (V Corps Sector)," interviews with Maj. William F. Hancock, Ist Battalion executive officer, and S/Sgt. Norman Bernstein, 9th Infantry Regiment, Combat Interviews, 2d Infantry Division, NARA.
19. Heintzleman, We'll Never Go Over-Seas, 64-65; Journal, 38th Infantry Regiment; Morris interview. Lehmann, "The I SS Panzer Corps during the Ardennes Offensive."
20. Map study, Combat Interviews, 2d Infantry Division, NARA.
21. Battle casualty reports, 741st Tank Battalion.
22. Robertson interviews.
23. AAR, 707th Tank Battalion.
24. Fleig, 707th Tank Battalion in World War II, 137.
25. Griess, ed., Second World War, 379.
26. "The German Breakthrough: Operations of the 28th Division, 16 December to 31 December 1944," Combat Interviews, 28th Infantry Division, NARA; Journal, 109th Infantry Regiment; "Notes taken from the S-2 unit report [1 12th Infantry Regiment], made available to me Jan 20 1945, having been recently written," Combat Interviews, 2d Infantry Division, NARA; John C. McManus, Alamo in the Ardennes (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2007), 48, 63.
27. Fleig, 707th Tank Battalion in World War II, 137.
28. AAR, 707th Tank Battalion; Fleig telephone interview with author, February 2008; Fleig, 707th Tank Battalion in World War II, 140ff; McManus, Alamo in the Ardennes, 92.
29. Fleig telephone interview with author, February 2008.
30. Griess, ed., Second World War, 379.
31. Soixante-Dix; AAR, 70th Tank Battalion.
32. The following account is taken from the AAR, 743d Tank Battalion, unless otherwise noted.
33. "The German Offensive of 16 December: The Defeat of the 1st SS Panzer Division Adolf Hitler," Combat Interviews, 30th Infantry Division, NARA; Robinson, Move Out, Verify, 126-27.
34. AAR, 743d Tank Battalion.
35. Ibid.
36. "The German Offensive of 16 December: The Defeat of the 1st SS Panzer Division Adolf Hitler."
37. Unless otherwise noted, the following account is taken from Rubel, Daredevil Tankers, and Paul L. Pearson, Into the Breach: The Life and Times of the 740th Tank Battalion in World War II (Cyberworld: Trafford Publishing, 2007), 51 ff.
38. Interview with Harold Bradley, 29 December 2001 (hereafter cited as Bradley interview).
39. Ibid.
40. Ibid.
41. "The German Offensive of 16 December: The Defeat of the 1st SS Panzer Division Adolf Hitler." Rubel, 67.
42. AAR, 745th Tank Battalion. Wilmot, 594.
43. AAR, 750th Tank Battalion.
44. Bradley interview.
45. Rubel, Daredevil Tankers, 72-73
46. Allen, Patton's ThirdArmy, 174-79.
47. Wilmot, Struggle for Europe, 599.
48. The following account is drawn from the AAR of the 735th Tank Battalion.
49. Lt. Gen. George S. Patton Jr., War as I Knew It (New York: Bantam Books, 1980), 187.
50. AAR, 735th Tank Battalion.
51. "Meeting Engagement CT-104," Memorandum, Headquarters 104th Infantry Regiment, 18 February 1945, Combat Interviews, 26th Infantry Division, NARA.
52. History, 737th Tank Battalion.
53. "Excerpts from the Diary of Maj. Gen. S. Leroy Irwin, Commanding General, 5th Infantry Division, 20-28 December 1944," Combat Interviews, 5th Infantry Division, NARA.
54. Griess, ed., Second World War, 384.
55. AAR, 743d Tank Battalion.
56. Charles B. MacDonald, The Last Offensive: United States Army In World War II, The European Theater of Operations (Washington, D.C.: Office of the Chief of Military History, United States Army, 1973), 1; Griess, ed., Second World War, 385.
57. MacDonald, Last Offensive, 27.
58. AAR, 712th Tank Battalion.
59. AAR, January 1945, 750th Tank Battalion.
60. Rubel, Daredevil Tankers, 92-93.
61. AARs, 741st Tank Battalion.
62. AARs, 743d Tank Battalion.
63. AARs, 749th Tank Battalion.
64. AAR, Company A, 753d Tank Battalion.
65. AAR, 743d Tank Battalion.
66. AAR, 750th Tank Battalion.
67. AAR, 741st Tank Battalion.
68. Rubel, Daredevil Tankers, 101.
69. MacDonald, Last Offensive, 43.
70. AAR, January 1945, 70th Tank Battalion.
71. MacDonald, Last Offensive, 46; AAR, 743d Tank Battalion.
72. MacDonald, Last Offensive, 42ff.
CHAPTER 12: THE REICH OVER-RUN
1. Rhineland, 28-33.
2. Battle casualty report, 741st Tank Battalion; AAR, 743d Tank Battalion.
3. John Walker, "The 750th Tank Battalion." www.104infdiv.org/750TANK.HTM, accessed March 2007; History, 750th Tank Battalion.
4. AAR, 709th Tank Battalion, Annex 3.
5. AAR, March 1945, Company C, 753d Tank Battalion.
6. AAR, 12th Army Group Armored Section.
7. Allen, Patton's Third Army, 263; Battalion history, 737th Tank Battalion.
8. Liddell Hart, History of'the Second World War, 678.
9. Ibid., 678-79.
10. Robinson, Move Out, Verify, 156-57.
11. Whiting, America's Forgotten Army, 181ff; AAR, 756th Tank Battalion.
12. AAR, 756th Tank Battalion; Armored Special Equipment, 19-20.
13. Armored Special Equipment, 23.
14. Ibid., 38.
15. Wilmot, Struggle for Europe, 684; Belton Y. Cooper, Death Traps: The Survival of an American Armored Division in World War II (Novato, CA: Presidio Press, 2000), 247ff.
16. MacDonald, Last Offensive, 364.
17. Rubel, Daredevil Tankers, 177.
18. Ibid., 180-81.
19. Ibid., 183.
20. Ibid., 172ff. Griess, ed., Second World War, 407.
21. Rubel, Daredevil Tankers, 203.
22. Cornelius Ryan, The Last Battle (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1966), 280.
23. AAR, 737th Tank Battalion.
24. Griess, ed., Second World War, 406-7
25. Ryan, Last Battle, 285 ff; Macdonald, Last Offensive, 387; AAR, 736th Tank Battalion; AAR, 709th Tank Battalion.
26. AAR, April 1945, 702d Tank Battalion.
27. Soixante-Dix.
28. AAR, 741st Tank Battalion; "Leipzig Environs," interview with Maj. James H. King and Capt. Henry S. Hopkins, Combat Interviews, 2d Infantry Division, NARA.
29. History, 781st Tank Battalion; Up from Marseille: 781st Tank Battalion (Camp Campbell, KY: The Battalion, 1945), 22; Whiting, America's Forgotten Arm}', 193ff.
30. AAR, 756th Tank Battalion; Whiting, America's Forgotten Army, 197ff.
31. AAR, 760th Tank Battalion; AAR, 751st Tank Battalion.
32. AAR, 757th Tank Battalion; History, 752d Tank Battalion.
33. History and training memos, 752d Tank Battalion.
34. History, 755th Tank Battalion.
35. History, 752d Tank Battalion.
36. Ibid.
37. AAR, 755th Tank Battalion.
38. Clement, et al, 22-24. AAR, 804th Tank Destroyer Battalion.
39. AAR, 751st Tank Battalion. AAR, 701st Tank Destroyer Battalion.
40. History, 752d Tank Battalion.
41. Kesselring and Westphal.
42. Griess, ed., Second World War, 406-7
43. Ibid., 408.
44. Up from Marseilles, 25.
45. History, 752d Tank Battalion.
46. Redle letter.
47. Fazendin, The 756th Tank Battalion in the Battle of Cassino, xxx.
CHAPTER 13: JUNGLE HEAT
1. New Guinea, the U.S. Army Campaigns of World War II Series (Washington, D.C.: Center of Military History, n.d., online reprint of CMH Pub 72-9, www.army.mil/ cmh-pg/brochures/new-guinea/ng.htm, accessed February 2008), 1-9.
2. M. Hamlin Cannon, Leyte: The Return to the Philippines: The United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific (Washington, DC: U.S. Army Center of Military History, 1993), 3.
3. "The Battle of Lone Tree Hill," manuscript, records of the 20th Infantry Regiment; AAR, 6th Cavalry Reconnaissance Troop; Mauer, et al, Tank Tracks, 5-10. Martin, History of Company "C"; Hallanan, "The Go-Anywhere Tank Company," 45; Robert Ross Smith, The Approach to the Philippines: The United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific (Washington, DC: Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army, 1996), 252ff.
4. "Requirements of Tank Design and Operation in Relation to Effectiveness of Armored Personnel," Pacific Warfare Board Report No. 60, 9 September 1945, NARA, RG 407, Special File, 4-7.60/45, box 24464.
5. Mauer, et al, Tank Tracks, 5-10; Martin, History of Company "C".
6. History, 706th Tank Battalion.
7. Smith, The Approach to the Philippines, 492.
8. AAR, Company D, 776th Amphibian Tank Battalion. AAR, 776th Amphibian Tank Battalion. History, 726th Amphibian Tractor Battalion. Capt. Jerry V. Keaveny, "Operations of Company A, 322d Infantry (81st Infantry Division) in the Cleanup Phase of the Capture of the Island of Angaur, 11-22 October 1944 (Western Pacific Campaign) (Personal Experience of a Company Commander)," submitted for the Advanced Infantry Officers Course, 1949-1950, the Infantry School, Fort Benning, Georgia. 9. AAR, 7 10th Tank Battalion.
10. Edward C. Luzinas, Tanker: Boys, Men, and Cowards (London: Athena Press, 2004), 71-79.
11. Lt. Col. W. M. Rodgers, "Armor in Angaur-Peleliu Campaign," The Armored School, Fort Knox, 1950.
12. History, 710th Tank Battalion. Luzinas, Tanker, 89-104.
13. History, 726th Amphibian Tractor Battalion.
14. "The Flame Thrower in the Pacific: Marianas to Okinawa."
CHAPTER 14: THE PHILIPPINES: BACK TO WHERE IT BEGAN
1. Cannon, Leyte, 1-4, 22-33; "Seizure of Leyte-Report of the Participation of Task Force Seventy-Nine," memorandum FE25/A16-3(3) from Commander, Task Force 79, to Commander, Seventh Fleet, 18 November 1944.
2. "Seizure of Leyte-Report of the Participation of Task Force Seventy-Nine," memorandum FE25/A16-3(3) from Commander, Task Force 79, to Commander, Seventh Fleet, 18 November 1944.
3. Ibid.
4. AAR, 776th Amphibian Tank Battalion.
5. AAR, 776th Amphibian Tank Battalion; S-3 journal, 536th Amphibian Tractor Battalion; Maj. John Collier, "Amphibians in Leyte Operations: Amtanks," The Cavalry Journal (May-June 1945), 38; "The Flame Thrower in the Pacific: Marianas to Okinawa." Cannon, Leyte, 77.
6. Journal, 767th Tank Battalion; "The Flame Thrower in the Pacific: Marianas to Okinawa." Cannon, Leyte, 77.
7. Journal and AAR, 780th Amphibian Tank Battalion; AAR, 788th Amphibian Tractor Battalion.
8. AAR, 763d Tank Battalion; AAR, 96th Infantry Division.
9. Journal and AAR, 780th Amphibian Tank Battalion.
10. AAR, 763d Tank Battalion; AAR, 96th Infantry Division.
11. AAR, 24th Infantry Division; Cannon, Leyte 67.
12. Hallanan, "The Go-Anywhere Tank Company," 46.
13. AAR, 727th Amphibian Tractor Battalion.
14. AAR, 24th Infantry Division.
15. Lt. Merritt Corbin, WW II Survey 8888, Military History Institute, Carlisle, Pennsylvania.
16. AAR, 727th Amphibian Tractor Battalion.
17. G-3 daily operations report, 1st Cavalry Division. AAR, 7th Cavalry Regiment; History, 44th Tank Battalion.
18. Leyte, the U.S. Army Campaigns of World War II Series (Washington, D.C.: Center of Military History, n.d., online reprint of CMH Pub 72-27, www.army.mil/cmh-pg/ brochures/leyte/leyte.htm, accessed July 2006), 20-21.
19. Collier, "Amphibians in Leyte Operations," 38-39; AAR, 727th Amphibian Tractor Battalion.
20. AAR, 776th Amphibian Tank Battalion; Lt. Charles Shock, "Amphibians in Leyte Operations: Amtracs," The Cavalry Journal (May-June 1945): 42.
21. AAR, 776th Amphibian Tank Battalion; AAR, 536th Amphibian Tractor Battalion.
22. "Lessons Learned in the Leyte Campaign," 16 May 1945, General Staff G-2 Section Intelligence Reports, Numerical File, 1943-46, folder 204, NARA; AAR, 77th Infantry Division. AAR, 776th Amphibian Tank Battalion; History, 706th Tank Battalion; AAR, 536th Amphibian Tractor Battalion.
23. AAR, 776th Amphibian Tank Battalion; History, 706th Tank Battalion. Collier, `Amphibians in Leyte Operations, 40; Cannon, Leyte, 361.
24. History, 706th Tank Battalion.
25. Robert Ross Smith, Triumph in the Philippines: The United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific (Washington, DC: Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army, 1963), 18-19.
26. Luzon, the U.S. Army Campaigns of World War II Series (Washington, D.C.: Center of Military History, n.d., online reprint of CMH Pub 72-28, www.army.mil/cmh-pg/ brochures/luzon/72-28.htm, accessed July 2006).
27. Ibid.; "World War II."
28. AAR, 6th Infantry Divisions.
29. History, 44th Tank Battalion; Martin, History of Company "C".
30. Luzon, 9.
31. Smith, Triumph in the Philippines, 105.
32. History, 716th Tank Battalion; Smith, Triumph in the Philippines, 108-9.
33. History, 716th Tank Battalion; AAR, 6th Infantry Divisions; Smith, Triumph in the Philippines, 110-11.
34. AAR, 727th Amphibian Tractor Battalion.
35. Smith, Triumph in the Philippines, 142; Luzon, 9.
36. Peter R. Wygle, "Santo Thomas Raid," 1st Cavalry Division Association, www.lcda.org/Santo-Thomas-raid.htm, accessed March 2007.
37. Luzon, 11; Wygle, "Santo Thomas Raid."
38. Wygle, "Santo Thomas Raid"; History, 44th Tank Battalion; Smith, Triumph in the Philippines, 220. AAR, 1st Cavalry Division.
39. History, 44th Tank Battalion; "The Flame Thrower in the Pacific: Marianas to Okinawa"; Smith, Triumph in the Philippines, 258-59.
40. "Tanks Go Places `Tanks Can't Go' on Luzon," Armored News (18 June 1945): 4; AAR, 1st Cavalry Division; AAR, 37th Infantry Division; AAR, 129th Infantry Regiment.
41. AAR, 129th Infantry Regiment; AAR, 37th Infantry Division; AAR, 754th Tank Battalion.
42. History, 44th Tank Battalion.
43. "Requirements of the Tank Design and Operation in Relation to Effectiveness of Armored Personnel," Pacific Warfare Board Report No. 60, 9 September 1945, NARA, RG 407, Special File, 4-7.60/45, box 24464.
44. History, 44th Tank Battalion.
45. "Questionnaire for Armored (Tank) Units," Pacific Warfare Board Report No. 74, 26 October 1945, NARA, RG 407, Special File, 4-7.74/45, box 24464.
46. "Battle Experiences Against the Jap," USAFFE Board, 4 June 1945, General Staff G2 Section Intelligence Reports, Numerical File, 1943-46, folder 425, NARA.
47. Ibid.
48. History, 672d Amphibian Tractor Battalion. Sam McGowan, "World War II: Liberating Los Banos Internment Camp," HistoryNet.com, www.historynet.com/magazines/ world_war_2/3036481.html, accessed April 2007; Robert A. Wheeler, "The Angel's [sic] Came at Dawn," Drop Zone Virtual Museum, thedropzone.org/pacific/ Finalraids/wheeler.htm, accessed April 2007. Maj. Robert E. Kennington, "The Oper ations of the Los Banos Force (1st Battalion, 511th Parachute Infantry, and 1st Battalion, 188th Glider Infantry), 11th Airborne Division, in the Liberation of Internees from the Los Banos Internment Camp, Luzon, Philippine Islands, 23 February 1945 (Luzon Campaign) (Personal Experience of a Battalion Operations Officer)," submitted for the Advanced Infantry Officers Course, 1947-1948, the Infantry School, Fort Benning, Georgia.
49. Smith, Triumph in the Philippines, 190.
50. "Battle Experiences Against the Jap," USAFFE Board, 4 June 1945, General Staff G2 Section Intelligence Reports, Numerical File, 1943-46, folder 425, NARA.
51. AAR, 6th Infantry Divisions; Smith, Triumph in the Philippines, 192.
52. The 6th Infantry Division in World War II: 1939-1945 (Washington, DC: Infantry Journal Press, 1947), 90.
53. History, 44th Tank Battalion.
54. Smith, Triumph in the Philippines, 198; History, 44th Tank Battalion.
55. Smith, Triumph in the Philippines, 199; Capt. Michael Kane Jr., "The Operations of the 20th Infantry 96th Inf. Div. at Munoz, Luzon, Philippine Islands 30 Jan. to 8 Feb. 1945," submitted for the Advanced Infantry Officers Course, 1946-1947, the Infantry School, Fort Benning, Georgia.
56. History, 44th Tank Battalion.
57. Martin, History of Company "C".
58. History, 44th Tank Battalion.
59. Kane, "Operations of the 20th Infantry."
60. "Battle Experiences Against the Jap," USAFFE Board, 4 June 1945, General Staff G2 Section Intelligence Reports, Numerical File, 1943-46, folder 425, NARA.
61. History, 44th Tank Battalion.
62. Ibid.
63. AAR, 775th Tank Battalion.
64. "Battle Report: Luzon Campaign, Twenty-Seventh United States Infantry," reproduced at the 27th Infantry Regiment "Wolfhounds" website, www.kolchak.org/ History/WWIIJLuzon.htm, accessed May 2007.
65. Lt. Col. Eben Swift, "Tanks over the Mountains," Infantry Journal (October 1945): 32-33.
66. "Battle Report: Luzon Campaign, Twenty-Seventh United States Infantry."
67. AAR, 775th Tank Battalion.
68. AAR, 754th Tank Battalion.
CHAPTER 15: OKINAWA: THE LAST BATTLEFIELD
1. Roy E. Appleman, et al., Okinawa: The Last Battle: United States Army in World War II, The War in the Pacific (Washington, D.C.: Center of Military History, United States Army, 1993), 1-4.
2. Appleman, et al., Okinawa, 27-32.
3. AAR, Provisional Armored Group (Amphibious).
4. AARs, Companies A-D, 708th Amphibian Tank Battalion.
5. Field Order 1, Operation Iceberg, files the 776th Amphibian Tank Battalion; AAR, 776th Amphibian Tank Battalion.
6. History, 711th Tank Battalion.
7. AAR, 536th Amphibian Tractor Battalion.
8. History and AAR, 780th Amphibian Tank Battalion.
9. AAR, 763d Tank Battalion.
10. History, 711 th Tank Battalion.
11. Appleman, et al., Okinawa, 27-32.
12. AAR, 763d Tank Battalion.
1 3 . History, 71 1 th Tank Battalion.
14. Ibid.
15. "Information on the Use of Armor in the Ryukyus Operation," Headquarters Tenth Army, 3 September 1945, General Staff G-2 Section Intelligence Reports, Numerical File, 1943-46, folder 615, NARA.
16. "Future Organization and Employment of Main Armament Flamethrower Tanks"; "Questionnaire for Armored (Tank) Units"; AAR, 713th Tank Battalion, Armored Flamethrower.
17. "Information on the Use of Armor in the Ryukyus Operation," Headquarters Tenth Army, 3 September 1945, General Staff G-2 Section Intelligence Reports, Numerical File, 1943-46, folder 615, NARA.
18. "Drafts for History," manuscript, Tenth Army Records.
19. Ibid.
20. AAR, 193d Tank Battalion.
21. Ibid.
22. Appleman, et al., Okinawa, 203.
23. "Drafts for History," manuscript, Tenth Army Records.
24. Ibid.
25. AAR, 193d Tank Battalion.
26. Ibid.
27. Appleman, et al., Okinawa, 204.
28. History and AAR, 193d Tank Battalion.
29. AAR, 763d Tank Battalion.
30. "Drafts for History," manuscript, Tenth Army Records.
31. "Combat Information Received from Theater Representatives," 18 June 1945, General Staff G-2 Section Intelligence Reports, Numerical File, 1943-46, folder 413, NARA.
32. AAR, 713th Tank Battalion, Armored Flamethrower.
33. "Drafts for History," manuscript, Tenth Army Records.
34. "Special Equipment for Armored Vehicles," Pacific Warfare Board Report No. 26, 18 July 1945, NARA, RG 407, Special File, 4-7.26/45, box 24463.
35. History and AAR, 780th Amphibian Tank Battalion; AAR, 7828th Amphibian Tractor Battalion.
36. Appleman, et al., Okinawa, 149ff.
37. AAR, 708th Amphibian Tank Battalion.
38. Ibid.
39. History, 706th Tank Battalion.
40. "Drafts for History," manuscript, Tenth Army Records.
41. AAR, 193d Tank Battalion.
42. "Drafts for History," manuscript, Tenth Army Records.
43. Sawicki, Tank Battalions, 32.
44. AAR, 193d Tank Battalion.
45. History, 706th Tank Battalion.
46. AAR, 763d Tank Battalion.
47. History, 711 th Tank Battalion.
48. AAR, 711th Tank Battalion.
49. AAR, 763d Tank Battalion.
50. AAR, 536th Amphibian Tractor Battalion.
51. Field orders, 780th Amphibian Tank Battalion.
52. Ryukyus, the U.S. Army Campaigns of World War II Series (Washington, D.C.: Center of Military History, n.d.), online reprint of CMH Pub 72-35, www.army.mil/cmh-pg/brochures/ryukyus/ryukyus.htm, accessed May 2007, 28-31.
53. "Drafts for History," manuscript, Tenth Army Records.
54. Reports of General MacArthur (Washington, DC: Center of Military History, 1993), online reprint of CMH Pub 13-3, www.army.mil/cmh/books/wwii/MacArthur %20Reports/MacArthur%20V 1/index.htm, accessed April 2007, 211-23.
55. D. M. Giangreco, "Casualty Projections for the U.S. Invasions of Japan, 1945-1946: Planning and Policy Implications," Journal of Military History (July 1997): 521-82, online reprint at home.kc.rr.com/casualties, accessed April 2007.
CHAPTER 16: A MISSION ACCOMPLISHED AND LEGACY SECURED
1. Organization, Equipment and Tactical Employment of Separate Tank Battalions, 12.
2. Ibid.
3. Ibid.
4. Sawicki, Tank Battalions, 34; "Combat Divisions in the European Theater," U.S. Army, Europe, website, www.usarmygermany.com/Units/USAREUR-Divisions.htm #Pentomic, accessed April 2007.
5. Organization, Equipment and Tactical Employment of Separate Tank Battalions, 12; "Questionnaire for Armored (Tank) Units," Pacific Warfare Board Report No. 74, 26 October 1945, NARA, RG 407, Special File, 4-7.74/45, box 24464; "Questionnaire for Armored (Tank) Units."
6. Memorandum from Gen. Jacob L. Devers, Chief, Army Field Forces, to Maj. Gen. E. S. Hughes, Chief of Ordnance, not dated, NARA, RG 337, Army Field Forces Headquarters, Box 9, folder 470.8.
7. Amphibious Tank and Tractor Battalions, FM 17-34, June 1950.
8. Tank Battalion, FM 17-33, September 1949.
9. Ibid.
10. Amphibious Tank and Tractor Battalions, FM 17-34, June 1950.
11. "US Army Military History Research Collection, Senior Officers Debriefing Program: Conversation Between Lieutenant General Welborn Dolvin and Lieutenant Colonel William Gerald Willis," U.S. Army Heritage Collection OnLine, www.ahco.army .mil/site/index.jsp, accessed August 2007; Roy E. Appleman, South to the Naktong, North to the Yalu: United States Army in the Korean War (Washington, DC: U.S. Army Center of Military History, 1992, online edition at www.history.army.mil/books/korea/20-2-1/toc.htm, accessed January 2008), 259.
12. History and Role ofArmor, 20.
13. "The Legacy of the Mechanized Cavalry," Combat Reform, www.combatreform.com/mechanizedcalvary5.htm, accessed August 2006; Blood and Steel! The History, Customs, and Traditions of the 3d Armored Cavalry Regiment (Fort Carson, CO: Fort Carson Office of Historical Programs, 2002), online edition, www.carson.army.mil/ UNITS/3RD%20ACR/main%20pages/3d%20ACR%20History.pdf, accessed August 2006.
14. Gen. Donn A. Starry, Mounted Combat in Vietnam (Washington, DC: Department of the Army, 1989), online edition, www.history.army.mil/books/Vietnam/mounted, accessed January 2008, 64.
15. Bing West and Owen West, "Lessons from Iraq, Part II," Popular Mechanics (August 2005), www.popularmechanics.com/technology/military_law/1675286.html, accessed January 2008.