As with Armageddon, I have not concluded this book with a formal bibliography, because the published literature is so vast. A catalogue of relevant titles becomes merely an author’s peacock display. I have confined myself instead to listing in the source notes works from which I have quoted directly, or cited specific points of information. I have omitted references for quotations which have been familiar for decades in the public domain.
Quotations derived from author interviews are attributed as, for instance, “AI Horsford.” Those downloaded from the Veterans’ Oral History Archive of the U.S. Library of Congress are attributed as, for instance, “LC Jenkins interview.” Principal documentary sources are abbreviated as follows:
British National Archive—BNA
Liddell Hart Archive, King’s College London—LHA
Imperial War Museum, London—IWM
U.S. National Archive—USNA
U.S. Navy Historical Center—NHC
U.S. Army Military History Institute, Carlisle—USAMHI
U.S. Marine Corps Historical Center, Quantico, Va.—MCHC
Australian War Memorial—AWM.
Every effort has been made to trace copyright holders, but where this has proved impossible, I offer apologies.
INTRODUCTION
1. “There are no big battalions” Lord Tedder, Air Power and War, London 1948, p. 41.
2. “I agree wholeheartedly” Richard Frank, Downfall, Penguin 2001, p. 359; and Robert Newman, Truman and the Hiroshima Myth, University of Michigan Press 1995, passim.
CHAPTER ONE • DILEMMAS AND DECISIONS
3. “which may not be until the final” John Paton Davies, Dragon by the Tail, Robson Books 1974, p. 274.
4. “Both [nations’] programmes were fuelled” RUSI Journal, August 2005.
5. “Japan did not invade independent countries” John Dower, War Without Mercy, Faber 1986, p. 5. Dower’s works have become indispensable sources for any writer about wartime Japan.
6. “We honestly believed that America” Col. Tsuji Masanobu, Singapore: The Japanese Version, Constable 1962, p. 21.
7. “The shame of our disaster” BNA CAB79/79.
8. “It is all very well to say” Brendan Bracken BNA CAB66/29 11.6.43.
9. “The Japanese have proved” Daily Mail, 21.1.44.
10. “Never do that again” AI Horsford.
11. “We are of the opinion” LHA Lethbridge Papers Box 1/3.
12. “Americans ought to like” NHC Library.
13. “The cumulative cost” Alvin P. Stauffer, The Quartermaster Corps Operations in the War Against Japan, Department of the Army, Washington D.C. 1955.
14. “The people are what” AI DeTour.
15. “Only shipmates were important” Emory Jernigan, Tin Can Man, Vandamere Press 1993, p. 167. Jernigan’s memoir offers an outstanding record of lower-deck destroyer service in the Pacific.
16. “Eugene Hardy” LC Hardy interview.
17. “Men live conscious” Keith Vaughan, Journal, 7 March 1944, Alan Ross 1966.
18. “Relax, we have always won” W. J. Holmes, Double-Edged Secrets, Naval Institute Press 1979, p. 125.
19. “All the officers at home” USAMHI Eichelberger Papers 22.7.44.
20. “that terrible, recurrent” Anthony Powell, The Valley of Bones, Heinemann 1964, p. 116.
21. “My dear Myrtle” USNA RG496 Box 457 Entry 74.
22. “Here it is a Burma moon” IWM 99/77/1, letters of 25.10.44 and 17.5.44.
23. “Nearly every Jap fights” LHA Gracey Papers 6/1–13.
24. “Dear Mother and Dad” MCHC Kennard Papers.
25. “In 1944 there seemed absolutely” AI Luo Dingwen.
26. “We got the order to retreat” AI Ying Yunping.
27. “They didn’t want this baby” AIs Chen Jinyu, Tan Yadong.
28. “In some districts” North China Herald, 28.2.40.
29. “Everywhere in Asia” Theodore White and Annalee Jacoby, Thunder Out of China, William Sloan, New York 1946, p. xiii.
30. “We understood that” AI Konada.
31. “We realised that Japan” AI Ando.
32. “In Japan, one felt very conscious” AI Funaki.
33. “In October 1944 Lt. Masaichi Kikuchi” AI Kikuchi.
34. “I imagined the Americans” Meirion and Susie Harries, Soldiers of the Sun, Heinemann 1991, p. 314.
35. “We have just started” IWM Thompson Papers 87/58/1, letter of 4.11.44.
36. “If brought out, public opinion” Eisenhower Diaries, ed. Robert Ferrell, Norton 1981, p. 49.
37. “From everything I saw of him” The Alanbrooke Diaries, ed. Alex Danchev and Daniel Todman, Weidenfeld & Nicolson 2001, p. 476.
38. “joy or sorrow” Charles Lockwood and Hans Adamson, Battles of the Philippine Sea, New York 1967, p. 7.
39. “At the risk of being naïve” USAMHI Harmon Papers Box 1a/2c, memo from Streett to Handy 31.10.42.
40. “The violence of inter-service rivalry” Air Marshal Sir John Slessor, The Central Blue, Cassell 1956, p. 494.
41. “If it were not for his hatred” USAMHI Eichelberger letters, op. cit.
42. “It is generally believed” New York Times, 13.4.44.
43. “ruthless, vain, unscrupulous” Churchill College, Cambridge: Journal of Lt.-Gen. Gerald Wilkinson.
44. “The humiliation of forcing me” Quoted Clayton James, The Years of MacArthur, Houghton Mifflin 1975, Vol. II, p. 527.
45. “Pearl was mostly brass and hookers” LC Hardy interview.
46. “There were dinner parties” MCHC Smith Papers.
47. “No matter how a war starts” U.S. Infantry Journal, April 1945.
48. “conceived of war as something” On to Westward, New York 1945, p. 234.
49. “warned me that it was well” MCHC Smith Papers.
50. “I am a doctor” Cato D. Glover, Command Performance with Guts, New York 1969, p. 46.
51. “the one great leader” Admiral J. J. Clark, with G. Clark, Carrier Admiral, Reynolds McKay, New York 1967, p. 242.
CHAPTER TWO • JAPAN: DEFYING GRAVITY
52. “Even at that stage” AI Kikuchi.
53. “I found that I jumped” AI Miyashita.
54. “It’s only to be expected” Fading Victory: The Diary of Admiral Matome Ugaki, 1941–45, Pittsburgh 1991, p. 437.
55. “Money-making is the one aim” Quoted Christopher Thorne, The Issue of War, Oxford 1985, p. 124.
56. “Whereas racism in the West” John Dower, Japan in War and Peace, p. 204. I am indebted to Dower’s works for much information in this passage.
57. “didn’t really feel that I was in a foreign country” AI Sugano.
58. “To our distress, it became evident” Masatake Okumiya and Jiro Horikoshi, Zero!: The Story of the Japanese Navy Air Force, Cassell 1957, p. 187.
59. “We would like to obtain” Dower, op. cit., pp. 55–87.
60. “Führer Hitler was an enlisted man” John Toland, The Rising Sun, Cassell 1971, p. 474.
61. “Arrests for ‘peace preservation’” Dower, War Without Mercy, passim.
62. “I contemplated the hardships” Ugaki diary, op. cit., 2.12.44, p. 527.
63. “It would be nice to say” AI Hashimoto.
64. “His father made occasional visits” AI Watanuki.
65. “Why do we need this?” AI Iki.
66. “Before World War II, Japan’s experience” AI Nakamura.
67. “We were far too influenced” AI Funaki.
68. “people understood that we were poorly prepared” AI Funaki.
69. “Only in 1944 did the war situation” AI Takahashi.
70. “Intelligence became a backwater” AI Hando.
71. “the most formidable fighting insect” Quoted Ronald Lewin, Slim: The Standard Bearer, Leo Cooper 1976, p. 381.
72. “first-class soldiers” Gordon Graham, The Trees Are Young on Garrison Hill, Kohima Educational Trust, p. 49.
73. “I thought of joining the army” AI Nakamura.
74. “Personality ceased to exist” AI Kikuchi.
75. “The first year as a recruit” AI Inoue.
76. “You are soldiers” AI Ajiro.
77. “I saw innumerable ways of killing people” Laurens van der Post, The Night of the New Moon, Hogarth Press 1970, p. x.
78. “After dealing with a score or two” AI Ebisawa.
79. “When a destroyer’s cutter” Mitsuru Yoshida, Requiem for Battleship Yamato, Constable 1999, p. 144.
80. “Right was what a soldier” Robert Harvey, The Undefeated, London 1994, pp. 220–21.
81. “If we were told to defend this position” AI Inoue.
82. “It is the Ishiwara-Tsuji clique” Quoted Harries, op. cit., p. 292.
83. “A lot of our men in that conflict” AI Funaki.
84. “A Japanese POW named Shiniki Saiki” USNA RG337 Box 59 X Corps POW interrogation reports.
85. “The understandable reluctance” J. Broadbent of 1/17th Australians USNA RG337 Box 59.
86. “a Formal Examination of Myself” LHA POW reports 10I610–15.
87. “the Japanese possessed” LHA POW reports 10IR579.
88. “His own reaction” LHA POW reports 10IR648–52.
89. “An aircrew lieutenant captured” LHA I01R599–602.
90. “We felt that it was a mistake” AI Ito.
91. “The whole thing’s so silly” Harries, op. cit., p. 171 and passim.
92. “What a sorry spectacle” Arthur Swinson, Four Samurai, Hutchinson 1968, passim.
CHAPTER THREE • THE BRITISH IN BURMA
93. “I have noted a regrettable” Quoted Christopher Thorne, Allies of a Kind, Hamish Hamilton 1978, p. 452.
94. “The majority of American officers” BNA FO371 F2983/1/61.
95. “The Americans…have rather behaved” Chief of Staff: The Diaries of Sir Henry Pownall, ed. Brian Bond, Leo Cooper 1974, Vol. II, 14.12.43, p. 125.
96. “Our anti-Americanism” John Hill, China Dragons, Blandford 1991, pp. 94–95.
97. “A sheaf of contemporary” BNA WO203/4524.
98. “It would be a brave man” BNA WP(44)326, CAB66/51.
99. “We tried to say” AI Wen Shan, loc. cit.
100. “Some British people even hit them” AI Wu Guoqing.
101. “I began to wonder” Field Marshal Lord Alanbrooke, War Diaries, 1939–45, ed. Alex Danchev and Daniel Todman, London 2001, 17.3.44.
102. “The American method” BNA CAB120/707 to Ismay.
103. “The hard fact is” Pownall diaries, op. cit., 29.9.44.
104. “If our operations formed merely” BNA COS 13.3.44 CAB79/84.
105. “I did not hold two articles” Slim, op. cit., p. 249.
106. “It is indeed a disgrace” BNA CAB120/707 7.5.44.
107. “A remarkable and complex character” Pownall diaries, op. cit., p. 201.
108. “I only quote this story” Alanbrooke diaries, op. cit., p. 452.
109. “Mountbatten is in the seventh heaven” Pownall diaries, op. cit., p. 187.
110. “Enjoy yourself” Christopher Somerville, Our War, Weidenfeld & Nicolson 1998, p. 273.
111. “If…we are relegated” Pownall diaries, op. cit., p. 191.
112. “Imphal…yes” Swinson, op. cit., p. 125.
113. “The whole time” Lt. Col. J. Balfour-Oates, The Jungle Army, Kimber 1962, p. 176.
114. “Uncle Bill will fight a battle there” Slim, op. cit., p. 374.
115. “His appearance was plain enough” George MacDonald Fraser, Quartered Safe Out Here, HarperCollins 1992, p. 36.
116. “We make the best plans” John Masters, The Road Past Mandalay, Michael Joseph 1971, p. 44.
117. “The scenery was superb” Raymond Cooper, op. cit., pp. 53, 59.
118. “Despair became rife” BNA WO203/6320.
119. “The air was thick” Captain Gerald Hanley, Spectator, 29.9.44.
120. “The Jap retreat” TL letters of 6.9.44 and 22.9.44, Lethbridge Papers LHA.
121. “Sometimes it is impossible” BNA WO203/279.
122. “There’s not much time” Pownall diaries, op. cit., p. 184, 29.8.44.
123. “that the minimum of effort” BNA CAB99/29 15.9.44.
124. “In the UK…I found everywhere” Michael Anglo, Service Newspapers of the Second World War, London 1977, p. 117.
125. “I was a pale white thing” Brian Aldiss, The Twinkling of an Eye, Little, Brown 1998, p. 151.
126. “When our lorry was labouring” ibid., p. 153.
127. “Gurkhas were wonderful chaps” AI Horsford.
128. “The fact that he sung in Welsh” Slim, op. cit., p. 468.
129. “Today I shall win the Victoria Cross” AI Ronnie McAllister.
130. “One can’t help feeling very humble” LHA Lethbridge Papers, op. cit.
131. “beard glistening” Gordon Graham, op. cit., p. 74.
132. “Reports of dissension” Pownall diaries, op. cit., p. 148.
133. “An army psychiatrist’s report” LHA Stockwell Papers 5/7/4.
134. “I remember dinner parties” AI McAllister.
135. “Sir, that thing is not coming” Randle, op. cit., p. 97.
136. “We thought nothing of the British Army” AI Horsford.
137. “They appeared mildly surprised” BNA WO232/35.
138. “With the Japanese, you could never see” AI John Cameron-Hayes.
139. “A Borderer in Raymond Cooper’s company” Cooper, op. cit., p. 102.
140. “He smelt pretty much” IWM Daniels MS 95/33/1.
141. “The screams of the patients” John Leyin, Tell Them of Us, Lejins Publishing 2000, p. 159.
142. “The war in Burma was fought” Randle, op. cit., p. 58.
143. “the Japanese still considers himself” BNA WO203/632.
144. “All experience…has demonstrated” LHA Messervy Papers.
145. “The Jap selects the most unlikely” LHA Gracey Papers, op. cit.
146. “It seemed a terribly old-fashioned” Fraser, op. cit., p. 26.
147. “but NOT to such an extent as” LHA Gracey Papers, op. cit.
148. “A six-month breakdown of” LHA Medical History of 20th Indian Division, Gracey Papers.
149. “One orderly was deputed” John Hamilton, War Bush, Michael Russell 2001, p. 332.
150. “John Leyin’s crew sang” Leyin, op. cit., p. 178.
151. “Back in harbour we faced” T. Grounds, Some Letters from Burma: The Story of the 25th Dragoons at War, privately published, p. 41.
152. “Has he got a chance?” AI Horsford.
153. “A saddler with an Indian Army” AI J. C-H.
154. “Perhaps the reason why the old soldier” Cooper, op. cit., p. 151.
155. “The thought went through my head” Daniels MS, op. cit.
156. “infidelity of soldiers’ wives” BNA WO203/4536.
157. “Waiting in the dark” Cooper, op. cit., p. 124.
158. “Anxiety about domestic affairs” BNA WO203/4537.
159. “does not like India or Burma” ibid.
160. “I get reports that certain officers” LHA Stockwell Papers Box 4/2.
161. “Stockwell deplored the poor quality” ibid.
162. “a small outbreak of desertion” BNA WO203/4524.
163. “they would go out on patrol” AI Horsford, loc. cit.
164. “On his own, in the dark” Hamilton, op. cit., p. 226.
165. “Bamboo ladders were built” ibid., p. 213.
166. “Without a murmur of complaint” ibid., p. 175.
167. “I gave Alex” Lt. Col. J. H. Williams, Elephant Bill, Hart-Davis 1950, passim.
168. “We had entered an enchanted zone” Aldiss, op. cit., p. 158.
169. “lukewarm, assisting whichever superior forces” LHA Gracey Papers Box 2/24 11.9.44.
170. “with his left leg shattered” Randle, op. cit., p. 72.
171. “The war took a long time” Hill, op. cit., pp. 43, 40.
172. “I didn’t worry about it” AI Joe Welch.
173. “Even the miners among us” Hill, op. cit., p. 36.
174. “I’m not carrying a haversack” IWM Daniels MS, op. cit.
175. “We seem condemned to wallow” Churchill Papers 20/176 telegram to Smuts.
176. “Not if they go by train” Philip Mason, A Matter of Honour, Cape 1974, p. 502.
177. “Oh, the Indians were very kind” Quoted Somerville, op. cit., p. 258.
178. “Most rankers expected little” Aldiss, op. cit., p. 180.
179. “My daddy always taught me” AI Linamen.
180. “For an instant” Anthony Montague Browne, Long Sunset, Cassell 1995, p. 24.
181. “It looked doom-laden” ibid., p. 27.
182. “That night, the sky was red” ibid.
183. “We had superiority in every arm” ibid., pp. 28–29.
184. “When one considers what the Americans” IWM 81/7/1 Romney Papers.
185. “This army is like Cinderella” LHA Lethbridge Papers, op. cit., 27.12.44.
CHAPTER FOUR • TITANS AT SEA
186. “Between 1941 and 1945” Navy Department Bureau of Construction, see J. Furer, Administrative History of USN in WWII.
187. “The fighter direction staff” Ronald Spector, At War at Sea, Penguin 2001, p. 301.
188. “The inescapable conclusion” Joel R. Davidson, The Unsinkable Fleet, Naval Institute Press 1996, p. 97.
189. “day in and day out life at sea” Flight Quarters, Veterans Association of the Belleau Wood 1946, p. 75.
190. “You never know where you’re going” LC Irwin interview.
191. “Dear Mom and Dad” MCHC Kohn Papers, Joseph Kohn 21.2.45.
192. “you stand back under cover” James Fahey, Pacific War Diary, 1942–45, Houghton Mifflin 1963, p. 182.
193. “there weren’t many fuck-ups” AI Bradlee.
194. “It was an exhausting life” Ben Bradlee, A Good Life, New York 1995, p. 67.
195. “too old for the duty they had” NHC Joe Kenton, Long Ago and Far Away, unpublished MS 2000, p. 17.
196. “for lack of anything better to do” LC Irwin interview.
197. “Everyone had a new respect” Jernigan, op. cit., p. 43.
198. “it felt like being taken apart” ibid., p. 45.
199. “I had such a wonderful time” Bradlee, op. cit., p. 76.
200. “time and distance” Jernigan, op. cit., p. 92.
201. “You want to be free again” Fahey, op. cit., p. 182.
202. “On the destroyer Schroeder” George W. B. Hall, Men of the Schroeder, Reunion Group 1995, p. 66.
203. “Carlos, a lack of formal education” Hall, op. cit., p. 137.
204. “a warping sound” Jernigan, op. cit., p. 121.
205. “Each ship is like a city” ibid., p. 33.
206. “You’d be playing checkers” ibid., p. 126.
207. “He…sounded just like a Georgia redneck” Richard W. Streb, Life and Death Aboard the U.S.S. Essex, Dorrance 1999, p. 121.
208. “emotionally unstable, evil-tempered” ibid., p. 123.
209. “The old man is getting nastier” Kenton, op. cit., p. 47.
210. “We hadn’t spent years learning” AI Bradlee.
211. “the most important thing” NHC Oral Histories Box 5, Burke File.
212. “Every time we bring out” USNA RG38 Box 4 Captain L. J. Dow report.
213. “James Hutchinson of the battleship Colorado” NHC, James Hutchinson, The Love of a Sailor for His Ship, privately published 1992, p. 66.
214. “Suckers!” Samuel Eliot Morison, U.S. Naval Operations in World War II, Vol. XII, p. 79.
215. “Of all the announcements” Attack Transport: The Story of the U.S.S. Doyen, University of Minnesota Press 1946, p. 119.
216. “A carrier officer, Ensign Dick Saunders” Flight Quarters, op. cit., p. 96.
217. “He ordered the vacant admiral’s cabin” NHC RG38 Box 4 Riley file.
218. “There are men out there” ibid., Widhelm file.
219. “The boys in a squadron” ibid., Lamade and Mini files.
220. “The very exacting nature” NHC, Administrative History of the USN in WWII: Aviation Personnel, p. 279.
221. “We learned to listen” Gerald W. Thomas, Torpedo Squadron Four, Rio Grande Historical Collections 1991, p. 118.
222. “Sherwin Goodman, an Avenger gunner” LC Goodman interview.
223. “Most of our kills were” USNA RG38 Box 4 Winters file.
224. “From pull-out, I looked back” ibid., Lamade file.
225. “What the boys want to do” USNA RG38 Box 4 Caldwell file.
226. “lose their daring” Aviation Personnel, op. cit., p. 281.
227. “Combat fatigue is a word we use” USNA RG38 Box 4 Lamade file.
228. “The weather was pretty good” ibid., Bakutis file.
229. “When Lt. Robert Nelson crashed” Charles Patrick Weilland, Above and Beyond, Pacifica Press 1997, p. 175.
230. “We were amazed to see the Americans” AI Iwashita.
231. “which sure was a wonderful show” NHC Oral History Files.
232. “Before returning them, we would strip them” Bradlee, op. cit., p. 65.
CHAPTER FIVE • AMERICA’S RETURN TO THE PHILIPPINES
233. “During planning for Third Fleet’s” NHC Carney file Box 6.
234. “revealed the concern of a man” Clayton James, op. cit., Vol. II, p. 509.
235. “The two rival roads were…converging” Morison, op. cit., Vol. XII, p. 18.
236. “an aloof cocker spaniel” MCHC O. P. Smith Papers.
237. “You will take no prisoners, you will kill every yellow” LC Jenkins interview.
238. “a guy I thought a lot of” ibid.
239. “The boy was not badly hurt” MCHC Smith narrative, p. 117.
240. “The thousands of rounds” ibid., pp. 119, 51.
241. “Bill Atkinson watched” Tom Evans, Hold Your Head High, Marine, privately published 2006, p. 35.
242. “Oh my God, I guess” ibid.
243. “I am carrying this guy” ibid., p. 125.
244. “Our troops should understand” USNA RG337 Box 58/206.
245. “Why did you do it?” Evans, op. cit., p. 86.
246. “It is hard to put your finger” MCHC Smith MS, op. cit., p. 93.
247. “For Isaac Waltons” NHC Library.
248. “If I was MacArthur” AI Takahashi.
249. “He could have filled his headquarters” ibid.
250. “This is our final parting” Pu Yi, From Emperor to Citizen, Foreign Languages Press, Beijing 1989, p. 234.
251. “The objective is relatively undefended” Quoted Craven and Cate, The U.S. Army Air Forces in WWII, Chicago 1953, Vol. V, p. 344.
252. “The navy and air force will attempt” USAMHI Japanese monographs 8489 roll no. 6.
253. “Leyte, like most of the other islands” USAMHI, Recon Scout, unpublished MS in McLaughlin Papers Box 5.
254. “As he approached, his face” Robert Shaplen in The New Yorker Book of War Pieces, Bloomsbury 1989, pp. 409–14.
255. “The smaller building erupted” USAMHI Newman Papers Box 2.
256. “Regard publicity set-up as excellent” USNA RG496 Box 849 Entry 184.
257. “The simple truth about war” Fraser, op. cit., p. 82.
258. “long before noon” Edmund Love, The Hourglass, Infantry Journal Press 1950, p. 216. 129
259. “You were wet” LC Norman interview.
’’Forget it,” said the colonel” AI Takahashi.
260. “Filipino labour…performed manual labour” Craven and Cate, op. cit., Vol. V, p. 373.
261. “Empty casings jingled down” USAMHI George Morrissey diary, Newman Papers Box 6.
262. “It is foolish to land” USNA RG337 Box 58, “Lessons of Leyte.”
263. “it is essential that all units” ibid.
CHAPTER SIX • “FLOWERS OF DEATH”: LEYTE GULF
264. “Whether the plan is adequate” Ugaki diaries, op. cit., p. 442, 13.8.44.
265. “to engage the full might” ibid., p. 460.
266. “gigantic castles of steel” Winston S. Churchill, The World Crisis, Odhams 1923, Vol. I, p. 83.
267. “Why can’t our people” Masanori Ito with Roger Pineau, The End of the Imperial Japanese Navy, Weidenfeld & Nicolson 1962, p. 125.
268. “It’s competitive all the way” NHC Oral History interviews Box 20.
269. “Let’s get this over with” A. J. Galantin, Take Her Deep!, Algonquin 1997, p. 173.
270. “It was a beautiful day” LC Goodman interview.
271. “Our captain was a” AI Ebisawa.
272. “a Jap sailor yelled” NHC Oral History Narratives Box 32 Tropp file.
273. “absolutely beautiful” USNA RG38 Box 4.
274. “Who can read the heart” Ugaki diaries, op. cit., 6.11.44.
275. “The dive-bombers are not hitting” USNA Lamade report, op. cit., 23.2.45.
276. “Too many targets were attacked” Gerald Thomas, op. cit., p. 71.
277. “Lucky I wouldn’t let you go” AI Takahashi.
278. “General situation: enemy aircraft” USNA RG200 Box 59.
279. “Lt. Tokichi Ishii, forty-four-year-old” LHA POW Report 10IR648–52.
280. “we rode the mast” NHC, Howard Sauer, Battleship Gunner, unpublished MS 1994.
281. “The Japanese Vice-Admiral Ugaki” Ugaki diaries, op. cit., p. 574.
282. “Never give a sucker” NHC Oral History Narratives Box 24 Oldendorf file.
283. “more like a petty officer” LHA POW Reports 106R638.
284. “All forces will resume the attack” Ito, op. cit., p. 133.
285. “If a man has a nervous wife” William Halsey and Joseph Bryan Halsey, Admiral Halsey’s Story, McGraw-Hill 1947, p. xi.
286. “he was always sure” Quoted Wilmott, p. 248.
287. “It was not my job to protect” Halsey and Halsey, op. cit., p. 219.
288. “With the conviction that Center Force” NHC Box 6 Carney file, p. 11.
I am indebted in this chapter for some significant reflections offered by Richard Frank in a presentation at the Nimitz Museum of the Pacific War, Fredericksburg, Texas: “Halsey’s Great Decision at Leyte Gulf.” Frank argues that Kinkaid was substantially more culpable than most historians suggest, and Halsey less so, for the surprise inflicted on Taffy 3. While revising Retribution for publication, I was also able to consult the most recent book on Leyte Gulf, Sea of Thunder by Evan Thomas (Simon & Schuster 2006), though it did not cause me significantly to change my own conclusions.
289. “the morning sun” Jernigan, op. cit., p. 126.
290. “Halsey’s job” John T. Mason, The Pacific War Remembered, Naval Institute Press, p. 274.
291. “Our captain announced” NHC Oral Histories.
292. “We went up on the flightdeck” NHC Oral Histories Box 34 RF Whitehead file.
293. “about the same as driving” NHC Oral Histories Box 17 William Kirkland file.
294. “I told the crew” NHC Oral History Collection Box 12 Hathaway file.
295. “Buck, what we need is a bugler” ibid.
296. “As we cleared each other” NHC Oral History Interviews Box 13.
297. “We were weaving back and forth” NHC Box 12 Hagen file.
298. “It takes a lot to go in there” NHC Oral Histories Box 34 RF Whitehead file.
299. “This process lasted” ibid., Box 33 Vieweg file.
300. “At the end of two hours” ibid., Box 34.
301. “Japan was showing signs not only” Ito, op. cit., p. 111.
302. “my mind was extremely fatigued” ibid., p. 166.
303. “the very poor decision” USNA RG200 Box 59, report of 29.10.44.
304. “The second explosion” ibid.
305. “severely burned beyond recognition” NHC Oral Histories Burrell file.
306. “Attention all hands” Flight Quarters, op. cit., p. 51.
307. “There wasn’t any of this” USNA RG38 Box 4.
308. “mission was to be defeated” Ito, op. cit., p. 142.
309. “We had frantic screams” USNA RG38 Box 4 Dow, op. cit.
310. “It wasn’t five minutes” ibid.
311. “Prosecute damage control” NHC Library.
312. “Fifty hours in the water” NHC Box 12 Hagen file.
313. “I guess I missed the best battle” Clark, op. cit., p. 235.
314. “Several Japanese fighter pilots” Rikihei Inoguchi and Tadashi Nakajima with Roger Pineau, The Divine Wind, Hutchinson 1959, passim.
315. “In the Philippines, every day” AI Iki.
316. “Everything was urgent” S. Sakai, Samurai, Four Square 1974, p. 213.
317. “When a commander is uncertain” Ito, op. cit., p. 161.
318. “Japan is in grave danger” ibid., pp. 37–38.
319. “People in the streets” Divine Wind, op. cit., p. 77.
320. “He was afire in the engine” Flight Quarters, op. cit., p. 58.
321. “You could of drove a Mack” C. Raymond Calhoun, Tin Can Sailor, Naval Institute Press 1993, p. 155.
322. “This type of attack is quite different” NHC Box 26 Purdy file.
323. “If adequate fighter cover not maintained” USNA RG200 Box 59.
324. “I was standing in the open” Hutchinson, op. cit., p. 61.
325. “You just don’t know which one’s” LC Erwin interview.
326. “The first thing I saw that day” Jernigan, op. cit., p. 176.
327. “rushed over to help get a man” Gerald Thomas, op. cit., p. 92.
328. “I seen these fellows with short sleeves” ibid.
329. “Seven of our bomber pilots” USNA RG38 Box 4 Winters report, op. cit.
330. “The Japanese had perfected” Morison, op. cit., Vol. XII, p. 367.
331. “Logically, suicide attack” Royal Navy Staff History, War with Japan, Ministry of Defence 1995, Vol. VI, p. 196.
332. “I could imagine myself in the heat” Bradlee, op. cit., p. 90.
333. “Let no man belittle” Mamoru Shigemitsu, Japan and Her Destiny, Hutchinson 1958, p. 340.
334. “We ran afoul of Japanese” NHC Box 6 Carney file, p. 14.
335. “I was somewhat puzzled” NHC Box 15 Inglis report, p. 19.
336. “We came to believe” Jernigan, op. cit., p. 92.
CHAPTER SEVEN • ASHORE: BATTLE FOR THE MOUNTAINS
337. “the Navy succeeded” Japanese monograph 8489 roll 6 USAMHI.
338. “There are only thirty-four men in our company” Diary of Eichi Ogita of 362th Independent Battalion, Japanese Interrogation Reports, LHA.
339. “By 7 November” Japanese Translated Monographs, op. cit.
340. “Men threw away their packs” Orlando Davidson et al., The Deadeyes: Story of the 96th Division, Infantry Journal Press 1947, p. 49.
341. “We had just begun to dig in” Morrissey diaries, op. cit., 28.10.44.
342. “I only knew him as a G Company screw-up” Eric Diller, Memoirs of a Combat Infantryman, privately published 1999, p. 51.
343. “I saw an undernourished” ibid., p. 70.
344. “Beyond grief inflicted” USNA RG337 Box 59/238.
345. “The task of supply and evacuation” M. Hamlin Cannon, The U.S. Army in WWII—Leyte: The Return to the Philippines, Dept of the Army 1954, p. 112.
346. “Floods raced” Jan Valtan, Children of Yesterday, Readers Press 1946, p. 187.
347. “I saw the creek bed” Morrissey diaries, op. cit.
348. “The end of the Leyte-Samar” USNA RG200 Box 2 SWPA communiqués.
349. “I’m surprised it isn’t going faster” Quoted Yank, 19.1.45.
350. “The new john radioed back” USAMHI, Charles Henne, Battle History of the 3/148th Infantry, unpublished MS, p. 126.
351. “I don’t want this business” USAMHI Bruce Papers Box 9, 12.12.44.
352. “No loud talking or laughing” USAMHI Morrissey diary, op. cit.
353. “The men looked ten or fifteen” USAMHI unpublished MS memoir, p. 134, Aubrey Newman Papers Box 6.
354. “This meant a long war” USAMHI Hostetter MS p. 89, Newman Papers Box 6.
355. “To the Japanese officer” USAMHI WD, Handbook, pp. 97, 99.
356. “The Japanese…displayed” Cannon, op. cit., pp. 245–52; Sixth Army Operations Report Leyte, pp. 204–12, Report of Col. William Verbeck of 21st Infantry.
357. “The Americans, meanwhile” Estimate by Col. Junkichi Okabayashi, chief of staff of 1st Division, quoted Eighth Army staff study of Japanese 35th Army on Leyte, pp. 5–6.
358. “The difficulties of terrain and weather” USNA RG337 Box 59.
359. “It’s your turn in the morning” USAMHI Newman Papers Box 2.
360. “One enemy soldier, about thirty-five yards” Edmund G. Love, op. cit., p. 260.
361. “giving them the appearance” MCHC O. P. Smith Papers.
362. “If they don’t quit this shooting” LC Norman interview.
363. “We thought we’d cleaned out” ibid.
364. “It was pleasant to have houseboys” Craven and Cate, op. cit., Vol. V, pp. 388–89.
365. “for the first time” Diller, op. cit., pp. 148–49.
366. “The tactics we have been using” LHA diary of Lt. Suteo Inoue, Japanese interrogation reports.
367. “Soldiers have become very weak” ibid.
368. “As we crouched there” USAMHI, Recon Scout, op. cit.
369. “You’ve got soldiers with no brains” USAMHI Arnold oral history interview.
370. “One of the small number of Japanese” LHA Japanese interrogation reports 10IR644–7.
371. “Another tropical typhoon” USNA RG200 Box 2 SWPA communiqués.
372. “a blazing inferno” Cannon, op. cit., quoting 77th Division Operations Report Leyte, p. 16.
373. “MacArthur’s communiqués are” USAMHI Rodman Papers Box 5.
374. “Perhaps the best way to describe” USAMHI, Recon Scout, op. cit.
375. “This theater has been a victim” USAMHI Eichelberger letters, op. cit.
CHAPTER EIGHT • CHINA: DRAGON BY THE TAIL
376. “a huge and seductive” John Paton Davies, Dragon by the Tail, Robson Books 1975, p. 429.
377. “In Manchuria in those days” AI Nakamura.
378. “We were victims of those gangsters” AI Wen Shan.
379. “The Japanese forced my father” AI Jiang Zhen.
380. “Every morning we watched corpses” AI Xu Yongqiang.
381. “of lacquerware and porcelain” White and Jacoby, op. cit., p. 19.
382. “my parents felt” AI Liu Yunxiu.
383. “Even when the Japanese” AI Xu Guiming.
384. “China’s principal ruler” Biographical details are taken from Jonathan Fenby, Generalissimo, Free Press 2003.
385. “The two peoples are nearer” LC Dulles Papers Box 2, Press conference 24.8.44.
386. “Unit 731, the biological warfare” Daniel Barenblatt, A Plague upon Humanity, Souvenir Press 2001, passim.
387. “Nowadays the media” AI Ajiro.
388. “More than a million Japanese soldiers” AI Hando.
389. “I have told the president” BNA PREM430/11.
390. “a junk heap of old boxes” John King Fairbank, China, Harper & Row 1982, p. 243.
391. “She can become at will” Auden and Isherwood, Journey to a War, Faber 1938, pp. 66–67.
392. “perfect dears” Peter Clarke, The Cripps Version, Allen Lane 2002, p. 156.
393. “Most recruits came simply as prisoners” AI Xu Yongqiang.
394. “If only more people” AI Ying Yunping.
395. “It is difficult” BNA WO203/291 21.1.45.
396. “the campaigns the Japanese” Farmer, Shanghai Harvest, Museum Press 1945, p. 103.
397. “One Japanese division” AI Funaki.
398. “The Chinese were poor soldiers” AI Inoue.
399. “One man slowly put four fingers” Farmer, op. cit., p. 143.
400. “The Japanese had so much more” AI Yan Qizhi.
401. “There’s nothing to forgive” AI Ying.
402. “a cricket in a tiny straw cage” Davies, op. cit., p. 101.
403. “Ying Yunping, a thirty-year-old” AI Ying Yunping.
404. “We usually relied on what food” AI Luo Dingwen.
405. “Senior officers were suspicious” USAMHI Haydon Boatner Papers Box I “A statement for the record on Barbara Tuchman’s Sand in the Wind,” pp. 5, 9.
406. “To the Japanese soldier” Davies, op. cit., p. 204, 1938 report to the State Department.
407. “At such a moment [our commander]” I. Feng, Give Me Back My River and Hills, Macmillan 1945, p. 127.
408. “Additionally, as Christopher Thorne has argued” Thorne, Allies, op. cit., p. 567.
409. “The report asserted that a section” USNA RG337 Box 54 Folder 101.
410. “It has been the lowest common denominator” BNA WO203/142.
411. “It was dawn when we fell” White and Jacoby, op. cit., p. 187.
412. “the Japanese army could still march” Fenby, op. cit., p. 289.
413. “Chinese soldiers showed” AI Wen Shan.
414. “I was very lucky” AI Jiang Zhen.
415. “They said what they liked” AI Wu Guoqing.
416. “It might be said that” S. Woodburn Kirby, The War Against Japan, HMSO 1964, Vol. IV, p. 194.
417. “All of us must remember” Quoted Davies, p. 269.
418. “I saw a machine gunner” USAMHI Boatner Papers, op. cit.
419. “He was much more than” Letter to John Hart 9.11.59, quoted Lewin, Slim: The Standard Bearer, p. 141.
420. “silken clad girls” Edgar Snow, Journey to the Beginning, Gollancz 1959, p. 163.
421. “the one abiding sentiment” ibid., p. 164.
422. “incapable—surely to an abnormal degree?” Emily Hahn, Chiang Kai-shek, Doubleday 1955, p. 248.
423. “hanging up my shovel” Quoted Davies, op. cit., p. 337.
424. “Al stated that” Jan. 1944 conversation noted by JS, quoted ibid., p. 300.
425. “General Wedemeyer told me with conviction” BNA FO371/41746.
426. “Chiang did some big things” AI Hongbin.
427. “Time is on the side of” Quoted Davies, op. cit., p. 273.
CHAPTER NINE • MACARTHUR ON LUZON
428. “‘Sit down,’ said the general” USAMHI Eddleman Papers.
429. “We grew to know his mood” Sgt. Vincent Powers quoted Clayton James, op. cit., p. 584.
430. “treason and sabotage” ibid., p. 588.
431. “At this late stage, after all one had survived” Somerville, op. cit., p. 264.
432. “This is terrible country to fight in” USAMHI Austin MS, op. cit., 3.2.45.
433. “General MacArthur visited” USAMHI Griswold Papers Box 1.
434. “I don’t see how I have gotten” USAMHI Eichelberger Papers, op. cit., letter of 23.1.45.
435. “I must insist that you take” Quoted Robert Ross Smith, Triumph in the Philippines, Department of the Army, Washington, D.C., 1964, p. 236.
436. “Groaning and writhing on the ground” A.V.H. Hartendorp, The Japanese Occupation of the Philippines, Manila 1957, Vol. II, p. 525.
437. “Mrs. Foley kept asking about” Evelyn M. Monahan and Rosemary Neidel-Greenlee, All This Hell, Kentucky University Press 2000, p. 160.
438. “They seemed to be using their last strength” Douglas MacArthur, Reminiscences, Heinemann 1965, p. 247.
439. “We met more resistance around Nichols Field” USAMHI Eichelberger Papers, “Dearest Miss Em,” 23.2.45, op. cit.
440. “On 28 December 1944 the Japanese kempeitai” Richard Connaughton, John Pimlott and Duncan Anderson, The Battle for Manila, Bloomsbury 1995, p. 72. This entire passage draws heavily on their work.
441. “Throngs of Filipinos” USAMHI Henne unpublished MS, op. cit., p. 41.
442. “The fighting became a shoot-out” ibid., p. 42.
443. “Not many men were ever privileged” ibid., p. 46.
444. “Our forces are rapidly clearing” USNA RG200 Box 2.
445. “MacArthur has visions” USAMHI Griswold Papers, op. cit.
446. “Leaving the near bank” USAMHI Henne MS, op. cit., p. 107.
447. “The sky was a” USAMHI Maj.-Gen. R.S. Beightler: Report on the Activities of the 37th Infantry Division.
448. “Even then the Japanese” USNA RG337 Box 71/491.
449. “I’ll never forget the bewildered look” USAMHI Palmer Papers.
450. “Didn’t you command HQ Company” USAMHI Eddleman Papers, op. cit.
451. “Such…are lonely, personal times” USAMHI Henne MS, op. cit., p. 80.
452. “I hope they don’t get VD” ibid., p. 95.
453. “It was…so common in combat” ibid., p. 73.
454. “Private Dahlum of the 3/148th” ibid., p. 66.
455. “Suspecting that every closed door” ibid., p. 68.
456. “They grabbed my two sisters” Evidence given at 1946 Yamashita trial, quoted Connaughton et al., op. cit., p. 243.
457. “I had seen the head of an aunt” ibid., pp. 204–5.
458. “When Filipinos are to be killed” Report on the Sack of Manila, U.S. Congressional Committee on Military Affairs 1945, pp. 14–15.
459. “Oscar Griswold of XIV Corps” USAMHI Griswold Papers, op. cit.
460. “Don’t do that” Luis Esteban, My War, unpublished MS, quoted Connaughton et al., op. cit., p. 150.
461. “will not be able to understand” USNA RG338/11061/41 MacArthur 2.9.44.
462. “From then on, to put it crudely” USAMHI Beightler MS, op. cit.
463. “American lives were undoubtedly far more valuable” Ross Smith, op. cit., p. 301.
464. “Those who had survived Japanese hate” A Question of Identities: Selected Essays, Manila 1973, p. 77.
465. “C-in-C refused my request” USAMHI Griswold Papers, op. cit.
466. “The assault upon Intramuros was unique” ibid.
467. “It was not a pleasant moment” Reminiscences, op. cit., p. 247.
468. “organised drunk” USAMHI Henne MS, op. cit.
469. “I believe the BC [Big Chief] would fight against” USAMHI Eichelberger letters, op. cit.
470. “Of the forty-nine men who are left” Suteo diary, op. cit.
471. “After daybreak, removed arm” LHA interrogation reports, captured diary of SH 19.5.45.
472. “Practically every day” LHA interrogation reports.
473. “They all talked big” Hiroo Onoda, No Surrender, Deutsch 1975, p. 57.
474. “all resigned to death” ibid., p. 69.
475. “We tore off the wings” Quoted Harvey, op. cit., pp. 221–22.
476. “absurd orders” USNA RG337 Box 59/238.
477. “It is still something of a mystery” Morison, op. cit., Vol XII, p. 216.
478. “There are unmistakable” Quoted Clayton James, op. cit., p. 717.
479. “It was a long, slow and costly operation” USAMHI Gill Papers Box 1, oral history transcript tape 8.
480. “We sometimes reported” USAMHI Henne MS, op. cit., p. 161.
481. “I looked around to see” USAMHI Lamagna Papers.
482. “They laughed and kept on” USAMHI, Col. Charles A. Henne, Reduction of the Shobu Group, unpublished MS 1989, p. 9.
483. “The price that the…trail cost” USAMHI Gill Papers Box 1, op. cit.
484. “It seemed the right thing to do” USAMHI Henne MS, op. cit., p. 104.
485. “Col. Bruce Palmer” USAMHI Palmer Papers.
486. “With the torrents of rain” USAMHI Henne MS, op. cit., p. 90.
487. “On those occasions” Stanley L. Falk, Decision at Leyte, Norton 1966, p. 21.
488. “South-West Pacific commitment” Army, June 1992, p. 61.
CHAPTER TEN • BLOODY MINIATURE: IWO JIMA
489. “a waterless island of sulphur springs” USNA RG38 Box 119, Maj. Y. Horie.
490. “We are now getting enemy” MCHC Joseph Raspalair Papers.
491. “You can hardly see sea” AI Ohkoshi.
492. “I…thought of the helpless feeling” Patrick Caruso, Nightmare on Iwo, Naval Institute Press 2001, p. 17.
493. “clothing and helmet” Johnston, op. cit., p. 73.
494. “I wondered how our plastic surgeons” James Vedder, Combat Surgeon, Presidio 1984, p. 37.
495. “This war will be decided” USNA Horie MS, op. cit.
496. “I saw my group leader” MCHC Rodriguez Papers.
497. “‘God, if you save my life” I’ll go to church every Sunday’ LC Jerry Copland interview.
498. “We had a gross misconception” Caruso, op. cit., p. 73.
499. “we had not seen any of the enemy” MCHC Rodriguez Papers, op. cit.
500. “Low morale, fatigue” MCHC Sayers Papers.
501. “Progress a hundred yards” MCHC Arsenault MS.
502. “Pick some prominent landmark” MCHC Green MS.
503. “At times, it appeared that the only sure way” Caruso, op. cit., p. 109.
504. “not only alive but leaving” MCHC unpublished MS, p. 302.
505. “I got hit in the balls” MCHC Cudworth Papers.
506. “After seeing dead Marines on the island” ibid.
507. “He was a good bit older” AI Ohkoshi.
508. “Once I get back home” Caruso, op. cit., p. 134.
509. “other than feeling sorry for the guys” LC George interview.
510. “Sometimes we were so close” MCHC Watkins MS, p. 182.
511. “In the time that one belly wound” ibid.
512. “You don’t need my watch” Caruso, op. cit., p. 31.
513. “He turned out to be my age” Bradlee, op. cit., pp. 78, 80.
514. “It was necessary for officers” MCHC Sayers report, op. cit.
515. “We replacements were despised” MCHC Lane Papers.
516. “My mind traversed the spectrum” Caruso, op. cit., p. 162.
517. “You wanted to know how bad” MCHC Colegrove Papers.
518. “I was never once sore” MCHC Schless Papers, op. cit.
519. “The first guy I ever killed” LC Copeland interview.
520. “It makes me sick” Maj.-Gen. Joseph Swing, Dear General: WWII Letters, 1944–45, 11th Airborne Association 1963, letter of 8.3.45.
521. “Captain Kouichi Ito, an army officer” AI Ito.
522. “In ancient times” MCHC Raspilair Papers, op. cit.
523. “There’s your uncle” LC Copeland interview.
CHAPTER ELEVEN • BLOCKADE: WAR UNDERWATER
524. “The entire question of Japanese” USNA RG496 Box 809.
525. “Seeing no one on board” USNA RG38 Box 3 ONI.
526. “Ronald Spector has remarked” Spector, Eagle Against the Sun, Viking 1984, p. xvi.
527. “It was hard to flush” Artie Akers, unpublished MS, University of Tennessee.
528. “We were essentially a steel bubble” Galantin, op. cit., p. 137.
529. “We had almost disdain for the threat” ibid., p. 96.
530. “for instance, Sam Dealey” Charles Lockwood and Hans Christian Adamson, Through Hell and Deep Water, Greenburg 1956.
531. “Use the periscope as little as possible” NHC Current Doctrine 1944.
532. “This man seemed to know” Akers MS, op. cit.
533. “It was an impersonal war” Galantin, op. cit., p. 106.
534. “Three hits observed” Theodore Roscoe, U.S. Submarine Operations in World War II, Naval Institute Press 1949, p. 441.
535. “Vice-Admiral Charles Lockwood” Charles Lockwood, Sink ’Em All, Dutton 1951, p. 124.
536. “Heads ached” Galantin, op. cit., p. 243.
537. “Many will tell you that depth-charging” Walter Jaffee, Steel Shark in the Pacific, Glencannon 2001, p. 125.
538. “By the fall of 1944” Galantin, op. cit., p. 203.
539. “It had become an aviator’s” ibid., p. 226.
CHAPTER TWELVE • BURNING A NATION: LEMAY
I am indebted for much factual material in this chapter to two sources: Tami Davis Biddle’s “Curtis Emerson LeMay and the Ascent of American Strategic Air Power,” published in Realizing the Dream of Flight, ed. Virginia Dawson and Mark Bowles, NASA, Washington, D.C. 2005; and Ralph Arnold: “Improvised Destruction: Arnold, LeMay and the Firebombing of Japan,” published in War in History, October 2006, Vol. 13.
540. “The best psychological warfare” Gerald Hanley, Spectator, 29.9.44.
541. “the use of incendiaries” Chennault, Way of a Fighter, Putnam 1948, p. 97.
542. “As we piled out” Carter McGregor, The Kagu-Tchuchi Bomb Group 40BG, Wichita Falls Texas, Nortex 1981, p. 49.
543. “had as many bugs” C. E. LeMay and Kantor, Mission with LeMay, p. 124.
544. “but they continue with these futile operations” Pownall diaries, op. cit., p. 197.
545. “They are very poor” LC LeMay Papers Box 11.
546. “the B-29 outfits are being filled” ibid., letter to Maj.-Gen. Fred Anderson 18.11.44.
547. “The B-29 project is important to me” ibid.
548. “Sir, it could ignite gas fumes” AI Leon Cobaugh.
549. “I had hoped to find brown-skinned” Brown, A B-29 Pilot’s Memories.
550. “Leather began to get mouldy” Samuelson diary, B-29 website www.http:B-29.org.
551. “Everyone was on edge the rest of the day” ibid. 288 “3 Dec: The boys are” ibid.
552. “When the clouds broke, Mt. Fujiyama” ibid.
553. “We’re all of us poor soldiers” Quoted Kenneth P. Werrell, Blankets of Fire, Smithsonian 1996, p. 206.
554. “I had a nice talk with Wray and Cutter” Samuelson diary, op. cit., B-29 website.
555. “I became aware of the sky” Ben Robertson, The Beginning of the End, privately published 2004, p. 112.
556. “In our situation, it was pretty much” ibid., p. 102.
557. “Maybe the road ahead” ibid., CL to Norstad 31.1.45.
558. “Morale was terrible…Nothing worked” B-29 website.
559. “General LeMay has taken over” Quoted Werrell, op. cit., p. 140.
560. “As early as September 1944” William W. Ralph, op. cit., p. 503.
561. “It is air power that this Country” Lt.-Gen. Barney Giles to Kenney 27.9.44, quoted Ralph, op. cit., p. 505.
562. “To date the Twentieth” USAAF Maxwell AFB Research file 760.317–1.
563. “Whereas the adoption of nonvisual” Conrad C. Crane, Bombs, Cities and Civilians, Kansas University Press 1993, p. 76.
564. “A sort of cold fear gripped the crews” 497BG History, p. 19.
565. “There were a lot of unhappy campers” B-29 website.
566. “We might lose over three hundred aircraft” LeMay and Kantor, op. cit., p. 1.
567. “The whole city of Tokyo” B-29 website.
568. “Arnold assured him mendaciously” Ralph, op. cit., p. 519.
569. “blasted large cracks in the myth” Christian Century, issue of 21.3.45.
570. “through intensified bombing” Newsweek, 2.7.45.
571. “Most of my mail consisted of” Shigemitsu memoirs, op. cit., p. 346.
572. “the most frightful experience” ibid., p. 324.
573. “elements of the population” USNA RG457 Box 24 SRH074–081.
574. “After the war” AI Ando.
575. “An unforgettable mission” B-29 website.
576. “Frequent bombings, particularly night attacks, have made a major impact” RUSSIAN ARKHIV 18. VELIKAYA OTECHESTVENNAYA No.7 (1), Moscow 1997, no. 294, p. 297; from the Review of Military Operations of the USAAF Against Japan Compiled by the Intelligence Department of USSR Main Naval Headquarters ( June 1944–March 1945). Source: TsVMAF. 2 Op. 1 D.1019. L.304–9, 313–20.
577. “It was easy to see that the Nip pilots” Samuelson diary, op. cit., B-29 website.
578. “Mess kits were banged” True personal narrative, loaned to the author.
579. “Personally I have no quarrel” Norstad to LeMay 17.4.45.
580. “Never before or since” MAFB 760-551: USAAF special post-war report on fire-raising.
581. “We were going after military targets” LeMay and Kantor, op. cit., p. 384.
582. “I don’t think we thought much” AI True, loc. cit.
583. “It is much easier” IWM Speer Collection Box 5369 SHAEF G230.5.45.
584. “this use of psychological warfare” Conrad C. Crane, “Leadership, Technology and the Ethics of Total War: Curtis LeMay and the Firebombing of Japan,” in Christopher Kolenda (ed.), Leadership: The Warrior’s Art, Army War College Foundation Press, Carlisle, Pa. 2001, pp. 205–24.
585. “I imagine if one knew Napoleon” USAMHI Eichelberger Papers, op. cit.
586. “Fear of losing control” Craven and Cate, op. cit., p. 531.
587. “one of the most ruthless” Hoover Institution, Fellers Collection Box 3.
588. “The course and conduct” Crane, Bombs, Cities and Civilians, op. cit., p. 173.
589. “Highlight of the entire” Maxwell AFB 760–1 Post-War Narrative.
590. “Nobody involved in the decision” Freedman and Dockrill, “Hiroshima: A Strategy of Shock,” From Pearl Harbor to Hiroshima, Macmillan 1993, p. 196.
591. “Nothing new about death” Quoted Werrell, op. cit., p. 140.
CHAPTER THIRTEEN • THE ROAD PAST MANDALAY
592. “It might be one of our chaps” Fraser, op. cit., p. 37.
593. “He confused 9 Section” ibid., p. xii.
594. “There was a wonderful” Northamptonshire Regimental Journal, Nov. 1952, p. 17.
595. “He is neither pro-Jap” LHA Gracey Papers.
596. “Very few of us” Hill, op. cit., p. 110.
597. “None of them surrendered” ibid.
598. “One of our chaps” IWM 95/33/1 Daniels MS, p. 243.
599. “that it was counterattacked” Woodburn Kirby, Vol. V, op. cit., p. 257.
600. “Despite recent bad behaviour” BNA WO203/1259 23.2.45.
601. “The South Lancs’ CO” AI Horsford.
602. “With maddening sluggishness” Woodburn Kirby, Vol. V, op. cit., p. 265.
603. “The tanks took a pasting” AI McAllister.
604. “The Japanese still had the reputation” ibid.
605. “Jap suicide squads dug in” BNA WO203/1259.
606. “Meiktila was a place” AI Inoue.
607. “Here before us” Hill, op. cit., p. 112.
608. “house-to-house” BNA WO203/5315.
609. “We just overran them” AI Horsford.
610. “It’s no good, sahib!” Sandle, op. cit., pp. 67–68.
611. “We felt it was going to be over” AI J. C-H.
612. “I’m afraid I enjoyed the campaign” AI McAllister.
613. “It was always a disappointment” Slim, op. cit., p. 351.
614. “Among the stream of vehicles” Abe, On the Staff of Thirty-Third Army, Fuji Shobo 1953.
615. “Leading troops now only 72 miles” BNA WO203/1259.
616. “Men are the most precious thing” Maj. P. G. Malins of Royal Indian Army Service Corps personal narrative 1981, Gracey Papers LHA.
617. “I turned to see” Fraser, op. cit., p. 83.
618. “If thoo wez a Jap, an’ saw this lot coomin’” ibid., p. 93.
619. “The scale of loss on both sides” Michael Hickey, The Unforgettable Army, Spellmount 1998.
620. “I began to realise how much” Hill, op. cit., p. 137.
621. “The most incredible thing” Lethbridge Papers LHA.
622. “Dicky [Mountbatten], reinforced by” Quoted Martin Gilbert, Winston S. Churchill, Vol. 7, p. 1283.
623. “They looked like beggars” AI Sugano.
624. “Petrol is as precious as blood” AI Inoue.
625. “The old unquestioning confidence” R. Hunt and J. Harrison (eds.), The District Officer in India, 1930–47, London 1980, p. 175.
626. “in their leisure time they will talk” BNA WO203/1194.
627. “Exactly what purposes it served” Aldiss, op. cit., p. 180.
628. “I realised that I had longed” ibid., p. 187.
CHAPTER FOURTEEN • AUSTRALIANS: “BLUDGING” AND “MOPPING UP”
629. “They said they were all too tired” G. R. Matthews diaries AWM PR87/79.
630. “deterioration in the morale” Australian Archives Victoria: MP72/1, File 193/1/657.
631. “Many…laborers refused to work” Stauffer, The U.S. Army in WWII, p. 51.
632. “was directly obstructing the war effort” ibid., p. 115.
633. “apathy amongst large sections” Lacey to Curtin 14.1.43, cited Thorne, Allies, p. 304.
634. “The Department may be surprised” ibid., p. 237.
635. “pulling right out of the war” Sydney Morning Herald, 8.9.44.
636. “civil war or very near it” Sydney Daily Telegraph, 30.10.44.
637. “The Australian government tried” Paul Hasluck, The Government and the People, 1942–45, Australian War Memorial, Canberra 1970, p. 630.
638. “The mainspring of Curtin’s leadership” ibid., p. 436.
639. “The enemy garrisons which” To Marshall 9.8.44, quoted Clayton James, op. cit., p. 464.
640. “American public opinion” Melbourne Herald, 10.1.45.
641. “a rather unpleasant” Tedder letter to wife 10.5.41, Tedder Papers.
642. “not an impressive” Alanbrooke diaries, op. cit., p. 544.
643. “On his head descended” Gavin Long, The Final Campaigns, AWM, p. 586.
644. “The best that can be said” D. M. Horner, Blamey: The Commander-in-Chief, Allen & Unwin 1998, passim.
645. “We are all just about had” Diary AWM PR89/190.
646. “A feeling of terrible sadness” War in the Shadows: Bougainville, 1944–45, AWM 1996, p. 86.
647. “The political and grand strategic” Johnston, op. cit., p. 95.
648. “capable of anything” AWM 3DRL 3825 John Butler letter to wife from New Guinea.
649. “When you get into action” Quoted Johnston, op. cit., p. 81. 343 “75 of us refused to go into action” ibid., p. 236.
650. “I happen to entertain” Commonwealth Debates Vol. 181, p. 1126.
651. “In both Australian and Japanese history” Long, op. cit., p. 386.
CHAPTER FIFTEEN • CAPTIVITY AND SLAVERY
652. “American PWs appeared to be” LHA POW reports microfilm 588.
653. “There was evidence” BNA 16.1.45 WO203/5609.
654. “Their liberators were stunned” BNA WO203/5620.
655. “I dared not look into their eyes” Christopher Bayly and Tim Harper, Forgotten Armies, Penguin 2004, pp. 406–7.
656. “In the beginning” AI Idlett.
657. “The Burma railway was a very difficult” AI Renichi Sugano.
658. “men of the arrogant nation” Hino’s 1942 book Batan Hanto Kojoki, cited Haruko Taya Cook, Voices from the Front: Japanese War Literature, 1937–45, unpublished MA thesis, University of California, Berkeley 1984, pp. 59–60, quoted Dower, Japan in War and Peace.
659. “There is no doubt that many men just” Romney Papers, op. cit., IWM.
660. “The most junior soldier felt” Stephen Abbott, And My War Is Done, Pentland 1991, p. 37.
661. “I saw discipline go down” AI Rosen.
662. “Major D—was about as useful” IWM Young MS 75/124/1.
663. “the white Jap” Hank Nelson, Australians Under Nippon, ABC 1985, p. 60.
664. “I know you’ve been terribly ill” Abbott, op. cit., p. 51.
665. “seems to accept everything” IWM Romney Papers, op. cit.
666. “Flying Officer Erroll Shearn” IWM Shearn Papers 92/36/1.
667. “You are signing away” Coubrough, Memoirs of a Perpetual Second Lieutenant, Wilton 1995, p. 90.
668. “During the early months” BNA WO203/3105.
669. “The grandiose picture he draws” IWM Shearn MS IWM 92/36/1.
670. “The Dutch doctors I met” IWM Lyon MS 90/10/1.
671. “There was no love lost” AI Idlett.
672. “There was a weeding-out” AI Paul Reuter.
673. “My life was a nonentity” AI Andrew Cunningham.
674. “wanted to survive” AI Idlett, loc. cit.
675. “I knew some that would not eat rice” ibid.
676. “Australian Snow Peat saw” Nelson, op. cit., p. 42.
677. “I was prepared to eat anything” AI Ashwell.
678. “I’ve missed the sunshine after rain” LHA Morris Papers, op. cit.
679. “Some men swore” AI Mel Rosen, loc. cit.
680. “Guess my mother thinks” Monahan and Neidel-Greenlee, op. cit., pp. 102, 129.
681. “We were so hungry that” ibid., p. 136.
682. “It was becoming very apparent” Hartendorp, op. cit., p. 311.
683. “My Dear Philip” IWM Sparrow Papers 88/63/1.
684. “Goddammit! That was” Coubrough, op. cit., pp. 92–93.
685. “not a bit like Butlin’s” IWM Evans Papers 82/24/1.
686. “In sapper Edward Whincup’s” IWM Whincup Papers 91/81/1.
687. “With one exception” Coubrough, op. cit., p. 121.
688. “1/2 pint rice pap” IWM Denis Leigh 1947, thesis on neurological disorders in POWs 77/172/1.
689. “Somehow we keep going” IWM Thompson Papers 87/58/1.
690. “the british always” Stibbe, op. cit., p. 124.
691. “Some people would steal” AI Reuter.
692. “Sapper Edward Whincup” IWM Whincup Papers 91/81/1.
693. “No one has any sympathy” IWM Romney Papers, op. cit.
694. “We became hardened” P. G. Stibbe, Return via Rangoon, Wolsey 1947, p. 162.
695. “You don’t know the meaning of frustration” AI Rosen.
696. “that the Japanese, contemptuous of us” Coubrough, op. cit., p. 99.
697. “It was pointless to maintain” ibid., p. 147.
698. “a necessary exercise” IWM 93/8/1 Jackson, “Misadventure,” privately published MS.
699. “The ordinary Japanese” Stibbe, op. cit., pp. 55, 196.
700. “‘Mr. M’ scythed grass” IWM, David Nicoll, Young Shanghailander, 92/14/1.
701. “I cooked it slowly” Nini Hannaford-Rambonnet, Stand to Attention, Bow, Stand Up, Batavia Publishing 2005, p. 33.
702. “no one was raped” IWM Lyon MS 90/10/1.
703. “That’s what I wanted” IWM Dryburgh Papers 82/19/1.
704. “Not until your hair is grey” Hannaford-Rambonnet, op. cit.
705. “If you wish to live you must” Abbott, op. cit., p. 179.
706. “He was a really kind-hearted Japanese” IWM Lyon MS 90/10/1.
707. “How do you like winning” IWM Shearn MS 92/36/1.
708. “Are you contented” Abbott, op. cit., p. 58.
709. “a terrible tragedy” ibid., p. 66.
710. “I had beriberi” AI Idlett.
711. “I told myself after the war” AI Kikuchi.
712. “At the end of the war” John Glusman, Conduct Under Fire, Viking 2005, p. 410.
713. “There was no debate among the doctors” Baltimore Sun, 20.5.95.
CHAPTER SIXTEEN • OKINAWA
714. “We bombarded all day long” Hutchinson, op. cit., p. 61.
715. “Everyone expected E Company” Johnston, op. cit., p. 126.
716. “They brought him back to us” MCHC Donner MS.
717. “I thought I might get to a pillbox” James W. Johnston, The Long Road of War: A Marine’s Story of Pacific Combat, University of Nebraska Press 1998, p. 128.
718. “I didn’t recognise anything I saw” MCHC Bressoud MS, “The Way It Really Was. I Think,” 1994.
719. “What do you want to treat a Jap” The New Yorker Book of War Pieces, Bloomsbury 1989.
720. “He did not want to be involved” MCHC Smith MS, op. cit.
721. “ruddy, heavy-set” ibid.
722. “Buckner had surprisingly little troops’ duty” ibid.
723. “The enemy tactic which impressed us” USNA RG127 USMC Operations in WWII—Okinawa.
724. “The U.S. XXIV Corps once received” USNA RG337 Box 70 Tenth Army Report of 28.5.45.
725. “Another letter, from the father of a wounded man” MCHC Siebert Papers.
726. “I hope you’re satisfied!” MCHC Carell MS.
727. “Oh! to see the folks” Johnston, op. cit., p. 139.
728. “Of course this was very, very comforting” MCHC Siebert Papers.
729. “One of the weaknesses of the American army” ibid.
730. “embittered over this needless loss” MCHC Donner MS.
731. “Much against my instincts” MCHC Siebert Papers.
732. “With afternoon came the order” MCHC Donner MS.
733. “‘It was awful, God’” ibid.
734. “when the bullet hit Gosman’s head” Johnston, op. cit., p. 150.
735. “I thought of the old verse” ibid., p. 122.
736. “Her touch felt like an angel’s” ibid., p. 157.
737. “Rashly exposing himself on Tera Ridge” MCHC Carell MS.
738. “You see, I am out of any possible danger” USAMHI Rodman Papers.
739. “We took three hundred casualties in the first two days” AI Ito.
740. “The news came as a shock” USAMHI Henne MS, op. cit.
741. “I can’t stand it” MCHC Bressoud MS, op. cit.
742. “Somehow I had never consciously” MCHC Carell Papers.
743. “every once in a while” MCHC Kohn Papers, op. cit.
744. “The Marines and the army” MCHC Jenkins MS.
745. “We were permitted, if not encouraged” MCHC Bressoud MS, op. cit.
746. “On the ground lay the body” MCHC Donner MS, op. cit.
747. “None of the men would own up” ibid.
748. “I am afraid…there are many” MCHC Smith Papers, op. cit.
749. “You can take this war and shove it” LC Jenkins interview.
750. “By this time the cloths and the heads” MCHC Bressoud MS, op. cit.
751. “Your husband,” Howorth’s captain’ Yeoman James Orvill Raines, Good Night Officially: Letters of a Destroyer Sailor, Westview Press 1994, p. 276 et seq.
752. “Cmdr. Bill Widhelm” USNA RG38 Box 4.
753. “I don’t believe I’ll ever forget” Cmdr. David Scott, No Hiding Place off Okinawa, Naval Institute Proceedings, Nov. 1956.
754. “He seemed to float down” MCHC Bressoud MS, op. cit.
“Luce’s crew were wryly amused” Ron Surels, DD552: The Story of a Destroyer, Valley Graphics 1994.
755. “Bombs and shells” Raines, op. cit., p. 162.
756. “His lips were moving” Surels, op. cit., p. 130.
757. “They scatter like quail” USNA RG38 Box 4.
758. “Someone yelled down the hatch” Andrew Wilde (ed.), The U.S.S. Emmons in WWII, privately published 1998, p. 21.
759. “The first instinct of a destroyer skipper” Andrew Wilde (ed.), The U.S.S. Douglas H. Fox in WWII, privately published 1999, p. 9.
760. “I was so tired” Surels, op. cit., p. 101.
761. “The fighting off Okinawa became routine” Clark, op. cit., p. 227.
762. “I expected to die” AI Hijikata.
763. “By the spring of 1945” AI Iwashita.
764. “You’re a lucky guy” AI Ajiro.
765. “What in the Philippines had been” War with Japan, op. cit., p. 196.
766. “We took a chance and launched” NHC Box 5 Burke file.
767. “How are you? We are fine” Mitsuru Yoshida, Requiem for Battleship Yamato, Constable 1999, p. 10.
768. “a poor ratio of hits is due to human error” ibid., p. 76.
769. “At the instant Yamato” ibid., p. 118.
770. “Nothing gives me greater joy” ibid., p. 89.
771. “The destruction of Ito’s squadron” Russell Spurr, A Glorious Way to Die, Sidgwick & Jackson 1982, passim.
772. “There can be little doubt” Quoted Philip Vian, Action This Day, Muller 1960, p. 186.
773. “KGV went up astern” Quoted John Winton, The Forgotten Fleet, Michael Joseph 1969, p. 114.
774. “Except for those engaged” ibid., p. 140.
CHAPTER SEVENTEEN • MAO’S WAR
775. “Though their enemies denounced” Snow, op. cit., p. 201.
776. “The Communists operated in regions” AI Funaki.
777. “In the anti-Japanese war, the Kuomintang” AI Yang Jinghua.
778. “We had to adopt the strategy” AI Zuo Yong.
779. “Guerrillas could not realistically engage” AI Wang Hongbin. 406 “‘For us,’ said Li” AI Li Fenggui.
780. “A lot of couples whose marriages” AI Zuo Yong.
781. “nothing more than a provincial government” BNA FO371/ F6140/34/10.
782. “I cannot believe he means business” ibid.; and Adrian Carton de Wiart, Happy Odyssey, Cape 1950, passim.
783. “The Communists do not, any more” BNA FO371/F2375.
784. “the incandescence of personality” Davies, op. cit., p. 345.
785. “I got the impression that here” ibid., p. 347.
786. “Mao and the Communists” AI Yang Jinghua.
787. “Western visitors were charmed” Philip Short’s Mao, John Murray 1999, is probably the best biography for the general reader, while also commanding the respect of scholars. Jung Chang and Jon Halliday’s Mao: The Unknown Story, Cape 2005, makes fascinating reading as an impassioned polemic, the case for the prosecution. The book, and rival views of Mao, are exhaustively discussed in The China Journal, no. 55, Jan. 2006. There are also, of course, many contemporary eyewitness accounts of Mao in wartime Yan’an, some of them cited above.
788. “They had an infrastructure” AI Wei Daoran.
789. “If Chinese unable put up even show” BNA WO203/291 22.12.44.
790. “at present were mostly inactive” USNA RG457 Box 24 SRH 074–081 18.12.44.
791. “In addition to the reconnaissance groups” Vasily Ivanov, I Fought the Samurais, Moscow 2006, pp. 310, 312 (Russian-language edition).
792. “Both of us felt” Snow, op. cit., pp. 138, 161.
793. “Under no circumstances is any material help” BNA WO203/291.
794. “Seeing that the Communists have not been equipped” ibid.
795. “despised the Chinese [and] asked” Michael Lindsay, The Unknown War, London, Bergstrom & Boyle 1975, cited Thorne, Allies of a Kind, op. cit., p. 574.
796. “Yan’an provided the great mass” Davies, op. cit., p. 371.
CHAPTER EIGHTEEN • ECLIPSE OF EMPIRES
797. “extremely busy” USNA RG457 Box 24 SRH074–081.
798. “The news is terrific isn’t it?” IWM Wightman Papers 97/34/1.
799. “The end of the war in Europe” AI McAllister.
800. “Men! The war in Europe is over!” Fraser, op. cit., p. 28.
801. “If, as reports have it” USNA RG457 Box 24 SRH074–081.
802. “There were cases” James Bradley, Flyboys, Aurum Press 2003, p. 227, gives some vivid examples, but many others are to be found in contemporary files and narratives.
803. “and flesh was removed from thighs” LHA PW interrogation reports 10IR579.
804. “Rewarded only by silence, the launches” BNA WO203/5082.
805. “From May onwards, prisoners” 114 Field Regiment RA, narrative loaned to the author.
806. “I could not think of anything else to do” Winton, op. cit., p. 210.
807. “Mass air attacks” USNA RG496 Box 809.
808. “It would have been not only unfair” Slim, op. cit., p. 522.
809. “I am trying very hard” BNA WO203/55.
810. “We must naturally be prepared” H. G. Nicholas (ed.), Washington Despatches, Weidenfeld & Nicolson 1981, p. 559.
811. “The Americans are virtually conducting” BNA FO371/f1955 Sterndale Bennett.
812. “To hear some people talk” Quoted R. G. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, New York 1948, p. 921.
813. “I often think that we might” BNA WO203/5610.
814. “It will look very bad in history” BNA PREM 3/178-3.
815. “an awfully sweet guy” Quoted Robert Shaplen, The Lost Revolution, Deutsch 1966, p. 29.
816. “undisciplined, underequipped and destitute” Unless otherwise cited, all quotations and details given in this passage are taken from Peter Dunn’s The First Vietnam War, Hurst 1985.
817. “considerable assistance from [the] British” ibid., p. 108.
818. “The division of French Indochina” ibid., p. 112.
819. “Keep off Russo-Japanese” BNA WO203/368 27.7.45.
820. “There was disorderly behaviour” Col. Saburo Hayashi with Alvin D. Coox, Kogun: The Japanese Army in the Pacific War, Marine Corps Association 1959, p. 151.
821. “Those of us who knew” Horikoshi diary quoted Zero!, op. cit., p. 333.
822. “It seemed unbelievable” AI DeTour.
823. “When I took him to task” Clark, op. cit., p. 209.
824. “We had the usual fun” Flight Quarters, op. cit., p. 103.
825. “At Mick Carney’s insistence” Halsey and Whittlesey, op. cit., p. 304.
826. “It was all a matter of upbringing” AI Kikuchi.
827. “We felt that kaiten offered us” AI Konada.
828. “It is almost impossible not to believe” Frank, op. cit., p. 276.
829. “Ye stupid sods!” Fraser, op. cit., p. 124.
CHAPTER NINETEEN • THE BOMBS
830. “Every Russian killed” James J. Halsema, quoted Clayton James, op. cit., p. 774.
831. “When we are vexed” BNA PREM3/472 17.10.44.
832. “We must not invade Japan proper” U.S. Dept. of Defense, The Entry of the Soviet Union into the War Against Japan: Military Plans, 1941–45, Washington, D.C. 1955, pp. 50–51.
833. “Everybody wants the Roosh” Swing, op. cit., 28.5.45.
834. “There are notes” H. G. Nicholas, op. cit., p. 559.
835. “the biggest sonofabitch” Quoted Richard Rhodes, Ultimate Powers, Simon & Schuster 1986, p. 393.
836. “We really held all the cards” Stimson diary 14.5.45. 454 “[The] meeting leaves a mental picture” USNA RG457 Box 24.
837. “Japan has made special efforts” Okumiya and Horikoshi, op. cit., p. 335.
838. “To comprehend the president’s behaviour” Professor Robert H. Ferrell, Harry S. Truman and the Bomb, High Plains Publishing 1996.
839. “both because of the enormous reduction” West Point Archive, George A. Lincoln Papers.
840. “Generally it is believed” Nicholas, op. cit., pp. 593, 595.
841. “A great many people feel” USAMHI, Eichelberger Papers, “Dearest Miss Em,” op. cit.
842. “Perhaps this statement” Tsuyoshi Hasegawa, Racing the Enemy, Belknap, Harvard 2005, p. 135.
843. “We had a most” Truman diaries, ed. Ferrell, op. cit., 16.7.45.
844. “that at any rate they had something” BNA PREM479/2.
845. “The preoccupation” Freedman and Dockrill, op. cit., p. 195.
846. “all things are always” WSC to Portal 7.10.41.
847. “Her unwillingness to surrender” Quoted Frank, op. cit., p. 232.
848. “Subject: Bombs Away” USAF Historical Research gp-509-su July–August 1945.
849. “Official investigation of the results” LC Arnold Papers Box 256.
850. “The lurid fantasies” H. G. Nicholas, op. cit., 11.8.45.
851. “Old Joe called upstairs” 7.8.45, Nella Last’s War, Sphere 1983.
852. “From what we knew” USAMHI Eddleman Papers.
853. “It is now widely held” Fraser, op. cit., p. xx.
854. “Stephen—a ghastly thing has happened” Abbott, op. cit., p. 95.
CHAPTER TWENTY • MANCHURIA: THE BEAR’S CLAWS
855. “It was the worst” Ivanov, op. cit., p. 381.
856. “This was the last great military operation” This chapter owes much to Col. David M. Glantz’s massive two-volume narrative of the campaign, The Soviet Offensive in Manchuria, 1945, and Soviet Operational and Tactical Combat in Manchuria 1945, Cass 2003, supported by Japanese and Chinese accounts and author interviews, together with interviews with and personal accounts by Soviet veterans.
857. “a still more shocking report” Okumiya and Horikoshi, op. cit., p. 321.
858. “At last!” AI Funaki.
859. “The Soviet Union’s aims” VOV 389, P. N. Pospelov, History of the Great Patriotic War, Moscow, Voenizdat 1963, Vol. V.
860. “Ah, boys, they are taking you” Ivanov, op. cit., p. 320.
861. “Uncles, is our daddy” ibid.
862. “Everyone slept a lot” ibid., p. 322.
863. “I was twenty-two” AI Chervyakov.
864. “Please, Lyosha, could you ask” AI Fillipov.
865. “we came to realise the price” Ivanov, op. cit., p. 320.
866. “What a host is moving east!” ibid., p. 322.
867. “there was that perpetual uncertainty” Ya Dralsya S Samurayami, Moscow 2005, p. 383.
868. “I’d taken part in plenty of offensives” ibid., p. 322.
869. “Machine-gunner Anatoly Shilov” Ivanov, op. cit., p. 343.
870. “It took us a week” ibid., p. 324.
871. “Guys rubbished the Americans” ibid., p. 322.
872. “Some Japanese bayonets” USAMHI POW monograph no. 154-b Col. Hiroshi Matsumoto.
873. “They were simply skin and bones” Ivanov, op. cit., p. 325.
874. “In the hours before the assault” ibid., p. 292.
875. “Say hello to the Manchurians” AI Fillipov.
876. “Soon there was this crazy heat” Ivanov, op. cit., p. 327.
877. “Sixty years have passed” ibid., p. 292.
878. “If your majesty does not go” Pu Yi, op. cit., p. 317.
879. “These created hazards” In the Hills of Manchuria, Military Herald no. 12, 1980, p. 30.
880. “The Russians solved the problem” Ivanov, op. cit., p. 379.
881. “The road widened somewhat” Belobodorov, op. cit., p. 50.
882. “Yet even when tanks were hit” JM154, 293, quoted Glantz, op. cit., Vol. I, p. 173.
883. “Because of the difficulty of holding” Quoted ibid., p. 103.
884. “Soviet pilot Boris Ratner’s wing” AI Ratner.
885. “Many Japanese lacked the will” AI Hongbin.
886. “Units advanced from hill to hill” Quoted Glantz, op. cit., Vol. I, p. 178.
887. “We were completely exhausted” Ivanov, op. cit., p. 304.
888. “The 59th Cavalry Division faced special difficulties” ibid., p. 364.
889. “I could never have believed” AI Petryakov.
890. “At first, we were so thrilled” Ivanov, op. cit., p. 331.
891. “We’re too late again” ibid., p. 306.
892. “The stench was indescribable” ibid., p. 350.
893. “They went mad and stung” ibid., p. 351.
894. “They deserved everything” AI Li Dongguan.
895. “who gave us a great welcome” AI Jiang De.
896. “This was no country stroll” Ivanov, op. cit., p. 314.
897. “On the summit they found” ibid., p. 351.
898. “Suddenly the sheep were shooting” AI Fillipov.
899. “On the evening of 15 August” Ivanov, op. cit., p. 360.
900. “criminal carelessness” Russian Arkhiv 18, op. cit., no. 338, Political Report from the Chief of Political Department of the 2nd Red Banner Army to the Chief of Political Department of 2nd Far Eastern Front on the Brutal Murder by a Japanese Group of Medical Personnel of 70th Rifle Regiment of 3rd Rifle Division. Source: TsAMO RF. F.304 Op. 7007 D.160 L.318, 318b, 319.
901. “As soon as our anti-tank guns” Quoted Glantz, op. cit., Vol. II, p. 121.
902. “I shall die here” JM154 272–23, quoted ibid., p. 124.
903. “The defending troops in the Japanese fortified regions” ibid., p. 255.
904. “It was so hot” ibid., p. 352.
905. “When we entered the city of Vanemiao” Ivanov, op. cit., p. 330.
906. “Most of us knew that Stalin” AI Luo Dingwen.
907. “This was not justice” AI Xu Guiming.
CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE • THE LAST ACT
908. “Undoubtedly the biggest question” West Point Archive, Lincoln Papers.
909. “Ignore it all” AI Maj. Shigeru Funaki.
910. “and this secondary revulsion” Nicholas, op. cit., p. 598.
911. “pour them all on in a reasonably short time” Quoted Hasegawa, op. cit., p. 235.
912. “The days of negotiation” Nicholas, op. cit., p. 603, 18.8.45.
913. “For Japan’s civilian politicians” AI Hando.
914. “Robert Newman suggests” Newman, op. cit., passim.
915. “Considering the suicidal tactics” USNA RG207 Box 404, Entry 55.
916. “Despite the courage of every unit” Ugaki diary, op. cit., p. 665.
917. “The war ended on August 15” Onoda, op. cit., p. 75.
918. “a reprieve from” AI Kikuchi.
919. “The Allies will destroy” Mitsuo Abe, Staff Officer, Fuji Shobo 1953.
920. “The men all cried” AI Hashimoto, loc. cit.
921. “Now we’re going to live in a new world” AI Sekine.
922. “Surely we have lost the war” AI Watanuki.
923. “I thought the Americans” AI Iki.
924. “I was sure there would be” AI Hijikata.
925. “All the way back to general staff headquarters” AI Takahashi.
926. “Didn’t you hear?” AI Miyashita.
927. “‘What’s up?’” he demanded” AI Ando.
928. “Oh, war finish!” Somerville, op. cit., p. 292.
929. “What reaction? Absolutely nil” IWM Thompson Papers 87/58/1.
930. “The Japs won’t like that” Somerville, op. cit., p. 293.
931. “A repatriation officer” George Cooper, Never Forget, Never Forgive, Navigator Press 1995, p. 167.
932. “It seemed like talking to men from Mars” IWM Pearson MS 99/3/1.
933. “I felt a lump” Sunday Pictorial 7.10.45.
934. “the wicked Americanos had dropped” IWM AR Evans Papers 82/24/1.
935. “Listen, you goddamned son of a bitch” Glusman, op. cit., pp. 437–79.
936. “My God, Stuart, you look fat” AI Cunningham.
937. “Mei kuo ting hao” White and Jacoby, op. cit., p. 277.
938. “because this meant” AI Luo Dingwen.
939. “who else is alive?” AI Yan Qizhi.
940. “and even if we had been, I doubt” AI Wu Yinyan.
941. “We had to tell them” AI Najiro.
942. “The samurais were” Belyaev, op. cit., pp. 295–97.
943. “I was nineteen” AI Nakamura.
944. “We felt nothing” AI Fillipov.
945. “The Russians were our allies” AI Zuo Yong.
946. “The Russians simply behaved” AI De.
947. “Japanese propaganda had successfully imbued” “The Northern Pacific Flotilla in the Southern Sakhalin Operation,” VIZh, no. 2, Feb. 1980, p. 78.
948. “Go-go-go! I’ll stay and look after the house” AI Fushun.
949. “In view of the current war situation” Matsumoto monograph, op. cit., p. 191.
950. “After the first [Russian] salvo” The Last Battle of Hutou, Beijing 1993, p. 76 (Chinese-language edition).
951. “There were plenty of” ibid., p. 83.
952. “The defence was extraordinarily brave” AI Hongbin.
953. “Most of the local people” Ivanov, op. cit., p. 315.
954. “I saw some men coming down” ibid., p. 384.
955. “When I came back to the depots” ibid., p. 299.
956. “I didn’t get a wink of sleep” ibid., p. 336.
957. “Comrade Lieutenant” ibid., p. 337.
958. “Instead, he spent the next five years” Pu Yi, op. cit., p. 324 et seq.
959. “Give us ten years” AI Li Min.
960. “the Russians had stripped the peasants” AI Li Fenggui.
961. “They were sick—and they had no money” AI Fengxian.
962. “An image of Manchuria” Ivanov, op. cit., p. 353.
963. “‘The Japanese,’ concluded” BNA FO371 F11097/6390/61.
964. “I felt I had acquitted myself” IWM Daniels MS, op. cit., p. 289.
965. “The feeling of Japan’s leaders” Shigemitsu, op. cit., p. 324.
CHAPTER TWENTY-TWO • LEGACIES
966. “If the bombing of Hiroshima” Philip Bobbitt, The Shield of Achilles, Penguin 2002, p. 778.
967. ‘“Dear Sir,’ wrote Garba Yola” LHA Stockwell Papers.
968. “Despite his undoubted qualities” Spector, op. cit., pp. xiv–xv.
969. “Our country is in ruins” Abbott, op. cit., p. 196.
970. “I marvel continually” USAMHI Griswold Papers 18.9.45.