Introduction
1 For casualty figures: see Tributes to Soldier Killed in Helmand, AFP, 2 Jan 2011; UK Military Deaths in Afghanistan and Iraq; BBC 12 February 2009; and Falklands Islands History Roll of Honour at www.raf.mod.uk/falklands/rollofhonour.html
Part One: Triumph
Prologue: Strangers in the Night
1 27th Brigade War Diary.
2 Anon., Jan 1951, p. 27.
3 Thompson, 1951, p. 187.
4 Yetman, IWM interview.
5 Malcolm, 1952, p. 39.
6 Mitchell, 1969, p. 75.
7 Carew, 1967, pp. 115–116.
8 Malcolm, 1952, p. 40.
9 Edward Searle, IWM Interview.
10 Anderson, 1956, p. 209.
11 Malcolm, 1952, p. 40.
12 Mitchell, 1969, p. 77.
13 Author interview, Adam MacKenzie.
14 Malcolm, 1952, p. 40.
15 Cochrane, IWM Recording.
Chapter One: Thunder in the East
1 Rendell, IWM.
2 Richard Peet, IWM.
3 Brown, 2001, p. 117.
4 Author interview, Edgar Green.
5 Author interview, Stan Tomenson, Royal Northumberland Fusiliers.
6 Farrar-Hockley, 1990, p. 125.
7 author interview, Rah Jong-yil.
8 Boose, Donald W, The United Nations Command, in Tucker, 2002, pp. 679–680.
9 from Korean War Timeline, in Tucker, 2002, p. 776.
10 Hanson, 2006, p. 34.
11 Zabecki, David, Stand or Die; 1950 Defense of Korea’s Pusan Perimeter, www.armchairgeneral.com
12 Hayhurst, 2001, pp. 28–29.
13 Peter C le P Jones,The Argylls in Korea, and Hegarty, John, HMS Jamaica, Korean War Service, both at www.britains-smallwars.com. For casualty figures on 8 July, see Farrar-Hockley, 1990, p. 67.
14 Farrar-Hockley, 1990, pp. 117–119.
15 Farrar-Hockley, 1990, pp. 115–121.
16 Farrar-Hockley, 1990, p. 126.
17 Author interview, Owen Light.
18 O’Neill, 1985, p. 16.
19 Author interview, Major-General David Thomson, who later became colonel-in-chief of the regiment.
20 Malcolm, 1952, Chapter 1.
21 James Stirling, author interview.
22 Author interview, Harry Young.
23 Carew, 1974, p. 90.
24 Andrew Man obituary, ‘The Diehards, 2000’.
25 Farrar-Hockley, 1990, p. 127.
26 Andrew Man, The Naktong River and ‘Middlesex Hill’, in Cunningham-Booth and Farrer, ed. 1998, p. 15.
27 Farrar-Hockley, 1999, p. 128.
28 Willoughby, 23 August.
29 Carew, 1967, p. 65.
30 Carew, 1967, p. 66.
31 Robert Searle, IWM interview.
32 Willoughby, 28 August.
33 Willoughby, 25 August.
34 Willoughby, 28 August.
35 Reggie Jeffes, IWM sound archive.
Chapter Two: Under Korean Skies
1 Harry Young, author interview.
2 Willoughby, 28 August.
3 Don Barrett, author interview.
4 Denis Warner, ‘Warm Quayside Welcome’, the Daily Telegraph, 20 August 1950.
5 Ralph Main, IWM interview.
6 This pen portrait of the refugee chaos of 1950 is sourced from contemporary photographs, film, and the life-size, walk-through display in the Korean National War Memorial in Yongsan, Seoul.
7 Willoughby, 31 August.
8 Willoughby, 2 September.
9 Willoughby, 31 August.
10 Willoughby, Diary, 3 September.
11 27th Brigade War Diary.
12 Willoughby Notebook, 1 September.
13 Willoughby Notebook, 1 September.
14 Willoughby Notebook, 2 September.
15 Willoughby, 3 September.
16 Coad, Report.
17 Reggie Jeffes, IWM interview.
18 Willoughby, 4 September.
19 Willoughby Diary, 4–6 September.
20 Shipster, 1975, p. 10.
21 Reggie Jeffes, IWM Interview.
22 Coad Report.
23 Willoughby Notebook, 13 September.
24 Willoughby, 6 September.
25 Willoughby, 19 September.
26 Willoughby Diary, 6 September.
27 Willoughby Notebook, 31 August.
28 Author interview, Rah Jong-yil.
29 Jones, Peter C le P, Argylls in Korea, at www.britains-smallwars.com
30 Willoughby, 8 September.
31 Willoughby Notebook, 12 September.
32 Tunstall, 1953, p. 16.
33 Willoughby Notebook, 5 September.
34 1st Argylls War Diary, 5 September.
35 Author interview, Edgar Green and Bob Yerby.
36 1st Argyll Highlanders War Diary, 8 September, 1950.
37 Coad Report.
38 This account of the patrol blends two accounts: an author interview with Harry Young, and the Argyll’s official history by Malcolm, 1952. Where the accounts are at mild variance I have gone with Young.
39 1st Argylls War Diary, 7 September.
40 Coad Report.
41 Shipster, 1975, p. 11.
42 Tunstall, 1953, pp. 22–23.
43 A Company after-action report in 1st Argylls War Diary.
44 The account of the firefight and its aftermath comes from the A Company After-Action Report in 1 Argylls War Diary and an author interview with Owen Light.
45 Coad Report.
46 Willoughby, 8 September.
47 Barrett, 2005, p. 12.
48 Willoughby Notebook, 19 September.
49 Bermingham,1992, p. 4.
50 Bermingham, 1992, pp. 4–5.
51 Willoughby Diary, 19 September.
52 Willoughby Notebook, 25 September.
53 Zabecki, David, ‘The Pusan Perimeter’, Tucker, ed. 2002, pp. 544–545.
54 Millett, 2010, p. 269.
55 Coad Report.
56 Willoughby Notebook, 25 September.
57 Wilson, 2001, p.164.
Chapter Three: Into the Inferno
1 Barrett, 2005, p. 13.
2 Carew, 1967, p. 90.
3 Barrett, 2005, p. 13.
4 Willoughby Notebook, 25 September.
5 Willoughby, 25 September.
6 Man, in Cunningham and Farrar-Hockley, p. 17.
7 Shipster, 1975, p.10.
8 Barrett, 2005, p. 13
9 Willoughby, 25 September.
10 Farrar-Hockley, 1990, p. 167.
11 27th Brigade War Diary, 21 September.
12 Farrar-Hockley, 1990, p. 167.
13 Willoughby, 25 September.
14 Barrett, 2005, p. 14.
15 Willoughby, 25 September.
16 Barrett, 2005, p. 14.
17 Barrett, 2005, p. 14.
18 Willoughby, 25 September.
19 Man, in Cunningham and Farrar-Hockley, eds, op cit., p. 20.
20 British Defence Film Library, 1979.
21 Willoughby Notebook, 25 September.
22 Bermingham, 1992, p. 7.
23 Willoughby, 25 September.
24 Bermingham, 1992, p. 7.
25 Willoughby, 25 September.
26 Willoughby, 25 September.
27 Willoughby, 25 September.
28 Willoughby Notebook, 25 September.
29 Willougbhy Notebook, 25 September.
30 Willoughby Notebook, 25 September.
31 Willoughby, 25 September.
32 Willoughby, 25 September.
33 Bermingham, 1992, p. 8.
34 Farrar-Hockley, 1990, p. 170. Some Middlesex accounts state that the last attack was a dawn attack, but Beverly and Yerby both recall fighting in darkness.
35 Farrar-Hockley, 1900, p. 170.
36 Bermingham, 1992, p. 7.
37 Barrett, 2005, p. 15.
38 Farrar-Hockley, 1990, p. 166.
39 Wilson, 2001, p. 164.
40 Timing from 1st Argylls War Diary.
41 Farrar–Hockley, 1990, p. 171.
42 1st Argylls War Diary.
43 Malcolm, 1952, p.18.
44 1st Argylls War Diary.
45 1st Argylls War Diary.
46 Anderson, 1956, pp. 195–196.
47 C Company after-action report, in 1st Argylls War Diary.
48 1st Argylls War Diary.
49 Malcolm, 1952, p. 19.
50 Coad Report.
51 C Company after-action report, 1st Argylls War Diary.
52 1st Argylls War Diary.
53 C Company after-action report, 1st Argylls’ War Diary.
54 Napalm entry on www.globalsecurity.org
55 Napalm entry at www.globalsecurity.org
56 Don Barrett, author interview.
57 Author interview, Owen Light.
58 Angus Macleod, ‘Death on Hill 282’, Sunday Mail, 21 January, 1993.
59 Sir Alexander Boswell, Viscount John Slim, Sir James Stirling, author interviews.
60 An Argyll officer interviewed by the author who requested anonymity.
61 Wilson, 2001, p. 165.
62 Anon, Hill 282, in ‘The Thin Red Line’, January 1951, p. 25.
63 B Company after-action report, 1st Argylls War Diary.
64 According to the Argylls War Diary, all men had withdrawn off the hill and regrouped at the bottom by 15:30. As it took approximately an hour to get down, 14:00 seems about right for the final act on the summit.
65 B Company after-action report, in 1st Argylls War Diary.
66 B Company after-action report, 1st Argylls War Diary.
67 Connor, Steve, ‘War What is it Good For? It Made Us Less Selfish’, the Independent, 5 June, 2009.
68 B Company after-action report, in 1st Argylls War Diary.
69 This anecdote was passed to the author by an employee of Westlands Helicopter during a function at the British Embassy, Seoul.
70 Don Barrett, author interview.
71 Anon, ‘Argylls Ordeal in Bombing’, Glasgow Herald, 25 September.
72 27th Brigade War Diary, 23 September.
73 Anderson, 1956, p. 198.
74 Millett, 2010, p. 270.
75 Coad Report, p. 2.
76 Coad Report, p. 2.
77 Farrar-Hockley, 1990, p. 177.
78 Millett, 2010, p. 271.
79 Anon, ‘Argylls Ordeal in Bombing’, Glasgow Herald, 25 September.
80 Jan 1951 edition of Thin Red Line, p. 5.
81 Farrar-Hockley, 1990, p. 177.
82 Willoughby, 26 September.
83 Albert Avis, IWM interview.
84 Willoughby Notebook, 26 September.
85 Willoughby Notebook, 30 September.
86 Tunstall, 1953, p. 23.
87 Barrett 2005, p. 17.
88 Willoughby, 29 September.
89 Willoughby, 30 September.
90 Willoughby, 28 September.
91 Willoughby Notebook, 28 September.
92 Willoughby Notebook, 30 September.
93 1st Middlesex War Diary, 29 September.
94 Willoughby Notebook, 28 September.
Chapter Four: Turned Tide and New Allies
1 Farrar-Hockley, 1990, p. 149.
2 Farrar-Hockley, 1990, p. 149.
3 Millet, pp. 249–250.
4 Millet, 2010, p. 244.
5 Ent, Uzel W, ‘Korea Democratic People’s Republic Army’, Tucker, 2002, p. 339.
6 Zabecki, David, ‘Pusan Perimeter and Breakout’, Tucker, 2002, p. 545.
7 Esposito, Matthew, ‘Australia’ in Tucker 2002, pp. 61–62.
8 O’Neill, 1985, pp. 1–6.
9 Gallaway, 1994, p. 26.
10 O’Neill, 1985, pp. 6–10.
11 Tim Holt interview, Green, undated.
12 Author interview, David Butler.
13 Gallaway, 1993, pp. 23–24.
14 Green, 1993, pp. 214–22.
15 Author interview, Harry Gordon.
16 O’Dowd, 2000, p. 7.
17 O’Neill, 1985, p. 19.
18 Gallaway, 1993, p. 46.
19 27th Brigade War Diary.
20 Gallaway, 1994, p. 54.
21 Reggie Jeffes, IWM interview.
22 Willoughby Notebook, 8 October.
23 Author interview, Harry Gordon.
24 Gallaway, 1994, p. 56.
25 Willoughby Notebook, 7 October.
Chapter Five: Behind Enemy Lines
1 Thomas, 1990, p. 8.
2 Farrar-Hockley, 1990, p. 121.
3 Thomas, 1990, p. 6.
4 Farrar-Hockley, 1990, p. 326.
5 Neillands, 2004, p. 38.
6 Author interviews, Gordon Payne and Ron Moyse.
7 Hayhurst, 2001, p. 21.
8 Brady, 2003, p. 8.
9 Brady, 2003, p. 9.
10 Author interview, John Walter.
11 Brady, 2003, p. 10.
12 Farrar-Hockley, 1990, p. 326.
13 Brady, 2003, pp. 16–19.
14 O’Brien, IWM interview.
15 Hayhurst, 2001, p. 62.
16 Author interview, Peter Thomas.
17 Driberg, Tom, ‘Commando Raid on North Korea’, Reynolds News Service/Japan Times, 18 October 1950.
18 Author interview, Gordon Payne.
19 Hayhurst, 2001, p. 63.
20 Hayhurst, 2001, p. 69.
21 Hayhurst, 2001, p. 72.
22 Pounds, All in a Night’s Work, 1960.
23 Pounds, 1960.
24 Driberg, Tom, ‘Commando Raid on North Korea’, Reynolds News Service/Japan Times, 18 October 1950.
25 Hayhurst, 2001, p. 49.
26 Thomas, 1990, p. 8.
27 Brady, 2003, p. 38.
28 Brady, 2003, pp. 43–44.
29 Brady, 2003, pp. 49–50.
30 Brady, 2003, p. 56.
31 Hayhurst, 2001, p. 57.
32 Hayhurst, 2001, p. 57.
33 Brady, 2003, p. 57.
34 Driberg, Tom, ‘Commando Raid on North Korea’, Reynolds News Service/Japan Times, 18 October 1950.
35 USS Perch, Report of 1st War Patrol, 7 October 1950.
36 Driberg, Tom, ‘Commando Raid on North Korea’, Reynolds News Service/Japan Times, 18 October 1950.
37 Hayhurst, 2001, p. 83.
38 Drysdale letter, November 2 1950.
Chapter Six: Dust Clouds and Burning Towns
1 Millett, 2010, p. 278.
2 Millett, 2010, p. 275.
3 Coad Report.
4 Millett, p. 275.
5 Farrar-Hockley, 1990, p. 237.
6 27th Brigade War Diary.
7 Zabecki, David, T, Walker, Walton Harris, in Tucker, ed, 2002, p. 731.
8 Farrar-Hockley, p. 237.
9 27th Brigade War Diary.
10 Coad Report, p. 8.
11 Farrar-Hockley, 1990, p. 239.
12 Coad Report, p. 8.
13 Wilson, 2001, p.167. See also Wilson IWM interview.
14 1st Argylls War Diary.
15 Wilson, 2001, p. 168.
16 Thompson, 1951, p. 191.
17 1st Argylls War Diary.
18 27th Brigade War Diary, 17 October.
19 A Company After-action Report, in 1st Argylls War Diary.
20 Appleman, 1992, p. 644.
21 A Company After-action Report, in 1st Argylls War Diary.
22 Wilson, 2001, p. 171.
23 From Newsweek, 30 October 1950. Un-bylined fragment in The Thin Red Line, September, 1951, Volume 5, Number 3.
24 Wilson, 2001, p. 170.
25 Wilson, 2001, p. 170.
26 Coad Report, p. 8.
27 Harris, 2004, p. 4.
28 Harris, 2004, p. 4.
29 Harris, 2004, p. 5.
30 Farrar-Hockley, p. 244.
31 Willoughby, 18 October.
32 Willoughby, 18 October.
33 Shipster, 1983, p. 19.
34 Farrar-Hockley, 1990, pp. 244–245.
35 Gay letter to Coad, in 27th Brigade War Diary.
36 Bermingham, 1992, p. 10.
37 Coad Report, p. 9.
38 Len Opie, AWM interview; 3 RAR War Diary, 19 October.
39 Thompson, 1951, p. 200.
40 Willoughby Notebook, 20 October.
41 Mick Servos, author interview.
42 Willoughby Notebook, 20 October.
43 Thompson 1951, p. 208.
44 Thompson pp. 214–215.
45 Anon, 2001.
46 Appleman 1989, p. 11.
47 Willoughby Notebook, 20 October.
48 Millett, 2010, p. 283.
49 Coad Report, p. 9.
Chapter Seven: At the Tip of the Spear
1 Combat Bulletin No 103, 1950.
2 Millett, 2010, p. 274.
3 Coad Report, p. 11.
4 27th Brigade War Diary, 21 October.
5 Coad Report, p. 11.
6 Willoughby, 21 October.
7 Coad Report, p. 10.
8 Farrar-Hockley, 1990, p. 250.
9 27th Brigade War Diary.
10 Wilson, 2001. p. 172.
11 Coad Report.
12 Coad Report.
13 Barrett, 2005, p. 8.
14 Author interview, Owen Light.
15 Jones, www.britains-smallwars.com
16 Coad Report, p. 10.
17 Jones, www.britains-smallwars.com
18 Author interview, David Butler.
19 Harris, 2004, pp. 15–16.
20 Harris, 2004, p. 16.
21 Appleman, 1992, p. 660.
22 Carew, 1967, pp. 124–125.
23 Appleman, 1992, p. 660.
24 Coad Report.
25 Quoted in O’Dowd, 2000, p. 12.
26 Casualty figures in Gallaway, p. 77.
27 Millett, 2010, p. 289.
28 Harris, 2004, p. 19.
29 27th Brigade War Diary.
30 Coad Report.
31 Willoughby Notebook, 23 October.
32 Coad Report.
33 Barrett, 2005, p. 24.
34 Willoughby Notebooks, 23 October.
35 Coad Report.
36 Willoughby Notebook, 24 October.
37 27th Brigade War Diary, 24 October.
38 Farrar-Hockley, 1990, p. 254.
39 27 Brigade War Diary, 24 October.
40 Coad Report.
41 Farrar-Hockley, 1990, p. 253.
42 Barrett, 2005, p. 25.
43 27th Brigade War Diary, 25 October.
44 O’Neill, 1985, pp. 41–43.
45 O’Neill, 1985, p. 43.
46 Harris, 2004, p. 21.
47 Reg Bandy, author interview.
48 Evans, 2001, p. 28.
49 O’Neill, 1985, p. 45.
50 Gallaway, 1989, p. 88.
51 Gallaway, 1989 p. 86.
52 O’Neill, 1985, p. 46.
53 Harris, 2004, p. 23.
54 Barrett, 2005, p. 25.
55 Arthur Hutley, IWM interview.
56 Willoughby, 27 October.
57 Barrett, 2005, p. 36.
58 Farrar-Hockley, pp. 256–257.
59 Don Barrett, author interview.
60 Shipster ed. 1975, p. 25.
61 Willoughby, 27 October.
62 Willoughby Notebook, 27 October.
63 Coad Report.
64 27th Brigade War Diary, 27 October.
65 Farrar-Hockley, 1990, p. 257.
66 27th Brigade War Diary, 28 October.
67 Farrar-Hockley, 1990, p. 258.
68 Gallaway, 1989, p. 92.
69 From 3 RAR War Diary, as quoted in Green, 1993, p. 281.
70 Gallaway, 1989, p. 93.
71 Millett, 2010, p. 289.
72 Coad Report.
73 O’Neill, 1985, p. 49.
74 Coad Report.
75 O’Neill, 1985, p. 49.
76 Willoughby Notebook, 30 October.
77 Brigade War Diary, 30 October.
78 Fragment of Australian newspaper The Age, in 27th Brigade War Diary appendix.
79 Harris, 2004, pp. 26–27.
80 Green, 1993, p. 270, p. 284.
81 O’Dowd, 2000, p. 16.
82 Green, 1993, p. 283.
83 Gallaway, 1994, p. 97.
84 Green, 1993, p. 283.
85 Author interview, Olwyn Green.
86 Silver Star; Extract from ‘Stars and Stripes’, 4 November, 1950, in 28th Brigade War Diary.
87 Shipster, 2000, p. 125.
88 Appleman 1992, pp. 669; Millett, 2010, p. 288.
89 Appleman, 1992, pp. 670.
90 27th Brigade War Diary, 31 October.
91 Farrar-Hockley, 1990, p. 290.
92 Willoughby Notebook, 31 October.
93 O’Neill, 1985, p. 45.
94 Millett, 2010, p. 290.
95 Farrar-Hockley, 1990, p. 261.
Part Two: Catastrophe
Chapter Eight: North Wind
1 Wilson, 2001, pp. 174–175; also A Company After-Action Report in 1st Argylls War Diary.
2 Salisbury, 1985, pp. 191–193.
3 Goncharvov et al., 1993, p. 181.
4 Goncharov et al., 1993, p. 182.
5 Roberts, Priscilla, ‘Pannikar, Sardar’, Tucker, 2002, p. 510.
6 Goncharov et al., 1993, p. 181.
7 Li et al., 2001, p. 31.
8 Goncharov et al., 1993, p. 182.
9 Goncharov at al., 1993, p. 185.
10 Goncharov et al., 1993, p. 195.
11 George, New York, 1967, p. 193.
12 George, 1967, p. 130.
13 Appleman, 1998, p. 14.
14 George, 1967, p. 164.
15 Author interview, Rah Jong-yil.
16 Millett, 2010, p. 275.
17 Li et al., 2001, p. 43 and p. 254.
18 Spurr, 1988, p. 129.
19 Millett, 2010, p. 295.
20 Appleman, 1989, p. 14.
21 George, 1967, p. 170.
22 Goncharov et al., p. 165.
23 Coad Report.
24 Appleman, 1989, pp. 19–20.
25 Willoughby Notebook, 2 November.
26 Coad Report.
27 27th Brigade War Diary, 3 November.
28 1st Argylls War Diary, 3 November.
29 Coad Report.
30 Coad Report.
31 Bermingham, 1992, p. 13.
32 Bermingham, 1992.
33 Willoughby Notebook, 7 November; also Don Barrett’s notes to Shipster ed. 1975.
34 Coad Report.
35 Coad Report.
36 Coad Report.
37 Appleman, 1992, p. 711.
38 Barrett, 2005, p. 31.
39 Coad Report.
40 Coad Report.
41 Author interview, Peter Baldwin.
42 Tunstall, p. 37.
43 A Company After-Action Report, in 1st Argylls War Diary; also Wilson, 2001, p.175.
44 A Company After-Action Report, 1st Argylls War Diary.
45 1st Argyll War Diary.
46 Mitchell, 1969, p. 80.
47 IWM Interview, Robert Searle.
48 Gurr, Eric; Charlesworth, Chick; Meighan, John; A Hill in Korea, www.britains–smallwars.com
49 A Company After-Action Report, in 1st Argylls War Diary.
50 Charlesworth, N.R., ‘Packchon – 3 Platoon Commander’, in Duty First, 1997.
51 Author interview, Ben O’Dowd.
52 Gurr, Eric; Charlesworth, Chick; Meighan, John; A Hill in Korea at www.britains–smallwars.com
53 3 RAR War Diary.
54 Mitchell, 1969, p. 81.
55 Barrett, 2005, p. 31.
56 Willoughby, 7 November.
57 Willoughby Notebook, 7 November.
58 Willoughby Notebook, 7 November.
59 Coad Report.
60 27th Brigade War Diary, 5 November.
61 O’Dowd, 2000, pp. 21–22.
62 Clark, ‘Through OC A Coy’s Eyes’, Duty First, 1997.
63 Charlesworth, 1997.
64 Clark, 1997.
65 O’Neill, 1985, p. 63.
66 Willoughby Notebook, 7 November.
67 3 RAR War Diary, 6 November.
68 1st Argylls War Diary, 7 November.
69 Thompson, 1951, p. 266.
70 Author interview, Andrew Brown.
71 Thompson, 1951, p. 267.
72 Millett, 2010, p. 310.
73 Farrar-Hockley, 1990, pp. 290–291.
74 Willoughby Notebook, 10 November.
75 Malcolm, 1952, p. 56.
76 Thompson, 1951, p. 269.
77 Shipster, 2000, p. 134.
78 Shipster ed., 1983.
79 27th Brigade War Diary, 13–17 November.
80 Thompson, 1951, p. 267.
81 O’Neill, 1985, p. 66.
82 Willoughby, 13 Nov.
83 27th Brigade War Diary.
84 Thompson, 1951, p. 266.
85 O’Neill, 1985, p. 68.
86 Author interview, Don Barrett.
87 Barrett, 2005, p. 25.
88 Harris, 2004, p. 17.
89 Green, Max Eberle Interview, 2002.
90 Tunstall, 1953, p. 10.
91 Tunstall, 1953, pp. 24–25.
92 Thompson, 1951, p. 55.
93 Beirne, Daniel, ‘Chinese Military Disengagement’, Tucker ed., 2002, p. 132–133.
94 Appleman 1989, pp. 24–26.
95 Thompson, 1951, p. 272.
96 Thompson, 1951, p. 275.
97 Millett, 2010, pp. 312–313.
98 Millett, 2010, p. 317, 335.
99 Appleman, 1989, p. 47.
100 Millet, 2010, p. 335.
Chapter Nine: Scorched Earth
1 Willoughby Notebook, 26 November.
2 27th Brigade War Diary, 25 November.
3 Willoughby Notebook, 24 November.
4 Willoughby, 24 November.
5 Coad Report.
6 Schafer, Elizabeth, Coulter, John Breitling, Tucker ed. 2002, p. 174.
7 Thompson, 1951, pp. 282–283.
8 Coad Report.
9 Shipster, 1975, p. 33.
10 27th Brigade War Diary, 27 November.
11 Willoughby Notebook, 8 December.
12 Coad Report.
13 27th Brigade War Diary, 27 November.
14 Daniel Bierne; Chonchong River, Battle of, in Tucker ed. 2002, pp. 146–7.
15 Coad Report.
16 Reggie Jeffes, IWM Interview; see also O’Dowd, 2000, p. 48.
17 Coad Report.
18 Farrar-Hockley, 1990, p. 333, and Coad Report.
19 Quoted in Shipster, 1983, p.105.
20 Appleman, 1989, p. 201.
21 Farrar-Hockley, 1990, p. 333.
22 Bermingham, 1992, p. 15.
23 Shipster, 1983, p. 105.
24 Malcolm, 1952, p. 59.
25 Willoughby Notebook, 8 December.
26 Wilson, 2001, p. 180.
27 Bermingham, 1992, pp. 15–16.
28 27th Brigade War Diary, 18–19 November.
29 Millet, pp. 340–341.
30 Millet 2010, p. 341.
31 Coad Report.
32 27th Brigade War Diary, 29 November.
33 Willoughby Notebook, 8 December.
34 Willoughby Notebook, 8 December.
35 Shipster, 2000, p. 136.
36 Barrett, 2005, p. 38.
37 Willoughby Notebook, 8 December.
38 Barrett, 2005, pp. 38–39.
39 Willoughby, 8 December.
40 Coad Report.
41 Bermingham, 1992, p. 18.
42 Bermingham, 1992, pp. 18–19.
43 Barrett, 2005, p. 39.
44 Willoughby, 8 December.
45 Coad Report, Yongwon; 27th Brigade War Diary, 30 November.
46 Author interview, Ray Rogers and Harry Spicer of Middlesex; also Peter Baldwin of Brigade Headquarters.
47 Willoughby Notebook, 8 December.
48 Bermingham, 1992 p. 20.
49 Willoughby Notebook, 8 December.
50 Shipster, 2000, p. 138.
51 Willoughby Notebook, 8 December.
52 Appleman, 1989, p. 242.
53 Appleman, 1989, p. 254.
54 Appleman, 1989, p. 257.
55 Willoughby Notebook, 8 December.
56 Wilson, 2001, p. 180.
57 Author interview, Don Barrett.
58 Barrett, 2005, p. 40.
59 Willoughby Notebook, 8 December.
60 Arthur Hutley, IWM Interview.
61 John Pluck, IWM Interview.
62 Willoughby Notebook, 8 December.
63 Thompson, 1951, p. 299.
64 Appleman, 1989, p. 289.
65 Appleman, 1989, p. 284.
66 Thompson, pp. 294–295.
67 Appleman, 1989, p. 299.
68 Appleman, 1989, p. 296.
69 Barrett, 2005, p. 41.
70 Appleman, 1989, p. 303.
71 27th Brigade War Diary, 1–2 December.
72 O’Dowd, 2000, p. 56.
73 Wilson, 2001, pp. 181–182.
74 Coad Report.
75 Willoughby Notebook, 8 December.
76 Coad Report.
77 Willoughby Notebook, 8 November.
78 Roy Vincent, IWM Interview.
79 Gallaway, 1994, p. 150.
80 Ted Haywood, IWM Interview.
81 Appleman, 1989, pp. 309, 317–8, 321, 334.
82 Foley, 2003, Chapter 2.
83 Willoughby, 8 December.
84 Thompson, 1951, p. 284.
85 Appleman, 1989, p. 297.
86 Appleman, 1989, p. 313.
87 Appleman, 1989, p. 321.
88 Appleman, 1989.
89 Appleman, p. 321.
90 Hickey, 2000, p. 143; Letter from Australian historian John Smallbridge to Dr B. Gandevia, 12 June 1992.
91 Coad Report.
92 Appleman, 1989, p. 331.
93 Appleman, p. 340.
94 Appleman, 1989, p. 328.
95 O’Dowd, 2000, p. 59.
96 Willoughby Notebook, 8 December.
97 27th Brigade War Diary.
98 Tunstall, 1953, p. 50.
99 Millett, 2010, p. 318.
Chapter Ten: White Hell
1 For vehicle numbers, see Thomas, 1990, p. 14.
2 Drysdale, Letter, 24 November.
3 George Richards, IWM interview.
4 The author is thankful to Chosin Reservoir veteran Lee Jong-yoon for historical background.
5 Drysdale, letter 24 November.
6 Brady, 2004, p. 72.
7 Raymond Todd, IWM 16656.
8 Timing from Anon, ‘Fighting Withdrawal in N.E. Korea: 41 Commando in Action with American Marines’, Globe and Laurel, 1951, p. 58.
9 Brady, 2004, p. 78.
10 Brady, 2004, p. 75.
11 See Tucker, Puller, Lewis Burwell in Tucker, ed., 2002, pp. 538–539.
12 Quote: See Puller’s Wikipedia entry.
13 Author interview, Father Richard Rubie.
14 Brady, 2004, p. 75.
15 Wilson, 1988, p. 226.
16 Halberstam, 2007, p. 163.
17 Russ, 1999, p. 17.
18 Tucker, ed. 2002, pp. 59–600.
19 Halberstam, 2007, p. 431.
20 For Chinese army and division numbers in the reservoir areas, see Zhang, 1995, pp. 116–117; also Mahoney, 2001, pp. 128 and 130.
21 For UNC troop numbers around the reservoir, see Russ, 1999, p. 114.
22 Quoted in Hayhurst, 2001, pp. 152–153.
23 Remembered by Teddy Allen, author interview.
24 Hayhurst, 2001, p. 110.
25 Quoted in Halberstam, 2007, p. 439.
26 Mossman, 1990, p. 101.
27 Column numbers from Thomas, 1990, p. 14.
28 Camp, Dick, 2001, p. 16.
29 Hayhurst, 2001, p. 109.
30 Neillands, Robin, 1987, pp. 286–287.
31 Hayhurst, 2001, p. 112.
32 Hayhurst, 2001, pp. 94–95.
33 Brady, 2000, p. 80.
34 Brady, 2000, p. 71.
35 Hayhurst, 2001, p. 113.
36 Hammel, 1981, p. 145.
37 Hammel, 1981, p. 152.
38 Wilson, 1988, p. 226; see also 41 Commando War Diary. 58th and 60th Divisions; Mossman, 1990, p. 102.
39 Brady, 1990, pp. 81–82.
40 Brady, 1990, pp. 81–82.
41 Brady, 2000, pp. 83–85.
42 Wilson, 1988, p. 229.
43 41 Commando War Diary.
44 41 Commando War Diary.
45 41 Commando War Diary.
46 Quoted in Russ, 1999, p. 224.
47 O’Brien, IWM 13522.
48 Kirk 1988, p. 230.
49 www.chosinreservoir.com
50 Russ, p. 235.
51 Neillands, 1987, p. 287.
52 Timing from 41 Commando War Diary.
53 Hammel, 1981, p. 180.
54 Wilson, 1989, p. 239.
55 Raymond Todd, 16656.
56 Hayhurst, 2001, p. 130.
57 Dowling, Chuck, Task Force Drysdalehttp://www.chuckdowling.com
58 Gersham Maindonald, IWM 16627.
59 Gersham Maindonald, IWM 16627.
60 Kirk 1998, pp. 239–243.
61 Fred Hayhurst, IWM 15576.
62 Hayhurst, 2002, p. 132.
63 Russ, 1999, p. 237.
64 Brady 2004, pp. 93–98.
65 Hammel, 1981, p. 201. Hammel puts the pockets at five; Russ, 1999, at four. Given the chaos of that night, it is impossible to accurately establish what happened with certainty.
66 Neillands, 1987, p. 290.
67 Russ, 1989, pp. 241–242.
Chapter Eleven: Black Snow
1 Brady, 2003, pp. 99–106.
2 Thomas, 1990, p. 16.
3 Wilson, 1988, p. 252.
4 Wilson, 1988, p. 253.
5 Wilson, 1988, p. 254.
6 Russ, 1999, pp. 263–267.
7 Thomas, 1990, p. 17.
8 Teddy Allen and John Walter.
9 Farrar-Hockley, 1990, p. 340.
10 O’Brien, IWM 13522.
11 Farrar-Hockley, 1990, p. 338.
12 O’Brien, IWM 13522.
13 O’Brien, IWM 13522.
14 Russ, 1999, p. 266.
15 Hayhurst, 2001, p. 156.
16 Mossman, 1990, p. 105.
17 Mossman, 1990, pp. 129–130.
18 Mossman, 1990, p. 129.
19 Naval and air strengths from James A Field, History of US Naval Operations: Korea, Washington DC, Chapter 9.
20 Leary, 2000, pp. 19–20.
21 Tucker, Spencer, C, ‘Changjin, Chosin Reservoir Campaign’, in Tucker, ed. 2002, p. 111.
22 Higgins, 1951, p. 186.
23 Russ, 1999, p. 317.
24 Drury and Clavin, 2009, p. 277.
25 Koone, 2000.
26 Walden, Corporal JT, USMC, ‘British Royal Marines’ in Leatherneck Magazine, reprinted in Globe and Laurel 1952, p. 129.
27 Russ, 1999, p. 322.
28 Russ, 1999, p. 328.
29 Leary, 2000, p. 17.
30 Leary, 2000, p. 20.
31 Russ, 1999, p. 338.
32 Hayhurst, IWM 15576.
33 Thomas, 1990, p. 21.
34 Hammel, 1981, p. 300.
35 CP Roe interview with General OP Smith at www.chosinreservoir.com
36 Russ, 1999, p. 337.
37 Wilson, 1988, p. 267.
38 Hammel, 1981, p. 300.
39 Hayhurst, 2001, p. 168.
40 Hammel, 1981, p. 301.
41 Mossman, 1990, p. 139.
42 Hammel, 1981, p. 304.
43 Higgins, 1951, p. 181.
44 Russ, 1999, p. 328.
45 Russ, 1999, p. 341.
46 Russ, 1999, p. 355.
47 Hastings, 1987, p. 160.
48 Pat Roe interview with General OP Smith, www.chosinreservoir.com
49 Russ, 1999, p. 373.
50 Mossman, 1990, p. 141.
51 Russ, 1999, p. 361.
52 Hahm Sock-young, author interview.
53 Hayhurst, 1999, p. 175.
54 Russ, 1999, p. 376.
55 Roe, Patrick C, 2000, p. 435.
56 Langton, IWM 16761.
57 Russ, 1990, p. 388.
58 O’Brien, IWM 13522.
59 Russ, 1999, p. 324.
60 Russ, 1999, p. 239.
61 Wilson, 1988, p. 288.
62 Wilson, 1988, p. 289.
63 A veteran of the march, speaking on condition of anonymity; author interview.
64 The author is grateful to British and American veterans on the Army Rumour Service website for this insight into the effect of napalm on corpses.
65 O’Brien, IWM 13522.
66 Drury and Clavin, 2009, p. 20.
67 Hayhurst, 1999, p. 168.
68 Anon in Changjin Journal, 03.31.00.
69 Peter Thomas, author interview.
70 Thomas, 1990, p. 22.
71 Brady, 2003, p. 114.
72 Peter Thomas, author interview; Hayhurst, 1999, pp. 179–180.
73 Russ, 1999, p. 398.
74 Higgins, 1951, p. 105.
75 Higgins, 1951, p. 106.
76 Higgins, 1951, p. 107.
77 Russ, 1999, p. 398.
78 Brady, 2003, p. 116.
79 Russ, 1999, p. 412.
80 CP Roe interview with General OP Smith, www.chosinreservoir.com
81 Hayhurst, 2001, p. 190.
82 Li, Millet, Yu, 2001, p. 154.
83 Spurr, Russell, Enter the Dragon, New York, 1988, p. 270.
84 Hammel, 1981, p. 379.
85 Hammel, 1981, p. 391.
86 Brady, 2003, p. 116.
87 Brady, 2003, p. 118.
88 41 Commando War Diary.
89 Leslie Coote, IWM 14964.
90 Wilson, 1988, p. 317.
91 Letter from Morton Silver, to author Robin Neillands, 28 October, 1995.
92 Brady, 2003, p. 120.
93 Farrar-Hockley, 1990, p. 341.
94 41 Commando War Diary.
95 Brady, 2003, p. 122.
96 Drysdale, letter, 12 December 1950.
97 Casualty figures from 41 Commando War Diary.
98 Drysdale, letter, 12 December 1950.
99 Casualty figures from Tucker, Spencer, C, Changjin ‘Chosin Reservoir Campaign’, in Tucker, ed. 2002, p. 112.
100 Silver, Morton, Letter, 1995.
101 Farrar-Hockley, 1990, p. 341.
102 Maindonald, IWM 16627.
103 O’Brien, IWM 13522.
104 Drysdale, letter, 12 December 1950.
105 For statistics on the evacuation, see Marolda, Edward J, Hungnam Evacuation in Tucker, ed. 2002, pp. 267–269.
106 For statistics on the evacuation, see Marolda, Edward J, Hungnam Evacuation in Tucker, ed. 2002, pp. 267–269.
107 The scene was captured in a vivid photograph.
108 Hickey, Michael, The Korean War: The West Confronts Communism; New York, 2000, p. 141.
109 Goldstein, Richard, ‘Leonard La Rue, Rescuer in the Korean War, Dies at 87’, New York Times; 22 October 2001.
110 Author interview, Robert Lunney.
111 Marolda in Tucker, ed., 2002, p. 269. 14,000. Lunney, author interview.
112 Goldstein, 2001.
113 Mossman 1990, p. 174.
114 Information on the UDT comes from accounts by veterans Royal Vanatta and Mack Boyton at: http://www.navyfrogmen.com/
115 Schafer, Elizabeth, X Corps, in Tucker, ed. 2002, p. 642.
116 Zhang, 1995, p. 123.
117 Spour, 1988, p. 265.
Chapter Twelve: Dark Christmas
1 Willoughby Notebook, 20 December.
2 Willoughby Notebook, 16 December.
3 Thomas, 1990, p. 26.
4 Thomas, 1990, p. 26.
5 O’Dowd, 2000, pp. 62–63.
6 Millett, 2010, p. 381.