Prologue
xvii. “Curly-haired and fair”: Naval Documents Related to the United States Wars with the Barbary Powers, 6 vols. (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1939), vol. 1, portrait facing p. 582.
xvii. “Canvas rustled above him”: Ibid., p. 540.
xvii. “The Enterprise was sailing”: Ibid., p. 535.
xviii. “Above the Enterprise‘s”: Ibid., p. 503.
xviii. “The Enterprise was the third”: Henry B. Culver, Forty Famous Ships (New York: Garden City Publishing Co. Inc., 1938), pp. 181—4.
xviii. “Later, after she was”: Howard I. Chapelle, The History of the American Sailing Navy (New York: Bonanza Books, 1935), p. 101.
xviii. “By then, she”: Culver, p. 181.
xviii. “Before the Enterprise”: Naval Documents, vol. 1, p. 534.
xix. “The Tripoli edged closer”: Ibid., pp. 537-9 (National Intelligencer story); A. B. C. Whipple, To the Shores of Tripoli: The Birth of the U.S. Navy and Marines (New York: William Morrow and Company Inc., 1991), pp. 79-80; Glenn Tucker, Dawn Like Thunder: The Barbary Wars and the Birth of the U.S. Navy (Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, Inc. 1963), pp. 141-6.
xxi. “‘The carnage on board”’: Naval Documents, vol. 1, p. 537.
xxi. “While the Enterprise’s doctor”: Ibid., pp. 538-9 (National Intelligencer story).
xxi. “Sterrett did a damage”: Ibid., p. 537.
xxv. “‘Holding out the olive Branch’”: Naval Documents, vol. 2, p. 130.
Chapter I: The “Pacifist” President
1. “‘Peace, commerce & honest’”: Paul Leicester Ford, ed., The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, 10 vols. (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1892-9), vol. 8, pp. 2-5.
1. “a soft voice”: Nathan Schachner, Thomas Jefferson: A Biography (New York: Thomas Yoseloff Ltd., 1951), p. 661; Ford, vol. 8, pp. 3-4.
2. “the disgruntled president”: David McCullough, John Adams (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001), p. 565.
2. “‘a wise and frugal’”: Ford, vol. 8, pp. 3-4.
2. “Jefferson issued the”: Naval Documents, vol. 1, p. 486.
3. “‘The motives pleading’”: John P. Foley, ed., The Jeffersonian Cyclopedia, 2 vols. (New York: Russell & Russell, 1900), p. 83.
4. “Two members of Jefferson‘s”: Thomas Jefferson papers at the Library of Congress. June 11, 1801, letter to Wilson Cary Nicholas.
4. “James Madison, Jefferson‘s”: The Papers of James Madison. Secretary of State Series (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1986), pp. 1-2.
4. “The other late arrival”: Henry Adams, The Life of Albert Gallatin (New York: Peter Smith, 1879), p. 1.
5. “‘Shall the squadron’”: Thomas Jefferson notes on Cabinet meetings, May—June 1801 (Library of Congress).
6. “The Navy now floated”: William M. Fowler, Jr., Jack Tars and Commodores: The American Navy, 1783—1815 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1984), p. 60.
6. “the $83 million”: E. James Ferguson, ed., Selected Writings of Albert Gallatin (Indianapolis and New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company Inc., 1967), pp. 208—9.
8. “‘Jihad’ is derived”: Robert Wuthnow, ed., Encyclopedia of Politics and Religion (Washington: Congressional Quarterly, 1998), pp. 425—6.
8. “As Islam exploded”: Ibid.
8. “Jihad’s new interpretation”: Ibid.
8. “Their refusal to pay”: McClintock and Strong, The Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature (World Wide Web), vol. VI, p. 417.
8. “The Barbary States stuck”: Muhammad Abdel Haleem, Understanding the Qur‘an: Themes and Style (London, New York: I. B. Tauris, Publishers, 1999), pp. 61—3.
Chapter II: The Dreadful Corsairs
9. “The Moors were”: Jamil M. Abun-Nasr, A History of the Maghrib (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1971), p. 7.
9. “the Maghrib, the ‘land of sunset’”: Ibid., p. 1.
10. “During one expedition”: Charles-André Julien, History of North Africa (New York: Praeger Publishers, 1970), p. 13.
10. “the first Barbary corsairs”: Tucker, pp. 48-9.
11. “King Roderick”: Stanley Lane-Poole, The Barbary Corsairs (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1901), p. 14.
11. “The Moors, as the”: Stanley Lane-Poole, The Moors in Spain (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1911), pp. vii-ix.
11. “In 1800, U.S. libraries”: Henry Adams, History of the United States during the Administrations of Thomas Jefferson and James Madison (New York: A&CBoni, 1930), vol. 1, p. 61.
12. “In 1491, at”: Lane-Poole, The Moors in Spain, pp. 270-1.
12. “Most Granadan Moors preferred”: Ibid., p. 272.
12. “While a few refugees”: John B. Wolf, The Barbary Coast: Algiers Under the Turks, 1500—1830 (New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1979), pp. 5—6; Will and Ariel Durant, The Story of Civilization, 11 vols. (New York: Simon & Schuster, Inc., 1935-75), vol. 6, pp. 217-8, 696.
13. “The ‘little war”’: Ellen G. Friedman, Spanish Captives in North Africa in the Early Modern Age (Madison, Wis.: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983), p. xiv.
13. “The escalating raids”: Wolf, pp. 4—5; Julien, p. 242; Lane-Poole, Barbary Corsairs, pp. 8—10.
13. “Spanish Christians believed”: Lane-Poole, Moors in Spain, pp. 273-80.
14. “Charles signed the edict”: Ibid.
14. “Given command of”: Ibid.
14. “Between 1492 and 1610”: Ibid.
15. “In 1580, the Holy”: Friedman, p. xxii.
16. “The shipyards of Tunis”: Wolf, p. 143; Lane-Poole, Barbary Corsairs, pp. 219—21.
16. “Hundreds of English”: Samuel C. Chew, The Crescent and the Rose: Islam and England during the Renaissance (New York: Octagon Books Inc., 1965), p. 350.
16. “they brought with them”: Wolf, p. 145.
17. “Coming upon a”: Lane-Poole, Barbary Corsairs, p. 225.
17. “It was usually over”: Ibid., p. 193.
17. “Murad Reis, a legendary”: Ibid., pp. 226—33.
17. “800 raiders”: Ibid.
17. “Corsairs appeared off”: Ibid.
17. “Between 1613 and 1622”: Wolf, p. 190.
17. “Four hundred English ships”: Lane-Poole, Barbary Corsairs, p. 266.
18. “During six months”: Chew, p. 358.
18. “Between 1628 and 1634”: Lane-Poole, Barbary Corsairs, p. 233; Louis B. Wright and Julia H. Macleod, The First Americans in North Africa: William Eaton’s Struggle for a Vigorous Policy Against the Barbary Pirates, 1799—1805 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press), p. 11.
18. “The Spanish abetted”: Friedman, pp. 10—11.
18. “Gibraltar’s nine watchtowers”: Ibid., p. xvii.
18. “Even when privateers”: Ibid., p. 34.
18. “Long stretches of”: Ibid., pp. 48—9.
18. “Spain and Italy”: Ibid., p. 165; Colin McEvedy The Penguin Atlas of Ancient, Medieval and Modern History, 3 vols. (Baltimore: Penguin Books Inc., 1967), vol. 3, p. 37; 1999 Europe population figures.
19. “the habitual ‘climate of fear”’: Friedman, p. xxv.
19. “In 1616 alone”: Julien, p. 306.
19. “Wrote Diego de Haedo”: Lane-Poole, Barbary Corsairs, p. 205.
19. “Algiers’s lavish public”: Julien, pp. 106—7.
20. “The Algiers skyline sprouted”: Wolf, pp. 94—7.
20. “The hazards of”: Ibid., p. 148.
20. “expensive, ornamented fountains”: Ibid., p. 97.
21. “The youngest, handsomest”: Friedman, pp. 68—9.
21. “Algiers’s ‘zoco’”: Ibid., pp. 56-7.
21. “Father Dan happened”: Lane-Poole, Barbary Corsairs, p. 133.
21. “True, some corsair captains”: Friedman, pp. 72—4.
22. “Christians usually were”: Ibid., pp. 55—6.
22. “‘Our beds were nothing’”: Chew, p. 381.
22. “Ships docking in”: Lane-Poole, Barbary Corsairs, p. 252.
22. “Surgeons were another”: Friedman, pp. 69-70.
23. “Chained naked to”: Lane-Poole, Barbary Corsairs, pp. 214—5.
23. “One was Germaine”: Friedman, pp. 68—9.
23. “Two thousand slaves”: Ibid., pp. 66—7.
24. “Slaves were bastinadoed”: Gardner W. Allen, Our Navy and the Barbary Corsairs (Hamden, Conn.: Archon Books, 1905), p. 21.
24. “Jean de Matha”: Friedman, pp. 91—101.
24. “The sight of the”: Ibid., p. xxv.
24. “The pashas allowed”: Ibid., pp. 91—101.
25. “During eighty-two redemption”: Ibid., pp. 145—6.
25. “between 1520 and 1830”: Wolf, pp. 151—2.
26. “Admiral Lambert appeared”: Ibid., pp. 90—1.
26. “English Admiral Robert Blake”: Wolf, pp. 220—1.
27. “Dutch Admiral Michiel De Ruyter”: Tucker, p. 56.
27. “British Admiral Edward Spragg”: Wolf, p. 215.
27. “The four janissary”: Abun-Nasr, p. 175.
28. “In 1682, Admiral Abraham Duquesne”: Wolf, pp. 259—60.
29. “the French king Louis XIV sent”: Ibid.
30. “In 1712 Holland sent”: Lane-Poole, Barbary Corsairs, pp. 258—69.
31. “Algiers’s population, thinned”: Julien, p. 320.
Chapter III: The New Nation and Barbary
32. “An ambassador from America!”‘: McCullough, p. 337.
33. “In October 1784”: Mary A. Giunta, ed., The Emerging Nation: A Documentary History of the Foreign Relations of the United States under the Articles of Confederation: 1780—1789, 3 vols. (Washington: National Historical Publications and Record Commission, 1996), vol. 2, p. 503.
33. “‘Our sufferings are beyond’”: Ibid., p. 767.
33. “Jay already had instructed”: Ibid., p. 553.
34. “the Dutch, Danes”: Ibid., pp. 564—5.
34. “The men warmed”: The Works of John Adams, 10 vols. (Freeport, N.Y.: Books for Libraries Press, 1969), vol. 8, pp. 372-3.
35. “In 1698, during another”: Whipple, pp. 292-3.
36. “an average of 100”: Julian P. Boyd et al., ed., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, 25 vols. (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1950—), vol. 18, p. 371.
36. “Mediterranean markets consumed”: Curtis P. Nettles, The Emergence of a National Economy, 1775—1815 (New York, Evanston, London: Harper & Row, Publishers, 1962), p. 57.
36. “Richard Harrison”: Emerging Nation, vol. 2, p. 115.
36. “‘It is not [in] their Interest’”: Ibid.
36. “In 1782 Livingston”: Ibid., p. 58.
37. “He warned that”: Works of John Adams, vol. 8, pp. 374—6.
37. “The shipyards had”: Nettles, p. 50.
38. “France and Britain”: Gordon C. Bjork, Stagnation and Growth in the American Economy 1784—1792 (New York, London: Garland Publishing Inc., 1985), p. 167.
38. “More than 50,000 slaves”: Schachner, p. 217.
38. “Rice exports told”: Nettles, pp. 46—50.
38. “Adams ambitiously proposed”: Ibid., p. 66.
38. “Jefferson estimated British”: Ibid., p. 63.
38. “The French, however, lacked”: Samuel Eliot Morison, The Oxford History of the American People, 3 vols. (New York: New American Library, 1972), vol. 1, p. 369.
39. “American tobacco, flour”: Ibid., p. 370.
39. “The Empress of China”: Gorton Carruth, What Happened When: A Chronology of Life & Events in America (New York: Signet, 1991), p. 151.
40. “The novelty wore off”: Boyd, vol. 9, p. 358.
41. “the 47th Surah”: T. B. Irving, trans., The Qur‘an (Brattleboro, Vt.: Amana Books, 1986), pp. 288-9.
41. “By first extending”: Haleem, pp. 61—3.
41. “Jefferson gloomily estimated”: Boyd, vol. 9, p. 500.
41. “which meant going”: Ibid., pp. 357-9.
42. “Adams observed that”: Works of John Adams, vol. 8, pp. 406—7.
43. “Adams was certain”: Ibid.
43. “Jefferson replied with”: Boyd, vol. 10, pp. 123-5.
45. “Adams conceded there”: Works of John Adams, vol. 8, pp. 410—2.
46. “The Confederation Congress‘s”: Morison, vol. 1, p. 363.
46. “‘It seems almost Nugatory’”: Dorothy Twohig, ed., The Papers of George Washington, Confederation Series, 6 vols. (Charlottesville, Va., and London: University Press of Virginia, 1997), vol. 5, pp. 106—7.
46. “‘I should not be angry’”: Emerging Nation, vol. 2, pp. 967—8.
47. “‘If we act properly’”: Ibid., p. 863.
47. “‘We ought to begin’”: Boyd, vol. 7, p. 511.
47. “‘These pyrates are contemptibly’”: Boyd, vol. 2, pp. 542—3.
48. “Morocco’s seizure of”: Whipple, p. 25.
48. “‘It is not surprising’”: Emerging Nation, vol. 2, p. 520.
49. “he impulsively displayed”: Ibid., p. 503.
49. “‘to show them’”: Tucker, p. 65.
49. “The envoy and”: Emerging Nation, vol. 2, p. 841.
49. “John Lamb, a Norwich”: Ibid.
49. “Lamb passed along”: Boyd, vol. 18, pp. 374—5.
49. “Richard O‘Brien, master”: Naval Documents, vol. 1, p. 6.
50. “‘If there were”’: Emerging Nation, vol. 2, p. 178.
50. “Lord Sheffield expanded”: Boyd, vol. 18, pp. 373—4.
50. “Jefferson appealed to”: Ibid., p. 431.
51. “Jefferson raised the sum”: Whipple, pp. 26—7.
51. “But Hamilton’s actions so”: Schachner, pp. 182—4.
52. “In his secret idealistic”: Thomas Jefferson, Autobiography of Thomas Jefferson (New York: Capricorn Books, 1959), pp. 77-9; Boyd, vol. 10, pp. 560—2.
53. “Jefferson was subtler”: Autobiography of Thomas Jefferson, p. 78.
53. “Lafayette first presented”: Boyd, vol. 10, pp. 562-3.
54. “‘There is betwen’”: Gottschalk, ed., Letters of Lafayette to Washington, 1777—1799 (Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1976), p. 315.
54. “In 1787 Virginia”: Boyd, vol. 10, pp. 564—5.
54. “Congress ‘declined an engagement’”: Autobiography of Thomas Jefferson, p. 79.
Chapter IV: “A Good Occasion to Build a Navy”
55. “Nearly four million”: Nettles, p. 77.
56. “Revolutionary War debt”: Ibid.
56. “Trade continued to lag”: Ibid., p. 396.
57. “The occasion was”: Boyd, vol. 18, pp. 423—4.
57. “Besides being at war”: Ibid., p. 428.
58. “Spain’s peace had cost”: Ibid., p. 426.
58. “they boiled down to”: Ibid., p. 431.
58. “‘For this, we”’: Foley, p. 83.
58. “‘to repel force’”: Boyd, vol. 18, pp. 410—3.
58. “a Senate resolution”: Ibid.
59. “His ‘Proposal to Use Force”’: Ibid., p. 416.
60. “Logie, the London”: Ibid., pp. 374—5; Tucker, p. 72.
61. “‘Money is the God’”: Naval Documents, vol. 1, p. 3.
61. “When the Americans complained”: John Foss, Journal of the Captivity and Sufferings of John Foss, Several Years a Prisoner of Algiers (Newburyport, Maine: A. March, Middle-Street, 1798), pp. 1—12.
62. “‘All my hopes’”: Ibid., p. 57.
63. “Yellow fever had cut”: McCullough, p. 446.
63. “‘Everyone is getting’”: Ford, vol. 9, pp. 236—7.
63. “Philadelphia’s sultry summers”: McCullough, p. 446.
64. “‘As we passed”’: Foss, p. 14.
64. “The prisoners used gunpowder”: Ibid., p. 20.
65. “‘every article that’”: Ibid., p. 29.
65. “Sherief was the worst”: Ibid., pp. 20—1.
66. “The captives were required”: Ibid., pp. 31—3.
66. “The Algerians’ ‘tenderest mercies’”: Ibid., Frontispiece.
66. “Fourteen slaves caught”: Ibid., p. 25.
67. “Turks who committed”: Ibid.
67. “the Merchant Marine Act”: Tucker, p. 79.
67. “While U.S. ports”: Carruth, p. 169.
68. “The navy debate began”: Annals of Congress, Third Congress, 1st Session (Library of Congress), pp. 438—9.
69. “Benjamin Goodhue”: Ibid., p. 441.
69. “Fisher Ames”: Kenneth J. Hagan, This People’s Navy: The Making of American Sea Power (New York: The Free Press, 1991), p. 30.
69. “Britain, said John Nicholas”: Annals of Congress, Third Congress, 1st Session, p. 439.
70. “Madison asserted that”: Hagan, p. 31.
70. “British interference was not”: Annals of Congress, Third Congress, 1st Session, pp. 440—1.
70. “The House passed”: Fowler, p. 20.
71. “The ships, Knox concluded”: Tucker, pp. 79—81.
71. “Given the job”: Allen, p. 50.
71. “Since the United States”: Allen, p. 51; Fowler, p. 18; Tucker, pp. 81-2; Whipple, p. 44.
71. “Humphreys rhapsodized to”: Tucker, p. 87.
72. “the Continental Navy had”: Barbara W. Tuchman, The First Salute (New York: 1988), pp. 47—8.
72. “The cobbled-together fleet”: Whipple, p. 293.
72. “The last Continental warship”: Fowler, p. 8.
72. “Knox parceled out”: Hagan, p. 34.
72. “Then Knox also made”: Hagan, pp. 32-3.
72. “Finally, he had insisted”: Fowler, pp. 24-5.
73. “The Constitution, ‘Old Ironsides’”: Tucker, pp. 82-7.
73. “The unlucky Chesapeake”: David S. and Jeanne T. Heidler, ed., Encyclopedia of the War of 1812 (Santa Barbara, Denver, Oxford: ABC-CLIO, 1997), p. 296.
73. “Not able to afford”: Hagan, p. 34.
74. “The carronade was”: Tucker, p. 84.
74. “Copper bottoms repelled”: Ibid., p. 33.
74. “The British Royal Navy”: William N. Fowler, Jr., Rebels Under Sail: The American Navy During the Revolution (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1976), pp. 253—4.
74. “The 44-gun super frigates”: Fowler, Jack Tars, pp. 127—30.
74. “Each day, they stood”: Ibid., pp. 133—6.
75. “Quitting watch before relief”: Naval Documents, vol. 1, pp. 482—3.
75. “David Humphreys and Joel Barlow”: Tucker, 91-4.
75. “The dey opened”: Michael L. S. Kitzen, Tripoli and the United States at War: A History of American Relations with the Barbary States, 1785-1805 (Jefferson, N.C., London: McFarland & Company Inc., 1993), p. 19; Tucker, p. 91.
76. “The Fortune was”: Foss, p. 66.
76. “the British replied”: Kitzen, pp. 21—2.
76. “On top of everything”: Allen, p. 53.
77. “A Spanish privateer”: Foss, pp. 66—70.
Chapter V: “Will Nothing Rouse My Country?”
78. “The Senate ratified”: Hagan, pp. 36—7.
78. “Another reason for”: Robert J. Allison, The Crescent Obscured: The United States and the Muslim World, 1776—1815 (New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995), p. 23.
79. “Knowing that the Republicans”: Hagan, p. 37.
80. “In just one year”: Ibid., p. 30.
80. “A naval power‘”: Ibid., pp. 38—9.
80. “The French envoys”: Carruth, p. 172.
81. “Pinckney’s forceful reply”: Hagan, p. 40.
81. “a French privateer”: Tucker, p. 88.
81. “Congress created a”: Hagan, pp. 41—3; Fowler, Jack Tars, p. 36; Moskin, p. 27.
82. “During the Revolutionary War”: Moskin, p. 33.
82. “Congress amended the”: Schachner, p. 602.
82. “Then came the Sedition”: Carruth, pp. 173—4.
83. “The 20-gun Montezuma”: Fowler, Jack Tars, pp. 36—7.
83. “Two squadrons cruised”: Ibid., p. 39.
84. “In the Leeward Islands”: Fowler, pp. 44—5.
84. “In February 1800”: Ibid., pp. 54—7.
84. “France captured 159”: Ibid., p. 52.
85. “The Navy had 33 ships”: Ibid., p. 43.
85. “‘He was like’”: Samuel Edwards, Barbary General: The Life of William Eaton (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall Inc., 1968), pp. 68—9.
85. “O‘Brien had arrived:” Allen, p. 21; Whipple, pp. 52—3.
86. “Bobba surely was cheered”: Tucker, p. 110.
86. “Bobba, however, was”: Tucker, pp. 102—3.
86. “Betsy Robeson, the twenty-year-old”: Kitzen, pp. 25—7.
87. “Described in later years”: Tucker, p. 24.
87. “He said later in”: Whipple, p. 177.
88. “‘He endured fatigue’”: Tucker, pp. 247—8.
88. “Wayne assigned Eaton”: Edwards, pp. 27—39.
89. “Eaton trapped and arrested”: Ibid., pp. 52—3.
90. “Eaton raised the”: Tucker, p. 113.
91. “‘Not much shall be feared’”: Naval Documents, vol. 1, p. 317.
92. “Snatching a whip”: Edwards, p. 76.
92. “The articulate Eaton”: Tucker, p. 115.
92. “The bey sent away Famin”: Edwards, p. 76.
92. “O‘Brien and Cathcart”: Allison, p. 185.
92. “‘The United States set out’”: Wright and Macleod, p. 41.
92. “Congress must ‘send a’”: Ibid., p. 47.
93. “Bobba Mustapha expected”: Edwards, p. 63.
93. “‘I don’t pray often’”: Wright and Macleod, p. 45.
93. “The shadow fell on Denmark”: Ibid., pp. 66—7.
93. “Eaton came to”: Allen, p. 71.
93. “But the Danes got”: Wright and Macleod, pp. 66—7.
94. “At Cathcart’s first meeting”: Tucker, p. 118.
94. “McDonough bargained the bashaw”: Ibid., pp. 124—5.
94. “Cathcart paid, borrowing”: Allison, p. 169.
94. “O‘Brien and Eaton wisely”: Ibid., pp. 170—2.
95. “In a letter to President Adams”: Naval Documents, vol. 1, pp. 322—3.
95. “In July 1800”: Ibid., p. 372.
95. “But in unmistakable language”: Ibid., pp. 394—5.
96. “The George Washington’s cargo”: Allison, p. 175.
97. “Besides its 130 crewmen”: Allen, pp. 75—80.
97. “The Americans took pleasure”: Ibid.
98. “Throughout the meal”: Tucker, pp. 34—5.
98. “Two months after leaving”: Allen, pp. 75—80.
98. “‘The sending to Constantinople’”: Hagan, pp. 55.
98. “‘I would have lost”’: Naval Documents, vol. 1, p. 398.
99. “Tunis’s bey, Hamouda Pacha,”: Ibid.
99. “‘He seldom robs’”: Ibid., p. 431.
99. “Bainbridge returned to the”: Wright and Macleod, p. 61.
99. “‘He was a large’”: Edwards, p. 84.
100. “One of Bobba’s officers”: Naval Documents, vol. 1, p. 411.
100. “Sweden had agreed”: Ibid., p. 404.
100. “‘I have every reason’”: Ibid., p. 420.
101. “Consuls and agents”: Papers of James Madison, pp. 3—5.
Chapter VI: War and Early Triumph
102. “The bashaw set the”: Naval Documents, vol. 1, p. 420.
102. “In two years”: Kola Folayan, Tripoli During the Reign of Yusuf Pasha Qaramanli (Ile-Ife, Nigeria: University of Ife Press, 1979), p. 27.
103. “America’s $60,000 treaty”: Ibid., p. 29.
103. “More aggravating than”: Ibid., pp. 33—4.
104. “In letters to”: Ibid., p. 35.
104. “‘If the United States”’: Naval Documents, vol. 1, p. 430.
104. “‘.. . it would strike’”: Papers of James Madison, p. 92.
105. “But the fact was”: Jefferson Notes on Cabinet Meetings, The Thomas Jefferson Papers at the Library of Congress, May—June 1801.
105. “Off Sicily, Tunisian pirates”: Naval Documents, vol. 1, p. 479.
106. “The squadron was to”: Ibid., p. 463.
106. “‘It is hopeful that’”: Papers of James Madison, pp. 199—200.
107. “Moslem absolutism, the literature”: Allison, p. 37, pp. 48-9.
107. “Moreover, Europeans believed”: Ibid., pp. 61—4.
108. “‘One great object”’: Naval Documents, vol. 1, p. 463.
108. “The cruise, Madison said”: Papers of James Madison, p. 209.
108. “Sterrett was said”: Alexander Laing, American Sail: A Pictorial History (New York: Dutton, 1961), p. 42; Tucker, p. 142.
109. “Even while readying”: Schachner, p. 688.
109. “The Reduction Act also”: Fowler, Jack Tars, p. 60.
110. “Truxtun, however, wanted”: Ibid., pp. 65—6.
110. “The three-year delay”: Jefferson letter to Congressman Wilson Cary Nicholas, June 11, 1801, Jefferson. Papers at the Library of Congress.
111. “From the quarterdeck”: Tucker, pp. 133—4; Edwards, p. 97.
111. “Already friction had”: Whipple, p. 74.
112. “Dale gave Sterrett”: Naval Documents, vol. 1, p. 497.
112. “Three days after Sterrett‘s”: Ibid., p. 501.
112. “Murad Reis was actually”: Tucker, pp. 121-2.
113. “The American flag”: Wright and Macleod, p. 89.
113. “No, he told Dale”: Naval Documents, vol. 1, p. 501.
113. “Dale gave Bobba Mustapha”: Papers of James Madison, p. 213.
114. “‘The squadron under my”’: Naval Documents, vol. 1, pp. 531-3.
114. “‘The shore along’”: Ibid., p. 587.
115. “Flowering hibiscus, olives”: Tucker, pp. 221—4
115. “Hamet the Great”: Ibid., pp. 225—8.
116. “He led a revolt”: Folayan, pp. 17-20.
117. “When Hamet returned”: Tucker, pp. 225—8.
117. “Eaton sent a circular”: Naval Documents, vol. 1, p. 528.
117. “Murad unbent his”: Ibid, pp. 541-2.
117. “Murad, happily rid of”: Tucker, p. 147.
118. “Commodore Richard Dale’s first”: Ibid., pp. 546—7.
118. “The furious bashaw”: Donald Barr Chidsey, The Wars in Barbary: Arab Piracy and the Birth of the United States Navy (New York: Crown Publishers Inc., 1971),
p. 76; Naval Documents, vol. 1, p. 539 (National Intelligencer).
119. “Sterrett was awarded”: Naval Documents, vol. 1, pp. 539—40.
119. “The victory inspired a play”: Allison, p. 187.
119. “In a congratulatory letter”: Christopher McKee, Edward Preble, A Naval Biography, 1761—1807 (Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1972), pp. 91—2.
120. “Sterrett’s promotion, however”: Jefferson Presidential Papers, Microfilm, Reel 33.
Chapter VII: The War That Wasn’t
121. “Dale perversely interpreted”: Naval Documents, vol. 2, p. 54.
122. “The Essex convoyed”: Ibid.
122. “Dale complained there”: Ibid., vol. 1, p. 553, 560.
122. “‘I don’t expect”’: Ibid., vol. 1, pp. 603—4.
122. “As early as August”: Ibid., p. 560.
123. “‘There never was’”: Ibid., pp. 610—11.
123. “En route to Toulon”: Ibid., p. 620.
123. “He sailed from Malaga”: Ibid., vol. 2, pp. 27, 44.
124. “But before his recall”: Ibid., pp. 142—3.
124. “Thinking ahead to when”: Ibid., vol. 1, pp. 565—6.
125. “Richard Valentine Morris”: Tucker, pp. 153—4.
125. “Navy Secretary Smith”: Naval Documents, vol. 2, p. 103.
126. “Smith disliked ultimatums”: Ibid., p. 76—83.
126. “The bashaw was sending”: Ibid., p. 66.
126. “Algiers had sent twelve”: Ibid., pp. 155, 173.
127. “‘I never was at Sea’”: Ibid., pp. 161—2.
127. “‘Holding out the’”: Ibid., p. 130.
128. “Soliman now announced”: Ibid., pp. 179—83.
128. “He invited Simpson”: Ibid., p. 276.
129. “Morris put a watch”: Ibid., pp. 275—6, 280.
129. “Handwritten letters and”: Tuchman, p. 7.
129. “The Navy Department sent”: Ibid., p. 136.
129. “Belying his unyielding”: Naval Documents, vol. 2, p. 309.
130. “Congress, which supported”: Schachner, pp. 711—2.
130. “Two corsairs had slipped”: Naval Documents, vol. 2, p. 176.
130. “Firing cannon salutes”: Ibid., pp. 176, 201.
131. “Eaton tried to open”: Ibid., p. 201.
131. “On October 11”: Ibid., pp. 279, 288.
131. “Richard O‘Brien, the U.S.”: Ibid., p. 349.
131. “‘Let me at this time”’: Ibid., p. 232.
132. “It was so late”: Ibid., pp. 296—7.
132. “Morris confided to Cathcart”: Ibid., p. 291.
132. “O‘Brien had learned”: Ibid., p. 289.
132. “‘This year has proved’”: Ibid., p. 213.
132. “Sweden made peace”: Ibid., pp. 305—6.
133. “Young Wadsworth thought”: Ibid., pp. 273—4.
133. “The forecastle captain’s wife”: Ibid., p. 387.
133. “It was so widespread”: Whipple, p. 309.
133. “Lawson, who had never”: Naval Documents, vol. 2, pp. 293—5.
134. “He displayed his”: Ibid., pp. 293-95, 299.
135. “Carmick was returning”: Ibid., p. 300.
135. “‘Yesterday we left Livonine’”: Ibid., p. 310.
135. “Cochran tried to pick”: Ibid., p. 362; Whipple, p. 90.
136. “Congress empowered the president”: Edwards, p. 111.
136. “Congress also authorized”: Naval Documents, vol. 2, pp. 51—2.
136. “Early in 1803”: Ibid., p. 346, 362, 366.
137. “‘Sunday: One and a’”: Ibid., pp. 49—50.
137. “‘Government may as well”’: Naval Documents, vol. 2, p. 229.
137. “He also was angry”: Naval Documents, vol. 2, pp. 166—9.
138. “‘I belieive you’”: Ibid., p. 145.
138. “‘Our operations of the’”: Ibid., pp. 248—9.
139. “The United States risked”: Ibid., pp. 196—7.
139. “‘intolerable abuse and”’: Ibid., pp. 248-9.
139. “A Barbary consul:” Ibid., p. 353.
139. “‘Nothing of importance”’: Ibid., p. 327.
139. “Finally, in February 1803”: Ibid., p. 306.
Chapter VIII: Frustration
140. “Morris’s squadron delivered”: Ibid., pp. 86—7.
140. “The bey instructed Eaton”: Ibid., pp. 134—5.
141. “He told Eaton”: Charles Prentiss, Life of the Late William Eaton (Brookfield, Mass.: Merriam & Co., 1813), pp. 214—5; Naval Documents, vol. 2, p. 354.
141. “The brief rapprochement”: Naval Documents, vol. 2, p. 163, 166.
141. “The frigate, he said”: Ibid., p. 269.
141. “‘It is false’”: Ibid., p. 305.
142. “‘I will indemnify myself’”: Ibid., pp. 344—6.
142. “Morris insisted the Paulina”: Ibid., pp. 351—4.
143. “Yet it was true”: Prentiss, pp. 238—9.
143. “Eaton had added”: Wright and Macleod, pp. 102, 122.
144. “The torrent of vituperation”: Prentiss, p. 241; Edwards, p. 122; Tucker, p. 167.
144. “Cathcart reported what happened”: Naval Documents, vol. 2, p. 369.
144. “Eaton found a buyer”: Ibid., pp. 354—5.
144. “The commodore sent the bey”: Ibid., p. 369.
144. “‘Had I commanded”’: Ibid.
145. “‘It is unprecedented’”: Prentiss, p. 239.
145. “‘I presume it would’”: Naval Documents, vol. 2, p. 396.
145. “‘His character does not’”: Ibid., p. 301.
145. “The snub prompted”: Ibid., pp. 379—81.
146. “Given sailing orders”: Ibid., p. 387.
146. “Dale, the Navy’s senior”: Ibid., pp. 330, 337.
147. “He was ordered to”: Ibid., p. 405.
147. “Over Cathcart’s protests”: Ibid., pp. 398-9.
147. “While the New York”: Allen, p. 125; Tucker, p. 171.
148. “‘Twelve months pass’d‘”: Naval Documents, vol. 2, p. 417.
148. “While dining at a”: Tucker, pp. 182—3.
149. “Rodgers displayed the same”: Naval Documents, vol. 2, pp. 408—9.
149. “Days later, the Enterprise”: Ibid., p. 416.
150. “Five days after”: Ibid., pp. 425—6.
151. “A few days later”: Ibid., p. 430.
151. “Thirty-five miles northwest”: Ibid., pp. 530-1.
151. “At 8:00 P.M., Porter”: Ibid., pp. 435—7.
152. “Fifty officers, sailors”: Ibid., pp. 435—7, 530—1.
153. “Yusuf boasted to Nissen”: Ibid., pp. 439—40.
153. “Sailing into Tripoli harbor”: Ibid., p. 449.
154. “the squadron spotted a 22-gun”: Ibid., pp. 465—6.
155. “The New York pulled”: Ibid., p. 495.
155. “The trigger-happy French”: Ibid., pp. 509, 521—2.
156. “‘You will upon receipt’”: Ibid., p. 457.
157. “Jefferson and his”: Edwards, pp. 128—30.
157. “Eaton had observered”: Prentiss, p. 244.
157. “The Cabinet met”: McKee, pp. 112—4.
157. “Morris was court-martialed”: Naval Documents, vol. 2, pp. 528—31.
158. “Algerian corsairs attacked”: Whipple, p. 311.
158. “In February 1803, he”: Ray W. Irwin, The Diplomatic Relations of the United States with the Barbary Powers, 1776—1816 (Chapel Hill, N.C.: The University of North Carolina Press, 1931), pp. 129—30.
Chapter IX: The Philadelphia Disaster
160. “The commodore had teamed”: Naval Documents, vol. 3, pp. 61—2.
161. “Unfortunately for Bainbridge”: Ibid., p. 174.
161. “Born a year”: H. A. S. Dearborn, The Life of William Bainbridge, Esq., of the United States Navy (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1931), pp. vi—7.
162. “He evidently could be”: Allen, p. 86.
162. “He got within”: Dearborn, p. 55; Naval Documents, vol. 3, p. 172.
162. “A boat was lowered”: Naval Documents, vol. 3, p. 172.
163. “Wind and waves”: Ibid.
163. “At 4:00 P.M., after attempting”: Ibid., p. 174.
164. “Cannon, arms and ammunition”: Ibid., pp. 171—2.
164. “The sailor manning”: William Ray, Horrors of Slavery: Or, The American Tars in Tripoli (Troy, N.Y.: Oliver Lyon, 1808), p. 77; J. Robert Moskin, The U.S. Marine Corps Story (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1977), pp. 56—7.
164. “Bainbridge sent an officer”: Ray, p. 77.
165. “The practical-minded sailors”: Ibid., p. 78.
165. “The greedy Tripolitans”: Naval Documents, vol. 3, p. 529.
165. “the Tripolitans shoved”: Ray, p. 78.
165. “Seated on a small”: Ibid., pp. 81—2.
165. “‘He counted us’”: Naval Documents, vol. 3, pp. 529—30.
166. “The crew was marched”: Ray, pp. 84—5.
166. “they witnessed a melancholy”: Naval Documents, vol. 3, pp. 529—30.
166. “An even more demoralizing”: Ibid., pp. 14, 173.
166. “but only a few hundred”: Whipple, p. 315.
167. “‘Had I not sent”’: Naval Documents, vol. 3, pp. 171—4.
167. “‘A just comparison’”: Ibid., p. 177.
167. “‘I have zealously served’”: Ibid., p. 174.
167. “Bainbridge’s torment moved”: Ibid., p. 169.
167. “Busy convoying, Preble”: Ibid., p. 175; McKee, p. 179.
168. “‘This affair distresses me’”: Naval Documents, vol. 3, p. 256.
168. “He feared that”: Ibid., p. 175.
168. “‘Would to God”’: Ibid., p. 256.
168. “To his brother”: McKee, p. 181.
168. “‘I have not the smallest’”: Naval Documents, vol. 3, p. 280.
168. “‘Keep up a good heart’”: Ibid., p. 335.
169. “Preble discovered months’ worth”: Naval Documents, vol. 3, pp. 351, 385-6.
169. “Jefferson’s political enemies”: Allison, pp. 29—30.
169. “‘This accident renders’”: Jefferson Presidential Papers (Library of Congress), Microfilm, Reel 30.
169. “Congress established a”: Ibid., p. 523.
170. “‘I have never been’”: Ford, vol. 8, p. 301.
170. “So while the president”: James Madison Presidential Papers (Library of Congress), vol. 27, p. 35.
170. “On May 8, 1803”: Whipple, p. 96.
170. “Besides being instructed”: Naval Documents, vol. 2, p. 468.
171. “Off Cape de Gatt”: Naval Documents, vol. 2, p. 507.
171. “James Simpson, the U.S.”: Ibid., p. 514.
172. “Algiers’s dey was”: Ibid., vol. 3, pp. 132, 361—2.
172. “Rodgers objected to it”: Ibid., pp. 46—7.
173. “The American merchantman Hannah”: Ibid., pp. 23, 62-3.
173. “Finally, the emperor arrived”: Ibid., p. 106.
173. “He made a show”: Ibid., pp. 107—8.
173. “The delighted emperor”: Ibid., p. 110.
174. “‘a small man’”: Ibid., p. 126.
174. “The emperor suspended”: Ibid., pp. 164—5.
174. “As the two nations”: Ibid., pp. 19, 118, 126—7, 153.
174. “Many were built”: Ibid., pp. 461, 466.
174. “The morning after”: Ray, pp. 83—4.
175. “While the crewmen”: Ibid., p. 104.
176. “‘Rough-bearded men’”: John Greenleaf Whittier. The Complete Poetical Works of John Greenleaf Whittier (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1892), pp. 410—1.
177. “John Morrison, a”: Ray, pp. 114—5.
177. “‘Behave like Americans’”: Naval Documents, vol. 3, p. 312.
177. “A janissary cut off”: Ray, p. 96.
178. “The officers were excused”: Naval Documents, vol. 3, pp. 530—2.
178. “the midshipmen attended”: Ibid., p. 256.
178. “The captain even”: Dearborn, pp. 66—7.
179. “blindness was a relatively”: Whipple, p. 128.
179. “With happier results”: Naval Documents, vol. 3, pp. 531—2.
179. “a sailor cut his”: Ibid.
179. “Nelson’s ‘... Answer was’”: Ibid., p. 357.
179. “The first convert”: Ibid., pp. 530—1.
179. “Wilson became one”: Allison, p. 120.
Chapter X: A Daring Counterstroke
180. “The Danish consul”: Naval Documents, vol. 3, pp. 266—7.
180. “Lear opened an account”: Ibid., pp. 310, 369; Allen, pp. 163—4.
181. “He first tried”: Dearborn, p. 60.
181. “After experimenting with milk”: Ibid.; Whipple, p. 121.
181. “The censor’s eyes”: Naval Documents, vol. 3, pp. 526—7.
181. “Bainbridge suggested to Preble”: Naval Documents, vol. 3, p. 253.
182. “‘I shall hazard much’”: Ibid., p. 258.
182. “Lieutenant Charles Stewart swore”: Ibid., pp. 426—7.
182. “A month after”: Ibid., p. 236.
182. “By mid-December, he had”: Ibid., p. 273.
183. “Preble and Decatur now”: Ibid., p. 304.
183. “The Mastico was”: Ibid., pp. 351, 374.
183. “They turned up”: Ibid., p. 334.
184. “Preble had shifted”: Ibid., p. 257.
184. “Before the Mastico’s capture”: Ibid., p. 292.
184. “Yusuf’s agent at Malta”: Ibid., pp. 385, 378.
184. “But Preble decided”: Ibid., p. 311.
185. “Who was the”: Irvin Anthony, Decatur (New York, London: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1931), pp. 4—33.
186. “Decatur helped equip”: Ibid., pp. 35—41.
187. “He settled his first”: Ibid., pp. 103—4.
187. “Decatur and Macdonough”: Ibid., p. 121.
188. “Decatur had assembled”: Naval Documents, vol. 3, p. 389.
188. “‘We shall astonish’”: Ibid., pp. 381—2.
189. “‘It will be well’”: Ibid., pp. 375—7.
189. “The strike force arrived”: Ibid., pp. 399, 415—6.
189. “The Intrepid was small”: Ibid., p. 417.
189. “When they weren’t busy”: Anthony, p. 129; Whipple, p. 133.
189. “The most recent”: Naval Documents, vol. 3, p. 258.
190. “The Intrepid slowly”: Ibid., p. 416.
190. “Decatur launched the mission”: Ibid. p. 418.
190. “Decatur divided his force”: Anthony, pp. 124—5.
191. “A voice in the”: Ibid., p. 132.
191. “The Philadelphia’s officer”: Ibid., pp. 416—7; Anthony, pp. 130—3.
192. “The enemy’s bloodcurdling”: Naval Documents, vol. 3, pp. 417—9.
192. “The frigate went up”: Ibid., p. 415.
193. “Morris described the sight”: Whipple, p. 319.
193. “With seamless precision”: Naval Documents, vol. 3, p. 414.
193. “Thirty Siren crewmen”: Ibid.
194. “At daybreak, they”: Ibid., pp. 414—5.
194. “The Philadelphia burned”: Tucker, p. 283.
194. “The commodore signaled impatiently”: Naval Documents, vol. 3, p. 444.
194. “‘Their conduct in the’”: Ibid., p. 413.
194. “‘the most bold’”: Irwin, p. 135.
195. “‘The American commander”’: Allison, p. 193.
195. “‘... it is the only’”: Naval Documents, vol. 3, p. 525.
195. “Congress Decatur commended”: Ibid., pp. 427—8.
195. “A silent play”: Allison, p. 190.
195. “Francis Scott Key”: Victor Weybright, Spangled Banner: The Story of Francis Scott Key (New York: Farrar & Rinehart Inc., 1935), pp. 137—43.
195. “Key’s new, forgettable”: Ibid., pp. 143—50.
196. “Susan Decatur made”: Naval Documents, vol. 3, pp. 421, 230-1; Allen, pp. 174—5.
197. “The night of the”: Ray, p. 110.
197. “The commotion also”: Naval Documents, vol. 3, p. 532.
197. “At daybreak the next”: Ray, p. 110.
197. “‘The Turks appeared”’: Naval Documents, vol. 3, p. 421.
197. “when the soldiers tried”: Ray, p. 111.
198. “‘I have seen the Sea’”: Naval Documents, vol. 3, p. 256.
198. “Six weeks after”: Ibid., p. 532.
198. “One reason for”: Ibid., p. 474.
198. “‘people who handle’”: Ibid., p. 489.
198. “the bashaw forbade”: Ibid., p. 536.
Chapter XI: Preble’s Fighting Squadron
199. “In Tripoli, gun crews”: Naval Documents, vol. 4, pp. 293—4.
200. “Since taking command”: Ibid., vol. 2, p. 508.
200. “Cathcart had tried”: Ibid., vol. 3, p. 459.
200. “Prime Minister Sir John Acton”: Ibid., vol. 4, pp. 100—1.
200. “Preble mounted all”: Ibid., p. 130.
201. “He had sent”: Ibid., pp. 183—92, 255.
201. “‘It is from thence’”: Ibid., p. 275.
201. “Tobias Lear said”: Ibid., p. 471.
202. “‘It must be dreadful’”: Ibid., p. 79.
202. “Almost alone, Bainbridge”: Ibid., vol. 3, pp. 329—30.
202. “A harassing bombardment‘”: Ibid., vol. 4, pp. 264—5.
203. “The Philadelphia prisoners”: Ray, p. 119.
203. “The captives were driven”: Ibid., pp. 121, 145.
203. “Stephen Decatur led Lieutenants”: Naval Documents, vol. 4, p. 295.
204. “Trippe boarded another”: Ibid., pp. 296—7.
204. “For the rest”: Ibid., footnote.
205. “‘I find hand to hand”’: Ibid., p. 346.
205. “Decatur overtook an”: Anthony, pp. 144—5.
206. “As a souvenir”: Naval Documents, vol. 4, pp. 347—8. (Excerpt from Life of Stephen Decatur by Alexander Slidell Mackenzie, U.S.N.)
206. “The Constitution bombarded”: Ibid., pp. 296—7.
206. “Preble, expecting more”: Anthony, pp. 146—7.
207. “‘I always thought’”: Naval Documents, vol. 4, p. 346.
207. “Forty-four Tripolitans perished”: Ibid., pp. 297—8.
208. “Blake’s gunboat never”: Ibid., pp. 385—6.
208. “they ascribed the Americans‘”: Ray, pp. 123—4.
208. “A few days after”: Naval Documents, vol. 4, pp. 297—8.
208. “‘They did not abate’”: Ray, pp. 124-7.
209. “Two days after”: Naval Documents, vol. 4, p. 62.
209. “‘The conduct for sometime’”: Ibid., vol. 2, pp. 474—7.
209. “Preble was determined”: McKee, p. 176.
209. “The commodore had”: Naval Documents, vol. 4, pp. 323, 495—6.
210. “The Siren chased”: Ibid., pp. 234, 255.
210. “‘a deep designing’”: Ibid., vol. 3, p. 70.
210. “When he was fourteen”: McKee, pp. 6—7.
210. “was a midshipman”: Ibid., pp. 10—12, 18.
210. “he went back to sea”: Ibid., pp. 20—9.
211. “He then had”: Fowler, Jack Tars and Commodores, p. 49.
211. “he contracted malaria”: Whipple, p. 106.
211. “A husky six-footer”: McKee, frontispiece, p. 80.
211. “Preble was known”: Ibid., p. 35.
211. “criminal charges were”: Ibid., pp. 46—7.
212. “In a letter”: Ibid., p. 138.
212. “Unlike Morris, Preble”: Ibid., pp. 133—4; Naval Documents, vol. 3, p. 225.
212. “on October 4, 1803, five”: Naval Documents, vol. 3, p. 105.
212. “On November 16, 1803”: Ibid., p. 225.
212. “Preble kept all”: Ibid., pp. 103-4.
213. “Thus, when Robert Quinn”: Ibid., vol. 4, pp. 218—9, 227.
213. “The meeting took”: Anthony, pp. 109-11.
214. “And then, without warning”: Naval Documents, vol. 4, pp. 352, 298—9.
215. “The bashaw hunkered”: Ibid., pp. 299—300.
215. “Besides the casualties”: Ibid.
Chapter XII: A Destructive Scheme
217. “Whenever Barron arrived”: Naval Documents, vol. 4, pp. 114—5.
218. “While he regretted”: Ibid., p. 301.
218. “Preble’s pride was”: Ibid., p. 377.
218. “Weeks later, when”: Ibid., pp. 63—4.
218. “The John Adams”: Ibid., pp. 300—1.
219. “Since the failed parley”: Ibid., p. 222.
219. “Preble offered $80,000”: Ibid., pp. 389, 397.
219. “Yet he couldn’t resist”: Ibid., p. 397.
219. “Stephen Decatur had exulted”: Ibid., p. 243.
220. “Preble had declared”: Ibid., vol. 3, p. 210.
220. “Enemy gunners opened up”: Ibid., vol. 4, p. 301.
220. “Preble decided to resume”: Ibid., pp. 302, 481.
220. “Yet the nervous”: Ibid., p. 64.
221. “For three hours”: Ibid., pp. 302—3.
221. “Inside the city”: Ibid., pp. 64, 476, 480—2.
221. “Bainbridge was nearly”: Ibid., pp. 302—3.
221. “Preble brought the Constitution”: Ibid., pp. 472—3, 476, 504.
221. “A few days later”: Ibid., pp. 302—4.
222. “Preble suggested a”: Ibid., p. 495.
222. “Beaussier reported that”: Ibid., 496—7, pp. 480-2.
222. “The American fire”: Ibid., p. 65.
222. “There were so many”: Ray, p. 135.
223. “Preble once again”: Naval Documents, vol. 4, pp. 304-5, 504.
223. “Preble’s reckless sorties”: Ray, p. 142.
223. “When Somers asked”: Naval Documents, vol. 4, p. 508.
224. “‘No place presents’”: Ibid., p. 49.
225. “In Malta in May”: Ibid., p. 136.
225. “Preble himself demanded”: Ibid., vol. 3, pp. 112—3, 156.
225. “A decade later”: Allen, p. 140; Tucker, p. 338.
225. “‘many remarkable fine’”: Naval Documents, vol. 3, p. 210.
225. “‘I have an excellent’”: Ibid., p. 439.
226. “Somers impulsively removed”: Anthony, pp. 150—1.
226. “The Intrepid was loaded”: Naval Documents, vol. 4, pp. 305—6.
226. “‘like so many planets’”: Ibid., p. 352.
226. “The huge concussion”: Ibid., pp. 360, 509.
227. “The Nautilus showed”: Ibid., p. 507.
227. “there was no sign”: Ibid., p. 306.
227. “Without any basis”: Ibid., pp. 306—7.
228. “The bashaw and his”: Ibid., p. 65.
228. “Preble chased down”: Ibid., pp. 307—8.
228. “Barron cruised off”: Ibid., p. 513.
228. “President Jefferson took time”: McKee, pp. 314—5.
229. “With $1,245 they raised”: Naval Documents, vol. 6, p. 497.
229. “the monument was vandalized”: Wright-Macleod, p. 194.
230. “Its inscription reads”: Taken from the monument.
230. “In Portland, Maine”: Tucker, p. 333.
230. “In 1938, the”: Lieutenant (jg) Arthur P. Miller, Jr. “Tripoli Graves Discovered” (U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, April 1950), pp. 373—7.
231. “In April 1949”: Ibid.
Chapter XIII: Plotting a Regime Change
233. “‘The Secretary of War”’: Edwards, p. 127.
233. “This proposal was”: Naval Documents, vol. 1, p. 494.
233. “‘The subjects in’”: Ibid., p. 569.
233. “‘does not accord’”: Ibid., vol. 2, p. 245.
234. “‘We have no’”: Ibid., vol. 4, p. 153.
234. “Madison permitted up to”: Ibid.
234. “Thin, pale, and”: Karl Schuon, ed., The Leathernecks (New York: Franklin Watts Inc., 1963), p. 34.
234. “he had moved”: Naval Documents, vol. 2, p. 486; vol. 3, p. 222.
235. “Eaton said that organizing”: Ibid., vol. 5, p. 37.
235. “Eaton dispatched his”: Edwards, pp. 128—31.
235. “Bainbridge, Murray, Morris”: Tucker, pp. 229—31.
236. “Significantly, Preble, the”: Naval Documents, vol. 3, pp. 259—60, 486.
236. “Eaton complained to”: Ibid., vol. 4, p. 120.
236. “‘If my project’”: Ibid., vol. 5, p. 35.
236. “Hull’s verbal orders”: Ibid., p. 20.
237. “‘How Glorious would’”: Ibid., p. 305.
237. “Founded in 332 B.C.”: Funk & Wagnalls New Encyclopedia (USA: Funk & Wagnalls, 1983), vol. 1, p. 372.
237. “The Americans gazed”: P. J. Vatikiotis. The History of Egypt (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1969), p. 31.
237. “Napoleon’s lightning invasion”: Ibid., pp. 30—1.
238. “‘Let the Franks’”: Ibid., pp. 38—9.
238. “But the shrewd Napoleon”: Ibid., p. 44; Felix Gilbert, Eugene F. Rice, Jr., Richard S. Dunn, Leonard Krieger, Charles Breunig, Norman Rich, ed., The Norton History of Modern Europe (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. 1971), p. 816.
238. “In 1801 they”: Vatikiotis, p. 50.
239. “While waiting for the”: Naval Documents, vol. 5, p. 171.
239. “They started up”: Wright-Macleod, p. 151.
239. “A striking blue-eyed”: Prentiss, p. 446.
239. “he was fluent”: Edwards, p. 5.
239. “He also happened”: Ibid., pp. 5—6.
239. “he had mastered”: Ibid., p. 11.
240. “These traits had”: Ibid., p. 27.
240. “‘Egypt has no”’: Naval Documents, vol. 5, p. 191.
240. “‘Wild Arabs’ roved”: Ibid., p. 186.
240. “Eaton’s party hunted”: Ibid., pp. 186—7.
241. “‘They kissed our”’: Ibid., pp. 190—2.
241. “Eaton impressed the”: Ibid., p. 174.
241. “Cairo’s viceroy, Khorshid”: Vatikiotis, p. 37.
241. “They were escorted”: Naval Documents, vol. 5, pp. 188-9.
242. “‘It was more like’”: Ibid.
242. “He cemented their”: Ibid., pp. 185—6.
242. “The viceroy’s envoy”: Ibid., p. 192.
242. “Eaton sent a letter”: Ibid., p. 180.
243. “‘Thus you must’”: Ibid., p. 268.
243. “‘I cannot but”’: Ibid., p. 252.
243. “Bring plenty of money”: Ibid., pp. 277—9.
243. “Less than halfway”: Ibid., pp. 303—4.
244. “Eaton began to notice”: Ibid., p. 314.
244. “‘There is more’”: Tucker, p. 366.
244. “Turkish guards suddenly”: Naval Documents, vol. 5, pp. 301, 304.
245. “‘Tents were pitched’”: Ibid., p. 333.
245. “The governor and”: Ibid., p. 304.
245. “Hamet had decided”: Ibid., p. 349.
245. “if even 100”: Ibid., p. 214.
246. “The envoy was”: Ibid., pp. 349—50.
246. “He ‘is now’”: Ibid., p. 360.
246. “Yusuf had halted”: Ibid., p. 100.
247. “‘His people thought”’: Ibid., p. 131.
247. “Yusuf presided over”: Ibid., p. 206.
247. “Hull opened a”: Ibid., p. 349.
247. “Eaton got another $7,000”: Ibid., pp. 348, 408.
247. “‘Cash will do’”: Ibid., p. 553.
247. “There were Greeks”: Tucker, p. 369.
248. “Of the 400”: Edwards, p. 170; Naval Documents, vol. 5, pp. 371, 388.
248. “Selim Comb, a Turk”: Naval Documents, vol. 5, pp. 398—9.
248. “Leitensdorfer was born”: Prentiss, pp. 419—24.
249. “Under his new”: Ibid.
250. “His adventures with Eaton”: Ibid.
251. “‘Convention between the’”: Naval Documents, vol. 5, pp. 367—8.
251. “‘I cannot but’”: Ibid., p. 354.
252. “‘We found the impediments’”: Ibid., p. 384.
Chapter XIV: America’s Lawrence
253. “As befitted a”: Whipple, pp. 203—4.
253. “The army trekked”: Naval Documents, vol. 5, p. 399.
253. “It was the same”: Tucker, p. 376; McEvedy, vols. 1—2.
254. “During World War II”: Edwards, p. 15.
254. “In March and April”: Tucker, pp. 371—4.
254. “‘General Eaton’s instincts’”: Edwards, p. 185.
254. “‘Wherever General Eaton’”: Edwards, pp. 3, 6.
255. “They refused to”: Naval Documents, vol. 5, p. 405.
255. “The Arab cavalry fired”: Ibid., p. 410.
255. “Arabs stole all”: Edwards, pp. 1-3.
256. “They drew water”: The Leathernecks, p. 36; Whipple, p. 200.
256. “explored a valley”: Naval Documents, vol. 5, p. 423.
256. “Eaton examined scattered”: Ibid., p. 482.
256. “‘with Greek inscriptions’”: Ibid.
256. “The camel drivers again”: Ibid., vol. 4, pp. 433—4.
257. “Eaton responded to the”: Ibid.
257. “Fifty drivers returned”: Ibid., vol. 5, p. 435.
257. “The tribesmen thought”: Ibid., pp. 444, 448, 454.
257. “‘Despondency sat in’”: Ibid., p. 456.
258. “‘The services of’”: Ibid., p. 459.
258. “‘Joseph Bashaw’s forces’”: Ibid., p. 464.
259. “‘They were astonished’”: Ibid., p. 472.
259. “O‘Bannon was a”: Tucker, p. 356.
259. “On the Adams”: Naval Documents, vol. 2, p. 335.
260. “‘O’Bannon [is] one”‘: The Leathernecks, p. 36.
260. “Eaton’s volcanic relationship”: Naval Documents, vol. 5, p. 475.
260. “Absent several days”: Ibid., p. 478.
261. “The proclamation began”: Ibid., pp. 467—9.
261. “‘He leads you’”: Ibid., pp. 469—70.
262. “‘I shall be’”: Ibid.
262. “By early April”: Ibid., p. 478.
262. “‘If they preferred’”: Ibid., p. 490.
263. “Eaton and O‘Bannon”: Ibid., pp. 490—1.
263. “Eaton then made”: Ibid.
263. “Eaton began to berate”: Edwards, pp. 6-8.
264. “The standoff ended”: Naval Documents, vol. 5, pp. 490—1.
264. “Later, O‘Bannon scolded”: Edwards, pp. 6-8.
264. “Christians and Arabs”: Naval Documents, vol. 5, p. 498; The Leathernecks, p. 36.
264. “Captain Selim Comb”: Naval Documents, vol. 5, p. 481.
264. “Halting on April 9”: Ibid., p. 495.
265. “the hungry Marines”: The Leathernecks, p. 37.
265. “The women strung”: Naval Documents, vol. 5, p. 503.
265. “Hamet killed a”: Ibid., p. 509.
265. “now reduced to eating”: Ibid., p. 512.
265. “‘In an instant’”: Ibid., p. 498.
265. “The bitter Arabs”: Ibid., p. 512.
265. “Eaton and the Christians”: Ibid.
266. “Hull had reached”: Ibid., p. 493.
266. “The Argus and Hornet”: Ibid., p. 443.
267. “Before his men”: Ibid., p. 533.
267. “Yusuf had established”: Folayan, p. 42.
267. “A tent was”: Naval Documents, vol. 5, p. 389.
268. “He returned empty-handed”: Ibid., p. 443.
268. “‘They said that”’: Ibid., p. 505.
268. “The increasingly flustered”: Ibid., p. 509.
268. “Ten thousand, the”: Ibid., p. 523.
268. “The next morning”: Ibid., p. 540.
269. “But Barron’s squadron”: Naval Documents, vol. 6, pp. 30—1.
270. “If he had three”: Ibid., vol. 5, p. 94.
270. “Only Preble’s August 3”: Ibid., pp. 58—9.
270. “He owed Tunis”: Ibid., p. 52.
271. “Barron would blockade”: Ibid., vol. 4, p. 153.
271. “‘without any price”’: Ibid., pp. 155—6.
271. “Should ‘adverse events’”: Ibid., p. 153.
271. “a Cabinet meeting”: Jan. 8, 1805, Cabinet meeting notes. Presidential Papers Microfilm: Thomas Jefferson Papers (Washington, D.C., 1974), Reel 32.
271. “Jefferson, however, confided”: Naval Documents, vol. 5, p. 465.
272. “On November 14”: Ibid., p. 141.
272. “By December 27”: Ibid., p. 221.
272. “April found him”: Ibid., p. 536.
273. “‘... I should place’”: Ibid., p. 116.
273. “he appears as”: Ray Brighton, The Checkered Career of Tobias Lear (Portsmouth: Portsmouth Marine Society, 1985), p. 2.
273. “Lear often signed”: Ibid., p. 152.
273. “In May 1786”: Ibid., pp. 96, 121—3.
274. “In December 1799”: Ibid., pp. 161—3.
275. “But unfortunately, Jefferson,”: Schachner, p. 578.
275. “Washington expressed outrage”: James Flexner, Washington: The Indispensable Man (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1974), p. 346.
275. “John Marshall, the”: Brighton, pp. 171-3.
276. “Historian Ray Brighton”: Ibid., p. 175.
276. “Lear and Jefferson”: Ibid., p. 172.
276. “his unlucky business speculation”: Ibid., pp. 169—73.
276. “Jefferson and Madison made”: Ibid., pp. 32, 329—30.
276. “Two years later”: Ibid., p. 193.
276. “Within weeks of”: Ibid., p. 181.
277. “He also systematically”: Edwards, p. 144; Brighton, p. 237.
277. “So he took cover”: Naval Documents, vol. 5, p. 182.
277. “poor effeminate refugee”‘: Ibid., pp. 136—7.
277. “America had three”: Ibid., p. 83.
278. “‘He writes to the’”: Ibid., vol. 6, p. 1.
278. “‘I confess that’”: Ibid., vol. 5, p. 486.
278. “Barron confessed to Lear”: Ibid., vol. 6, p. 22.
278. “An attack was”: Ibid.
Chapter XV: Derna and Peace
280. “Bananas, dates, grapes”: Tucker, p. 397.
280. “whose cultivation dated”: Richard Carrington, East From Tunis (London: Chatto and Windus, 1957), pp. 209—10.
280. “Derna was the administrative”: Magali Morsy, North Africa 1800-1900 (London, New York: Longman Group Limited, 1984), p. 100.
281. “What he learned”: Naval Documents, vol. 5, pp. 540—1.
281. “‘I thought the Bashaw’”: Ibid., p. 528.
281. “Before boating ashore”: Ibid.
282. “They were landed”: Ibid., p. 542.
282. “Eaton had offered”: Ibid.
283. “The Argus, Hornet”: Ibid., pp. 547, 553—5.
283. “O‘Bannon took charge”: Ibid., p. 528.
284. “The assault force”: Ibid., vol. 6, p. 121.
284. “O‘Bannon and his”: Schuon, p. 38.
284. “The Americans turned”: Naval Documents, vol. 5, pp. 547—8.
284. “A little after”: Ibid., pp. 553—5.
284. “just two dead”: Ibid., p. 548; Schuon, pp. 35, 38.
284. “In years to come”: Moskin, pp. 36, 87.
284. “O‘Bannon later accepted”: Merrill L. Bartlett and Jack Sweetman, The U.S. Marine Corps: An Illustrated History (Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 2001), p. 31; Karl Schuon. U.S. Marine Corps Biographical Dictionary (New York: Franklin Watts Inc., 1963), p. 163.
284. “O‘Bannon resigned his”: Moskin, p. 62.
285. “He moved to Kentucky”: Whipple, p. 274.
285. “He died on”: Schuon, p. 163.
285. “The headstone over”: U.S. Marine Corps Web archive.
285. “The sheik said”: Naval Documents, vol. 6, pp. 4—5.
285. “Eaton threatened him”: Ibid., pp. 10—1.
285. “‘Neither persuasion, bribes’”: Ibid., vol. 5, pp. 553—5.
285. “But Mustifa managed”: Ibid., vol. 6, p. 14.
286. “He had sent spies”: Allen, p. 241.
286. “On May 13, Hassan’s troops”: Naval Documents, vol. 6, pp. 12—3.
286. “a well-aimed shot”: Ibid., p. 14.
287. “A humiliating traffic‘”: Ibid., p. 29.
287. “Hamet implored Hull”: Ibid., p. 28.
287. “They complained of”: Ibid., p. 59.
288. “Hassan tried to motivate”: Ibid., p. 45.
288. “Hassan’s officers began”: Ibid., p. 15.
288. “‘Everything assures us’”: Ibid., pp. 28—9.
288. “Eaton himself was”: Ibid., p. 15.
288. “‘Heated dust, which’”: Ibid., p. 29.
288. “The searing desert”: Ibid., p. 47.
289. “Hull noted that”: Ibid., p. 29.
289. “‘He swore by’”: Ibid., p. 14.
289. “The bashaw communicated”: Ibid., vol. 5, p. 505.
289. “‘the greatest terror’”: Ibid., vol. 6, p. 373.
289. “Yusuf convened the”: Ibid., p. 43.
289. At the height“: Ibid., p. 45.
290. “‘The Bashaw and”’: Ibid., p. 27.
290. “Yusuf confided to Cowdery”: Ibid., p. 46.
290. “or perhaps Lear”: Ibid., p. 377; Brighton, pp. 242-3.
291. “‘I must withhold’”: Naval Documents, vol. 5, pp. 438-40.
291. “Barron added that”: Ibid., p. 441.
291. “‘the Enemy will propose”‘: Ibid., p. 553.
292. “He accused Barron”: Ibid., p. 550.
292. “‘This is a circumstance”’: Ibid., pp. 550-3.
293. “Act quickly, Nissen warned”: Ibid., pp. 421-2.
293. “Within days of”: Ibid., p. 438.
293. “In March, with Eaton”: Ibid., vol. 6, pp. 159-63.
293. “Don Joseph sent on”: Ibid., p. 1.
293. “he was unwilling”: Ibid., vol. 5, pp. 462-3.
293. “The captain once”: Ibid., vol. 6, pp. 145-6.
294. “Lear told Rodgers”: Ibid., p. 1.
294. “In mid-May, Algiers’s dey”: Ibid., pp. 17-8.
294. “Tunis’s sapitapa offered”: Ibid., p. 7.
294. “‘I must contend”’: Ibid., pp. 22-3.
295. “‘I conceive it”’: Ibid., p. 24.
295. “‘By our resources”’: Ibid., pp. 24-6.
295. “It was ‘a duty”’: Ibid., p. 32.
296. “Barron ensured that Rodgers”: Ibid., pp. 31-2.
296. “The long-awaited gunboats”: Ibid., vol. 5, p. 395.
296. “who professed the bizarre”: Ibid., vol. 6, p. 98.
296. “swollen to more”: Ibid., p. 107.
296. “Hull and Eaton”: Ibid., vol. 5, pp. 555-6.
297. “To leave Hamet”: Ibid., vol. 6, pp. 59-61.
297. “Three frigates from”: Ibid., pp. 50—2.
298. “On May 29, Yusuf”: Ibid., pp. 159-63.
298. “Tell Captain Bainbridge”: Ibid., p. 69.
298. “A snag developed”: Ibid., p. 104.
299. “The captives’ flinty”: Ibid., p. 71.
299. “‘The sight of them”’: Brighton, p. 254.
299. “With little ceremony”: Naval Documents, vol. 6, p. 80.
299. “After they sobered”: Ibid., p. 82.
299. “Two crewmen, however,”: Ibid., p. 93.
300. “‘I bid the Bashaw”’: Ibid., p. 96.
300. “Instead of being”: Allen, p. 157.
300. “‘In sullen wrath’”: The Complete Poetical Works of John Greenleaf Whittier, p. 412.
301. “‘I cannot reconcile’”: Naval Documents, vol. 6, pp. 84, 89.
301. “So many troops”: Ibid., p. 59.
301. “During the prelude”: Ibid., p. 61.
301. “Bainbridge was allowed”: Dearborn, pp. 83—4.
301. “When the Divan deadlocked”: Ibid.
302. “A swirling battle”: Naval Documents, vol. 6, p. 62.
302. “‘The Bashaw deserves”’: Ibid., p. 122.
302. “A none compliance”‘: Ibid., p. 83.
303. “Before the frigate”: Ibid., pp. 87, 91.
303. “‘I found that”’: Ibid., p. 22.
303. “It was ‘all that”’: Ibid., p. 92.
303. “‘He answers that”’: Ibid., p. 63.
304. “He made everyone”: Ibid., pp. 116—7.
304. “As the last boats”: Ibid.
305. “The bashaw’s envoy”: Ibid., p. 117.
305. “Hamet, he noted glumly”: Ibid.
305. ‘“Our peace with”’: Ibid.
Chapter XVI: Aftermath
306. “The impatient bey”: Naval Documents,. vol. 6, p. 185.
306. “‘If War is his”’: Ibid., p. 143.
306. “The bey responded”: Ibid., pp. 146, 194.
307. “Tensions reached the”: Ibid., p. 196.
307. “‘All Europe is”’: Ibid., p. 284.
307. ‘“Our own good folk’”: Ibid.
307. “privately he lamented”: Ibid., p. 364.
307. “Smith said all”: Ibid., p. 284.
308. “Every U.S. warship”: Ibid., pp. 198-9.
308. “Ten gunboats in all”: Ibid., p. 330.
308. “but Gunboat 1”: Ibid., p. 39.
308. “Rodgers sent Hamouda Pacha”: Ibid., p. 202.
309. “Davis piped up”: Ibid., pp. 204-5.
309. “The Constitution fired”: Ibid., p. 36.
309. “In an extemporaneous”: Ibid., p. 211.
309. “It perplexed him”: Ibid., pp. 206—7.
310. “Hamouda responded by”: Ibid., p. 257.
310. “‘After such a”’: Ibid., p. 308.
310. “Rodgers appointed another”: Ibid., p. 234.
310. “‘... I feel satisfied”’: Ibid., p. 240.
311. “‘holding out the”’: Ibid., vol. 1, p. 620.
311. “Hamouda later insisted”: Ibid., vol. 6, p. 256.
311. “Before leaving Syracuse”: Ibid., p. 153.
311. “‘I fear we”’: Ibid., p. 122.
311. “‘Everything changed, he”: Ibid., pp. 213—4.
312. “Eaton, Rodgers, and Preble”: Ibid., p. 146.
312. “But Barron’s illness”: Ibid., pp. 213-8.
313. “Normally convivial, Eaton”: Edwards, p. 236.
313. “Bainbridge had returned”: Naval Documents, vol. 6, p. 275.
314. “At a testimonial”: Wright-Macleod, pp. 188-9.
314. “‘General Eaton is”’: Edwards, p. 191.
314. “‘astonished not only”’: Naval Documents, vol. 6, p. 296.
314. “A Senate resolution”: Ibid., vol. 5, p. 545.
314. “Massachusetts awarded Eaton”: Ibid., vol. 6, p. 376.
315. “‘Eaton, a glorious”’: Allison, p. 200.
315. “Federalist newspapers already”: Ibid., pp. 197-8.
315. “Pickering deplored Lear‘s”: Brighton, p. 271, Letter to Fisher Ames.
316. “He burned the last”: Naval Documents, vol. 6, p. 398.
316. “‘The effect has”’: Ibid.
316. “There were none”: Ibid., p. 315.
316. “‘On entering the”’: Ibid.
316. “Federalist senators went”: Ibid., p. 343.
316. “Jefferson personally supervised”: Presidential Papers Microfilm: Thomas Jefferson Papers (Washington, D.C., 1974), Reel 35. Jefferson notes.
317. “He composed a message”: Naval Documents, vol. 6, pp. 344—5.
317. “‘The present moment”’: Ibid., p. 349.
317. “The committee’s 472-page”: Ibid., pp. 391-3.
318. “Lieutenant John Dent, who said”: Ibid., p. 377.
318. “Marine Second Lieutenant Wallace W Wormeley‘s”: Ibid., pp. 373—4.
319. “The withering criticism”: Ibid., pp. 436, 512—3.
319. “The Tunisian ambassador”: Ibid., p. 36.
319. “His seriocomic diplomatic”: Ibid., p. 308; Wright—Macleod, p. 187.
319. “Madison sent Melli Melli”: Naval Documents, vol. 6, p. 428.
319. “They decided upon”: Ibid., pp. 441, 448.
320. “As Melli Melli correctly”: Ibid., p. 462.
320. “‘a very mean”’: Ibid., p. 457.
320. “the profusion of gifts”: Ibid., pp. 498-9.
320. “Satisfied with Melli Melli‘s”: Ibid., p. 508.
321. “The upheaval had begun”: Wright—Macleod, p. 187.
321. “Turkish soldiers assassinated”: Naval Documents, vol. 6, p. 298.
321. “On Christmas Day”: Ibid., p. 326.
321. “So highly was Lear”: Ibid., p. 432.
321. “The frigates, brigs”: Ibid., p. 431.
322. “The Tripolitan war”: Ibid., pp. 30-1.
322. “For nine straight”: Ferguson, ed. Selected Writings of Albert Gallatin, pp. 208—9.
322. “Even with revenues”: Adams, History of the United States, vol. 3, p. 345.
322. “Jefferson, who had”: Ibid., p. 355.
322. “In December 1806”: Ibid., p. 347.
322. “After protesting that”: Naval Documents, vol. 6, pp. 430, 433, 465.
Chapter XVII: Full Circle
324. “George Davis reembarked”: Naval Documents, vol. 6, p. 482.
324. “The consul’s devotion”: Ibid., p. 79.
325. “Now Nissen was retiring”: Ibid., pp. 103—4.
325. “The treaty, he told”: Ibid., p. 496.
325. “The treaty that had”: Ibid., pp. 81-2.
325. “‘that I had not”’: Ibid., p. 105.
326. “The clause was attached”: Ibid., pp. 81-2.
326. “In his report”: Ibid., p. 161.
326. “‘We will not incline”’: Presidential Papers Microfilm: Thomas Jefferson Papers, Reel 35.
326. “The commodore had suggested”: Naval Documents, vol. 6, p. 246.
327. “‘... the weight of”’: Ibid., pp. 209-10, 350.
327. “‘I have lost”’: Ibid., pp. 575-6.
327. “According to Eaton”: Ibid., p. 178.
327. “‘I trusted to”’: Ibid., pp. 263-4.
327. “Congress paid him”: Ibid., p. 178.
327. “Davis didn’t reveal”: Ibid., pp. 516-7, 519.
328. “At his first audience”: Ibid., p. 522; Wright—Macleod, p. 185.
328. “When Davis badgered”: Naval Documents, vol. 6, p. 551.
328. “they sailed away”: Ibid., p. 570.
328. “Davis managed to”: Ibid., p. 585.
329. “For the first time”: Brighton, pp. 272-3.
329. “When the Spanish”: Adams, vol. 2, p. 58.
330. “The Americans’ specious”: Ibid., p. 72.
330. “The British went”: Ibid., vol. 3, pp. 92-3.
330. “They also impressed”: Ibid., p. 97.
331. “The British detentions”: Naval Documents, vol. 6, pp. 532—3.
331. “He claimed that”: Ibid., p. 128.
331. “In August 1806”: Ibid., p. 475.
332. “He dispatched the Chesapeakd”: Ibid., p. 523.
332. “James Barron seldom visited”: Ibid., p. 536.
333. “Not only was”: Tucker, pp. 342-3.
333. “At 6:00 A.M. on”: Walter Lowrie, Walter S. Franklin, ed., American State Papers. Documents, Legislative and Executive, of the Congress of the United States. 6 vols. (Washington: Gales and Seaton), I-Foreign Relations, vol. 3, pp. 6-7.
334. “Barron’s officers noticed”: Naval Documents, vol. 6, pp. 536—40.
334. “Humphries deplored the loss”: Ibid., p. 536.
335. “War fever crackled”: Schachner, p. 840.
335. “A mob in Norfolk”: Ibid.
335. “British warships fanned”: Naval Documents, vol. 6, pp. 543-4.
335. “Jefferson closed all”: Schachner, p. 877.
335. “Jefferson’s Cabinet, with”: Schachner, pp. 840-9; American State Papers, I-Foreign Relations, vol. 3, pp. 6—7.
335. “Congress approved the Embargo”: Naval Documents, vol. 6, p. 583.
335. “The infamous Embargo”: Schachner, p. 862.
335. “Later in life, Jefferson”: Ibid., p. 885.
336. “America’s bread-and-butter”: Ibid., p. 876.
336. “Smugglers operated successfully”: Ibid., p. 871.
336. “Campbell emptied the”: Naval Documents, vol. 6, pp. 546-7.
337. “The Chesapeake’s mortified officers”: Ibid., p. 540.
337. “The court of inquiry”: Ibid., pp. 563-7.
337. “Barron’s fellow officers”: Tucker, p. 343.
338. “His actions were celebrated”: Allison, pp. 194—5.
338. “Congress had struck”: Naval Documents, vol. 6, p. 427.
338. “Preble was the rumored”: Ibid., p. 297.
338. “Once, when Preble”: Presidential Papers Microfilm: Thomas Jefferson Papers, Reel 33.
338. “Preble was buried”: Naval Documents, vol. 6, pp. 554-5.
338. “He and the commodore”: Ibid., p. 297.
339. “Congress had awarded”: Edwards, p. 247.
339. “Eaton was ‘an impostor”’: Wright-Macleod, p. 193, Plumer’s journal.
339. “His loyal neighbors”: Ibid., pp. 194, 196.
340. “With Governor George Clinton”: Schachner, p. 790.
340. “At the head”: Buckner F. Melton, Jr., Aaron Burr: Conspiracy to Treason (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2002), pp. 53-4.
340. “General James Wilkinson”: Ibid., pp. 56, 122.
340. “Burr recruited Andrew Jackson”: Ibid., pp. 107-11.
341. “At this point, Eaton”: Ibid., p. 97.
341. “It wasn’t until”: Ibid., pp. 131-2, 135.
341. “Before long, Burr”: Ibid., pp. 140, 157, 163.
342. “Eaton testified that”: Ibid., p. 202.
342. “‘The once redoubted Eaton’”: Francis F. Beirne, Shout Treason: The Trial of Aaron Burr (New York, Hastings House Publishers, 1959), p. 177.
343. “Embittered, Eaton returned”: Wright—Macleod, p. 196: Edwards, p. 254; Whipple, p. 274.
343. “Reclusive, suffering from”: Whipple, p. 274; Tucker, p. 443; Edwards, pp. 263—9.
343. “Eaton’s disgrace and”: Wright—Macleod, pp. 196-7.
343. “In November 1807”: Naval Documents, vol. 6, p. 577.
343. “When Lear demanded”: Brighton, p. 283.
344. “Lear paid the dey”: Naval Documents, vol. 6, p. 583.
344. “But then he demanded”: Allen, p. 275.
Chapter XVIII: Epilogue
346. “The British foreign”: Allen, p. 276.
346. “‘the American flag”’: Edgar Stanton Maclay, A History of the United States Navy, From 1775 to 1898 (New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1893), vol. 2, p. 6.
346. “The janissaries had assassinated”: Irwin, p. 170; Brighton, pp. 291-2.
346. “He complained that”: Irwin, pp. 171-2.
347. “Lear wangled a”: Allen, pp. 276-7; Brighton, p. 296.
347. “As he sat down”: Allen, pp. 277-8.
347. “America had to face”: Fletcher Pratt, Preble’s Boys: Commodore Preble and the Birth of American Sea Power (New York: William Sloane Associates, 1950), p. 44.
348. “the British had destroyed”: Ibid.
348. “The Edwin, a brig”: American State Papers, I-Foreign Affairs, vol. 3, pp. 748-9.
348. “‘My policy and’”: Allen, pp. 279-80.
348. “Washington threw a”: Pratt, pp. 85-6.
349. “By 1812, Decatur”: Ibid., p. 98.
349. “Decatur had met”: Ibid., p. 99.
350. “Decatur brought the prize”: Ibid., pp. 99-104.
351. “And then, in January”: Ibid., pp. 104—6.
352. “Hadji Ali had”: Allison, p. 209.
352. “On February 23, 1815”: American State Papers, I-Foreign Affairs, vol. 3, p. 748.
352. “Its 17-ship fleet”: Maclay, vol. 2, p. 6.
352. “Its navy had 5”: Ibid., pp. 7-8.
352. “Aboard the Guerriere was”: Allen, p. 292.
353. “Lookouts sighted several”: Maclay, vol. 2, pp. 9-10.
354. “As a boy”: Tucker, pp. 454-5.
354. “Badly wounded when”: Maclay, vol. 2, pp. 11-3.
354. “Two days later”: Ibid., pp. 13-4.
355. “Omar the Terrible”: Anthony, pp. 248—51.
355. “On June 28”: American State Papers, I-Foreign Affairs, vol. 4, p. 6.
355. “‘... peace, to be durable”’: Allen, p. 285.
356. “A second letter”: Ibid., p. 286.
356. “The dey invited”: Ibid., pp. 286—7.
356. “He said he would”: American State Papers, I-Foreign Affairs, vol. 4, p. 6.
357. “American ships spotted”: Maclay, vol. 2, p. 15.
357. “‘It has been dictated”’: Anthony, pp. 249—51.
357. “Lieutenant John Shubrick”: Allen, p. 289; Maclay, vol. 2, pp. 16—7; Anthony, p. 251.
358. “Early in 1815”: Maclay, vol. 2, p. 17; Anthony, pp. 252-4.
358. “Decatur learned of the”: Allen, p. 289.
358. “Through U.S. consul”: Maclay, vol. 2, p. 17-8; Anthony, p. 253; Allen, p. 290.
358. “Decatur’s next stop”: Maclay, vol. 2, pp. 18-9; Anthony, p. 254; Allen, pp. 290—91.
359. “Lookouts sighted seven”: Maclay, vol. 2, pp. 19-20.
359. “Bainbridge’s squadron reached”: Maclay, vol. 2, p. 20; Anthony, pp. 258—60; Allen, pp. 292-3.
359. “In Washington, everyone applauded”: Allen, p. 292; American State Papers, I-Foreign Affairs, vol. 4, p. 4.
360. “Lord Exmouth sailed to”: Maclay, vol. 2, p. 21.
360. “when Shaler presented”: Ibid., pp. 21-2.
360. “The alarmed dey”: Allen, p. 296.
361. “The British government”: Julien, p. 328.
361. “Exmouth and van Cappellen”: Wolf, p. 331.
361. “‘It is a principle”’: Allen, p. 339.
362. “Chauncey and Shaler added”: Ibid., pp. 299-300.
362. “He imposed a single”: Ibid., p. 300; Wright—Macleod, p. 206.
362. “Yusuf and Hamet”: Allen, p. 265.
362. “The last act”: Tucker, p. 437.
363. “In 1835, Yusuf’s son”: Whipple, p. 338.
363. “Baltimore gave him”: Anthony, pp. 270-1.
363. “‘Our country!’ Decatur said”: Ibid., p. 265.
363. “He stowed away”: Pratt, p. 110.
363. “After serving his”: Ibid., p. 112.
364. “He wrote a letter”: Ibid; Anthony, p. 287.
364. “In October Barron had”: Ibid., pp. 287-90.
364. “They agreed to fire”: Ben Birindelli, The 200 Year Legacy of Stephen Decatur, 1798—1998 (Gloucester Point, Va.: Hallmark Publishing Company Inc. 1998), p. 68.
364. “Decatur already had”: Ibid.; Anthony, p. 308.
365. “Decatur died in agony”: Birindelli, p. 68.
366. “35 American ships”: Allison, p. 110.
367. “little more than 30”: Allen, pp. 333-5.
367. “their stories were still”: Adams, History of the United States, vol. 2, p. 436.