Notes

CHAPTER 1: IN SEARCH OF DISCOURSE POWER

1 Yin, Y. 2020. ‘Work Hard to Strengthen the Power of International Discourse/Speech and Emerge as a Truly Wholly Comprehensive China.’ People’s Daily, 29 July. Available at http://paper.people.com.cn/rmrb/html/2020-07/29/nw.D110000renmrb_20200729_4-09.htm (accessed on 1 August 2020).

2 The State Council Information Office of the People’s Republic of China (hereinafter State Council). 2020. ‘Fighting Covid-19: China in Action’. Beijing. Available at http://english.www.gov.cn/news/topnews/202006/07/content_WS5edc559ac6d066592a449030.html (accessed on 27 November 2020).

3 Stone, Deborah. 2012. Policy Paradox: The Art of Political Decision Making. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.

4 Rudolph, J. 2020. ‘Netizens Mock Beijing’s Claim That History Shouldn’t Be Tainted by Lies’. Available at https://chinadigitaltimes.net/2020/06/netizens-mock-beijings-claim-that-history-shouldnt-be-tainted-by-lies/ (accessed on 25 August 2020).

5 ECNS. 2020. ‘China Issues White Paper on Covid-19 Fight to Keep a Record: FM’. 9 June. Available at http://www.ecns.cn/news/cns-wire/2020-06-09/detail-ifzwzeax1202410.shtml (accessed on 20 August 2020).

6 Xinhua. 2020. ‘China Publishes Timeline on Covid-19 Information Sharing, Int’l Cooperation’. Beijing, 6 April. Available at http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-04/06/c_138951662.htm (accessed on 25 August 2020).

7 Rogin, J. 2020. ‘State Department Cables Warned of Safety Issues at Wuhan Lab Studying Bat Coronaviruses’. The Washington Post, 4 April. Available at https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2020/04/14/state-department-cables-warned-safety-issues-wuhan-lab-studying-bat-coronaviruses/ (accessed on 25 August 2020).

8 See Wang, W. 2020. ‘Is Sympathy Too Much to Ask for from Western Media?’. Global Times, 10 February. Available at https://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1178926.shtml (accessed on 25 August 2020). Also see State Council. ‘Fighting Covid-19: China in Action’.

9 Creemers, R. 2013. ‘Xi Jinping’s 19 August Speech Revealed?’. Available at https://chinacopyrightandmedia.wordpress.com/2013/11/12/xi-jinpings-19-august-speech-revealed-translation/ (accessed on 26 August 2020).

10 Creemers. ‘Xi Jinping’s 19 August Speech Revealed?’

11 Xinhua. 2018. ‘Xi Calls for Better Fulfilling Missions of Publicity Work’. Beijing, 22 August. Available at: http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-08/22/c_137410956.htm (accessed on 26 August 2020).

12 China Daily. 2017. ‘Full Text of Xi Jinping’s Report at 19th CPC National Congress’. 4 November. Available at https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/19thcpcnationalcongress/2017-11/04/content_34115212.htm (accessed on 27 November 2020).

13 Lovell, Julia. 2019. Maoism: A Global History. London: Bodley Head.

14 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China. N.d. ‘Chairman Mao Zedong’s Theory on the Division of the Three World and the Strategy of Forming an Alliance Against an Opponent’. Available at https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/ziliao_665539/3602_665543/3604_665547/t18008.shtml (accessed on 26 August 2020).

15 Ministry of Foreign Affairs. ‘Chairman Mao Zedong’s Theory on the Division of the Three World and the Strategy of Forming an Alliance Against an Opponent’.

16 Ministry of Foreign Affairs. ‘Chairman Mao Zedong’s Theory on the Division of the Three World and the Strategy of Forming an Alliance Against an Opponent’.

17 Zhao, K. 2016. ‘China’s Rise and Its Discursive Power Strategy’. Chinese Political Science Review 1: 539–564.

18 Smith Jr, Warren. 2009. Tibet’s Last Stand? The Tibetan Uprising of 2008 and China’s Response. Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.

19 Yardley, J. 2008. ‘Violence in Tibet as Monks Clash with the Police’. The New York Times, Beijing, 15 March.

20 Wong, E. 2009. ‘Riots in Western China Amid Ethnic Tension’. The New York Times, Beijing, 5 July.

21 Rolland, Nadège. 2020. ‘China’s Vision for a New World Order’. Report submitted to The National Bureau of Asian Research, Washington.

22 Zhao. ‘China’s Rise and Its Discursive Power Strategy’.

23 For a detailed understanding of the legal, political and security dynamics of the situation in the South China Sea, see Bhatt, Pooja. 2020. Nine Dash Line: Deciphering the South China Sea Conundrum. New Delhi: KW Publishers.

24 Qadri, A. 2013. ‘Story behind a Stapled Chinese Visa’. The New York Times, New Delhi, 8 November. Available at https://india.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/11/08/story-behind-a-stapled-chinese-visa/ (accessed on 27 August 2020).

25 Xinhua. ‘Full text of Hu Jintao’s report at 18th Party Congress.’ Available at: http://en.people.cn/90785/8024777.html

26 Rolland. ‘China’s Vision for a New World Order’.

27 Zhao. ‘China’s Rise and Its Discursive Power Strategy’.

28 Lee, P.S. 2016. ‘The Rise of China and Its Contest for Discursive Power’. Global Media and China 1(1–2): 102–120.

29 Kania, E. 2018. ‘The Right to Speak: Discourse and Chinese Power’. Available at https://www.ccpwatch.org/single-post/2018/11/27/The-Right-to-Speak-Discourse-and-Chinese-Power (accessed on 27 August 2020).

30 This has been steady work in progress. For instance, at the 18th Party Congress, Hu had made it clear that China ‘will never copy a Western political system’. See China Internet Information Center. 2012. ‘Report of Hu Jintao to the 18th CPC National Congress’. Available at http://www.china.org.cn/china/18th_cpc_congress/2012-11/16/content_27137540_5.htm (accessed on 27 August 2020).

31 People’s Daily. 2020. ‘How Did the Socialist System with Chinese Characteristics Come About?’. 3 August. Available at http://paper.people.com.cn/rmrb/html/2020-08/03/nw.D110000renmrb_20200803_1-06.htm (accessed on 10 August 2020).

32 The values are prosperity, democracy, civility, harmony, freedom, equality, justice, rule of law, patriotism, dedication, credibility and friendship. See China Daily. 2017. ‘Core Socialist Values’. 10 October. Available at https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:X3ouZU7N5SYJ:https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/19thcpcnationalcongress/2017-10/12/content_33160115.htm+&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=in (accessed on 11 December 2020).

33 Gow, M. 2016. ‘The Core Socialist Values of the Chinese Dream: Towards a Chinese Integral State’. Critical Asian Studies 49(1): 92–116.

34 Gow. ‘The Core Socialist Values of the Chinese Dream: Towards a Chinese Integral State’.

35 Lin, D. and Trevaskes, S. 2019. ‘Creating a Virtuous Leviathan: The Party, Law, and Socialist Core Values’. Asian Journal of Law and Society 6(1): 41–66.

36 Qiushi. 2019. ‘Several Issues Regarding the Upholding and Development of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics’. 31 March. Available at http://www.qstheory.cn/dukan/qs/2019-03/31/c_1124302776.htm?mc_cid=1cbbd3fdb4&mc_eid=eb26562946 (accessed on 27 August 2020).

37 An English version can be found here: ChinaFile. 2013. ‘Document 9: A ChinaFile Translation’. Available at https://www.chinafile.com/document-9-chinafile-translation (accessed on 28 August 2020).

38 Huang, J. 2013. ‘“Silent Contest” Silenced?’. Global Times, 17 November. Available at http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/825489.shtml (accessed on 27 August 2020).

39 Blanchette, Jude. 2020. ‘Strengthening the CCP’s “Ideological Work”’. Report submitted to Center for Strategic and International Studies, Washington.

40 Zhao, S. 2016. ‘The Ideological Campaign in Xi’s China: Rebuilding Regime Legitimacy’. Asian Survey 56(6): 1168–1193.

41 See Ohlberg, Mareike. 2016. ‘Boosting the Party’s Voice China’s Quest for Global Ideological Dominance’. Report submitted to Mercator Institute for China Studies, Berlin; Xinhua. 2019. ‘The General Office of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China issued the “National Party Member Education and Training Work Plan 2019–2023”’. Beijing, 11 November. Available at http://www.xinhuanet.com/2019-11/11/c_1125218595.htm (accessed on 28 August 2020). Xinhua. 2019. ‘The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council Issued the Outline for the Implementation of Patriotic Education in the New Era’. Beijing, 12 November. Available at http://www.xinhuanet.com/politics/2019-11/12/c_1125223796.htm (accessed on 28 August 2020); Xinhua. 2019. ‘The General Office of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the General Office of the State Council Issued “Some Opinions on Deepening the Reform and Innovation of ideological and Political Theory Courses in Schools in the New Era”’. Beijing, 14 August. Available at http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/2019-08/14/content_5421252.htm (accessed on 28 August 2020).

42 See China Daily. ‘Full Text of Xi Jinping’s Report at 19th CPC National Congress’. Also see Qiushi. 2020. ‘The Leadership of the Communist Party of China Is the Most Essential Feature of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics’. 5 July. Available at http://www.qstheory.cn/dukan/qs/2020-07/15/c_1126234524.htm (accessed on 28 August 2020).

43 Xinhua. 2019. ‘The Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Adhering to and Improving the Socialist System with Chinese Characteristics and Promoting the Modernization of the National Governance System and Governance Capacity’. Beijing, 5 November. Available at http://www.xinhuanet.com/politics/2019-11/05/c_1125195786.htm (accessed on 28 August 2020).

44 Xinhua. 2019. ‘19th CPC Central Committee Concludes Fourth Plenary Session, Releases Communique’. Beijing, 31 October. Available at http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-10/31/c_138518832.htm (accessed on 28 August 2020).

45 See Li, Z. 2020. ‘Always Play the Role of the Good Two Vanguards’. People’s Daily, 25 August. Available at http://paper.people.com.cn/rmrb/html/2020-08/25/nw.D110000renmrb_20200825_2-09.htm (accessed on 28 August 2020). Also see Xinhua. 2018. ‘Backgrounder: Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era’. Beijing, 17 March. Available at http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-03/17/c_137046261.htm (accessed on 28 August 2020).

46 Xinhua. 2020. ‘Xi Stresses Always Staying True to Party’s Founding Mission’. Beijing, 8 January. Available at http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-01/08/c_138688077.htm (accessed on 28 August 2020).

47 Xinhua. ‘Xi Stresses Always Staying True to Party’s Founding Mission’.

48 See, for instance, Yang, S. 2019. ‘Chinese Institute Exposes Hypocritical US Money Politics’. Global Times. Beijing, 26 December. Available at https://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1174947.shtml (accessed on 20 August 2020).

49 Blanchette. ‘Strengthening the CCP’s “Ideological Work”’.

50 Rolland. ‘China’s Vision for a New World Order’.

51 Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. 2016. ‘13th Five-Year Plan for Economic and Social Development of the People’s Republic of China (2016–2020)’. Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, Beijing. Accessible at https://en.ndrc.gov.cn/policyrelease_8233/201612/P020191101482242850325.pdf (accessed on 1 December 2020).

52 Xinhua. 2016. ‘Xi Stresses Philosophy, Social Sciences for Socialist Development, Highlights Chinese Characteristics’. Beijing, 17 May. Available at http://english.chinamil.com.cn/news-channels/today-headlines/2016-05/18/content_7059991.htm (accessed on 28 August 2020).

53 Leng, R. 2020. ‘Strengthen the Construction of a Community of Human Destiny (In-depth Study and Implementation of Xi Jinping’s Socialist Ideology with Chinese Characteristics in the New Era)’. People’s Daily, 1 September. Available at http://paper.people.com.cn/rmrb/html/2020-09/01/nw.D110000renmrb_20200901_1-09.htm (accessed on 2 September 2020).

54 China Daily. 2018. ‘Speech Delivered by Xi Jinping at the First Session of the 13th NPC’. Beijing, 21 March. Available at https://www.chinadailyhk.com/articles/184/187/127/1521628772832.html (accessed on 28 August 2020).

55 Xinhua. 2016. ‘Xi Jinping: Adhere to the Right Direction, Bring Forth New Methods and Means to Improve the Power of Propaganda and Guidance of the News and Media’. Beijing, 19 February. Available at http://politics.people.com.cn/n1/2016/0219/c1024-28136159.html (accessed on 28 August 2020).

56 Xinhua. 2018. ‘CPC Releases Plan on Deepening Reform of Party and State Institutions’. Beijing, 21 March. Available at http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-03/21/c_137055471.htm (accessed on 28 August 2020).

57 Zhai, K. 2018. ‘Xi Starts “Voice of China” Broadcaster to Boost Global Image’. Bloomberg, 20 March. Available at https://www.bloombergquint.com/politics/xi-creates-voice-of-china-broadcaster-to-improve-global-image Li, X. (accessed on 28 August 2020).

58 Xi, J. 2019. ‘Accelerate the Development of Mass-Media Integration and Set Up a Structure for the Entire Media and Propaganda’. Qiushi, 15 March. Available at http://www.qstheory.cn/dukan/qs/2019-03/15/c_1124239254.htm (accessed on 28 August 2020).

59 See Cook, Sarah. 2020. ‘Beijing’s Global Megaphone’. Report submitted to Freedom House, Washington. Also see Association for International Affairs. 2020. ‘China’s Propaganda and Disinformation Campaigns in Central Europe’. Association for International Affairs, Prague.

60 For more details, see Allen-Ebrahimian, B. 2020. ‘Between the Lines on Chinese Strategy: “Borrowing a Boat to Go Out on the Ocean”’. Available at https://www.axios.com/china-foreign-media-borrowing-boat-ocean-635145c4-a189-425f-b65a-676a7754b248.html (accessed on 29 August 2020).

61 Reporters without Borders. 2019. ‘China’s Pursuit of a New World Media Order’. Paris.

62 Li, X. 2019. ‘Senior Chinese Official Attends Belt and Road News Network First Council Meeting’. Xinhua, Beijing, 23 April. Available at http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-04/23/c_138002251.htm (accessed on 29 August 2020).

63 Kewalramani, Manoj, Kanisetti, Anirudh, Desai, Suyash, and Mehta, Shibani. 2019. ‘An Indian Approach to Navigate China’s Rise’. Report submitted to the Takshashila Institution, Bengaluru.

64 Xinhua. 2017. ‘Xi Calls on World Political Parties to Build Community with Shared Future for Mankind’. Beijing, 2 December. Available at http://www.xinhuanet.com//english/2017-12/02/c_136794028.htm (accessed on 29 August 2020).

65 Fung, J.C. and Lam, S. 2020. ‘China Already Leads 4 of the 15 U.N. Specialized Agencies—and Is Aiming for a 5th’. The Washington Post, 3 March. Available at https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/03/03/china-already-leads-4-15-un-specialized-agencies-is-aiming-5th/ (accessed on 29 August 2020).

CHAPTER 2: HEROES AND MARTYRS

1 People’s Daily. 2020. ‘Start the People’s War for Epidemic Prevention and Control’. 4 February. Available at http://paper.people.com.cn/rmrb/html/2020-02/04/nw.D110000renmrb_20200204_4-01.htm (accessed on 25 May 2020).

2 Xinhua. 2020. ‘China Pauses in Silence to Mourn Lives Lost to Coronavirus’. Beijing, 4 April. Available at http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-04/04/c_138947695.htm (accessed on 25 May 2020).

3 Yang, M. 2020. ‘National Mourning: Govt Portals, News Websites in Black and White to Mourn COVID-19 Dead’. China Global Television Network, Beijing, 4 April. Available at https://news.cgtn.com/news/2020-04-04/Govt-portals-news-websites-in-black-and-white-to-mourn-COVID-19-dead-PpwoqLzKUw/index.html (accessed on 25 May 2020).

4 Global Times. 2020. ‘China to Hold National Day of Mourning for COVID-19 Victims on April 4’. 4 April. Available at https://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1184604.shtml (accessed on 25 May 2020).

5 Xinhua. 2020. ‘14 People Who Died in Fight Against COVID-19 Identified as Martyrs’. Wuhan, 2 April. Available at http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-04/02/c_138941747.htm (accessed on 25 May 2020).

6 People’s Daily. 2020. ‘Remember the Departed Ones and Move Forward Steadfastly and Bravely’. 5 April. Available at http://paper.people.com.cn/rmrb/html/2020-04/05/nw.D110000renmrb_20200405_2-01.htm (accessed on 25 May 2020).

7 People’s Daily. ‘Remember the Departed Ones and Move Forward Steadfastly and Bravely’.

8 Ryckmans, P. 1990. ‘The Art of Interpreting Nonexistent Inscriptions Written in Invisible Ink on a Blank Page’. Available at https://www.chinafile.com/library/nyrb-china-archive/art-interpreting-nonexistent-inscriptions-written-invisible-ink-blank (accessed on 26 May 2020).

9 Ryckmans. ‘The Art of Interpreting Nonexistent Inscriptions Written in Invisible Ink on a Blank Page’.

10 Repnikova, M. and Fang, K. 2018. ‘Authoritarian Participatory Persuasion 2.0: Netizens as Thought Work Collaborators’. Journal of Contemporary China 27(113): 763–779.

11 Repnikova and Fang. ‘Authoritarian Participatory Persuasion 2.0: Netizens as Thought Work Collaborators’.

12 Xinhua. 2020. ‘In Unprecedented Move, China Locks Down Megacity to Curb Virus Spread’. Wuhan, 23 January. Available at http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-01/23/c_138729430.htm (accessed on 26 May 2020).

13 Gao, Y. et al. 2020. ‘In Depth: How Wuhan Lost the Fight to Contain the Coronavirus’. Caixin, Beijing, 3 February. Available at https://www.caixinglobal.com/2020-02-03/in-depth-how-wuhan-lost-the-fight-to-contain-the-coronavirus-101510749.html (accessed on 26 May 2020).

14 VOA News. 2020. ‘At Least 10 Chinese Cities on Lockdown; 830 Confirmed Coronavirus Cases Across Country’. 24 January. Available at https://www.voanews.com/science-health/least-10-chinese-cities-lockdown-830-confirmed-coronavirus-cases-across-country (accessed on 26 May 2020).

15 Reuters. 2020. ‘Under China’s Coronavirus Lockdown, Millions Have Nowhere to Go’. Beijing, 14 February. Available at https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-health-scale/under-chinas-coronavirus-lockdown-millions-have-nowhere-to-go-idUSKBN2081DB (accessed on 26 May 2020).

16 Zhong, R. and Mozur, P. 2020. ‘To Tame Coronavirus, Mao-Style Social Control Blankets China’. The New York Times, Shanghai, 20 February. Available at https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/15/business/china-coronavirus-lockdown.html (accessed on 26 May 2020).

17 Yuan, S. 2020. ‘Wuhan Turns to Social Media to Vent Anger at Coronavirus Response’. Al Jazeera, Chongqing, 3 February. Available at https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/02/wuhan-turns-social-media-vent-anger-coronavirus-response-200203085324619.html (accessed on 26 May 2020).

18 Li, J. 2020. ‘Chinese People Are Using “Chernobyl” to Channel Their Anger about the Coronavirus Outbreak’. Quartz, 27 January. Available at https://qz.com/1791611/wuhan-coronavirus-chinese-people-channel-anger-through-chernobyl/ (accessed on 26 May 2020).

19 See Murphy, F., Huang, H., and Liu, D. 2020. ‘Chronic Disease Patients Made to Walk Hours for Care as Wuhan Fights Coronavirus’. Caixin, Beijing, 29 January. Available at https://www.caixinglobal.com/2020-01-29/chronic-disease-patients-made-to-walk-hours-for-care-as-wuhan-fights-coronavirus-101509361.html (accessed on 26 May 2020). Also see Rudolph, J. 2020. ‘Wuhan Police Said Don’t Post, I Laughed with Tears in my Eyes’. Available at https://chinadigitaltimes.net/2020/02/translation-wuhan-police-said-dont-post-i-laughed-with-tears-in-my-eyes/ (accessed on 26 May 2020).

20 See Ma, J. 2020. ‘Coronavirus: China Red Cross Under Fire over Poor Distribution of Masks, Medical Supplies’. South China Morning Post, Beijing, 1 February. Available at https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/3048512/china-red-cross-under-fire-poor-delivery-coronavirus-supplies (accessed on 26 May 2020). Also see Buckley, C. and Qin, A. 2020. ‘Coronavirus Anger Boils over in China and Doctors Plead for Supplies’. The New York Times, Wuhan, 30 January. Available at https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/30/world/asia/china-coronavirus-epidemic.html (accessed on 26 May 2020).

21 Gang, Q. 2020. ‘As an Epidemic Raged, What Kept Party Media Busy?’. Available at http://chinamediaproject.org/2020/01/30/too-busy-for-an-epidemic/ (accessed on 26 May 2020).

22 Wang, Y. and Moritsugu, K. 2020. ‘Xi Jinping Warns That China’s Coronavirus Outbreak Must Be Taken Seriously’. The Diplomat, 21 January. Available at https://thediplomat.com/2020/01/xi-jinping-warns-that-chinas-coronavirus-outbreak-must-be-taken-seriously/ (accessed on 26 May 2020).

23 Xinhua. 2020. ‘Xi Focus: CPC Leadership Meets to Discuss Novel Coronavirus Prevention, Control’. Beijing, 25 January. Available at http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-01/25/c_138733715.htm (accessed on 26 May 2020).

24 Chaguan. 2020. ‘China’s Rulers See the Coronavirus as a Chance to Tighten Their Grip’. The Economist, 8 February. Available at https://www.economist.com/china/2020/02/08/chinas-rulers-see-the-coronavirus-as-a-chance-to-tighten-their-grip (accessed on 26 May 2020).

25 This was an unprecedented test and the leadership was calling upon members to ensure that the Party flag flies ‘high at the frontline of the battleground.’ See Xinhua. 2020. ‘Xi: Rely on People to Win Battle Against Epidemic’. Beijing, 27 January. Available at http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-01/27/c_138737539.htm (accessed on 26 May 2020).

26 Repnikova, M. 2020. ‘Does China’s Propaganda Work?’. The New York Times, 16 April. Available at https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/16/opinion/china-coronavirus-propaganda.html (accessed on 26 May 2020).

27 See Zhang, C. 2020. ‘Covid-19 in China: From “Chernobyl Moment” to Impetus for Nationalism’. Available at https://madeinchinajournal.com/2020/05/04/covid-19-in-china-from-chernobyl-moment-to-impetus-for-nationalism/ (accessed on 26 May 2020).

28 Pugsley, P. 2006. ‘Constructing the Hero: Nationalistic News Narratives in Contemporary China’. Westminster Papers in Communication and Culture 3(1): 78–93.

29 Pugsley. ‘Constructing the Hero: Nationalistic News Narratives in Contemporary China’.

30 Fan, Y. 2020. ‘Tribute to Medical Staff Steals the Show at Spring Festival Gala’. Sixth Tone, 25 January. Available at https://www.sixthtone.com/news/1005139/tribute-to-medical-staff-steals-the-show-at-spring-festival-gala (accessed on 26 May 2020).

31 Li, J. 2020. ‘China is Dispatching Journalists to Tell the Coronavirus Story It Wants Its People to Hear’. Quartz, 6 February. Available at https://qz.com/1798070/china-seeks-to-create-positive-media-coverage-about-coronavirus/ (accessed on 27 May 2020).

32 Editorial Board of Foreign Languages Press. 2020. Stories of Courage and Determination: Wuhan in Coronavirus Lockdown. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press.

33 See Colville, A. 2020. ‘In the Spirit of Lei Feng’. SupChina, 30 March. Available at https://supchina.com/2020/03/30/in-the-spirit-of-lei-feng/ (accessed on 27 May 2020). For more on Lei Feng, see Tian, X. 2011. ‘The Making of a Hero: Lei Feng and Some Issues of Historiography’. In The People’s Republic of China at 60: An International Assessment, edited by William C. Kirby, 283–295. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Asia Center.

34 Editorial Board of Foreign Languages Press. Stories of Courage and Determination: Wuhan in Coronavirus Lockdown.

35 Ma, D. and Thomas, N. 2018. ‘In Xi We Trust: How Propaganda Might Be Working in the New Era’. Available at https://macropolo.org/analysis/in-xi-we-trust/ (accessed on 27 May 2020).

36 The documentary is available on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XU9FVqwO4TM&t=1s (accessed on 27 May 2020).

37 Creemers. ‘Xi Jinping’s 19 August Speech Revealed?’.

38 Buckley, C. 2018. ‘China Gives Communist Party More Control over Policy and Media’. The New York Times, Beijing, 21 March. Available at https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/21/world/asia/china-communist-party-xi-jinping.html (accessed on 27 May 2020).

39 See An, B. 2018. ‘Xi: Spreading China’s Story Key Mission’. China Daily, 8 August. Available at http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201808/23/WS5b7de976a310add14f387392.html (accessed on 27 May 2020). Also see, Global Times. 2016. ‘President Xi Urges New Media Outlet to “Tell China Stories Well”’. 31 December. Available at http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1026592.shtml (accessed on 27 May 2020).

40 Xinhua. 2018. ‘Xi Calls for Better Fulfilling Missions of Publicity Work’. Beijing, 22 August. Available at http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-08/22/c_137410956.htm (accessed on 27 May 2020).

41 Wang, L. 2020. ‘“Rumormonger” Doctor Who Raised the Alarm Says He Has Coronavirus’. Sixth Tone, 1 February. Available at https://www.sixthtone.com/news/1005150/rumormonger-doctor-who-raised-the-alarm-says-he-has-coronavirus (accessed on 27 May 2020).

42 Huang, K. 2020. ‘Coronavirus: Wuhan Doctor Says Officials Muzzled Her for Sharing Report on WeChat’. South China Morning Post, Beijing, 11 March. Available at https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/3074622/coronavirus-wuhan-doctor-says-officials-muzzled-her-sharing (accessed on 27 May 2020). Also see Qin, J., Wang, Y., and Walsh, M. 2020. ‘More Wuhan Doctors Say They Faced Official Backlash over Virus Warnings’. Caixin, Beijing, 10 February. Available at https://www.caixinglobal.com/2020-02-10/more-wuhan-doctors-say-they-faced-official-backlash-over-virus-warnings-101513756.html (accessed on 27 May 2020).

43 Xinhua. ‘China Publishes Timeline on Covid-19 Information Sharing, Int’l Cooperation’.

44 Xinhua. ‘China Publishes Timeline on Covid-19 Information Sharing, Int’l Cooperation’.

45 Qin, J. and Shen, T. 2020. ‘Whistleblower Li Wenliang: There Should Be More Than One Voice in a Healthy Society’. Caixin, Beijing, 6 February. Available at https://www.caixinglobal.com/2020-02-06/after-being-punished-by-local-police-coronavirus-whistleblower-vindicated-by-top-court-101509986.html (accessed on 27 May 2020).

46 Global Times. 2020. ‘Eight Wuhan Residents Praised for “Whistle-blowing” Virus Outbreak’. 29 January. Available at https://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1177960.shtml (accessed on 28 May 2020).

47 Global Times. ‘Eight Wuhan Residents Praised for “Whistle-blowing” Virus Outbreak’.

48 Lahiri, T. and Lin, T. 2020. ‘Questions Swirl after China Attempts to Censor News of Whistleblowing Doctor’s Death’. Quartz, 7 February. Available at https://qz.com/1798421/questions-swirl-after-china-attempts-to-censor-news-of-whistleblowing-doctors-death/ (accessed on 28 May 2020).

49 Bishop, B. 2020. ‘Reports of the Death Dr. Li Wenliang Spark Outrage; Internet Media Crackdown’. Available at https://sinocism.com/p/reports-of-the-death-dr-li-wenliang (accessed on 28 May 2020).

50 Lahiri and Lin. ‘Questions Swirl after China Attempts to Censor News of Whistleblowing Doctor’s Death’. Also see Westcott, B. 2020. ‘How Chinese Doctor Li Wenliang Died Twice in China’s State Media’. CNN, Hong Kong, 7 February. Available at https://edition.cnn.com/2020/02/06/asia/china-li-wenliang-whistleblower-death-timeline-intl-hnk/index.html (accessed on 28 May 2020).

51 Yuan, S. 2020. ‘Grief, Anger in China as Doctor Who Warned about Coronavirus Dies’. Al Jazeera, Beijing, 7 February. Available at https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/02/chinese-doctor-sounded-alarm-wuhan-coronavirus-dies-200207004935274.html (accessed on 28 May 2020).

52 Yu, G. et al. 2020. ‘Coronavirus Whistleblower Li Wenliang Dies of the Disease’. Caixin, Beijing, 7 February. Available at https://www.caixinglobal.com/2020-02-07/coronavirus-whistleblower-dies-101512456.html (accessed on 28 May 2020).

53 Yuan, L. 2020. ‘Widespread Outcry in China over Death of Coronavirus Doctor’. The New York Times, 7 February. Available at https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/07/business/china-coronavirus-doctor-death.html (accessed on 28 May 2020). Also see Yuan, L. 2020. ‘How Thousands in China Gently Mourn a Coronavirus Whistle-Blower’. The New York Times, 13 April. Available at https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/04/13/technology/coronavirus-doctor-whistleblower-weibo.html (accessed on 28 May 2020).

54 Qin, J., and Shen, T. 2020. ‘Whistleblower Li Wenliang: There Should Be More Than One Voice in a Healthy Society’. Caixin, Beijing, 6 February. Available at https://www.caixinglobal.com/2020-02-06/after-being-punished-by-local-police-coronavirus-whistleblower-vindicated-by-top-court-101509986.html (accessed on 28 May 2020).

55 Li, J. 2020. ‘Chinese People Are Using “Les Misérables” and “Chernobyl” to Mourn Coronavirus Whistleblower’. Quartz. 7 February. Available at https://qz.com/1798862/in-china-using-les-miserables-and-chernobyl-to-mourn-li-wenliang/ (accessed on 28 May 2020).

56 Ma, J. and Mai, J. 2020. ‘Death of Coronavirus Doctor Li Wenliang Becomes Catalyst for “Freedom of Speech” Demands in China’. South China Morning Post, Beijing, 7 February. Available at https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3049606/coronavirus-doctors-death-becomes-catalyst-freedom-speech (accessed on 28 May 2020).

57 Yu, V. 2020. ‘“Hero Who Told the Truth”: Chinese Rage over Coronavirus Death of Whistleblower Doctor’. The Guardian, Hong Kong, 7 February. Available at https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/feb/07/coronavirus-chinese-rage-death-whistleblower-doctor-li-wenliang (accessed on 28 May 2020).

58 Global Times. 2020. ‘Tribute to Dr. Li Wenliang’. 7 February. Available at https://opinion.huanqiu.com/article/9CaKrnKpexl (accessed on 28 May 2020).

59 Global Times. 2020. ‘Farewell to Dr Li Wenliang’. 7 February. Available at https://www.globaltimes.cn/galleries/3190.html (accessed on 28 May 2020).

60 People’s Daily. 2020. ‘Let’s Win Battle against Novel Coronavirus for Deceased Doctor Li’. 7 February. Available at http://en.people.cn/n3/2020/0207/c90000-9655399.html (accessed on 28 May 2020).

61 The interview titled ‘“He Is the Hero of China,” Zhong Nanshan Mourns Li Wenliang’s Death’ can be accessed at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Pu5me3Iq-4 (accessed on 28 May 2020).

62 Xinhua. 2020. ‘Wuhan Gov’t Mourns Doctor in Coronavirus Fight’. Wuhan, 7 February. Available at http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-02/07/c_138764439.htm (accessed on 28 May 2020).

63 Xinhua. 2020. ‘National Supervisory Commission Sends Group to Investigate Issues Involving Dr. Li Wenliang’. Beijing, 7 February. Available at http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-02/07/c_138763561.htm (accessed on 28 May 2020).

64 Global Times. 2020. ‘Virus Whistleblower Li Wenliang Among Outstanding Medics Posthumously Honored for Fighting Coronavirus’. 5 March. Available at https://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1181669.shtml (accessed on 28 May 2020).

65 Bandurski, D. 2020. ‘Reclaiming Doctor Li’. Available at http://chinamediaproject.org/2020/03/19/reclaiming-doctor-li/ (accessed on 28 May 2020).

66 Goh, B. 2020. ‘“Is That It?”: Chinese Report into Death of Doctor Who Raised Coronavirus Alarm Underwhelms’. Reuters, Shanghai, 20 March. Available at https://in.reuters.com/article/health-coronavirus-china-doctor/is-that-it-chinese-report-into-death-of-doctor-who-raised-coronavirus-alarm-underwhelms-idINKBN21709P (accessed on 28 May 2020).

67 Xinhua. 2020. ‘Update: China Releases Investigation Report on Issues Concerning Dr. Li Wenliang’. Beijing, 19 March. Available at http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-03/19/c_138896212.htm (accessed on 28 May 2020).

68 The Economist. 2020. ‘Meet “Moderately Prosperous” China’. Available at https://worldin.economist.com/article/17353/edition2020meet-moderately-prosperous-china (accessed on 29 May 2020).

69 Nathan, J.A. 2003. ‘China’s Changing of the Guard: Authoritarian Resilience’. Journal of Democracy 14(1): 6–17.

70 Fewsmith, J. and Nathan, J.A. 2018. ‘Authoritarian Resilience Revisited’. Journal of Contemporary China 28(116): 167–179.

71 Thomas, N. 2020. ‘Ties That Bind: Xi’s People on the Politburo’. MacroPolo. 17 June. Available at https://macropolo.org/analysis/the-ties-that-bind-xi-people-politburo/ (accessed on 10 August 2020).

72 Thomas. ‘Ties That Bind: Xi’s People on the Politburo’.

73 Thomas. ‘Ties That Bind: Xi’s People on the Politburo’.

74 Minzner, Carl. 2018. End of an Era: How China’s Authoritarian Revival Is Undermining Its Rise. New York: Oxford University Press.

75 Buckley, C. and Myers, L.C. 2020. ‘As New Coronavirus Spread, China’s Old Habits Delayed Fight’. The New York Times, Wuhan, 1 February. Available at https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/01/world/asia/china-coronavirus.html (accessed on 29 May 2020).

76 Ma, J. and Pinghui, Z. 2020. ‘5 Million Left Wuhan before Lockdown, 1,000 New Coronavirus Cases Expected in City’. South China Morning Post, Beijing, 26 January. Available at https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/3047720/chinese-premier-li-keqiang-head-coronavirus-crisis-team-outbreak (accessed on 29 May 2020).

77 Zhou, L. 2020. ‘China Coronavirus: Wuhan Leaders Blamed for Outbreak Spread as Death Toll Rises, Hospitals Beg for Supplies’. South China Morning Post, Beijing, 26 January. Available at https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/3047651/wuhan-officials-blamed-spread-china-coronavirus-hospitals-beg (accessed on 29 May 2020).

78 Yang, D. 2020. ‘Wuhan Mayor Sloppy and Irresponsible According to Chinese Netizens’. Available at https://www.thinkchina.sg/wuhan-mayor-sloppy-and-irresponsible-according-chinese-netizens (accessed on 29 May 2020).

79 Xinhua. 2020. ‘1 dead, 41 Diagnosed with Coronavirus-Related Pneumonia in Wuhan’. 11 January. Available at http://www.china.org.cn/china/2020-01/11/content_75602102.htm (accessed on 29 May 2020).

80 The Associated Press. 2020. ‘Takeaways from Internal Documents on China’s Virus Response’. 16 April. Available at https://apnews.com/a75e4e452f5a2d0ecaa241ca2045599e (accessed on 29 May 2020).

81 See Li, H. ‘In the Face of the Epidemic, Any Fluke Could Kill Someone’. People’s Daily, 21 January. Available at http://opinion.people.com.cn/n1/2020/0121/c1003-31559122.html (accessed on 29 May 2020).

82 Zheng, W. and Lau, M. 2020. ‘China’s Credibility on the Line as It Tries to Dispel Fears It Will Cover Up Spread of Wuhan Virus’. South China Morning Post, 21 January. Available at https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3046984/china-warns-cadres-cover-spread-virus-and-be-nailed-pillar (accessed on 29 May 2020).

83 Xinhua. 2020. ‘Xi Chairs Leadership Meeting on Epidemic Control’. Beijing, 3 February. Available at http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-02/03/c_138753250.htm (accessed on 29 May 2020).

84 Xinhua. ‘Xi Chairs Leadership Meeting on Epidemic Control’.

85 Xinhua. 2020. ‘Commentary: Victory against Virus, in the Name of People’. Beijing, 10 February. Available at http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-02/10/c_138771902.htm (accessed on 29 May 2020).

86 See Ma, J. 2020. ‘Coronavirus: Beijing Purges Communist Party Heads in Hubei Over “Botched” Outbreak Response in Provincial Capital of Wuhan’. South China Morning Post, Beijing, 13 February. Available at https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3050372/coronavirus-beijings-purge-over-virus-takes-down-top-communist (accessed on 29 May 2020). Also see Kuo, L. 2020. ‘China Fires Two Senior Hubei Officials over Coronavirus Outbreak’. The Guardian, Hong Kong, 11 February. Available at https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/feb/11/china-fires-two-senior-hubei-officials-over-coronavirus-outbreak (accessed on 29 May 2020).

87 Xinhua. 2020. ‘Xi Focus: Moment of Truth: Xi Leads War against COVID-19’. Wuhan, 10 March. Available at http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-03/10/c_138863611.htm (accessed on 29 May 2020).

88 Wong, H.C. 2020 ‘Beijing Portrays President Xi Jinping as Hero of Coronavirus Fight’. The Wall Street Journal, Hong Kong, 8 March. Available at https://www.wsj.com/articles/beijing-portrays-president-as-hero-of-coronavirus-fight-11583678054 (accessed on 29 May 2020).

89 Griffiths, J. 2020. ‘Is Wuhan’s Mayor Being Set Up to Be the Fall Guy for the Virus Outbreak?’. CNN, 29 January. Available at https://edition.cnn.com/asia/live-news/coronavirus-outbreak-01-29-20-intl-hnk/h_6d8cf9d5c0b2cf01447dd24325ed6dd3 (accessed on 29 May 2020).

90 Mai, J. 2020. ‘Wuhan Communist Chiefs Praise City’s “Heroic” Residents after Plan to Teach Them to Be Grateful over Coronavirus Outbreak Backfires’. South China Morning Post, Beijing, 10 March. Available at https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/3074293/wuhan-communist-chiefs-praise-citys-heroic-residents-after-plan (accessed on 29 May 2020).

91 Holland, O. and Wang, S. 2020. ‘Beijing Art Exhibition Glorifies China’s Covid-19 response’. CNN, 17 August. Available at https://edition.cnn.com/style/article/beijing-covid-art-exhibition/index.html (accessed on 30 August 2020).

92 Wang, V. 2020. ‘As China’s Propaganda Push Continues, Wuhan Emerges as a Star’. 6 November. Available at https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/06/world/asia/covid-coronavirus-china-wuhan.html (accessed on 8 November 2020).

CHAPTER 3: IMPOSING AMNESIA

1 Renan, Ernest. 1882. ‘What Is a Nation?’. Available at https://web.archive.org/web/20110827065548/http://www.cooper.edu/humanities/core/hss3/e_renan.html (accessed on 5 January 2021).

2 Xinhua. 2020. ‘Chinese Vice Premier Orders All-out Efforts to Curb Virus Outbreak’. Wuhan, 23 January. Available at http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-01/23/c_138727448.htm (accessed on 20 June 2020).

3 See Xinhua. 2020. ‘Li Keqiang Presides Over Meeting of the Central Leading Group to Deal with the Novel Coronavirus Epidemic’. Beijing, 26 January. Available at http://www.xinhuanet.com/politics/2020-01/26/c_1125504004.htm (accessed on 20 June 2020). Also see Xinhua. 2020. ‘Chinese Vice Premier Orders Better Medical Supply to Address Shortage’. Wuhan, 29 January. Available at http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-01/29/c_138742012.htm (accessed on 20 June 2020).

4 Ng, T. and Pinghui, Z. 2020. ‘China Coronavirus: Premier Li Keqiang Orders Wuhan Hospitals to Admit Patients as City Struggles to Cope’. South China Morning Post, 27 January. Available at https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/3047753/chinese-premier-li-keqiang-arrives-wuhan-lead-coronavirus-fight (accessed on 20 June 2020).

5 Xinhua. 2020. ‘Xi Focus: CPC Leadership Meets to Discuss Novel Coronavirus Prevention, Control’. Beijing, 25 January. Available at http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-01/25/c_138733715.htm (accessed on 20 June 2020). Also see People’s Daily. 2020. ‘Study and Strengthen the Prevention and Control of the Epidemic Caused by the Novel Coronavirus Infection’. 4 February. Available at http://paper.people.com.cn/rmrb/html/2020-02/04/nw.D110000renmrb_20200204_2-01.htm (accessed on 20 June 2020).

6 Xinhua. 2020. ‘Cambodian PM’s Special China Tour Demonstrates Unbreakable Friendship: Xi’. Beijing, 5 February. Available at http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-02/05/c_138758237.htm (accessed on 20 June 2020).

7 Page, J. 2020. ‘China’s Xi Gives His No. 2 a Rare Chance to Shine in Coronavirus Fight, With Risks for Both’. The Wall Street Journal, Beijing, 27 January. Available at https://www.wsj.com/articles/chinas-xi-gives-his-no-2-a-rare-chance-to-shine-in-coronavirus-fight-with-risks-for-both-11580138767 (accessed on 20 June 2020). Also see Dotson, J. 2020. ‘The CCP’s New Leading Small Group for Countering the Coronavirus Epidemic—and the Mysterious Absence of Xi Jinping’. China Brief 20(3): 1–9.

8 Jia, Z., Xu, L., and Meng, N. 2020. ‘Xi Focus: Xi Vows to Win People’s War Against Novel Coronavirus’. Xinhua, Beijing, 10 February. Available at http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-02/11/c_138771977.htm (accessed on 20 June 2020).

9 National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China. 2020. ‘March 5: Daily Briefing on Novel Coronavirus Cases in China’. Available at http://en.nhc.gov.cn/2020-03/05/c_77309.htm (accessed on 28 June 2020).

10 Global Times. 2020. ‘Video Exposed Cheating Still Exists in Wuhan’. 6 March. Available at https://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1181767.shtml (accessed on 28 June 2020).

11 Sun, L. and Yang, G. 2020. ‘Jeers of “Fake, It’s All Fake” Greet Beijing VIP in Virus-Stricken Wuhan’. Caixin, 6 March. Available at https://www.caixinglobal.com/2020-03-06/jeers-of-fake-its-all-fake-greet-beijing-vip-in-virus-stricken-wuhan-101524933.html (accessed on 28 June 2020).

12 Gang. ‘As an Epidemic Raged, What Kept Party Media Busy?’.

13 National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China. 2020. ‘Timeline of China Releasing Information on COVID-19 and Advancing International Cooperation’. Available at http://en.nhc.gov.cn/2020-04/06/c_78861_2.htm (accessed on 28 June 2020).

14 Gang, Q. 2020. ‘Questions for Hubei’s Delegates’. Available at https://chinamediaproject.org/2020/02/10/questions-for-hubeis-delegates/ (accessed on 27 June 2020).

15 Beijing News. 2020. ‘Wuhan’s “Wanjia Banquet”: Their Calmness Makes People Completely Unable to Calm Down’. 21 January. Available at http://www.bjnews.com.cn/opinion/2020/01/21/677335.html (accessed on 28 June 2020).

16 Chen, X. 2020. ‘Spaces of Care and Resistance in China: Public Engagement during the COVID-19 Outbreak’. Eurasian Geography and Economics.

17 Listen to ‘Outraged by the Outbreak: Citizen Journalism and Coronavirus Censorship’. 5 February. Available at https://supchina.com/podcast/outraged-by-the-outbreak-citizen-journalism-and-coronavirus-censorship/ (accessed on 28 June 2020).

18 See Repnikova, Maria. 2017. Media Politics in China: Improvising Power under Authoritarianism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

19 Repnikova. Media Politics in China: Improvising Power under Authoritarianism.

20 Chen. ‘Spaces of Care and Resistance in China: Public Engagement during the COVID-19 Outbreak’.

21 Zhao, Y. et al. 2020. ‘Chinese Public’s Attention to the COVID-19 Epidemic on Social Media: Observational Descriptive Study’. Journal of Medical Internet Research 22(5): e18825.

22 The incident with journalist Zhang Oufa was captured in this report: Kang, D. 2020. ‘Wuhan Officials Face Questions, Anger over Virus Response’. Associated Press, 29 January. Available at https://apnews.com/article/b981ea744ee2a25f89c5abb0e8c1e92f (accessed on 28 June 2020).

23 This was the product of collaboration between Muyi Xiao, Shen Lu, Ye Ming, Nancy Tang, Bessie Du and Miles Goscha. The database, ‘Mainland News Outlets Coverage on 2019-nCoV’, is available at https://gitee.com/ixinzhi/nCovMemory/blob/master/README.md (accessed on 15 July 2020).

24 Caijing. 2020. ‘Who Has the Right to Publish Information About the Epidemic?’. Available at https://web.archive.org/web/20200717155431/https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/mgr1HMuPzQv2G9n5qD80jw (accessed on 15 July 2020).

25 Huang, C. et al. 2020. ‘Clinical Features of Patients Infected with 2019 Novel Coronavirus in Wuhan, China’. The Lancet 395(10223): 497–506.

26 Beijing News. 2020. ‘Directly Hitting Pneumonia: Some People Stock Up Goods and Raise Prices and Use Cash to Do Trade Transactions, Hence Shortage of Supplies Occurs Both Online and Offline’. 28 January. Available at https://web.archive.org/web/20200203040434/https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/V7snceHLfx3SK6XiLNZu9Q (accessed on 15 July 2020).

27 iFeng News ‘Living’. 2020. ‘Both Lungs of Father Are Seriously Infected, but a Bed Is Hard to Find’. 27 January. Available at https://web.archive.org/web/20200425042719/https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/_jOl6mDa-BzCknUwGLaj3Q (accessed on 15 July 2020).

28 See Gao. Y. et al. 2020. ‘In Depth: How Wuhan Lost the Fight to Contain the Coronavirus’. Caixin, 3 February. Available at https://www.caixinglobal.com/2020-02-03/in-depth-how-wuhan-lost-the-fight-to-contain-the-coronavirus-101510749.html (accessed on 17 July 2020). Also see Wang, Z. et al. 2020. ‘In Depth: How the WHO’s Global Health Emergency Decision Unfolded’. Caixin, 4 February. Available at https://www.caixinglobal.com/2020-02-04/in-depth-how-the-whos-global-health-emergency-decision-unfolded-101511204.html (accessed on 17 July 2020). And see Feng, Y. et al. 2020. ‘In Depth: Tracing the Coronavirus’s Origins’. Caixin, 5 February. Available at https://www.caixinglobal.com/2020-02-05/in-depth-tracing-the-coronaviruss-origins-101511889.html (accessed on 17 July 2020).

29 Caixin. 2020. ‘Wuhan Allows the Collection of Ashes by the Public. Relatives of the Deceased Form a Long Line at the Hankou Mortuary’. Beijing, 26 March. Available at http://china.caixin.com/2020-03-26/101534558.html (accessed on 17 July 2020).

30 Fifield, A. and Li, L. 2020. ‘Chinese Families Should Be Sweeping Graves Now. But Thousands Still Haven’t Buried Their Dead’. The Washington Post, Wuhan, 3 April. Available at https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/chinese-families-should-be-sweeping-graves-now-but-thousands-still-havent-buried-their-dead/2020/04/03/5a6daa50-7234-11ea-ad9b-254ec99993bc_story.html (accessed on 17 July 2020).

31 Walsh, P.N. 2020. ‘The Wuhan Files’. CNN, 1 December. Available at https://edition.cnn.com/2020/11/30/asia/wuhan-china-covid-intl/index.html

32 Desai, S. and Kewalramani, M. 2020. ‘Takshashila Strategic Assessment: Impact of COVID-19 on the Chinese Armed Forces’. The Takshashila Institution. 30 April. Available at https://takshashila.org.in/takshashila-strategic-assessment-impact-of-covid-19-on-the-chinese-armed-forces/ (accessed on 17 July 2020).

33 Xinhua. 2020. ‘Full Text of Wuhan’s Notification on Revising Numbers of Confirmed COVID-19 Cases, Deaths’. Wuhan, 17 April. Available at http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-04/17/c_138984653.htm (accessed on 17 July 2020).

34 Bandurski, D. 2020. ‘Whistling against Deception’. Available at http://chinamediaproject.org/2020/03/11/whistling-against-deception/ (accessed on 17 July 2020).

35 Borak, M. 2020. ‘Censored Coronavirus News Shows Up Again as Emoji, Morse Code and Ancient Chinese’. South China Morning Post, Hong Kong, 11 March. Available at https://www.scmp.com/abacus/culture/article/3074748/censored-coronavirus-news-shows-again-emoji-morse-code-and-ancient (accessed on 17 July 2020).

36 Fang Fang, translated by Michael Berry. 2020. ‘Wuhan Diary: Dispatches from a Quarantined City’. HarperVia, May.

37 Fang. ‘Wuhan Diary: Dispatches from a Quarantined City’.

38 Fang. ‘Wuhan Diary: Dispatches from a Quarantined City’.

39 Fang. ‘Wuhan Diary: Dispatches from a Quarantined City’.

40 Garner, D. 2020. ‘“Wuhan Diary” Offers an Angry and Eerie View from Inside Quarantine’. New York Times. 15 May. Available at https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/15/books/review-wuhan-diary-fang-fang.html (accessed on 17 July 2020).

41 Adlakha, Hemant. 2020. ‘COVID-19, China and Anatomy of Fang Fang Phenomenon’. Report submitted to Institute of Chinese Studies, Delhi. Available at https://www.icsin.org/uploads/2020/05/19/3cf1961c8c121c7734b4b7e2ee783b18.pdf (accessed on 5 January 2021).

42 For a detailed assessment of the ideological debates following Mao’s death, see Blanchette, Jude. 2019. ‘China’s New Red Guards: The Return of Radicalism and the Rebirth of Mao Zedong’. Oxford University Press, USA.

43 Chaguan. 2020. ‘A Diarist in Wuhan Faces Fury for Sharing Her Story with the West’. The Economist, 16 April. Available at https://www.economist.com/china/2020/04/16/a-diarist-in-wuhan-faces-fury-for-sharing-her-story-with-the-west (accessed on 17 July 2020).

44 Adlakha. ‘COVID-19, China and Anatomy of Fang Fang Phenomenon’.

45 Cao, S. 2020; ‘“Wuhan Diary” Writer Escalates Online Spat, Wears Out Dwindling Fans’. Global Times, 23 April. Available at https://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1186483.shtml (accessed on 17 July 2020).

46 See Li, M., Sun, X., and Li, Z. 2020. ‘Blog: Wuhan Diary Author—There Is No Tension Between Me and the Country’. 12 April. Caixin. https://www.caixinglobal.com/2020-04-12/blog-wuhan-diary-author-there-is-no-tension-between-me-and-the-country-101541748.html (accessed on 17 July 2020).

47 Fang Fang. ‘Wuhan Diary: Dispatches from a Quarantined City’.

48 Xinhua. 2020. ‘The Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee Held a Meeting to Study and Strengthen the Prevention and Control of Pneumonia caused by the Novel Coronavirus’. Beijing, 3 February. Available at http://www.xinhuanet.com/politics/leaders/2020-02/03/c_1125527334.htm (accessed on 18 July 2020).

49 Xinhua. ‘The Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee Held a Meeting to Study and Strengthen the Prevention and Control of Pneumonia caused by the Novel Coronavirus’.

50 Bandurski, D. 2020. ‘Wrestling Back the Agenda’. Available at http://chinamediaproject.org/2020/02/05/wrestling-back-the-agenda/ (accessed on 18 July 2020).

51 Deng, I. 2020. ‘Coronavirus: China Tightens Social Media Censorship Amid Outbreak’. South China Morning Post, Hong Kong, 6 February. Available at https://www.scmp.com/tech/policy/article/3049342/coronavirus-china-tightens-social-media-censorship-amid-outbreak (accessed on 18 July 2020).

52 Bandurski, D. 2020. ‘Internet Giants Warned Amid Coronavirus Crackdown’. Available at https://chinamediaproject.org/2020/02/06/internet-giants-warned-amid-coronavirus-crackdown/ (accessed on 18 July 2020).

53 Ruan, L. et al. 2020. ‘Censored Contagion: How Information on the Coronavirus Is Managed on Chinese Social Media’. Report submitted to Citizen Lab, Toronto. Available at https://citizenlab.ca/2020/03/censored-contagion-how-information-on-the-coronavirus-is-managed-on-chinese-social-media/ (accessed on 18 July 2020).

54 Schneider, J. 2020. ‘All the Early COVID-19 Stories Censored Off Chinese Internet’. SupChina, 7 April. Available at https://supchina.com/2020/04/07/all-the-early-covid-19-stories-censored-off-chinese-internet/ (accessed on 18 July 2020).

55 See Liu, T.W. 2020. ‘China’s Second Wave of Coronavirus Censorship Is Here’. Foreign Policy, 7 July. Available at https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/07/07/china-virus-censorship-death/ (accessed on 18 July 2020). Also see Wang, V. et al. 2020. ‘Coronavirus Survivors Want Answers, and China Is Silencing Them’. The New York Times, 4 May. Available at https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/04/world/asia/china-coronavirus-answers.html (accessed on 18 July 2020). Also see Li, J. 2020. ‘Chinese Internet Users Who Uploaded Coronavirus Memories to Github Have Been Arrested’. Quartz, 27 April. Available at https://qz.com/1846277/china-arrests-users-behind-github-coronavirus-memories-page (accessed on 18 July 2020).

56 People’s Daily. 2020. ‘Ministry of Public Security: Create a Safe and Stable Environment in Order to Win the Fight against the Epidemic’. Beijing, 5 February. Available at http://legal.people.com.cn/n1/2020/0205/c42510-31572753.html (accessed on 18 July 2020).

57 People’s Daily. 2020. ‘Ministry of Public Security: Create a Safe and Stable Environment in Order to Win the Fight against the Epidemic’. Beijing, 5 February. Available at http://legal.people.com.cn/n1/2020/0205/c42510-31572753.html. (accessed on 18 July 2020).

58 Lew, L. 2020. ‘Missing Chinese Citizen Journalists Highlight Risks of Telling Wuhan’s Story During Coronavirus Outbreak’. South China Morning Post, Hong Kong, 15 February. Available at https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/3050791/missing-chinese-citizen-journalists-highlight-risks-telling (accessed on 18 July 2020).

59 Xinhua. 2020. ‘China Stresses Harsh Punishment on Epidemic-Related Crimes’. Beijing, 10 February. Available at http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-02/11/c_138771929.htm (accessed on 18 July 2020).

60 Xinhua. 2020. ‘China Stresses Harsh Punishment on Epidemic-Related Crimes’.

61 Zhang, B. and Barata, J. 2020. ‘Provisions on the Governance of the Online Information Content Ecosystem’. Available at https://wilmap.law.stanford.edu/entries/provisions-governance-online-information-content-ecosystem (accessed on 18 July 2020).

62 Zhang, P. and Rui, G. 2020. ‘China Tightens Controls on Internet to Try to Remove “Weeds” and Keep Things Positive Online’. South China Morning Post, 2 March. Available at https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/3064666/china-tightens-controls-internet-try-remove-weeds-and-keep (accessed on 18 July 2020).

63 Mozur, P. 2020. ‘Coronavirus Outrage Spurs China’s Internet Police to Action’. The New York Times, Shanghai, 16 March. Available at https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/16/business/china-coronavirus-internet-police.html (accessed on 18 July 2020).

64 Chinese Human Rights Defenders. 2020. ‘China: Protect Human Rights While Combatting Coronavirus Outbreak’. Available at https://www.nchrd.org/2020/01/china-protect-human-rights-while-combatting-coronavirus-outbreak/ (accessed on 18 July 2020).

65 Kuo, L. 2020. ‘Missing Wuhan Citizen Journalist Reappears after Two Months’. The Guardian, Beijing, 22 April. Available at https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/22/missing-wuhan-citizen-journalist-reappears-after-two-months (accessed on 18 July 2020).

66 Rudolph, J. 2020. ‘CDT Censorship Digest, June 2020: A Power Struggle Over Memory’. Available at https://chinadigitaltimes.net/2020/07/cdt-censorship-digest-june-2020-a-power-struggle-over-memory/ (accessed on 18 July 2020).

67 Chinese Human Rights Defenders. 2020. ‘Police Take Away Journalist Jiang Xue after Her Article Mourning Dr. Li Wenliang’. Available at https://www.nchrd.org/2020/05/police-take-away-journalist-jiang-xue-after-her-article-mourning-dr-li-wenliang/(accessed on 18 July 2020).

68 Beach, S. 2020. ‘Legal Scholar Zhang Xuezhong Briefly Detained after Publishing Open Letter to NPC’. Available at https://chinadigitaltimes.net/2020/05/legal-scholar-zhang-xuezhong-briefly-detained-after-publishing-open-letter-to-npc/ (accessed on 18 July 2020).

69 Chinese Human Rights Defenders. 2020. ‘Police Detain Citizen Journalist Zhang Zhan, Who Reported on COVID-19 in Wuhan’. Available at https://www.nchrd.org/2020/05/police-detain-citizen-journalist-zhang-zhan-who-reported-on-covid-19-in-wuhan/ (accessed on 18 July 2020).

CHAPTER 4: THE ONLY WAY

1 People’s Daily. 2020. ‘The Fight against the Epidemic Creates a New Spiritual Monument for National Rejuvenation’. 8 September. Available at http://paper.people.com.cn/rmrb/html/2020-09/08/nw.D110000renmrb_20200908_4-01.htm (accessed on 10 October 2020).

2 Gan, N. and Griffiths, J. 2020. ‘China’s Leaders Look to Send Message of Control at Annual Political Showcase’. CNN, Hong Kong, 22 May. Available at https://edition.cnn.com/2020/05/21/asia/china-npc-meeting-intl-hnk/index.html (accessed on 10 October 2020).

3 State Council of the People’s Republic of China. 2020. ‘Report on the Work of the Government’. Available at http://english.www.gov.cn/premier/news/202005/30/content_WS5ed197f3c6d0b3f0e94990da.html (accessed on 10 October 2020).

4 China Global Television Network. 2020. ‘Xi Jinping Urges Eradication of Poverty in China by Year-End Despite COVID-19’. 6 March. Available at https://news.cgtn.com/news/2020-03-06/President-Xi-Jinping-attends-online-symposium-on-battling-poverty--ODF6iJcMKI/index.html (accessed on 10 October 2020).

5 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China. 2020. ‘Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China National Immigration Administration Announcement on the Temporary Suspension of Entry by Foreign Nationals Holding Valid Chinese Visas or Residence Permits’. Available at https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjbxw/t1761867.shtml (accessed on 12 October 2020).

6 Bradsher, K. 2020. ‘To Slow Virus, China Bars Entry by Almost All Foreigners’. The New York Times, Beijing, 26 March. Available at https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/26/world/asia/china-virus-travel-ban.html (accessed on 10 October 2020).

7 Marlow, I. 2020. ‘China Lashes Out at Countries Restricting Travel over Virus’. Bloomberg, 6 February. Available at https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-02-06/china-lashes-out-at-countries-restricting-travel-over-virus (accessed on 10 October 2020).

8 Liu, C. 2020. ‘Imported Infection in Harbin Spreads across Province’. Global Times, 20 April. Available at https://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1186194.shtml (accessed on 10 October 2020).

9 Reuters. 2020. ‘Chinese City Tightens Coronavirus Travel Curbs in Biggest Outbreak’. Beijing, 22 April. Available at https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-china-harbin/chinese-city-tightens-coronavirus-travel-curbs-in-biggest-outbreak-idUSKCN22409D (accessed on 10 October 2020).

10 Hernández, C. J. 2020. ‘Coronavirus in China: New Outbreak Brings Wuhan-Style Lockdown’. The New York Times, 21 May. Available at https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/21/world/asia/coronavirus-china-lockdown.html (accessed on 10 October 2020).

11 Chaguan. 2020. ‘China Plans to Crush New Covid Outbreaks with Tough Measures’. The Economist, 30 April. Available at https://www.economist.com/china/2020/04/30/china-plans-to-crush-new-covid-outbreaks-with-tough-measures (accessed on 10 October 2020).

12 See Ning, Z. and Zhenhua, L. 2020. ‘Beijing’s Affluent Chaoyang District Becomes China’s Lone Virus Hot Zone on New Cluster’. Caixin, 22 April. Available at https://www.caixinglobal.com/2020-04-22/beijing-steps-up-disease-control-measures-after-covid-19-cluster-emerges-101545470.html (accessed on 10 October 2020). Also see Bloomberg. 2020. ‘Shanghai Offers City-Wide Virus Testing as China Seeks to Reopen’. Bloomberg, 23 April. Available at https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-04-23/shanghai-offers-city-wide-virus-testing-as-china-seeks-to-reopen (accessed on 4 December 2020).

13 Li, T. 2020. ‘China’s Wuhan Tests 11 Million for COVID-19’. Voice of America, Washington, 1 June. Available at https://www.voanews.com/covid-19-pandemic/chinas-wuhan-tests-11-million-covid-19 (accessed on 10 October 2020).

14 BBC. 2020. ‘China Launches Coronavirus “Close Contact Detector” App’. 11 February. Available at https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-51439401 (accessed on 10 October 2020).

15 Mozur, P. et al. 2020. ‘In Coronavirus Fight, China Gives Citizens a Color Code, With Red Flags’. The New York Times, Hangzhou, 1 March. Available at https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/01/business/china-coronavirus-surveillance.html (accessed on 10 October 2020).

16 People’s Daily. 2020. ‘Li Keqiang Presides over a Meeting of the Central Leading Group for Response to the Novel Coronavirus Pandemic’. 8 May. Available at http://paper.people.com.cn/rmrb/html/2020-05/08/nw.D110000renmrb_20200508_5-01.htm (accessed on 10 October 2020).

17 The Hindu. 2020. ‘Coronavirus | Beijing Shuts Largest Wholesale Market Xinfadi after Six New COVID-19 Cases Reported’. Beijing, 13 June. Available at https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/coronavirus-beijing-shuts-largest-wholesale-market-xinfadi-after-six-new-covid-19-cases-reported/article31820659.ece (accessed on 10 October 2020).

18 Patranobis, S. 2020. ‘Beijing Shuts Market after Coronavirus Detected on Salmon Chopping Board’. Hindustan Times, Beijing, 15 June. Available at https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/beijing-shuts-market-after-coronavirus-detected-on-salmon-chopping-board/story-HXPMZTMFLvOP5mNwr7v02I.html (accessed on 11 October 2020).

19 People’s Daily. 2020. ‘Sun Chunlan Emphasizes at the State Council Joint Prevention and Control Mechanism Meeting to Take Resolute and Decisive Measures to Curb the Spread of the Disease from Infection Clusters in Beijing’. 15 June. Available at http://paper.people.com.cn/rmrb/html/2020-06/15/nw.D110000renmrb_20200615_1-02.htm (accessed on 10 October 2020).

20 Wei, D.T. 2020. ‘Beijing Raises Coronavirus Emergency Response to Second Highest Level’. The Straits Times, Beijing, 15 June. Available at https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/beijing-shifts-to-higher-gear-in-bid-to-curb-outbreak (accessed on 10 October 2020).

21 People’s Daily. 2020. ‘Beijing Implements Comprehensive Second-Level Prevention and Control Measures’. 18 June. Available at http://paper.people.com.cn/rmrb/html/2020-06/18/nw.D110000renmrb_20200618_6-03.htm (accessed on 10 October 2020).

22 The Economist. 2020. ‘It’s Back—an Outbreak in Beijing of Covid-19 Is Causing Alarm’. 18 June. Available at https://www.economist.com/china/2020/06/18/an-outbreak-in-beijing-of-covid-19-is-causing-alarm (accessed on 10 October 2020).

23 People’s Daily. 2020. ‘Sun Chunlan Emphasizes during Visit in Beijing to Strictly Implement the “Four Early” Measures to Resolutely Prevent the Spread of the Disease’. 24 June. Available at http://paper.people.com.cn/rmrb/html/2020-06/24/nw.D110000renmrb_20200624_1-02.htm (accessed on 10 October 2020).

24 People’s Daily. 2020. ‘The Characteristics of the Locations of New Outbreaks Identified, Beijing Deploys Epidemic Prevention and Control during Dragon Boat Festival Holiday’. 25 June. Available at http://paper.people.com.cn/rmrb/html/2020-06/25/nw.D110000renmrb_20200625_7-02.htm (accessed on 10 October 2020).

25 Bloomberg. 2020. ‘Beijing Just Reported No Cases. Here’s How They Turned It Around’. 7 July. Available at https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-07-07/beijing-just-reported-no-cases-here-s-how-they-turned-it-around (accessed on 10 October 2020).

26 Deng, X. 2020. ‘Latest COVID-19 Outbreak in Beijing Basically Controlled, as Capital Registers Zero Infections for 10 Consecutive Days: Epidemiologist’. Global Times, 16 July. Available at https://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1194719.shtml (accessed on 10 October 2020).

27 Xinhua. 2020. ‘China Focus: Beijing’s Xinfadi Wholesale Market Reopens as COVID-19 Outbreak Ebbs’. Beijing, 15 August. Available at http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-08/15/c_139293095.htm (accessed on 10 October 2020).

28 Juan, S. 2020. ‘Xinfadi Market Reopening Shows Beijing’s Effectiveness in Curbing Virus: China Daily Columnist’. The Straits Times, Beijing, 17 August. Available at https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/xinfadi-market-reopening-shows-beijings-effectiveness-in-curbing-virus-china-daily-columnist (accessed on 10 October 2020).

29 Xinhua. 2020. ‘China Asks Businesses to Resume Operation Orderly’. Beijing, 6 February. Available at http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-02/07/c_138761763.htm (accessed on 11 October 2020).

30 Xinhua. 2020. ‘China Stresses Winning Battle against Poverty While Fighting Epidemic’. Beijing, 13 February. Available at http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-02/13/c_138781352.htm (accessed on 11 October 2020).

31 See Xinhua. 2020. ‘China to Alleviate Social Security Burden on Employers’. Beijing, 20 February. Available at http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-02/20/c_138802776.htm (accessed on 11 October 2020). Also see Xinhua. 2020. ‘China to Halve Employers’ Medical Insurance Contributions’. Beijing, 20 February. Available at http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-02/20/c_138803064.htm (accessed on 11 October 2020).

32 See Klein, X. J. et al. 2020. ‘China Will Succeed in Coronavirus Counter-Attack, Trump Says; 73 New Fatalities Reported’. South China Morning Post, 7 February. Available at https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/3049424/coronavirus-hubei-province-reports-69-deaths-and-2447-new (accessed on 11 October 2020). Also see Bloomberg. 2020. ‘China Allows Banks to Delay Bad Loan Recognition on Virus’. 1 March. Available at https://www.bloombergquint.com/global-economics/china-allows-banks-to-delay-bad-loan-recognition-on-virus (accessed on 11 October 2020). And see Reuters. 2020. ‘China Cuts Pension, Insurance Costs to Help Firms Ride Out Coronavirus’. Beijing, 18 February. Available at https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-health-cabinet/china-cuts-pension-insurance-costs-to-help-firms-ride-out-coronavirus-idUSKBN20C1O9 (accessed on 11 October 2020).

33 Xinhua. 2020. ‘China to Offer 300 bln Yuan Credit Support for Epidemic Control Monday’. Beijing, 9 February. Available at: http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-02/09/c_138768521.htm (accessed on 11 October 2020).

34 Cheng, J. et al. 2020. ‘China Purchasing Indexes Drop to Record Lows as Epidemic Stalls Output’. The Wall Street Journal, Beijing, 28 February. Available at https://www.wsj.com/articles/china-purchasing-indexes-drop-to-record-lows-as-epidemic-stalls-output-11582945366 (accessed on 11 October 2020).

35 Zheng, W. 2020. ‘Why Chinese President Xi Jinping Called 170,000 Cadres about the Coronavirus Epidemic’. South China Morning Post, Beijing, 25 February. Available at https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3052159/why-chinese-president-xi-jinping-called-170000-cadres-about (accessed on 11 October 2020).

36 Xinhua. 2020. ‘Xinhua Headlines: Xi Stresses Unremitting Efforts in COVID-19 Control, Coordination on Economic, Social Development’. Beijing, 23 February. Available at http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-02/24/c_138811372.htm (accessed on 11 October 2020).

37 Xinhua. 2020. ‘Chinese Authorities Stress Differentiated Epidemic Control Strategies’. Beijing, 24 February. Available at http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-02/24/c_138814565.htm (accessed on 11 October 2020).

38 See Woo, S. 2020 ‘With Migrant Workers in Limbo, Part of China’s Economy Is Stalled’. The Wall Street Journal, Beijing, 24 February. Available at https://www.wsj.com/articles/with-migrant-workers-in-limbo-part-of-chinas-economy-is-stalled-11582540203 (accessed on 11 October 2020). Also see Woo, R. and Zhang, L. 2020. ‘China’s Virus-Hit Industrial Cities Start to Ease Curbs, Restore Production’. Reuters, Beijing, 19 February. Available at https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-health-economy/chinas-virus-hit-industrial-cities-start-to-ease-curbs-restore-production-idUSKBN20D0PB (accessed on 11 October 2020).

39 Jun, Z. et al. 2020. ‘China’s Investment Spree Soothes Virus Worries, But Caution Urged Over Side Effects: Analysts’. Global Times, 5 March. Available at https://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1181629.shtml (accessed on 11 October 2020).

40 Xinhua. 2020. ‘China Advances Streamlining Approval Procedures, Fostering New Growth Drivers to Keep Employment Stable’. Beijing, 17 March. Available at http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-03/17/c_138888715.htm?mc_cid=0d3e889d1a&mc_eid=eb26562946 (accessed on 11 October 2020).

41 See McMahon, D. 2018. China’s Great Wall of Debt: Shadow Banks, Ghost Cities, Massive Loans and the End of the Chinese Miracle. London: Abacus.

42 Yicai Global. 2020. ‘95% of Large Chinese Firms Outside Hubei Have Resumed Business’. 13 March. Available at https://www.yicaiglobal.com/news/95-of-large-chinese-firms-outside-hubei-have-resumed-business (accessed on 11 October 2020).

43 Ruiyang, Y. and Li, I. 2020. ‘Lights Are on but No One’s Working: How Local Governments Are Faking Coronavirus Recovery’. Caixin, 4 March. Available at https://www.caixinglobal.com/2020-03-04/lights-are-on-but-no-ones-working-how-local-governments-are-faking-coronavirus-recovery-101524058.html (accessed on 11 October 2020).

44 Areddy, T.J. 2020 ‘Coronavirus Pushes China’s Economy to the Brink’. The Wall Street Journal, Shanghai, 17 March. Available at https://www.wsj.com/articles/coronavirus-shutdowns-deliver-a-punch-to-chinas-economic-gut-11584344160 (accessed on 11 October 2020).

45 Cheng, E. 2020. ‘China Economy: Millions Lose Jobs as Unemployment Spikes from COVID-19’. CNBC, Beijing, 16 March. Available at https://www.cnbc.com/2020/03/16/china-economy-millions-lose-their-jobs-as-unemployment-spikes.html (accessed on 11 October 2020).

46 He, L. and Gan, N. 2020. ‘80 Million Chinese May Already Be Out of Work. 9 Million More Will Soon be Competing for Jobs, Too’. CNN, Hong Kong, 8 May. Available at https://edition.cnn.com/2020/05/08/economy/china-unemployment-intl-hnk/index.html (accessed on 11 October 2020).

47 Xie, Y.S. 2020. ‘China’s Workers Suffer Layoffs, Slashed Pay and Shutdowns as Coronavirus Batters Businesses’. The Wall Street Journal, 4 March. Available at https://www.wsj.com/articles/chinas-workers-suffer-layoffs-slashed-pay-and-shutdowns-as-coronavirus-batters-businesses-11583314257 (accessed on 11 October 2020).

48 Liang, Y. 2020. ‘How China Can Avert an Employment Crisis’. The Diplomat, 16 June. Available at https://thediplomat.com/2020/06/how-china-can-avert-an-employment-crisis/ (accessed on 11 October 2020).

49 Cheng, J. 2020. ‘Coronavirus Ravages China’s Economy—and It’s Just Getting Started’. The Wall Street Journal, Beijing, 17 April. Available at https://www.wsj.com/articles/coronavirus-ravages-chinas-economyand-its-just-getting-started-11587122990 (accessed on 11 October 2020).

50 Guo, Y. 2020. ‘Update: Coronavirus Blows a Hole in China’s Three-Decade Growth Streak’. Caixin, 17 April. Available at https://www.caixinglobal.com/2020-04-17/chinas-first-quarter-gdp-shrinks-68-on-pandemic-impact-101543768.html (accessed on 11 October 2020).

51 China Daily. 2020. ‘IMF Sees China’s Growth Rebounding in 2021’. Washington, 15 April. Available at https://www.thestar.com.my/news/regional/2020/04/15/imf-sees-china039s-growth-rebounding-in-2021 (accessed on 11 October 2020).

52 Xinhua. 2020. ‘Economic Watch: Bent Not Broken: China’s Economy Eyes Rebound after Q1 Virus Pains’. Beijing, 17 April. Available at http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-04/17/c_138985636.htm (accessed on 11 October 2020).

53 Xinhua. 2020. ‘Xi Focus: Xi Chairs Leadership Meeting on COVID-19 Response, Economy’. Beijing, 27 March. Available at http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-03/27/c_138923964.htm (accessed on 12 October 2020).

54 Liu, H. 2020. ‘China’s Central SOEs Act to Boost Employment’. China Global Television Network, 27 March. Available at https://news.cgtn.com/news/2020-03-27/China-s-central-SOEs-act-to-boost-employment-PcLDsYUoBG/index.html (accessed on 12 October 2020).

55 Xinhua. 2020. ‘China to Roll Out a Mix of Fiscal and Financial Policies to Vigorously Meet Challenges’. 1 April. Available at http://www.china.org.cn/business/2020-04/01/content_75885266.htm (accessed on 12 October 2020).

56 Wong, D. 2020. ‘China Issues Consumption Coupons to Boost Domestic Retail Recovery’. Available at https://www.china-briefing.com/news/china-consumption-coupons-boost-domestic-retail-recovery-coronavirus-shutdown-ends/ (accessed on 12 October 2020).

57 Xinhua. 2020. ‘Steady Progress—From “Six Stable” to “Six Insurance” Signal’. Beijing, 20 April. Available at http://www.xinhuanet.com/fortune/2020-04/20/c_1125882444.htm (accessed on 12 October 2020).

58 Kewalramani, M. and Shah, A. 2020. ‘China’s Post-COVID Economic Recovery Plan’. Available at https://takshashila.org.in/chinas-post-covid-economic-recovery-plan/ (accessed on 12 October 2020).

59 Xu, Y. 2020. ‘Only 30% of the 2 Trillion Yuan of Central Subsidy Funds Are Spent’. Available at https://m.jiemian.com/article/4984888.html?mc_cid=922229f415&mc_eid=eb26562946 (accessed on 12 October 2020).

60 State Council of the People’s Republic of China. 2020. ‘Report on the Work of the Government’. Available at http://english.www.gov.cn/premier/news/202005/30/content_WS5ed197f3c6d0b3f0e94990da.html (accessed on 10 October 2020).

61 Xinhua. 2020. ‘China’s Local Gov’t Debt Within Official Limit by End of September’. Beijing, 25 October. Available at http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-10/26/c_139466606.htm (accessed on 12 October 2020).

62 Wu, Q. 2020. ‘Interview with Yi Gang, Governor of the People’s Bank of China’. People’s Daily, 24 June. Available at http://paper.people.com.cn/rmrb/html/2020-08/10/nw.D110000renmrb_20200810_4-02.htm (accessed on 13 October 2020).

63 Tang, F. 2020. ‘Is China’s Second Quarter GDP as Rosy as It Seems?’. South China Morning Post, Beijing, 17 July. Available at https://www.scmp.com/economy/china-economy/article/3093689/chinas-second-quarter-gdp-recovery-questioned-over-clashing (accessed on 13 October 2020).

64 Cheng, J. 2020. ‘China Economy Grows 4.9% as Rest of World Struggles with Coronavirus’. The Wall Street Journal, Beijing, 18 October. Available at https://www.wsj.com/articles/china-economy-grows-4-9-as-rest-of-world-struggles-with-coronavirus-11603073857 (accessed on 23 October 2020).

65 Global Times. 2020. ‘IMF Lifts China’s GDP Forecast to 1.9% in 2020’. 13 October. Available at https://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1203374.shtml (accessed on 23 October 2020).

66 Hadano, T. 2020. ‘China Set to Keep Up 5% Growth Through 2035, Xi Adviser Says’. Nikkei, Beijing, 21 October. Available at https://asia.nikkei.com/Economy/China-set-to-keep-up-5-growth-through-2035-Xi-adviser-says (accessed on 23 October 2020).

67 Qi, L. 2020. ‘China Shifted Some Borrowing to Companies as It Fought the Pandemic’. Wall Street Journal. 18 November. Available at https://www.wsj.com/articles/china-shifted-some-borrowing-to-companies-as-it-fought-the-pandemic-11605712135 (accessed on 19 November 2020).

68 Trivedi, A. 2020. ‘View: Chinese Banks Have a Problem That Even $96 Billion Can’t Fix’. The Economic Times, 3 September. Available at https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/business/view-chinese-banks-have-a-problem-that-even-96-billion-cant-fix/articleshow/77903718.cms (accessed on 13 October 2020).

69 Wright, L. et al. 2020. ‘The China Economic Risk Matrix’. Report submitted to Center for Strategic and International Studies, Washington.

70 Wright et al. ‘The China Economic Risk Matrix’.

71 Hadano, T. 2020. ‘China Allows Baoshang Bank to Go Bankrupt in Final Cleanup’. Nikkei, Beijing, 21 October. Available at https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Caixin/China-allows-Baoshang-Bank-to-go-bankrupt-in-final-cleanup (accessed on 23 October 2020).

72 Wang, J. et al. 2020. ‘Developers Face New Debt Limits as Property Crackdown Continues’. Caixin, 7 August. Available at https://www.caixinglobal.com/2020-09-02/developers-face-new-debt-limits-as-property-crackdown-continues-101600521.html (accessed on 13 October 2020).

73 Yu, X. and Bird, M. 2020. ‘China Evergrande Selloff Deepens as Concern Mounts over Its Financial Health’. The Wall Street Journal, 25 September. Available at https://www.wsj.com/articles/china-evergrande-selloff-deepens-as-concern-mounts-over-its-financial-health-11601036275 (accessed on 13 October 2020).

74 Lee, A. 2020. ‘China Debt Defaults Stoke Unease about “Broader Market Contagion”’. South China Morning Post, 17 November. Available at https://www.scmp.com/economy/china-economy/article/3110233/china-debt-defaults-stoke-unease-about-broader-market (accessed on 20 November 2020).

75 Ren, S. 2020. ‘The Only Thing Worse Than a Big Default Is a Surprise One’. Bloomberg, 18 November. Available at https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2020-11-17/figuring-out-china-s-next-soe-default-is-a-scary-guessing-game?sref=gFy8Zov9 (accessed on 20 November 2020).

76 Wright, L. 2020. ‘Credibility in the Balance’. Rhodium Group, 19 November. Available at https://rhg.com/research/credibility-balance/ (accessed on 20 November 2020).

77 Pettis, M. 2020. ‘Why China’s Recovery Is Not What It Seems’. Financial Times, 18 September. Available at https://ftalphaville.ft.com/2020/09/15/1600190531000/Why-China-s-recovery-is-not-what-it-seems/ (accessed on 13 October 2020).

78 Pettis. ‘Why China’s Recovery Is Not What It Seems’.

79 Varma, K. 2020. ‘China Has over 600 Million Poor with USD 140 Monthly Income: Premier Li’. Press Trust of India, 28 May. Available at https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/business/2020/05/28/fgn55-china-poverty-li.html (accessed on 13 October 2020).

80 Ren, S. 2020. ‘Coronavirus Pandemic: China Is Experiencing a K-Shaped Economic Recovery’. Bloomberg, 28 September. Available at https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-09-28/coronavirus-pandemic-china-is-experiencing-a-k-shaped-economic-recovery (accessed on 13 October 2020).

81 The Editorial Board. 2020. ‘A Tale of Two Chinese Economies’. The Wall Street Journal, 25 September. Available at https://www.wsj.com/articles/a-tale-of-two-chinese-economies-11601075108 (accessed on 13 October 2020).

82 Bermingham, F. 2020. ‘China’s Economy Undergoing “Two Very Different Recoveries”, Study That Counters Official Data Says’. South China Morning Post, 24 September. Available at https://www.scmp.com/economy/china-economy/article/3102720/chinas-economy-undergoing-two-very-different-recoveries-study (accessed on 13 October 2020).

83 The Economist. 2020. ‘One-Armed Fighter—What Is Fuelling China’s Economic Recovery?’. Shanghai, 19 September. Available at https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/2020/09/19/what-is-fuelling-chinas-economic-recovery (accessed on 13 October 2020).

84 Liao, S. 2020. ‘China’s Box Office Had Second-Highest Takings Ever Over Eight-Day Public Holiday’. Yicai Global, 9 October. Available at https://www.yicaiglobal.com/news/china-box-office-has-second-highest-takings-ever-over-8-day-public-holiday (accessed on 13 October 2020).

85 Bao, A. 2020. ‘Travel Rebounds Over China’s National Day Holiday’. Caixin, 9 October. Available at https://www.caixinglobal.com/2020-10-09/travel-rebounds-over-chinas-national-day-holiday-101613046.html (accessed on 13 October 2020).

86 Guo, Y. et al. 2020. ‘China’s Top Leaders Lay Out Economic Agenda as Focus Shifts from Pandemic Support’. Caixin, 31 July. Available at https://www.caixinglobal.com/2020-07-31/chinas-top-leaders-lay-out-economic-agenda-as-focus-shifts-from-pandemic-support-101587346.html (accessed on 13 October 2020).

87 People’s Daily. 2020. ‘The Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee Decides in a Meeting to Convene the Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee’. 31 July. Available at http://paper.people.com.cn/rmrb/html/2020-07/31/nw.D110000renmrb_20200731_1-01.htm (accessed on 13 October 2020).

88 Magnus, G. 2020. ‘Xi’s Dual Circulation Strategy: Can It Succeed?’. Available at https://blogs.soas.ac.uk/china-institute/2020/09/14/xis-dual-circulation-strategy-can-it-succeed/ (accessed on 13 October 2020).

89 Blanchette, J. and Polk, A. 2020. ‘Dual Circulation and China’s New Hedged Integration Strategy’. Available at https://www.csis.org/analysis/dual-circulation-and-chinas-new-hedged-integration-strategy (accessed on 20 October 2020).

90 Buckley, C. 2020. ‘Xi’s Post-Virus Economic Strategy for China Looks Inward’. The New York Times, 7 September. Available at https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/07/business/china-xi-economy.html (accessed on 15 October 2020).

91 Buckley. ‘Xi’s Post-Virus Economic Strategy for China Looks Inward’.

92 China Global Television Network. 2020. ‘CGTN Explains: What Does “Dual Circulation” Development Pattern Mean?’. Beijing, 15 September. Available at https://news.cgtn.com/news/2020-09-15/CGTN-Explains-What-does-dual-circulation-development-pattern-mean--TO6KTgqjg4/index.html (accessed on 15 October 2020).

93 Lin, L. 2020. ‘China Turns to Health-Rating Apps to Control Movements during Coronavirus Outbreak’. The Wall Street Journal, 18 February. Available at https://www.wsj.com/articles/china-turns-to-health-rating-apps-to-control-movements-during-coronavirus-outbreak-11582046508 (accessed on 15 October 2020).

94 Mozur, P. et al. 2020. ‘In Coronavirus Fight, China Gives Citizens a Color Code, With Red Flags’. The New York Times, Hangzhou, 1 March. Available at https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/01/business/china-coronavirus-surveillance.html#:~:text=New%20York%20Times-,In%20Coronavirus%20Fight%2C%20China%20Gives%20Citizens%20a%20Color%20Code%2C%20With,precedent%20for%20automated%20social%20control (accessed on 15 October 2020).

95 Waghre, Prateek, G. K. Sapni, and Narain, Utkarsh. 2020. ‘Assessment of COVID-19 Technological Interventions’. Report submitted to the Takshashila Institution, Bengaluru. Available at https://takshashila.org.in/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/TDS-Technological-Interventions-for-COVID-19-Management-An-Analysis-PW-SGK-UN-v1.0.pdf (accessed on 15 October 2020).

96 Krishnan, A. 2020. ‘China Administering COVID-19 Vaccines Since July, Says Official’. The Hindu, 23 August. Available at https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/coronavirus-china-administering-covid-19-vaccines-since-july-says-official/article32422998.ece (accessed on 31 October 2020).

97 Su, A. 2020. ‘China Has Injected Hundreds of Thousands with COVID-19 Vaccines’. Los Angeles Times, Beijing, 29 October. Available at https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2020-10-29/china-coronavirus-covid-19-vaccine-secret (accessed on 31 October 2020).

98 Yang, Z. 2020. ‘Feelings for the People of a Great Power Leader’. Available at http://www.qstheory.cn/llwx/2020-02/20/c_1125601182.htm (accessed on 15 October 2020).

99 Xinhua. 2020. ‘Commentary: Institutional Strength: China’s Key to Beating Novel Coronavirus’. Beijing, 10 March. Available at http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-03/10/c_138863498.htm (accessed on 15 October 2020).

100 Xinhua. 2020. ‘Xi Focus: PROTECT: Can-Do China Curbs COVID-19’. Beijing, 11 March. Available at http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-03/11/c_138866618.htm (accessed on 15 October 2020).

101 People’s Daily. 2020. ‘Fight in Conjunction to Demonstrate the Supremacy of Life’. 10 June. Available at http://opinion.people.com.cn/n1/2020/0610/c1003-31740915.html (accessed on 15 October 2020).

102 People’s Daily. 2020. ‘I Like to See Thousands of Waves of Rice Stalks—Why Is the Socialist System with Chinese Characteristics Good?’. 4 August. Available at http://paper.people.com.cn/rmrb/html/2020-08/04/nw.D110000renmrb_20200804_1-07.htm (accessed on 15 October 2020).

103 People’s Daily. ‘I Like to See Thousands of Waves of Rice Stalks—Why Is the Socialist System with Chinese Characteristics Good?’.

104 People’s Daily. ‘I Like to See Thousands of Waves of Rice Stalks—Why Is the Socialist System with Chinese Characteristics Good?’.

105 People’s Daily. 2020. ‘Hoist up the Sails and Sail across the Sea — How the Socialist System with Chinese Characteristics Is Able to Progress Steadily and Far?’. 20 August. Available at http://paper.people.com.cn/rmrb/html/2020-08/20/nw.D110000renmrb_20200820_1-07.htm (accessed on 15 October 2020).

106 Luo, W. 2020. ‘The Basis of Winning the People’s War of Pandemic Prevention and Control’. People’s Daily, 28 September. Available at http://paper.people.com.cn/rmrb/html/2020-09/28/nw.D110000renmrb_20200928_1-09.htm (accessed on 15 October 2020).

107 Fang, N. 2020. ‘The Fight against the Epidemic Demonstrates the Advantages of the Chinese System’. People’s Daily, 17 September. Available at http://paper.people.com.cn/rmrb/html/2020-09/17/nw.D110000renmrb_20200917_1-09.htm (accessed on 15 October 2020).

108 Liu, Y. 2020. ‘The Steady Economic Recovery Demonstrates China’s Economic Resilience and Institutional Advantages’. People’s Daily, 5 August. Available at http://paper.people.com.cn/rmrb/html/2020-08/05/nw.D110000renmrb_20200805_1-09.htm (accessed on 15 October 2020).

109 Zhang, M. 2020. ‘Feel the Power of China in the Great Fight against the Pandemic. People’s Daily, 2 September. Available at http://paper.people.com.cn/rmrb/html/2020-09/02/nw.D110000renmrb_20200902_2-09.htm (accessed on 15 October 2020).

110 Lin, Z. 2020. ‘Utilize the Great Anti-Epidemic Spirit to Consolidate the National Will to Forge Ahead’. People’s Daily, 15 September. Available at http://paper.people.com.cn/rmrb/html/2020-09/15/nw.D110000renmrb_20200915_1-09.htm (accessed on 15 October 2020).

111 Wang, S. 2020. ‘Wang Shaoguang: With the Novel Coronavirus Pandemic, the Balance of Global Ideological Power May Shift’. Available at https://www.guancha.cn/WangShaoGuang/2020_09_16_565269.shtml (accessed on 21 October 2020).

112 Xinhua. 2020. ‘GDP Growth Indicates China’s Recovery Gains Significant Steam: Media’. New York, 16 July. Available at http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-07/17/c_139219548.htm (accessed on 15 October 2020).

113 Xinhua. 2020. ‘“Respect Science” and “Hard Work” Enable Chinese to Control Epidemic: The New Yorker’. New York, 11 August. Available at http://en.people.cn/n3/2020/0812/c90000-9720711.html (accessed on 15 October 2020).

114 Jacques, M. 2020. ‘China’s COVID-19 Response: The Proof of the Pudding Is in the Eating’. China Global Television Network, 2 May. Available at https://news.cgtn.com/news/2020-05-02/China-s-COVID-19-response-The-proof-of-the-pudding-is-in-the-eating-Q04hodxMWI/index.html (accessed on 15 October 2020).

115 Guang, L. et al. 2020. ‘Pandemic Sees Increase in Chinese Support for Regime, Decrease in Views Towards the US’. Available at http://chinadatalab.ucsd.edu/viz-blog/pandemic-sees-increase-in-chinese-support-for-regime-decrease-in-views-towards-us/ (accessed on 17 October 2020).

116 Xinhua. 2020. ‘Xi Focus: China Holds Meeting to Commend COVID-19 Fight Role Models’. Beijing, 8 September. Available at http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-09/08/c_139352989.htm (accessed on 17 October 2020).

117 National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China. 2020. ‘Sept 8: Daily Briefing on Novel Coronavirus Cases in China’. Available at http://en.nhc.gov.cn/2020-09/08/c_81579.htm (accessed on 17 October 2020).

118 He, H. 2020. ‘Coronavirus: Not Everyone in China Will Need Vaccine, CDC Chief Says’. South China Morning Post, Guangdong, 13 September. Available at https://www.scmp.com/coronavirus/greater-china/article/3101369/coronavirus-not-everyone-china-will-need-vaccine-cdc (accessed on 17 October 2020).

119 People’s Daily. 2020. ‘The Fight against the Epidemic Creates a New Spiritual Monument for National Rejuvenation’. 8 September. Available at http://paper.people.com.cn/rmrb/html/2020-09/08/nw.D110000renmrb_20200908_4-01.htm (accessed on 10 October 2020).

120 Xinhua. 2020. ‘Xi Focus: Chronicle of Xi’s Leadership in China’s War Against Coronavirus’. Beijing, 7 September. Available at http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-09/07/c_139349538.htm (accessed on 17 October 2020).

121 Ren, Z. 2020. ‘Gone through a Thousand Trials and Still Strong—the Fight against the Pandemic Has Created a Great Spirit’. People’s Daily, 7 September. Available at http://paper.people.com.cn/rmrb/html/2020-09/07/nw.D110000renmrb_20200907_6-01.htm (accessed on 17 October 2020).

122 Xinhua. 2020. ‘Xinhua Headlines: Xi Hails China’s COVID-19 Combat Spirit as Model Virus Fighters Honored’. Beijing, 9 September. Available at http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-09/09/c_139353396.htm (accessed on 17 October 2020).

123 Xinhua. ‘Xinhua Headlines: Xi Hails China’s COVID-19 Combat Spirit as Model Virus Fighters Honored’.

124 Xi, J. 2020. ‘Speech at the National Commendation Conference for Fighting the Novel Coronavirus Pandemic’. People’s Daily, 9 September. Available at http://paper.people.com.cn/rmrb/html/2020-09/09/nw.D110000renmrb_20200909_1-02.htm (accessed on 17 October 2020).

125 Ling, S. 2020. ‘Work Together to Compose a Spiritual Epic’. People’s Daily, 22 September. Available at http://paper.people.com.cn/rmrb/html/2020-09/22/nw.D110000renmrb_20200922_3-04.htm (accessed on 17 October 2020).

126 Bandurski, D. 2019. ‘Trade Tensions and National Dignity’. Available at https://chinamediaproject.org/2019/05/17/trade-tensions-and-national-dignity/ (accessed on 17 October 2020).

127 Zhong, X. 2020. ‘An Immortal Spiritual Monument in the New Era—the Substance and Historical Significance of the Great Anti-Pandemic Spirit’. People’s Daily, 25 September. Available at http://paper.people.com.cn/rmrb/html/2020-09/25/nw.D110000renmrb_20200925_2-02.htm (accessed on 17 October 2020).

CHAPTER 5 DRIVING THE BLADE INWARD

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15 Leng, S. 2019. ‘China’s Ex-securities Regulator Gets Light Punishment after Graft Probe’. South China Morning Post, Hong Kong, 5 October. Available at https://www.scmp.com/economy/china-economy/article/3031690/chinas-former-securities-regulator-liu-shiyu-gets-light (accessed on 27 September 2020).

16 Buckley, C. and Bradsher, K. 2018. ‘China Moves to Let Xi Stay in Power by Abolishing Term Limit’. The New York Times, Beijing, 25 February. Available at https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/25/world/asia/china-xi-jinping.html (accessed on 27 September 2020).

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18 Chi-yuk, C. and Gan, N. 2020. ‘Former Chinese Rising Star Sun Zhengcai Sentenced to Life in Prison for Graft’. South China Morning Post, Beijing, 8 May. Available at https://www.scmp.com/news/china/policies-politics/article/2145103/former-chinese-rising-star-sun-zhengcai-sentenced-life (accessed on 27 September 2020).

19 ANI. 2014. ‘Chinese HR Activist Xu Zhiyong Sentenced to Four Years in Jail for Disrupting Public Orders’. Business Standard, London, 27 January. Available at https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/chinese-hr-activist-xu-zhiyong-sentenced-to-four-years-in-jail-for-disrupting-public-order-114012700360_1.html (accessed on 27 September 2020).

20 Xu, Z. 2013. ‘New Citizens’ Movement, Chinese Law & Government’. Chinese Law and Government 46(5–6): 148–154.

21 Xu, Z. 2020. ‘Dear Chairman Xi, It’s Time for You to Go’. Available at https://www.chinafile.com/reporting-opinion/viewpoint/dear-chairman-xi-its-time-you-go (accessed on 28 September 2020).

22 Yu, V. 2020. ‘Chinese Activist Detained After Calling Xi Jinping “Clueless” on Coronavirus Crisis’. The Guardian, Hong Kong, 17 February. Available at https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/feb/17/chinese-activist-arrested-xi-jinping-clueless-coronavirus-xu-zhiyong (accessed on 28 September 2020).

23 Kyodo. 2020. ‘China Arrests Vocal Activist Xu Zhiyong for Alleged Subversion’. Nikkei Asia, Beijing, 2 July. Available at https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/China-arrests-vocal-activist-Xu-Zhiyong-for-alleged-subversion (accessed on 28 September 2020).

24 Xu, Z. 2020. ‘Viral Alarm: When Fury Overcomes Fear’. Available at https://www.chinafile.com/reporting-opinion/viewpoint/viral-alarm-when-fury-overcomes-fear (accessed on 28 September 2020).

25 Buckley, C. 2020. ‘Seized by the Police, an Outspoken Chinese Professor Sees Fears Come True’. The New York Times, 7 July. Available at https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/06/world/asia/china-detains-xu-zhangrun-critic.html (accessed on 28 September 2020).

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27 Yuan, L. 2020. ‘China’s Ren Zhiqiang Vanishes, in a Blow to Reform’. The New York Times, 31 March. Available at https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/31/business/china-ren-zhiqiang-censorship.html (accessed on 28 September 2020).

28 Wade, S. 2016. ‘Tycoon Driven Offline Amid Party Unity Drive’. Available at https://chinadigitaltimes.net/2016/02/tycoon-purged-from-social-media-amid-drive-for-party-unity/ (accessed on 28 September 2020).

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30 Rudolph, J. 2020. ‘Translation: Essay by Missing Property Tycoon Ren Zhiqiang’. Available at https://chinadigitaltimes.net/2020/03/translation-essay-by-missing-property-tycoon-ren-zhiqiang/ (accessed on 28 September 2020).

31 Rudolph. ‘Translation: Essay by Missing Property Tycoon Ren Zhiqiang’.

32 Hernández, C.J. 2020. ‘Chinese Tycoon Who Criticized Xi’s Response to Coronavirus Has Vanished’. The New York Times, 14 March. Available at https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/14/world/asia/china-ren-zhiqiang.html (accessed on 28 September 2020).

33 Jiang, S. et al. 2020. ‘Chinese Billionaire Who Criticized Xi Jinping over Coronavirus under Investigation’. CNN, Beijing, 8 April. Available at https://edition.cnn.com/2020/04/08/asia/china-ren-zhiqiang-xi-jinping-coronavirus-intl-hnk/index.html (accessed on 28 September 2020).

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37 Buckley, C. 2020. ‘China Sentences Ren Zhiqiang, Xi Critic, to 18 Years in Prison’. The New York Times, 22 September. Available at https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/22/world/asia/china-ren-zhiqiang-tycoon.html (accessed on 28 September 2020).

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45 Party Building Institute of the Organization Department of the CPC Central Committee. ‘Strictly and Fully Administer Party Discipline to Further Strengthen the Flesh-And-Blood Ties between the Party and the People (We Must Study Deeply and Implement General Secretary Xi Jinping’s Thinking on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era)’.

46 Bagshaw, E. 2020. ‘UNSW Graduate, Chinese Vice Minister Investigated for “Severe Violations of Discipline and Law”’. The Sydney Morning Herald, 20 April. Available at https://www.smh.com.au/world/asia/unsw-graduate-chinese-vice-minister-investigated-for-severe-violations-of-discipline-and-law-20200420-p54lff.html (accessed on 29 September 2020).

47 Ministry of Public Security of the People’s Republic of China. 2020. ‘Zhao Kezhi Presides over a Meeting of the Party Committee of the Ministry of Public Security and Firmly Supports the Disciplinary Review and Investigation into Sun Lijun’s Suspected Serious Violations of Discipline and Law’. 20 April Available at http://fanfu.people.com.cn/n1/2020/0420/c64371-31679786.html (accessed on 29 September 2020).

48 People’s Daily. 2020. ‘Efforts to Improve the Modernization of Political and Legal Structure to Build a Higher Level of Safety and the Rule of Law in China’. 18 January. Available at http://paper.people.com.cn/rmrb/html/2020-01/18/nw.D110000renmrb_20200118_7-01.htm (accessed on 29 September 2020).

49 Xinhua. 2020. ‘China to Rectify Problems in Political, Legal Organs’. Beijing, 9 July. Available at http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-07/09/c_139200533.htm (accessed on 29 September 2020).

50 Central Committee of Political and Legal Affairs. 2020. ‘The Pilot Program for National Political and Legal Team Education and Rectification Is Launched! Chen Yixin: Let’s Have a Self-Revolution by Turning the Blades Inward to Scrape the Poison Off the Bones’. Available at http://www.chinapeace.gov.cn/chinapeace/c100007/2020-07/08/content_12369578.shtml (accessed on 29 September 2020).

51 Buckley, C. 2020. ‘“Drive the Blade In”: Xi Shakes Up China’s Law-and-Order Forces’. The New York Times, 20 August. Available at https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/20/world/asia/china-xi-jinping-communist-party.html (accessed on 29 September 2020).

52 Cai, J. 2020. ‘Beijing Pins Hopes on “Guy with the Emperor’s Sword” to Restore Order’. South China Morning Post, Beijing, 12 February. Available at https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3050087/beijing-pins-hopes-guy-emperors-sword-restore-order-coronavirus (accessed on 29 September 2020).

53 Zheng, W. 2020. ‘China’s Top Law Enforcement Body Unveils Campaign to Purge “Corrupt Elements”’. South China Morning Post, 9 July. Available at https://sg.news.yahoo.com/china-top-law-enforcement-body-144059141.html (accessed on 29 September 2020).

54 Zheng. ‘China’s Top Law Enforcement Body Unveils Campaign to Purge “Corrupt Elements”’.

55 Central Committee of Political and Legal Affairs. ‘The Pilot Program for National Political and Legal Team Education and Rectification Is Launched! Chen Yixin: Let’s Have a Self-Revolution by Turning the Blades Inward to Scrape the Poison Off the Bones’.

56 Gao, H. et al. 2018. How the Red Sun Rose: The Origins and Development of the Yan’an Rectification Movement, 1930–1945. Hong Kong: The Chinese University of Hong Kong Press.

57 Chen, Y. 2020. ‘Strive to Be an Example for Implementing the Party’s Organizational Roadmap for the New Era (We Must Study Deeply and Implement General Secretary Xi Jinping’s Thinking on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era)’. People’s Daily, 26 August. Available at http://paper.people.com.cn/rmrb/html/2020-08/26/nw.D110000renmrb_20200826_1-09.htm (accessed on 29 September 2020).

58 Chen, Y. ‘Strive to Be an Example for Implementing the Party’s Organizational Roadmap for the New Era (We Must Study Deeply and Implement General Secretary Xi Jinping’s Thinking on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era)’.

59 Xinhua. 2020. ‘Guo Shengkun Presides over the First Meeting of the Ping An China Construction Coordination Group’. Beijing, 21 April. Available at http://www.xinhuanet.com/politics/2020-04/21/c_1125887251.htm (accessed on 29 September 2020).

60 Central Committee of Political and Legal Affairs. 2020. ‘The First Meeting of the Political Security Task Force of the Ping An China Construction Coordination Group Convened’. Available at http://www.chinapeace.gov.cn/chinapeace/c100007/2020-07/06/content_12368536.shtml (accessed on 29 September 2020).

61 The Economic Times. 2020. ‘China Lays Groundwork to Crack Down Further on Political Threats’. 6 July. Available at https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/china-lays-groundwork-to-crack-down-further-on-political-threats/articleshow/76807301.cms (accessed on 29 September 2020).

62 Central Committee of Political and Legal Affairs. ‘The First Meeting of the Political Security Task Force of the Ping An China Construction Coordination Group Convened’.

63 Mai, J. 2020. ‘China Sets Up Task Force to Boost Political Policing Amid Threats to Stability’. South China Morning Post, Beijing, 6 July. Available at https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3092051/china-sets-task-force-boost-political-policing-amid-threats (accessed on 30 September 2020).

64 Greitens, C.S. 2020. ‘The Saohei Campaign, Protection Umbrellas, and China’s Changing Political-Legal Apparatus’. Available at https://www.prcleader.org/greitens-1 (accessed on 30 September 2020).

65 Greitens. ‘The Saohei Campaign, Protection Umbrellas, and China’s Changing Political-Legal Apparatus’.

66 Li, L. 2020. ‘New Political-Legal Rectification Campaign 2020–2021’. Available at https://thechinacollection.org/new-political-legal-rectification-campaign-2020-2021/ (accessed on 30 September 2020).

67 Ministry of Justice of the People’s Republic of China. 2020. ‘The Pilot Program for National Political and Legal Team Education and Rectification Calls for Action’. Available at http://www.chinalaw.gov.cn/news/content/2020-07/30/zfyw_3253482.html (accessed on 30 September 2020).

68 Huang, X. 2020. ‘Many Systems of Land Administration across the Country Are Corrupted and a Greater Storm of Rectification Is Coming’. China Newsweek, 22 August. Available at https://www.guancha.cn/politics/2020_08_22_562452.shtml (accessed on 30 September 2020).

69 Mai, J. 2020. ‘Shanghai Police Chief under Investigation as Anti-Corruption Campaign Targets Security Services’. South China Morning Post, Beijing, 18 August. Available at https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3097865/shanghai-police-chief-under-investigation-anti-corruption

70 People’s Daily. 2020. ‘Solidly Carry Out Education and Rectify, Continuously Purify the Public Security Forces’. Beijing, 10 July. Available at http://paper.people.com.cn/rmrb/html/2020-07/10/nw.D110000renmrb_20200710_5-04.htm

71 Xinhua. 2020. ‘Xi Focus: Xi Confers Flag on China’s Police Force’. Beijing, 26 August. Available at http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-08/26/c_139319865.htm

72 Central Committee of Political and Legal Affairs. 2020.‘Arm Your Mind, Guide Your Practice, and Carry Out Your Work with the Spirit of General Secretary Xi Jinping’s Precepts!’. Available at http://www.chinapeace.gov.cn/chinapeace/c100007/2020-08/26/content_12387962.shtml (accessed on 30 September 2020).

73 People’s Daily. 2020. ‘Feedback from the Fifth Round of the 19th Central Committee Inspection Announced’. Beijing, 24 August. Available at http://paper.people.com.cn/rmrb/html/2020-08/24/nw.D110000renmrb_20200824_5-01.htm (accessed on 30 September 2020). The official release from the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection and the National Supervisory Commission can be accessed at http://www.ccdi.gov.cn/toutiao/202008/t20200823_224256.html (accessed on 30 September 2020).

74 People’s Daily. ‘Feedback from the Fifth Round of the 19th Central Committee Inspection Announced’.

75 Mai, J. 2020. ‘Xi Jinping to Tighten Grip on Power with New Rules for Top Policymaking Bodies’. South China Morning Post, 13 October. Available at https://sg.news.yahoo.com/xi-jinping-tighten-grip-power-130503128.html (accessed on 20 October 2020).

CHAPTER 6: VICTIM, CULPRIT AND WOLF WARRIORS

1 See https://twitter.com/ambliuxiaoming/status/1266441617193553926.

2 The White House. 2020. ‘Remarks by President Trump to the 75th Session of the United Nations General Assembly’. Available at https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-75th-session-united-nations-general-assembly/ (accessed on 26 September 2020).

3 The White House. ‘Remarks by President Trump to the 75th Session of the United Nations General Assembly’.

4 Agence France-Presse. 2020. ‘“Enough Is Enough”: China Tells US at UN Meeting after Donald Trump Accuses Beijing of Unleashing “Plague of COVID-19”’. India Today, 25 September. Available at https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/enough-is-enough-china-attacks-us-at-un-security-council-meet-coronavirus-pandemic-1725174-2020-09-25 (accessed on 26 September 2020).

5 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China. 2020. ‘Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Wang Wenbin’s Regular Press Conference on September 24, 2020’. Available at https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/2511_665403/t1818109.shtml (accessed on 26 September 2020).

6 US Vice President Mike Pence’s speech at the Hudson Institute in October 2018 outlined the broader context of the changes in the US’s China policy. See The White House. 2018. ‘Remarks by Vice President Pence on the Administration’s Policy Toward China’. Available at https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-vice-president-pence-administrations-policy-toward-china/ (accessed on 26 September 2020).

7 Corkery, M. and Karni, A. 2020. ‘Trump Administration Restricts Entry into U.S. from China’. The New York Times, 31 January. Available at https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/31/business/china-travel-coronavirus.html (accessed on 26 September 2020).

8 Vigdor, N. 2020. ‘State Department Warns Against Traveling to China Amid Coronavirus Outbreak’. The New York Times, 30 January. Available at https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/30/world/asia/Coronavirus-travel-advisory-.html (accessed on 26 September 2020).

9 Bloomberg. 2020. ‘Coronavirus Travel Restrictions: Here Are the Airlines, Countries’. 2 February. Available at https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-02-02/coronavirus-these-countries-airlines-restrict-travel-to-china (accessed on 26 September 2020).

10 Nebehay, S. 2020. ‘WHO Chief Says Widespread Travel Bans Not Needed to Beat China Virus’. Reuters, Geneva, 3 February. Available at https://uk.reuters.com/article/us-china-health-who/who-chief-says-widespread-travel-bans-not-needed-to-beat-china-virus-idUKKBN1ZX1H3 (accessed on 26 September 2020).

11 Marlow, I. 2020. ‘China Lashes Out at Countries Restricting Travel Over Virus’. Bloomberg, 6 February. Available at https://www.bloombergquint.com/global-economics/china-lashes-out-at-countries-restricting-travel-over-virus (accessed on 26 September 2020).

12 Xinhua. 2020. ‘China Urges Relevant Countries to View Epidemic in Rational, Calm Way’. Beijing, 3 February. Available at http://en.people.cn/n3/2020/0204/c90000-9653825.html (accessed on 26 September 2020).

13 Swanson, A. and Rappeport, A. 2020. ‘Wilbur Ross Says Coronavirus Could Bring Jobs Back to the U.S.’. The New York Times, Washington, 30 January. Available at https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/30/business/economy/wilbur-ross-coronavirus-jobs.html (accessed on 26 September 2020).

14 Swanson and Rappeport. ‘Wilbur Ross Says Coronavirus Could Bring Jobs Back to the U.S.’.

15 Global Times. 2020. ‘US Immoral to Attack China’s Fight Against Virus’. 2 February. Available at https://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1178268.shtml (accessed on 26 September 2020).

16 U.S. Department of State. 2020. ‘Secretary Michael R. Pompeo and British Foreign Secretary Dominic Raab Discussion on the Future of the Special Relationship’. Available at https://www.state.gov/secretary-michael-r-pompeo-and-british-foreign-secretary-dominic-raab-discussion-on-the-future-of-the-special-relationship/ (accessed on 26 September 2020).

17 Shen, Y. 2020. ‘Coronavirus Outbreak Exposes Evil Intentions of Some American Politicians’. People’s Daily, 5 February. Available at http://en.people.cn/n3/2020/0205/c90000-9654305.html (accessed on 26 September 2020).

18 Wang, Z. 2020. ‘Cold War Mentality of Some US Officials Real Virus Threatening the World’. People’s Daily, 10 February. Available at http://en.people.cn/n3/2020/0210/c90000-9656001.html (accessed on 26 September 2020).

19 Xinhua. 2020. ‘Commentary: Taking Advantage of Others’ Difficulties Will Never Make US Great’. 2 February. Available at http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-02/02/c_138750271.htm (accessed on 26 September 2020).

20 Yau, E. 2020. ‘China Enraged by “Sick Man of Asia” headline, but Its Origin May Surprise Many’. South China Morning Post, 27 February. Available at https://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/article/3052434/china-enraged-sick-man-asia-headline-its-origin-may-surprise-many (accessed on 26 September 2020).

21 Gong, J. 2020. ‘Calling China “The Sick Man of Asia” is a Racial Slur’. China Global Television Network, 20 February. Available at https://news.cgtn.com/news/2020-02-20/Calling-China-the-sick-man-of-Asia-is-a-racial-slur-OexguEBdMk/index.html (accessed on 26 September 2020).

22 Jakes, L. and Myers, L.S. 2020. ‘U.S. Designates China’s Official Media as Operatives of the Communist State’. The New York Times, Washington, 18 February. Available at https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/18/world/asia/china-media-trump.html (accessed on 26 September 2020).

23 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China. 2020. ‘China Takes Countermeasures against Restrictive Measures on Chinese Media Agencies in the US’. 18 March. Available at https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/t1757162.shtml (accessed on 26 September 2020).

24 BBC. 2020. ‘Coronavirus: Europe Now Epicentre of the Pandemic, Says WHO’. 13 March. Available at https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-51876784 (accessed on 26 September 2020).

25 See Kim, H. 2020. ‘Fears of New Virus Trigger Anti-China Sentiment Worldwide’. Associated Press, Seoul, 2 February. Available at https://apnews.com/article/04f18aafe1074a1c06b4203edcbdc661 (accessed on 26 September 2020). Also see Hussain, S. 2020. ‘Fear of Coronavirus Fuels Racist Sentiment Targeting Asians’. Los Angeles Times, 3 February. Available at https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2020-02-03/fear-panic-around-the-coronavirus-fuels-racist-sentiment (accessed on 26 September 2020).

26 Xinhua. 2020. ‘Chinese Embassy Slams “Racist” Reports by German Magazine Over Coronavirus Outbreak’. 6 February. Available at http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-02/06/c_138761496.htm (accessed on 26 September 2020).

27 Griffiths, J. 2020. ‘“We Despise Such a Move”: China Slams German Magazine Cover’. CNN, 2 February. Available at https://edition.cnn.com/asia/live-news/coronavirus-outbreak-02-03-20-intl-hnk/h_6ab84f160d8ecb1ec3d2af2c4a00e743 (accessed on 26 September 2020).

28 Reporters Without Borders. 2020. ‘Chinese Ambassador in France Has No Right to Give Lessons in Coronavirus Coverage’. Available at https://rsf.org/en/news/chinese-ambassador-france-has-no-right-give-lessons-coronavirus-coverage (accessed on 26 September 2020).

29 Yeung, J. 2020. ‘As the Coronavirus Spreads, Fear Is Fueling Racism and Xenophobia’. CNN, Hong Kong, 31 January. Available at https://edition.cnn.com/2020/01/31/asia/wuhan-coronavirus-racism-fear-intl-hnk/index.html (accessed on 26 September 2020).

30 European Think-tank Network on China. 2020. ‘COVID19 and Europe–China Relations’. Available at https://www.ifri.org/sites/default/files/atoms/files/etnc_special_report_covid-19_china_europe_2020.pdf (accessed on 27 September 2020).

31 News.com.au. 2020. ‘Coronavirus: China Demands Apology Over Danish Newspaper Cartoon’. 29 January. Available at https://www.news.com.au/finance/business/media/china-demands-apology-over-insulting-coronavirus-cartoon/news-story/8c9ce8b86a780dc1995cf833ba3124e8 (accessed on 27 September 2020).

32 Gehrke, L. 2020. ‘Coronavirus Cartoon Triggers China–Denmark Diplomatic Spat’. Politico, 28 January. Available at https://www.politico.eu/article/coronavirus-cartoon-triggers-china-denmark-diplomatic-spat/ (accessed on 27 September 2020).

33 Deutsch, J. 2020. ‘China’s EU Ambassador Defends Coronavirus Response’. Politico, 18 February. Available at https://www.politico.eu/article/chinas-eu-ambassador-defends-coronavirus-response/ (accessed on 27 September 2020).

34 Kathmandu Post. 2020. ‘Nepali Editors Condemn Chinese Embassy’s Statement Regarding the Post’. Kathmandu, 19 February. Available at https://kathmandupost.com/national/2020/02/19/nepali-editors-condemn-chinese-embassy-s-statement-regarding-the-post (accessed on 27 September 2020).

35 Parkinson, G. 2020. ‘Coronavirus Sparks More Epidemics: Fear, Hatred and Sinophobia’. China Global Television Network, 6 February. Available at https://newseu.cgtn.com/news/2020-02-06/Coronavirus-sparks-more-epidemics-Fear-hatred-and-sinophobia-NQoqoH9HMc/index.html (accessed on 27 September 2020).

36 Mu, L. 2020. ‘Virus Unleashes Racism in Western Societies’. Global Times, 2 February. Available at https://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1178267.shtml (accessed on 27 September 2020).

37 Ma, Y. et al. 2020. ‘Under the Masked Sky: Wuhan Makes Lockdown Sacrifice’. Xinhua, Wuhan 23 February. Available at http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-02/23/c_138811120.htm (accessed on 27 September 2020).

38 Xinhua. 2020. ‘China Wins Int’l Respect in Fighting Covid-19 With Efforts, Sacrifice: FM’. Berlin, 14 February. Available at http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-02/15/c_138787111.htm (accessed on 27 September 2020).

39 Xinhua. 2020. ‘China Deserves Appreciation for Efforts, Sacrifices in Fighting Epidemic: WHO Chief’. 17 February. Available at http://www.china.org.cn/world/2020-02/17/content_75712439.htm (accessed on 27 September 2020).

40 Jiao, Z. 2020. ‘WHO’s Gauden Galea: I Respect the Sacrifice of Wuhan’. China Global Television Network, 5 February. Available at https://news.cgtn.com/news/2020-02-05/WHO-s-Gauden-Galea-I-respect-the-sacrifice-of-Wuhan-NQedtcTEkw/index.html (accessed on 27 September 2020).

41 Wang, B. 2020. ‘China Sacrificed Itself to Win Time for the World to Respond to Covid19: WHO’. Global Times, 2 April. Available at https://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1184546.shtml (accessed on 27 September 2020).

42 Fawcett, Alicia. 2020. ‘Chinese Discourse Power’. Report submitted to Atlantic Council, Washington. Available at https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/in-depth-research-reports/report/chinese-discourse-power/ (accessed on 27 September 2020).

43 Renée DiResta, Carly Miller, Vanessa Molter, John Pomfret, And Glenn Tiffert. 2020. ‘Telling China’s Story: The Chinese Communist Party’s Campaign to Shape Global Narratives’. Report submitted to Hoover Institution and the Stanford Internet Observatory, Stanford. Available at https://fsi-live.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/sio-china_story_white_paper-final.pdf (accessed on 27 September 2020).

44 Dodds, L. 2020. ‘China Floods Facebook with Undeclared Coronavirus Propaganda Ads Blaming Trump’. The Telegraph, San Francisco, 5 April. Available at https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2020/04/05/china-floods-facebook-instagram-undeclared-coronavirus-propaganda/?fbclid=IwAR1kJbEmGWskMAcRuzAOoxc4Kn8jK98IiZxLniQjtwa_5gEYloRIdXzvltw#Echobox=1586081411 (accessed on 27 September 2020).

45 Lytvynenko, J. 2020. ‘Chinese State Media Spread a False Image of a Hospital for Coronavirus Patients in Wuhan’. BuzzFeed News, Toronto, 27 January. Available at https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/janelytvynenko/china-state-media-false-coronavirus-hospital-image (accessed on 27 September 2020).

46 Kao, J. and Li, S.M. 2020. ‘How China Built a Twitter Propaganda Machine Then Let It Loose on Coronavirus’. ProPublica, 26 March. Available at https://www.propublica.org/article/how-china-built-a-twitter-propaganda-machine-then-let-it-loose-on-coronavirus (accessed on 27 September 2020).

47 Wang, C. 2020. ‘Anti-China Actions Amid Epidemic Should Be Punished’. Global Times, 4 February. Available at https://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1178524.shtml (accessed on 27 September 2020).

48 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China. 2020. ‘Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Hua Chunying’s Daily Briefing Online on February 5, 2020’. Available at https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/2511_665403/t1740929.shtml (accessed on 27 September 2020).

49 Xinhua. ‘China Wins Int’l Respect in Fighting Covid-19 with Efforts, Sacrifice: FM’.

50 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China. 2020. ‘Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Hua Chunying’s Daily Briefing Online on February 3, 2020’. Available at https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/2511_665403/t1739548.shtml (accessed on 28 September 2020).

51 CBS News. 2020. ‘Transcript: Robert O’Brien on “Face the Nation”, February 2, 2020’. 2 February. Available at https://www.cbsnews.com/news/transcript-robert-obrien-on-face-the-nation-february-2-2020/ (accessed on 28 September 2020).

52 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China. 2020. ‘Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Hua Chunying’s Daily Briefing Online on February 4, 2020’. Available at https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/2511_665403/t1740278.shtml (accessed on 28 September 2020).

53 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China. 2020. ‘Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Hua Chunying’s Daily Briefing Online on February 5, 2020’. Available at https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/2511_665403/t1740929.shtml (accessed on 28 September 2020).

54 Samuels, B. 2020. ‘Trump Discusses Coronavirus with China’s Xi’. The Hill, 6 February. Available at https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/481970-trump-discusses-coronavirus-with-chinas-xi (accessed on 28 September 2020).

55 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China. 2020. ‘President Xi Jinping Had a Phone Call with US President Donald Trump’. Available at https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/zxxx_662805/t1741970.shtml (accessed on 28 September 2020).

56 U.S. Department of State. 2020. ‘The United States Announces Assistance to Combat the Novel Coronavirus’. Available at https://www.state.gov/the-united-states-announces-assistance-to-combat-the-novel-coronavirus/ (accessed on 28 September 2020).

57 U.S. Department of State. ‘The United States Announces Assistance to Combat the Novel Coronavirus’.

58 Gramer, R. and Lynch, C. 2020. ‘Trump Proposes Global Health Funds Cut Amid Coronavirus Fears’. Foreign Policy, 10 February. Available at https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/02/10/trump-world-health-organization-funding-coronavirus-state-department-usaid-budget-cuts/ (accessed on 28 September 2020).

59 Zhong, S. 2020. ‘Here’s What U.S. Has Contributed to Global Efforts Amid Epidemic’. People’s Daily, 19 February. Available at http://en.people.cn/n3/2020/0219/c98649-9659497.html (accessed on 28 September 2020).

60 World Health Organization. 2020. ‘Novel Coronavirus Press Conference at United Nations of Geneva 29 January 2020’. Available at https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/transcripts/who-audio-script-ncov-rresser-unog-29jan2020.pdf?sfvrsn=a7158807_4 (accessed on 28 September 2020).

61 McNeil, G.D. and Kanno-Youngs, Z. 2020. ‘C.D.C. and W.H.O. Offers to Help China Have Been Ignored for Weeks’. The New York Times, 7 February. Available at https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/07/health/cdc-coronavirus-china.html (accessed on 28 September 2020).

62 Bishop, B. 2020. ‘Propaganda Positive Energy and the Push to Restart the Economy; Medical Personnel Martyrs’. Available at https://sinocism.com/p/propaganda-positive-energy-and-the (accessed on 28 September 2020).

63 Gebrekidan, S., Apuzzo, M., Qin, A. Hernández, J. et al. 2020. ‘In Hunt for the Virus Source, W.H.O Let China Take Charge’. The New York Times, 3 November. Available at https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/02/world/who-china-coronavirus.html (accessed on 6 November 2020).

64 Gebrekidan et al. ‘In Hunt for the Virus Source, W.H.O Let China Take Charge’.

65 World Health Organization. 2020. ‘Report of the WHO–China Joint Mission on Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)’. World Health Organization, Geneva.

66 World Health Organization. ‘Report of the WHO–China Joint Mission on Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)’.

67 Molter, V. and Webster, G. 2020. ‘Virality Project (China): Coronavirus Conspiracy Claims’. Available at https://fsi.stanford.edu/news/china-covid19-origin-narrative (accessed on 28 September 2020).

68 Ling, J. 2020. ‘The Wuhan Virus Is Not a Lab-Made Bioweapon’. Foreign Policy, 29 January. Available at https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/01/29/coronavirus-china-lab-mortality-virology-wuhan-virus-not-bioweapon/ (accessed on 28 September 2020).

69 Choi, D. 2020. ‘Republican Senator Suggests “Worse Than Chernobyl” Coronavirus Could’ve Come from Chinese “Super-Laboratory”’. Business Insider, 4 February. Available at https://www.businessinsider.in/science/news/republican-senator-suggests-worse-than-chernobyl-coronavirus-couldve-come-from-chinese-super-laboratory/articleshow/73919370.cms (accessed on 28 September 2020).

70 Huang, C. et al. 2020. ‘Clinical Features of Patients Infected with 2019 Novel Coronavirus in Wuhan, China’. The Lancet 395(10223): 497–506.

71 Shah, S. 2020. ‘Did COVID-19 Originate from Wuhan Institute of Virology? Rumours Claim 1st Patient Had Links with the Lab’. International Business Times, 17 February. Available at https://www.ibtimes.sg/did-covid-19-originate-wuhan-institute-virology-rumours-claim-1st-patient-had-links-lab-39522 (accessed on 28 September 2020).

72 Mai, J. 2020. ‘Chinese Research Lab Denies Links to First Coronavirus Patient’. South China Morning Post, Beijing, 16 February. Available at https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/3050872/chinese-research-lab-denies-rumours-links-first-coronavirus (accessed on 28 September 2020).

73 Global Times. 2020. ‘Biosafety Guideline Issued to Fix Chronic Management Loopholes at Virus Labs’. China News Service, 17 February. Available at http://www.ecns.cn/news/sci-tech/2020-02-17/detail-ifztrmvi9821649.shtml (accessed on 28 September 2020).

74 Global Times. 2020. ‘Wuhan Virologist Warns of Overseas-Started “Leaked Virus” Conspiracy’. 17 February. Available at https://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1179908.shtml (accessed on 28 September 2020).

75 Global Times. 2020. ‘Japanese TV Report Sparks Speculations in China That Covid-19 May Have Originated in US’. People’s Daily, 23 February. Available at http://en.people.cn/n3/2020/0223/c90000-9661026.html (accessed on 28 September 2020).

76 Zhong Nanshan made the remarks during a press conference, which was covered by China Global Television Network. The video is available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UILmnQNeDuE (accessed on 28 September 2020).

77 Wang, Q. and Xu, K. 2020. ‘COVID-19 “May Not Originate in China”’. Global Times, 27 February. Available at https://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1181005.shtml.

78 See Allen-Ebrahimian, B. 2020. ‘Beijing’s Coronavirus Propaganda Blitz Goes Global’. Available at https://www.axios.com/beijings-coronavirus-propaganda-blitz-goes-global-f2bc610c-e83f-4890-9ff8-f49521ad6a14.html (accessed on 28 September 2020). Also see DiResta et al. ‘Telling China’s Story: The Chinese Communist Party’s Campaign to Shape Global Narratives’.

79 Steger, I. 2020. ‘China Is Taking Pleasure in US Mishandling of Coronavirus’. Quartz, 6 March. Available at https://qz.com/1813181/china-is-taking-pleasure-in-us-mishandling-of-coronavirus/ (accessed on 29 September 2020).

80 Nimmo, B. et al. 2020. ‘Return of the (Spamouflage) Dragon’. Report submitted to Graphika, New York.

81 Wong, E. et al. 2020. ‘Chinese Agents Helped Spread Messages That Sowed Virus Panic in U.S., Officials Say’. The New York Times, Washington, 23 August. Available at https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/22/us/politics/coronavirus-china-disinformation.html (accessed on 29 September 2020).

82 Shih, G. 2020. ‘Coronavirus Conspiracy Theorists Blame US for Outbreak. China Is Encouraging Them’. The Washington Post, Beijing, 5 March. Available at https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/conspiracy-theorists-blame-the-us-for-coronavirus-china-is-happy-to-encourage-them/2020/03/05/50875458-5dc8-11ea-ac50-18701e14e06d_story.html?arc404=true (accessed on 29 September 2020).

83 Baker, P. 2020. ‘For Trump, Coronavirus Proves to Be an Enemy He Can’t Tweet Away’. The New York Times, Florida, 8 March. Available at https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/08/us/politics/trump-coronavirus.html (accessed on 29 September 2020).

84 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China. 2020. ‘Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Zhao Lijian’s Regular Press Conference on 4 March 2020’. Available at https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/2511_665403/t1752172.shtml (accessed on 29 September 2020).

85 Smith, B. 2019. ‘Meet Zhao Lijian, the Chinese Diplomat Who Got Promoted for Trolling the US on Twitter’. BuzzFeed News, Beijing, 2 December. Available at https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/bensmith/zhao-lijian-china-twitter (accessed on 29 September 2020).

86 Bandurski, D. 2020. ‘Xi Jinping: Leader of the Wolf Pack’. Global Asia 15(3).

87 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China. 2018. ‘Xi Jinping Urges Breaking New Ground in Major Country Diplomacy with Chinese Characteristics’. Available at https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/zxxx_662805/t1571296.shtml (accessed on 29 September 2020).

88 Feng, Z. 2019. ‘China and Twitter: The Year China Got Louder on Social Media’. BBC, Washington, 29 December. Available at https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-50832915 (accessed on 29 September 2020).

89 Bandurski. ‘Xi Jinping: Leader of the Wolf Pack’.

90 The Strait Times. 2019. ‘China’s Xi Urges Party to Prepare for “Long-Term” Struggle’. Beijing, 3 September. Available at https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/chinas-xi-urges-party-to-prepare-for-long-term-struggle (accessed on 29 September 2020).

91 Reuters. 2019. ‘China Demands ‘Fighting Spirit’ from Diplomats as Trade War, Hong Kong Protests Simmer’. Shanghai, 4 December. Available at https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-diplomacy/china-demands-fighting-spirit-from-diplomats-as-trade-war-hong-kong-protests-simmer-idUSKBN1Y80R8 (accessed on 29 September 2020).

92 Outlook. 2020. ‘Pompeo Speaks of ‘’Wuhan Virus’’ Despite China’s Protests’. Washington, 6 March. Available at https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/pompeo-speaks-of-wuhan-virus-despite-chinas-protests/1754573 (accessed on 29 September 2020).

93 The White House. 2020. ‘Remarks by President Trump in Address to the Nation’. Available at https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-address-nation/ (accessed on 29 September 2020).

94 Marlow, I. 2020. ‘Trump Latest: Retweet of “China Virus” Fuels Tension with Beijing’. Bloomberg, 11 March. Available at https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-03-11/trump-s-retweet-of-china-virus-fuels-tensions-with-beijing?cmpId=google (accessed on 29 September 2020).

95 BBC. 2020. ‘Trump Angers Beijing with “Chinese Virus” Tweet’. 17 March. Available at https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-51928011 (accessed on 29 September 2020).

96 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China. 2020. ‘Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Geng Shuang’s Regular Press Conference on March 18, 2020’. Available at https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/2511_665403/t1757799.shtml (accessed on 29 September 2020).

97 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China. ‘Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Geng Shuang’s Regular Press Conference on March 18, 2020’.

98 Liu, X. 2020. ‘China Has Valuable Lessons for the World in How to Fight Covid-19’. Financial Times, 28 April. Available at https://www.ft.com/content/ad61f0ea-8887-11ea-a109-483c62d17528 (accessed on 29 September 2020).

99 Xinhua. 2020. ‘Chinese Embassy to India Refutes Stigmatizing China for COVID-19’. People’s Daily, New Delhi, 26 March. Available at http://en.people.cn/n3/2020/0326/c90000-9672927.html (accessed on 29 September 2020).

100 The Economic Times. 2020. ‘US Army Brought Coronavirus Pandemic to Wuhan: Chinese Diplomat’. 13 March. Available at https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/us-army-brought-coronavirus-epidemic-to-wuhan-chinese-diplomat/articleshow/74607344.cms (accessed on 29 September 2020).

101 Quinn, M. 2020. ‘China Covered Up Coronavirus, Costing the World “Two Months”, Says Trump’s National Security Adviser’. CBS, Washington, 11 March. Available at https://www.cbsnews.com/news/robert-obrien-china-covered-up-coronavirus-costing-world-two-months-national-security-adviser/ (accessed on 29 September 2020).

102 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China. 2020. ‘Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Geng Shuang’s Regular Press Conference on March 12, 2020’. Available at https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/2511_665403/t1755093.shtml (accessed on 29 September 2020).

103 Dr Remuzzi’s original comments are available here: Poggioli, S. 2020. ‘“Every Single Individual Must Stay Home”: Italy’s Coronavirus Surge Strains Hospitals’. NPR, 19 March. Available at https://www.npr.org/2020/03/19/817974987/every-single-individual-must-stay-home-italy-s-coronavirus-deaths-pass-china-s (accessed on 29 September 2020). Also see China Global Television Network. 2020. ‘Coronavirus May Have Existed in Italy Since November: Local Researcher’. China Global Television Network, 22 March. Available at https://news.cgtn.com/news/2020-03-22/Coronavirus-may-have-existed-in-Italy-since-November-local-researcher-P4i2As2OAg/index.html (accessed on 29 September 2020). And see China Global Television Network. 2020. ‘Expert: Virus May Have Circulated in Italy Before Outbreak in China’. 22 March. Available at https://news.cgtn.com/news/2020-03-22/Expert-Virus-may-have-circulated-in-Italy-before-outbreak-in-China-P4jI8O7yNO/index.html (accessed on 29 September 2020).

104 See Hindustan Times. 2020. ‘At G7 Meet, Pompeo Accuses China of Funding Covid-19 “Disinformation Campaign”’. Washington, 26 March. Available at https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/pompeo-accuses-china-of-carrying-out-covid-19-disinformation-campaign/story-Kmwju0GZjncKsoeMghLxhL.html (accessed on 29 September 2020). Also see Politico. 2020. ‘Pompeo, G-7 Foreign Ministers Spar Over ‘Wuhan Virus”’. Washington, 25 March. Available at https://www.politico.com/news/2020/03/25/mike-pompeo-g7-coronavirus-149425 (accessed on 29 September 2020).

105 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China. 2020. ‘Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Geng Shuang’s Regular Press Conference on March 26, 2020’. Available at https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/2511_665403/t1761753.shtml (accessed on 29 September 2020).

106 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China. 2020. ‘Ambassador Cui Tiankai Taking an Interview with AXIOS and HBO (Transcript)’. Available at https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjb_663304/zwjg_665342/zwbd_665378/t1759561.shtml (accessed on 30 September 2020).

107 Fu, Y. 2020. ‘Shape Global Narratives for Telling China’s Stories’. China Daily, 21 April. Available at https://global.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202004/21/WS5e9e313ba3105d50a3d178ab.html (accessed on 30 September 2020).

108 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China. 2020. ‘State Councilor and Foreign Minister Wang Yi Meets the Press’. Available at https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/zxxx_662805/t1782262.shtml (accessed on 26 September 2020).

109 Leigh, K. 2020. ‘Trump Says He’ll Stop Using the Term “Chinese Virus”’. Bloomberg, 25 March. Available at https://www.bloombergquint.com/global-economics/trump-says-he-ll-stop-using-chinese-virus-easing-blame-game (accessed on 30 September 2020).

110 Extraordinary G20 Leaders’ Summit. 2020. ‘G20 Leaders’ Statement’. Riyadh. Available at https://g20.org/en/media/Documents/G20_Extraordinary%20G20%20Leaders%E2%80%99%20Summit_Statement_EN%20(3).pdf (accessed on 30 September 2020).

111 Wong, E. and Swanson, A. 2020. ‘In Sudden Shift, U.S. and China Seek to Cooperate’. The New York Times, 2 April. Available at https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/02/us/politics/coronavirus-trump-china.html (accessed on 30 September 2020).

112 Reuters. 2020. ‘China’s Xi, Speaking with Trump, Calls on U.S. to Improve Relations’. U.S. News, Beijing, 27 March. Available at https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2020-03-27/trump-says-spoke-with-chinas-xi-about-coronavirus (accessed on 30 September 2020).

113 Wadhams, N. and Jacobs, J. 2020. ‘China Concealed Coronavirus Outbreak Extent: US Intelligence’. Bloomberg, 1 April. Available at https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-04-01/china-concealed-extent-of-virus-outbreak-u-s-intelligence-says (accessed on 30 September 2020).

114 Xinhua. 2020. ‘Xi, Trump Talk Over Phone on COVID-19, Bilateral Ties’. Beijing, 27 March. Available at http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-03/27/c_138923729.htm (accessed on 30 September 2020).

115 Xinhua. ‘Xi, Trump Talk Over Phone on COVID-19, Bilateral Ties’.

116 Cui, T. 2020. ‘China and the U.S. Must Cooperate Against Coronavirus’. The New York Times, Washington, 5 April. Available at https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/05/opinion/coronavirus-china-us.html (accessed on 30 September 2020).

117 The Diplomat. 2020. ‘An Open Letter to the People of the United States from 100 Chinese Scholars’. 2 April. Available at https://thediplomat.com/2020/04/an-open-letter-to-the-people-of-the-united-states-from-100-chinese-scholars/ (accessed on 30 September 2020).

118 Asia Society. 2020. ‘Saving Lives in America, China, and around the World’. New York, 3 April. Available at https://asiasociety.org/center-us-china-relations/saving-lives-america-china-and-around-world (accessed on 30 September 2020).

119 Harris Insights and Analytics. 2020. ‘The Harris Poll: COVID-19 Wave 4 Summary’. Chicago. Available at https://theharrispoll.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Harris-COVID19-Wave-4-Full-Topline_final-v3.pdf (accessed on 30 September 2020).

120 Desiderio, A. and Toosi, N. 2020. ‘Republicans Whack China Over Coronavirus as Trump Plays Nice’. Politico, 7 April. Available at https://www.politico.com/news/2020/04/07/republicans-china-coronavirus-trump-plays-nice-173222 (accessed on 30 September 2020).

121 Bloomberg. 2020. ‘China Accuses US of Shifting Virus Blame after Intel Report’. 2 April. Available at https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-04-02/china-accuses-u-s-of-shifting-virus-blame-after-intel-report (accessed on 30 September 2020).

122 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China. 2020. ‘Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Hua Chunying’s Regular Press Conference on April 1, 2020’. Available at https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/t1764777.shtml (accessed on 30 September 2020).

123 Xinhua. 2020. ‘Facts Speak Loud for China’s Openness, Transparency in COVID-19 Fight’. People’s Daily, Beijing, 7 April. Available at http://en.people.cn/n3/2020/0407/c90000-9676657.html (accessed on 30 September 2020).

124 Franck, T. 2020. ‘Trump Says the Coronavirus Is Democrats’ New ‘Hoax’. CNBC, 28 February. Available at https://www.cnbc.com/2020/02/28/trump-says-the-coronavirus-is-the-democrats-new-hoax.html (accessed on 30 September 2020).

125 Brooks, B. 2020. ‘Like the Flu? Trump’s Coronavirus Messaging Confuses Public, Pandemic Researchers Say’. Reuters, 13 March. Available at https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-mixed-messages-idUSKBN2102GY (accessed on 30 September 2020).

126 BBC. 2020. ‘Coronavirus: Trump Predicts “A Lot of Death” as Cases Pass 300,000’. 5 April. Available at https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-52168682 (accessed on 30 September 2020).

127 BBC. 2020. ‘Coronavirus: Trump Attacks “China-Centric” WHO Over Global Pandemic’. 8 April. Available at https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-52213439 (accessed on 30 September 2020).

128 Werschkul, B. 2020. ‘“We Could Have Contained This”: GOP Hawks Want to Punish China for Coronavirus’. Yahoo Finance, Washington, 9 April. Available at https://finance.yahoo.com/news/we-could-have-contained-this-gop-hawks-want-to-punish-china-for-coronavirus-181819289.html (accessed on 30 September 2020).

129 Feuer, W. 2020. ‘WHO Chief Addresses Death Threats, Racist Insults: “I Don’t Give a Damn”’. CNBC, 8 April. Available at https://www.cnbc.com/2020/04/08/who-chief-addresses-death-threats-racist-insults-i-dont-give-a-damn.html (accessed on 30 September 2020).

130 Blanchard, B. 2020. ‘Taiwan Rebuffs Accusations It Racially Attacked WHO Chief’. Reuters, Taipei, 9 April. Available at https://in.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-taiwan-who/taiwan-rebuffs-accusations-it-racially-attacked-who-chief-idINKCN21R04R (accessed on 1 October 2020).

131 Australian Strategic Policy Institute. 2020. ‘Covid-19 Disinformation and Social Media Manipulation Trends’. Canberra. Available at https://s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/ad-aspi/2020-04/COVID-19%20Disinformation%20%26%20Social%20Media%20Manipulation%20Trends%208-15%20April.pdf (accessed on 1 October 2020).

132 Agence France-Presse. 2020. ‘Covid-19: US Criticizes WHO for Ignoring Taiwan’s Virus Warnings‘. Hindustan Times, Washington, 10 April. Available at https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/covid-19-us-criticizes-who-for-ignoring-taiwan-s-virus-warnings/story-Ure39apWRsQ4osPjQN3oYO.html (accessed on 1 October 2020).

133 Zhang, D., and Yang, K. 2020. ‘China Willing to Lend Helping Hand to the US’. Global Times, 7 April. Available at https://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1184936.shtml (accessed on 1 October 2020).

134 Xinhua. 2020. ‘China Refutes US Comments on WHO, Taiwan as “Fact-Distorting”’. People’s Daily, Beijing, 10 April. Available at http://en.people.cn/n3/2020/0411/c90000-9678434.html (accessed on 1 October 2020).

135 Hu, X. 2020. ‘China–US Relations Will No Longer Be the Same’. Global Times, 14 April. Available at https://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1185584.shtml (accessed on 1 October 2020).

136 Campbell, J. et al. 2020. ‘US Explores Possibility That Coronavirus Spread Started in Chinese Lab, Not a Market’. CNN, Hong Kong, 16 April. Available at https://edition.cnn.com/2020/04/15/politics/us-intelligence-virus-started-chinese-lab/index.html (accessed on 1 October 2020).

137 Strobel, P.W. and Gordon, R.W. 2020. ‘U.S. Intelligence Sifts Evidence for Origins of Coronavirus’. The Wall Street Journal, Washington, 16 April. Available at https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-intelligence-sifts-evidence-for-origins-of-coronavirus-11587077170 (accessed on 1 October 2020).

138 Rogin, J. 2020. ‘State Department Cables Warned of Safety Issues at Wuhan Lab Studying Bat Coronaviruses’. The Washington Post, 14 April. Available at https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2020/04/14/state-department-cables-warned-safety-issues-wuhan-lab-studying-bat-coronaviruses/ (accessed on 1 October 2020).

139 U.S. Department of State. 2020. ‘Secretary Michael R. Pompeo With Martha MacCallum of Fox News’. Available at https://www.state.gov/secretary-michael-r-pompeo-with-martha-maccallum-of-fox-news-2/ (accessed on 1 October 2020).

140 Devlin, K., Silver, L. and Huang, C. 2020. ‘U.S. Views of China Increasingly Negative Amid Coronavirus Outbreak’. Report submitted to Pew Research Center, Washington. Available at https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/04/21/u-s-views-of-china-increasingly-negative-amid-coronavirus-outbreak/ (accessed on 1 October 2020).

141 Taylor, S. 2020. ‘Lawsuit Worth $6 Trillion Seeks Chinese Reparations for Coronavirus “Cover-Up”’. Available at https://9now.nine.com.au/60-minutes/six-trillion-dollar-lawsuit-china-reparations-for-coronavirus-global-pandemic-60-minutes/6e1daf78-cf60-404b-bcae-f22282529b22 (accessed on 1 October 2020).

142 India Today. 2020. ‘US Will Make Sure Other Countries Know That Coronavirus Originated in China: Mike Pompeo’. Washington, 25 April. Available at https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/us-will-make-sure-other-countries-know-that-coronavirus-originated-in-china-mike-pompeo-1670862-2020-04-25 (accessed on 1 October 2020).

143 Delaney, R. 2020. ‘Pompeo Calls on China to Share Early Coronavirus Samples’. South China Morning Post, 23 April. Available at https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3081139/coronavirus-mike-pompeo-calls-china-share-early-virus-samples (accessed on 1 October 2020).

144 Wamsley, L. 2020. ‘National Security Adviser O’Brien Alleges WHO Is “Propaganda Tool for the Chinese”’. NPR, 21 April. Available at https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/04/21/840582956/national-security-adviser-obrien-alleges-who-is-propaganda-tool-for-the-chinese (accessed on 1 October 2020).

145 Gebrekidan et al. ‘In Hunt for the Virus Source, W.H.O Let China Take Charge’.

146 Xinhua. 2020. ‘China Urges US to Stop Politicizing COVID-19 Pandemic’. People’s Daily, Beijing, 17 April. Available at http://en.people.cn/n3/2020/0418/c90000-9681247.html (accessed on 1 October 2020).

147 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China. 2020. ‘Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Geng Shuang’s Regular Press Conference on April 22, 2020’. Available at https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/t1772428.shtml (accessed on 1 October 2020).

148 Global Times. 2020. ‘Hooliganism Infects US Judiciary: Global Times Editorial’. 23 April. Available at https://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1186561.shtml (accessed on 1 October 2020).

149 People’s Daily. 2020. ‘US Has No Grounds for Compensation Against China’. 27 April. Available at http://en.people.cn/n3/2020/0427/c90000-9684505.html (accessed on 1 October 2020). Also see Jia, J. 2020. ‘American Politicians, Do More!’. People’s Daily, 23 April. Available at http://world.people.com.cn/n1/2020/0423/c1002-31684992.html (accessed on 1 October 2020).

150 Churchill, O. 2020. ‘China’s US Ambassador Takes Veiled Swipe at Trump for Politicising Outbreak’. South China Morning Post, 22 April. Available at https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3080943/coronavirus-chinese-envoy-cui-tiankai-takes-veiled-swipe (accessed on 1 October 2020).

151 Global Times. 2020. ‘Scientists “Unable to Judge” if US Lab Is Virus Source due to Lack of Govt Response’. 23 April. Available at https://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1186556.shtml (accessed on 1 October 2020).

152 Lee, Y.S. 2020. ‘China Says It Has No Interest in Meddling in U.S. Election’. Reuters, Beijing, 30 April. Available at https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-china-trump-mofa/china-says-it-has-no-interest-in-meddling-in-u-s-election-idUSKBN22C156 (accessed on 1 October 2020).

153 The White House. 2020. ‘Remarks by President Trump at Signing of a Proclamation in Honor of National Nurses Day’. Available at https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-signing-proclamation-honor-national-nurses-day/?stream=top (accessed on 1 October 2020).

154 Cohen, Z. et al. 2020. ‘Trump Contradicts US Intel Community by Claiming He’s Seen Evidence Coronavirus Originated in Chinese Lab’. CNN, Washington, 1 May. Available at https://edition.cnn.com/2020/04/30/politics/trump-intelligence-community-china-coronavirus-origins/index.html (accessed on 1 October 2020).

155 Office of the Director of National Intelligence. 2020. ‘Intelligence Community Statement on Origins of COVID-19’. Available at https://www.dni.gov/index.php/newsroom/press-releases/item/2112-intelligence-community-statement-on-origins-of-covid-19 (accessed on 1 October 2020).

156 Mitchell, E. 2020. ‘Joint Chiefs of Staff Chairman Says Evidence Suggests Coronavirus Was Not Man-made or Released from Lab’. The Hill, 5 May. Available at https://thehill.com/policy/defense/496241-joint-chiefs-of-staff-chairman-says-evidence-suggests-coronavirus-was-not (accessed on 1 October 2020). Also see Cillizza, C. 2020. ‘Anthony Fauci Just Crushed Donald Trump’s Theory on the Origins of the Coronavirus’. CNN, 5 May. Available at https://edition.cnn.com/2020/05/05/politics/fauci-trump-coronavirus-wuhan-lab/index.html (accessed on 1 October 2020).

157 Sanger, E.D. 2020. ‘Pompeo Ties Coronavirus to China Lab, Despite Spy Agencies’ Uncertainty’. The New York Times, Washington, 3 May. Available at https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/03/us/politics/coronavirus-pompeo-wuhan-china-lab.html (accessed on 1 October 2020).

158 The Wall Street Journal. 2020 ‘The Wuhan Lab Theory’. The Wall Street Journal, 6 May. Available at https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-wuhan-lab-theory-11588806940 (accessed on 1 October 2020).

159 Finnegan, C. and Margolin, J. 2020. ‘Pompeo Changes Tune on Chinese Lab’s Role in Virus Outbreak, as Intel Officials Cast Doubt’. ABC News, 8 May. Available at https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/pompeo-tune-chinese-labs-role-virus-outbreak-intel/story?id=70559769 (accessed on 1 October 2020).

160 Stanway, D. 2020. ‘China Lab Rejects COVID-19 Conspiracy Claims, but Virus Origins Still a Mystery’. Reuters, Shanghai, 28 April. Available at https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-china-lab/china-lab-rejects-covid-19-conspiracy-claims-but-virus-origins-still-a-mystery-idUSKCN22A0MM (accessed on 1 October 2020).

161 Sun, W. 2020. ‘Viruses Don’t Respect Borders. Come Together’. Hindustan Times, 30 April. Available at https://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/viruses-don-t-respect-borders-come-together/story-dVVMKCOhnXnZtP38JfbB9I.html (accessed on 1 October 2020).

162 Embassy of the People’s Republic of China in India. 2020. ‘COVID-19, 15 Truths You Need to Know’. Available at http://in.china-embassy.org/eng/embassy_news/t1779506.htm (accessed on 1 October 2020).

163 Xinhua. 2020. ‘The Chinese Embassy in Israel Published the Response on China-Related Comments by Secretary Pompeo’. 17 May. Available at http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-05/17/c_139064061.htm (accessed on 1 October 2020).

164 Global Times. 2020. ‘Pompeo an Enemy to World Peace: Global Times Editorial’. 26 April. Available at https://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1186812.shtml (accessed on 1 October 2020).

165 Areddy, T.J. 2020. ‘Chinese Media Denounce Pompeo Allegation That Coronavirus Can Be Traced to Wuhan Lab’. The Wall Street Journal, 4 May. Available at https://www.wsj.com/articles/chinese-media-denounce-pompeo-allegation-that-coronavirus-can-be-traced-to-wuhan-lab-11588617734 (accessed on 1 October 2020). Also see Jiang Li. 2020. ‘Commentary: Washington, Disruptor-in-Chief in Global Pandemic Fight’. Xinhua, Beijing, 5 May. http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-05/05/c_139031728.htm (accessed on 1 October 2020).

166 Dong, D. 2020. ‘Pompeo, “Public Enemy”’. Available at https://chinamediaproject.org/2020/05/07/pompeo-public-enemy/ (accessed on 1 October 2020).

167 Fifield, A. 2020. ‘Mike Pompeo Is China’s Target of Choice in Coronavirus Wrangles with US’. The Washington Post, 30 April. Available at https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/china-mike-pompeo-coronavirus-wuhan-lab/2020/04/30/1c9c8e8a-8acb-11ea-9759-6d20ba0f2c0e_story.html (accessed on 1 October 2020).

168 China Global Television Network. 2020. ‘Pompeo’s Credibility Test’. 20 May. Available at https://news.cgtn.com/news/2020-05-20/Pompeo-s-Credibility-Test-QDDxd6K5sk/index.html (accessed on 1 October 2020).

169 Gallagher, R. 2020. ‘China Has Launched a Social Media Disinformation Campaign on Coronavirus, Researcher Says’. The Print, Edinburgh, 13 May. Available at https://theprint.in/tech/china-has-launched-a-social-media-disinformation-campaign-on-coronavirus-researcher-says/420210/ (accessed on 1 October 2020).

170 McMillan, R. 2020. ‘Twitter Takes Down Chinese Government-Linked Accounts It Says Pushed Propaganda’. The Wall Street Journal, 11 June. Available at https://www.wsj.com/articles/twitter-takes-down-chinese-government-linked-accounts-it-says-pushed-propaganda-11591909280 (accessed on 1 October 2020).

171 See Coldewey, D. 2020. ‘YouTube Bans Thousands of Chinese Accounts to Combat “Coordinated Influence Operations”’. Available at: https://techcrunch.com/2020/08/05/youtube-bans-thousands-of-chinese-accounts-to-combat-coordinated-influence-operations/ (accessed on 1 October 2020). Also see BBC. 2020. ‘Facebook Shuts Down 150 Fake Chinese Accounts’. 23 September. Available at https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-54263798 (accessed on 1 October 2020).

172 Patranobis, S. 2020. ‘WHO Not Part of Chinese Probe into Coronavirus Origins, Transmission’. Hindustan Times, Beijing, 15 March. Available at https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/who-not-part-of-chinese-probe-into-coronavirus-origins-transmission/story-qQhr0ZmRJ1NPdFRIagEmNN.html (accessed on 1 October 2020). Also see Page, J. and Khan, N. 2020. ‘On the Ground in Wuhan, Signs of China Stalling Probe of Coronavirus Origins’. The Wall Street Journal, 12 May. Available at https://www.wsj.com/articles/china-stalls-global-search-for-coronavirus-origins-wuhan-markets-investigation-11589300842 (accessed on 1 October 2020).

173 Zhang, P. 2020. ‘China Backs Who Investigating Origin of Covid-19, Hits Out at US “Politicising Issue”’. South China Morning Post, Shenzhen, 7 May. Available at https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3083372/china-backs-who-investigating-origin-covid-19-hits-out-us (accessed on 2 October 2020).

174 Salama, V. et al. 2020. ‘Trump Officials Try to Enlist Foreign Allies in Pressure Campaign against China Over Coronavirus Response’. CNN, Washington, 5 May. Available at https://edition.cnn.com/2020/05/05/politics/trump-enlist-foreign-allies-blame-china-coronavirus/index.html (accessed on 2 October 2020).

175 See Hurst, D. and Ben Doherty, B. 2020. ‘Australia Hits Back at US Claim Linking Coronavirus to Wuhan Lab’. The Guardian, 7 May. Available at https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/may/07/australia-hits-back-at-us-claim-linking-coronavirus-to-wuhan-lab (accessed on 2 October 2020). Also see Galloway, A. and Bagshaw, E. 2020. ‘Coronavirus Australia: COVID-19 Origin Theory about Wuhan Lab Tests Relationship With US’. The Sidney Morning Herald, 7 May. Available at https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/australian-concern-over-us-spreading-unfounded-claims-about-wuhan-lab-20200506-p54qhp.html (accessed on 2 October 2020).

176 Needham, K. 2020. ‘Australia to pursue coronavirus investigation at World Health Assembly’. Reuters, 23 April. Available at https://in.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-australia-china/australia-to-pursue-coronavirus-investigation-at-world-health-assembly-idUSKCN2251G7

177 ‘Transcript of Chinese Ambassador Cheng Jingye’s interview with Australian Financial Review political correspondent Andrew Tillett’. 27 April. Available at http://au.china-embassy.org/eng/gdtp_16/t1773741.htm.

178 Needham, K. and Packham, C. 2020. ‘China Halts Beef Imports from Four Australian Firms as Covid-19 Spat Sours Trade’. Reuters, Sydney, 12 May. Available at https://www.reuters.com/article/us-australia-china-beef/china-suspends-imports-from-four-australian-abattoirs-as-spat-sours-trade-idUSKBN22O0FB (accessed on 2 October 2020).

179 Global Times. 2020. ‘Australia Delusional in Expecting Normal Trade Amid Tensions with China’. 13 May. Available at https://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1188277.shtml (accessed on 2 October 2020).

180 Dziedzic, S. 2020. ‘Australia started a fight with China over an investigation into COVID-19 — did it go too hard?’. ABC News, 20 May. Available at: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-05-20/wha-passes-coronavirus-investigation-australia-what-cost/12265896

181 Blanchard, B. 2020. ‘Taiwan Rejects China’s Main Condition for WHO Participation’. Reuters, Taipei, 15 May. Available at https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-taiwan/taiwan-rejects-chinas-main-condition-for-who-participation-idUSKBN22R0HM (accessed on 2 October 2020).

182 See, Kewalramani, Manoj, and Mani, K. Shivam. 2020. ‘PRC’s Influence on Taiwan’s Polity: Instruments & Efficacy’. Report submitted to the Takshashila Institution, Bengaluru. Available at https://takshashila.org.in/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/TSA-PRCs-Influence-on-Taiwans-Polity-SM-MK-2020-01.pdf (accessed on 2 October 2020).

183 Horton, C. 2020. ‘China Seeks to Deny Taiwan Seat at Key WHO Meeting’. Nikkei, Taipei, 14 May. Available at https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/International-relations/China-seeks-to-deny-Taiwan-seat-at-key-WHO-meeting (accessed on 2 October 2020).

184 Everington, K. 2020. ‘India Top Country Tweeting for Taiwan Membership in WHA’. Taiwan News, Taipei, 6 May. Available at https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3929033 (accessed on 2 October 2020).

185 Xinhua. 2020. ‘China’s Foreign Ministry Underlines One-China Principle on WHO Affairs’. Beijing, 12 May. Available at http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-05/12/c_139050931.htm (accessed on 2 October 2020).

186 Reuters. 2020. ‘China Berates New Zealand Over Support for Taiwan at WHO’. CNA, Beijing, 11 May. Available at https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/covid-19-world-health-organization-china-taiwan-new-zealand-12721646 (accessed on 2 October 2020).

187 Lynch, C. 2020. ‘China Seeks Support for Effort to Keep Taiwan out of World Health Organization Meetings’. Foreign Policy, 15 May. Available at https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/05/15/china-taiwan-united-states-world-health-organization-observer/ (accessed on 2 October 2020).

188 Associated Press. 2020. ‘Taiwan Says It Will Not Press for WHA Participation’. Outlook, Taipei, 18 May. Available at https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/taiwan-says-it-will-not-press-for-wha-participation/1838002 (accessed on 2 October 2020).

189 Bagchi, I. 2020. ‘India Supports Move at WHO to Seek Origin of Coronavirus; Xi Announces $2 Billion to Fight Covid-19’. Times of India, New Delhi, 18 May. Available at https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-supports-move-at-who-to-seek-origin-of-coronavirus-xi-announces-2-billion-to-fight-covid-19/articleshow/75813110.cms (accessed on 2 October 2020).

190 World Health Organization. 2020. ‘COVID-19 Response’. Geneva. Available at https://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/WHA73/A73_CONF1Rev1-en.pdf (accessed on 3 October 2020).

191 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China. 2020. ‘Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Zhao Lijian’s Regular Press Conference on May 20, 2020’. Available at https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/2511_665403/t1780978.shtml (accessed on 3 October 2020).

192 Gebrekidan et al. ‘In Hunt for the Virus Source, W.H.O Let China Take Charge’.

193 Xinhua. 2020. ‘Full Text: Speech by President Xi Jinping at Opening of 73rd World Health Assembly’. Beijing, 18 May. Available at http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-05/18/c_139067018.htm (accessed on 3 October 2020).

194 The White House. 2020. ‘United States Strategic Approach to the People’s Republic of China’. Available at https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/U.S.-Strategic-Approach-to-The-Peoples-Republic-of-China-Report-5.24v1.pdf (accessed on 3 October 2020).

CHAPTER 7: A MAJOR POWER

1 Paulson, M. Henry. 2016. Dealing with China: An Insider Unmasks the New Economic Superpower. New York: Twelve.

2 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China. 2020. ‘Study and Implement Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy Conscientiously and Break New Ground in Major-Country Diplomacy with Chinese Characteristics’. Available at https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/zxxx_662805/t1799305.shtml (accessed on 6 October 2020).

3 Cao, D. 2020. ‘Xi’s Thought on Diplomacy Shares Visions’. China Daily, 21 July. Available at https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202007/21/WS5f1624d8a31083481725ad84.html (accessed on 6 October 2020).

4 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China. ‘Study and Implement Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy Conscientiously and Break New Ground in Major-Country Diplomacy with Chinese Characteristics’.

5 Prasad, E. and Sorkin, I. 2009. ‘Sky’s the Limit? National and Global Implications of China’s Reserve Accumulation’. Available at https://www.brookings.edu/articles/skys-the-limit-national-and-global-implications-of-chinas-reserve-accumulation/ (accessed on 6 October 2020).

6 Morrison, M. Wayne. 2009. ‘China and the Global Financial Crisis: Implications for the United States’. Report submitted to Congressional Research Service, Washington. Available at https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RS22984.pdf (accessed on 6 October 2020).

7 Davis, Bob. and Wei, Lingling. 2020. Superpower Showdown: How the Battle Between Trump and Xi Threatens a New Cold War. New York: HarperCollins.

8 Seager, A. 2009. ‘China Pins Blame for Financial Crisis on America’. The Guardian, Davos, 28 January. Available at https://www.theguardian.com/business/2009/jan/28/china-blames-america-for-credit-crisis (accessed on 6 October 2020).

9 Anderlini, J. 2009. ‘China Calls for New Reserve Currency’. Financial Times, Beijing, 24 March. Available at https://www.ft.com/content/7851925a-17a2-11de-8c9d-0000779fd2ac (accessed on 6 October 2020).

10 Rabinovitch, S. 2009. ‘Wary of U.S. Debt, China Shifts Gears on Investment’. Reuters, Beijing, 19 May. Available at https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-usa-investment-idUSTRE54I2H620090519 (accessed on 6 October 2020).

11 Wei, L. 2020. ‘Striving for Achievement in a New Era: China Debates Its Global Role’. The Pacific Review 33(3–4): 413–437.

12 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China. 2009. ‘China–US Joint Statement’. Available at https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjdt_665385/2649_665393/t629497.shtml (accessed on 6 October 2020).

13 Swaine, D. M. 2010. ‘China’s Assertive Behavior—Part One: On “Core Interests”’. Report submitted to Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Washington. Available at https://carnegieendowment.org/files/CLM34MS_FINAL.pdf (accessed on 6 October 2020).

14 Storey, I. 2010. ‘China’s Missteps in Southeast Asia: Less Charm, More Offensive’. China Brief 10(25): 4–7.

15 Yan, X. 2014. ‘From Keeping a Low Profile to Striving for Achievement’. The Chinese Journal of International Politics 7(2): 153–184.

16 Manyin, E. Mark et al. 2012. ‘Pivot to the Pacific? The Obama Administration’s “Rebalancing” Toward Asia’. Report submitted to Congressional Research Service, Washington. Available at https://fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/R42448.pdf (accessed on 6 October 2020).

17 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China. 2013. ‘Exploring the Path of Major-Country Diplomacy with Chinese Characteristics’. Available at https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjb_663304/wjbz_663308/2461_663310/t1053908.shtml (accessed on 6 October 2020).

18 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China. ‘Exploring the Path of Major-Country Diplomacy with Chinese Characteristics’.

19 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China. 2013. ‘Xi Jinping: Let the Sense of Community of Common Destiny Take Deep Root in Neighbouring Countries’. Available at https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjb_663304/wjbz_663308/activities_663312/t1093870.shtml#:~:te (accessed on 6 October 2020).

20 Yan. ‘From Keeping a Low Profile to Striving for Achievement’.

21 Yan. ‘From Keeping a Low Profile to Striving for Achievement’.

22 Campbell, Caitlin and Murray, Craig. 2013. ‘China Seeks a “New Type of Major-Country Relationship” with the United States’. Report submitted to U.S.–China Economic and Security Review Commission, Washington.

23 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China. 2014. ‘The Central Conference on Work Relating to Foreign Affairs Was Held in Beijing’. Available at https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/zxxx_662805/t1215680.shtml (accessed on 7 October 2020).

24 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China. ‘The Central Conference on Work Relating to Foreign Affairs Was Held in Beijing’.

25 Wang, J. 2019. ‘Xi Jinping’s “Major Country Diplomacy”: A Paradigm Shift?’. Journal of Contemporary China 28(115): 15–30.

26 Yang Jiechi. 2019. ‘Advancing China’s Major-Country Diplomacy Under the Guidance of Xi Jinping Thought on Foreign Affairs’. Qiushi Journal 11(41).

27 Xinhua. 2019. ‘Full Text of Chinese State Councilor’s Article on Xi Jinping’s Diplomacy Thought’. Beijing, 19 July. Available at http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2017-07/19/c_136456009.htm (accessed on 7 October 2020).

28 Xinhua. 2019. ‘Xi Urges Breaking New Ground in Major Country Diplomacy with Chinese Characteristics’. Beijing, 24 June. Available at http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-06/24/c_137276269.htm (accessed on 7 October 2020).

29 Gokhale, V. 2020. ‘China Doesn’t Want a New World Order. It Wants This One’. The New York Times, 4 June. Available at https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/04/opinion/china-america-united-nations.html (accessed on 7 October 2020).

30 India Today. 2018. ‘India Congratulates China on Being Elected FATF Vice President’. New Delhi, 25 February. Available at https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/india-congratulates-china-on-being-elected-fatf-vice-president-1177331-2018-02-25 (accessed on 7 October 2020).

31 Fang, Y. 2020. ‘China Proposes to Inject New Wisdom into Global Digital Governance—Interview with Houlin Zhao, Secretary General of the International Telecommunication Union’. People’s Daily, Belgium, 28 September. Available at http://paper.people.com.cn/rmrb/html/2020-09/28/nw.D110000renmrb_20200928_7-03.htm (accessed on 7 October 2020).

32 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China. 2020. ‘Wang Yi Had a Phone Call with Italian Foreign Minister to Express Sympathy’. Available at https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/zxxx_662805/t1750607.shtml (accessed on 7 October 2020).

33 World Health Organization. 2017. ‘Towards a Health Silk Road’. Available at https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/2017/health-silk-road/en/ (accessed on 7 October 2020).

34 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China. 2020. ‘China Donates $20M in Support of WHO’s Global Fight Against COVID-19’. Available at https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/topics_665678/kjgzbdfyyq/t1753368.shtml (accessed on 7 October 2020).

35 Xinhua. 2020. ‘Xi Talks with UN Chief, Calling for Urgent Int’l Action Against Covid-19’. Beijing, 13 March. Available at http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-03/13/c_138872802.htm (accessed on 7 October 2020).

36 Xinhua. 2020. ‘Full Text of Xi’s Remarks at Extraordinary G20 Leaders’ Summit’. Beijing, 26 March. Available at http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-03/26/c_138920685.htm (accessed on 7 October 2020).

37 Bown, P.C. 2020. ‘China Should Export More Medical Gear to Battle COVID-19’. Available at https://www.piie.com/blogs/trade-and-investment-policy-watch/china-should-export-more-medical-gear-battle-covid-19 (accessed on 7 October 2020).

38 Bradsher, K. and Swanson, A. 2020. ‘The U.S. Needs China’s Masks, as Acrimony Grows’. The New York Times, Shanghai, 23 March. Available at https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/23/business/coronavirus-china-masks.html (accessed on 7 October 2020).

39 World Health Organization. 2020. ‘Report of the WHO–China Joint Mission on Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)’. Geneva.

40 China Global Television Network. 2020. ‘EU Makes Donations to Help China Fight Coronavirus’. 2 February. Available at https://news.cgtn.com/news/2020-02-01/China-s-Li-EU-s-von-der-Leyen-discuss-coronavirus-outbreak-over-phone-NJg1gNIx7q/index.html (accessed on 7 October 2020).

41 Bown. ‘China Should Export More Medical Gear to Battle COVID-19’.

42 Bown. ‘China Should Export More Medical Gear to Battle COVID-19’.

43 G20 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors Meeting. 2020. ‘Communiqué of Finance Ministers & Central Bank Governors’. G20 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors Meeting, Riyadh. Available at https://g20.org/en/media/Documents/G20_FMCBG_Communiqu%C3%A9_EN%20(2).pdf (accessed on 7 October 2020).

44 Forum on China–Africa Cooperation. 2020. ‘Xi Jinping Chairs the Extraordinary China–Africa Summit on Solidarity against COVID-19 and Gives a Keynote Speech’. Available at http://www.focac.org/eng/gdtp/t1790867.htm (accessed on 7 October 2020).

45 Forum on China–Africa Cooperation. ‘Xi Jinping Chairs the Extraordinary China–Africa Summit on Solidarity against COVID-19 and Gives a Keynote Speech’.

46 The State Council Information Office of the People’s Republic of China. 2020. ‘Fighting Covid-19: China in Action’. Beijing.

47 The State Council Information Office of the People’s Republic of China. ‘Fighting Covid-19: China in Action’.

48 The State Council Information Office of the People’s Republic of China. ‘Fighting Covid-19: China in Action’.

49 The State Council Information Office of the People’s Republic of China. ‘Fighting Covid-19: China in Action’.

50 Delegation of the European Union to China. 2020. ‘EU HRVP Josep Borrell: The Coronavirus Pandemic and the New World It Is Creating’. Available at https://eeas.europa.eu/delegations/china/76401/eu-hrvp-josep-borrell-coronavirus-pandemic-and-new-world-it-creating_en (accessed on 8 October 2020).

51 Delegation of the European Union to China. ‘EU HRVP Josep Borrell: The Coronavirus Pandemic and the New World It Is Creating’.

52 Ghiretti, F. 2020. ‘China, Italy and COVID-19: Benevolent Support or Strategic Surge?’. Istituto Affari Internazionali 20(14).

53 European Commission. 2020. ‘COVID-19: Commission Creates First Ever RescEU Stockpile’. Available at https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_20_476 (accessed on 8 October 2020).

54 Rose, M. 2020. ‘Europe Failing to Communicate Its Response to Coronavirus Crisis, France Says’. Reuters, Paris, 26 March. Available at https://in.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-europe-france/europe-failing-to-communicate-its-response-to-coronavirus-crisis-france-says-idUSKBN21C3DT (accessed on 8 October 2020).

55 BBC. 2020. ‘Coronavirus: EU Offers “Heartfelt Apology” to Italy’. 16 April. Available at https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-52311263 (accessed on 8 October 2020).

56 Cristiani, D. 2020. ‘The Chinese Charm Offensive Towards Italy as the Coronavirus Crisis Deepens’. China Brief 20(6): 13–18.

57 China Global Television Network. 2020. ‘Italy Criticizes EU for Not Responding Its Call for Help, “Only China Responded Bilaterally”’. 12 March. Available at https://news.cgtn.com/news/2020-03-12/Italy-calls-for-extra-help-for-COVID-19-only-China-responded--ONp6w2rmvu/index.html (accessed on 8 October 2020).

58 Xinhua. 2020. ‘Spotlight: Italy, China Stand Together in Joint Fight against COVID-19’. Rome, 27 May. Available at http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-05/27/c_139092441.htm (accessed on 8 October 2020).

59 Ghiretti. ‘China, Italy and COVID-19: Benevolent Support or Strategic Surge?’.

60 See Twitter posts by the official account of the Chinese embassy. Available at https://twitter.com/AmbCina/status/1239246287280771081 (accessed on 8 October 2020).

61 Johnson, M. and Yang, Y. 2020. ‘Allegations of Doctored Films Fuel Concerns about Beijing Propaganda’. Financial Times, Beijing, 3 May. Available at https://www.ft.com/content/ee8ae647-c536-4ec5-bc10-54787b3a265e (accessed on 8 October 2020).

62 Carrer, G. 2020. ‘Stick (to Gasparri) and Carrot (to Everyone Else). China Storms Parliament’. Available at Formiche, 20 March. https://formiche.net/2020/03/bastone-gasparri-carota-tutti-gli-altri-la-cina-allassalto-del-parlamento/ (accessed on 8 October 2020).

63 Chan, A. 2020. ‘“Grazie Cina!” China, Italy Jointly Fighting COVID-19’. China Daily, 17 March. Available at https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202003/17/WS5e7080f8a31012821727fc95.html (accessed on 8 October 2020).

64 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China. 2020. ‘State Councilor and Foreign Minister Wang Yi Had Phone Calls with Foreign Ministers of Hungary, Greece and Morocco’. Available at https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/zxxx_662805/t1759148.shtml (accessed on 8 October 2020).

65 Verma, R. 2020. ‘China’s “Mask Diplomacy”: To Change the COVID-19 Narrative in Europe’. Asia Europe Journal 18, 205–209.

66 China Global Television Network. 2020. ‘China Sends More Medical Aid after Czech President Appeals for Help in Its Fight against COVID-19’. 20 March. Available at https://news.cgtn.com/news/2020-03-20/Czech-president-thanks-China-for-support-in-fighting-COVID-19-pandemic-P0qSr9QOL6/index.html (accessed on 8 October 2020).

67 China Global Television Network. 2020. ‘Serbia’s State of Emergency: “China Is the Only Country That Can Help”’. 16 March. Available at https://news.cgtn.com/news/2020-03-16/Serbia-s-state-of-emergency-China-is-the-only-country-that-can-help--OUpWB3d0NW/index.html (accessed on 8 October 2020).

68 Simić, J. 2020. ‘Serbia Turns to China due to “Lack of EU Solidarity” on Coronavirus’. Euractiv, 18 March. Available at https://www.euractiv.com/section/china/news/serbia-turns-to-china-due-to-lack-of-eu-solidarity-on-coronavirus/ (accessed on 8 October 2020).

69 Simić. ‘Serbia Turns to China due to “Lack of EU Solidarity” on Coronavirus’.

70 China Global Television Network. 2020. ‘Serbian President Kisses Chinese Flag as Support Team Arrives’. 22 March.

71 European Commission. 2019. ‘EU–China Strategic Outlook: Commission and HR/VP Contribution to the European Council’. European Commission, Strasbourg.

72 Popescu, N. 2020. ‘How the Coronavirus Threatens a Geopolitical Europe’. Available at https://ecfr.eu/article/commentary_how_the_coronavirus_threatens_a_geopolitical_europe/ (accessed on 8 October 2020).

73 Kahn, Sylvain and Prin, Estelle. 2020. ‘In the Time of COVID-19, China’s Mask Has Fallen with Regard to Europe’. Report submitted to Robert Schuman Foundation, Brussels.

74 European Think-tank Network on China. 2020. ‘COVID19 and Europe-China Relations’. Available at https://www.ifri.org/sites/default/files/atoms/files/etnc_special_report_covid-19_china_europe_2020.pdf (accessed on 8 October 2020).

75 Radio Television Hong Kong. 2020. ‘Spain Buys Chinese Medical Gear Worth 432 mn Euros’. 25 March. Available at https://news.rthk.hk/rthk/en/component/k2/1516840-20200325.htm (accessed on 8 October 2020).

76 European Think-tank Network on China. ‘COVID19 and Europe–China Relations’.

77 Peel, M. et al. 2020. ‘Countries Reject China Pandemic Product Batches’. Financial Times, 29 March. Available at https://www.ft.com/content/f3435779-a706-45c7-a7e2-43efbdd7777b (accessed on 8 October 2020). See also, Kewalramani, M. 2020. ‘Survey Findings: Perceptions of PRC Amid Covid-19 Pandemic’. Available at https://takshashila.org.in/survey-findings-perceptions-of-prc-amid-covid-19-pandemic/ (accessed on 8 October 2020).

78 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China. 2020. ‘Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Hua Chunying’s Regular Press Conference on April 2, 2020’. Available at https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/2511_665403/t1765251.shtml (accessed on 8 October 2020).

79 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China. ‘Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Hua Chunying’s Regular Press Conference on April 2, 2020’.

80 Stevenson, A. and May, T. 2020. ‘China Pushes to Churn Out Coronavirus Gear, Yet Struggles to Police It’. The New York Times, Hong Kong, 27 March. Available at https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/27/business/china-coronavirus-masks-tests.html (accessed on 9 October 2020).

81 China Daily. 2020. ‘Do China’s Coronavirus Test Kits Have a High Error Rate?’. 28 March. Available at https://covid-19.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202003/28/WS5e7e53bfa3101282172829dc.html#:~:text=Some%20Spanish%20doctors%20say%20Chinese,El%20Pais%20said%20on%20Thursday. (accessed on 9 October 2020).

82 Yang, X. 2020. ‘Spotlight: China Refutes Smears on Quality of Medical Supplies, Improves Export Management’. Xinhua, Prague, 3 April. Available at http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-04/03/c_138944093.htm (accessed on 9 October 2020).

83 Su, A. 2020. ‘China’s Quality Control Problem in Leading Coronavirus Fight’. Los Angeles Times, Beijing, 10 April. Available at https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2020-04-10/china-beijing-supply-world-coronavirus-fight-quality-control (accessed on 9 October 2020).

84 Stevenson and May. ‘China Pushes to Churn Out Coronavirus Gear, Yet Struggles to Police It’.

85 O’Keeffe, K. et al. 2020. ‘China’s Export Restrictions Strand Medical Goods US Needs to Fight Coronavirus, State Department Says’. The Wall Street Journal, 16 April. Available at https://www.wsj.com/articles/chinas-export-restrictions-strand-medical-goods-u-s-needs-to-fight-coronavirus-state-department-says-11587031203 (accessed on 9 October 2020).

86 Embassy of the People’s Republic of China. 2020. ‘Response to Media Query by Spokesperson of Chinese Embassy in India Counselor Ji Rong on ICMR’s Announcement to Stop Using Rapid Antibody Test Kits Procured from Chinese Companies’. Available at http://in.china-embassy.org/eng/embassy_news/t1773987.htm?from=groupmessage (accessed on 9 October 2020).

87 This is drawn from my conversation with Andrew, ‘All Things Policy: Ep. 293: The Geopolitics of Covid-19’. Available at https://ivmpodcasts.com/all-things-policy-episode-list/2020/3/30/ep-293-the-geopolitics-of-covid-19 (accessed on 9 October 2020).

88 Lau, S. 2020. ‘Germany’s Merkel Plays Down China’s Providing Covid-19 Medical Supplies to EU’. South China Morning Post, 18 March. Available at https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3075659/coronavirus-germanys-angela-merkel-plays-down-chinas-provision (accessed on 9 October 2020).

89 European Commission. 2020. ‘Coronavirus: Commission Issues Guidelines to Protect Critical European Assets and Technology in Current Crisis’. Available at https://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/press/index.cfm?id=2124 (accessed on 9 October 2020).

90 Reuters. 2020. ‘EU Trade Chief Urges for More Diverse Supply Chains After Crisis’. Brussels, 16 April. Available at https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-eu-trade/eu-trade-chief-urges-for-more-diverse-supply-chains-after-crisis-idUSKCN21Y27P (accessed on 9 October 2020).

91 Mallet, V. and Khalaf, R. 2020. ‘Emmanuel Macron Says It Is Time to Think the Unthinkable’. Financial Times, London, 16 April. Available at https://www.ft.com/content/3ea8d790-7fd1-11ea-8fdb-7ec06edeef84 (accessed on 9 October 2020).

92 See Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China. 2020. ‘President Xi Jinping Speaks to French President Emmanuel Macron on the Phone’. Available at https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/zxxx_662805/t1760440.shtml (accessed on 9 October 2020). Also see Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China. 2020. ‘President Xi Jinping Speaks with German Chancellor Angela Merkel on the Phone’. Available at https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/zxxx_662805/t1761655.shtml (accessed on 9 October 2020).

93 Liu, G. 2020. ‘Playing the Moving Music of Cooperation against the Pandemic (Ambassador’s Essay)’. People’s Daily, 30 March. Available at http://paper.people.com.cn/rmrb/html/2020-03/30/nw.D110000renmrb_20200330_4-03.htm (accessed on 9 October 2020).

94 Zhang, Q. 2020. ‘Affirm Faith and Join Hands to Fight the Pandemic (Ambassador’s Essay)’. People’s Daily, 25 April. Available at http://paper.people.com.cn/rmrb/html/2020-04/25/nw.D110000renmrb_20200425_3-03.htm (accessed on 9 October 2020).

95 Zhang, M. 2020. ‘Draw Strength from Trust and Unity (Ambassador’s Essay)’. People’s Daily, 7 April. Available at http://paper.people.com.cn/rmrb/html/2020-04/07/nw.D110000renmrb_20200407_5-03.htm (accessed on 9 October 2020).

96 Apuzzo, M. 2020. ‘Pressured by China, E.U. Softens Report on Covid-19 Disinformation’. The New York Times, Brussels, 24 April. Available at https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/24/world/europe/disinformation-china-eu-coronavirus.html (accessed on 9 October 2020).

97 Norman, L. 2020. ‘Censored Op-Ed Highlights Rocky EU–China Relations Amid Coronavirus’. The Wall Street Journal, 8 May. Available at https://www.wsj.com/articles/censored-op-ed-highlights-rocky-eu-china-relations-amid-coronavirus-11588944396 (accessed on 9 October 2020).

98 EUvsDisinfo. 2020. ‘EEAS Special Report Update: Short Assessment of Narratives and Disinformation around the Covid-19 Pandemic (Update 23 April–18 May)’. Available at https://euvsdisinfo.eu/eeas-special-report-update-short-assessment-of-narratives-and-disinformation-around-the-covid19-pandemic-updated-23-april-18-may/ (accessed on 9 October 2020).

99 Chung, L. 2020. ‘Taipei Says Chinese Military Aircraft Flew Night Exercise Across Taiwan Strait’. South China Morning Post, Taiwan, 17 March. Available at https://www.scmp.com/news/china/military/article/3075526/taipei-says-chinese-military-aircraft-flew-night-exercise (accessed on 10 October 2020).

100 Liu, X. 2020. ‘Aircraft Carrier Liaoning Hosts Fighter Jet Drills Amid Epidemic’. Global Times, 24 March. Available at https://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1183598.shtml

101 Reuters. 2020. ‘Japan Says Destroyer and Chinese Boat Collided; China Says One Hurt’. Tokyo, 31 March. Available at https://www.reuters.com/article/us-japan-china/japan-says-destroyer-and-chinese-boat-collided-china-says-one-hurt-idUSKBN21I10U (accessed on 10 October 2020).

102 South China Morning Post. 2020. ‘Chinese Ship, Vietnamese Fishing Boat Collide in South China Sea’. 3 April. Available at https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/southeast-asia/article/3078286/chinese-ship-hits-and-sinks-vietnamese-fishing-boat-south (accessed on 10 October 2020).

103 Haver, Z. 2020. ‘Sansha and the Expansion of China’s South China Sea Administration’. Available at https://amti.csis.org/sansha-and-the-expansion-of-chinas-south-china-sea-administration/ (accessed on 10 October 2020).

104 Huang, K. 2020. ‘Beijing Marks Out South China Sea Claims by Naming Features’. South China Morning Post, Hong Kong, 20 April. Available at https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3080721/beijing-marks-out-claims-south-china-sea-naming-geographical (accessed on 10 October 2020).

105 Bengali, S. 2020. ‘Coronavirus Doesn’t Curb China Aggression in South China Sea’. Los Angeles Times, Singapore, 10 April. Available at https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2020-04-10/coronavirus-doesnt-deter-chinas-aggression-in-south-china-sea (accessed on 10 October 2020).

106 Lee, N.Y. 2020. ‘Beijing May Be Using the Coronavirus Pandemic to Advance Its Interests in the Disputed South China Sea’. CNBC, 13 April. Available at https://www.cnbc.com/2020/04/14/china-advances-claims-in-south-china-sea-despite-coronavirus-pandemic.html (accessed on 10 October 2020).

107 Denmark, A. et al. 2020. ‘Same as It Ever Was: China’s Pandemic Opportunism on Its Periphery’. Available at https://warontherocks.com/2020/04/same-as-it-ever-was-chinas-pandemic-opportunism-on-its-periphery/ (accessed on 10 October 2020).

108 Fravel, M.T. 2020. ‘What Is China Doing in the South China Sea?’. Washington Post, 7 May. Available at https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/05/07/does-global-pandemic-open-new-south-china-sea-opportunities-beijing-not-really/ (accessed on 10 October 2020).

109 U.S. Department of State. 2020. ‘PRC’s Reported Sinking of a Vietnamese Fishing Vessel in the South China Sea’. Available at https://www.state.gov/the-united-states-imposes-sanctions-on-chinese-and-hong-kong-persons-for-activities-related-to-supporting-the-islamic-republic-of-iran-shipping-lines/ (accessed on 10 October 2020).

110 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China. 2020. ‘Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Zhao Lijian’s Regular Press Conference on April 7, 2020’. Available at https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/2511_665403/t1767006.shtml (accessed on 10 October 2020).

111 Singh, S. 2020. ‘First Intel on PLA Came Mid-April, Long before Pangong Clash’. The Indian Express, New Delhi, 15 July. Available at https://indianexpress.com/article/india/pla-troop-movement-lac-pangong-clash-indian-army-6506134/ (accessed on 10 October 2020).

112 Peri, D. 2020. ‘Indian, Chinese Troops Face Off in Eastern Ladakh, Sikkim’. The Hindu, New Delhi, 10 May. Available at https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/indian-chinese-troops-face-off-in-eastern-ladakh-sikkim/article31548893.ece (accessed on 10 October 2020).

113 The Times of India. 2020. ‘Sino-india Border Clashes: China Says Its Troops Committed to Uphold Peace’. Beijing, 11 May. Available at https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/china/sino-india-border-clashes-china-says-its-troops-committed-to-uphold-peace/articleshow/75672947.cms (accessed on 10 October 2020). Also see The Hindu. 2020. ‘India, China Troops Face-Offs Not Related: Army Chief’. New Delhi, 14 May. Available at https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-china-troops-face-offs-not-related-army-chief/article31581304.ece?homepage=true (accessed on 10 October 2020).

114 Patranobis, S. and Laskar, H.R. 2020. ‘Tensions Simmer Along LAC as India, China Step Up Vigil’. Hindustan Times, New Delhi, 20 May. Available at https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/tensions-simmer-along-lac-as-india-china-step-up-vigil/story-vpKqtZJm1nAOM3qk9t20FO.html (accessed on 10 October 2020).

115 Singh, R. et al. 2020. ‘India, China Disengage in Three Sectors at LAC’. Hindustan Times, New Delhi, 17 June. Available at https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-china-disengage-in-three-sectors-at-lac/story-EmSacJaICw7Qv4YjNX3v6L.html (accessed on 10 October 2020).

116 Xinhua. 2020. ‘Commentary: Jimmy Lai’s Arrest Shows No Lawbreakers Can Escape Justice’. Hong Kong, 28 February. Available at http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-02/28/c_138828479.htm (accessed on 10 October 2020).

117 Khan, N. 2020. ‘Hong Kong Police Arrest Opposition Politician Under Colonial-Era Law’. The Wall Street Journal, Hong Kong, 26 March. Available at https://www.wsj.com/articles/hong-kong-police-arrest-opposition-politician-under-colonial-era-law-11585226921 (accessed on 10 October 2020).

118 Hindustan Times. 2020. ‘Hong Kong Police Arrests at Least 14 Opposition Activists for Holding Unlawful Protests Last Year: Report’. 19 April. Available at https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/hong-kong-police-arrests-at-least-14-opposition-activists-for-holding-unlawful-protests-last-year-report/story-Y2dXzdQHmeM2dc46GDS7lI.html (accessed on 10 October 2020).

119 The Standard. 2020. ‘Beijing Envoy Luo Huining Sees Urgency for Article 23 Laws’. 15 April. Available at https://www.thestandard.com.hk/breaking-news/section/4/145669/Beijing-envoy-Luo-Huining-sees-urgency-for-Article-23-laws (accessed on 10 October 2020).

120 Buckley, C. and Bradsher, K. 2020. ‘As Coronavirus Keeps the West at Bay, China Moves to Tame Hong Kong’. The New York Times, 22 May. Available at https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/22/business/china-hong-kong-national-security.html (accessed on 10 October 2020).

121 Reuters. 2020. ‘China Says Hong Kong Will Never Be Calm Unless Violent Protesters Removed’. 6 May. Available at https://mobile.reuters.com/article/amp/idUSKBN22I09H (accessed on 10 October 2020).

122 Xinhua. 2020. ‘Xinhua Headlines: China Adopts Decision to Make Hong Kong National Security Laws’. Beijing, 28 May. Available at http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-05/28/c_139096680.htm (accessed on 10 October 2020).

123 Xinhua. 2020. ‘Xinhua Headlines: Nearly 2.93 mln HK Residents Show Support of National Security Legislation by Signing Petition’. Hong Kong, 2 June. Available at http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-06/02/c_139105926.htm (accessed on 10 October 2020).

124 Stevenson, A. 2020. ‘Beijing Threatens Hong Kong’s Companies and Workers’. The New York Times, Hong Kong, 31 May. Available at https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/31/business/hong-kong-china-business.html (accessed on 10 October 2020).

125 Wong, N. and Chung, K. 2020. ‘Beijing’s Liaison Office Held “Unprecedented” Round of Meetings with Senior Hong Kong Officials to Boost Support for National Security Law’. South China Morning Post, Hong Kong, 10 June. Available at https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/3088491/beijings-liaison-office-held-unprecedented-round-meetings (accessed on 10 October 2020).

126 Cui, T. 2020. ‘China’s US Ambassador on Hong Kong National Security Law’. Bloomberg, 30 May. Available at https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2020-05-30/china-s-u-s-ambassador-on-hong-kong-national-security-law (accessed on 10 October 2020).

127 Consulate General of the People’s Republic of China in San Francisco. 2020. ‘Questions and Answers Regarding the Decision on Establishing and Improving the Legal System and Enforcement Mechanisms for the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) to Safeguard National Security Passed by the Third Session of the 13th National People’s Congress (NPC)’. Available at http://www.chinaconsulatesf.org/eng/lqyw/t1784430.htm (accessed on 11 October 2020).

128 Buckley, C. and Bradsher, K. 2020. ‘As Coronavirus Keeps the West at Bay, China Moves to Tame Hong Kong’. The New York Times, 22 May. Available at https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/22/business/china-hong-kong-national-security.html (accessed on 11 October 2020).

129 Hong Kong Bar Association. 2020. ‘Statement of Hong Kong Bar Association on Proposal of National People’s Congress to enact National Security Law in Hong Kong’. Hong Kong.

130 ANI. 2020. ‘US, UK Raise Concerns on Hong Kong Security Law in UNSC’. New York, 30 May. Available at https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/us-uk-raise-concerns-on-hong-kong-security-law-in-unsc20200530050313/

131 European Council. 2020. ‘Declaration of the High Representative on Behalf of the European Union on Hong Kong’. Available at https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2020/05/29/declaration-of-the-high-representative-on-behalf-of-the-european-union-on-hong-kong/ (accessed on 11 October 2020).

132 The Hindu. 2020. ‘China Seeks India’s Support for Its New Draconian Law to Crack Down on Hong Kong Protesters’. Beijing, 22 May. Available at https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/china-seeks-indias-support-for-its-new-draconian-law-to-crackdown-on-hong-kong-protesters/article31650642.ece (accessed on 11 October 2020).

133 People’s Daily. 2020. ‘“Support China’s Efforts to Maintain the Rule of Law and Order in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region”—Various Governments and Prominent Political Figures Have Expressed Their Support for the National People’s Congress of China to Implement the National Security Legislation Pertaining to Hong Kong’. Beijing, 11 June. Available at http://paper.people.com.cn/rmrb/html/2020-06/12/nw.D110000renmrb_20200612_1-03.htm (accessed on 11 October 2020).

134 Mission of the People’s Republic of China to the European Union. 2020. ‘Joint Statement of the Extraordinary China–Africa Summit on Solidarity against COVID-19’. Available at http://www.chinamission.be/eng/mhs/t1789596.htm (accessed on 11 October 2020).

135 China’s State Council published its annual report on human rights violations in the US in 2019 in March 2020. The document began by quoting Secretary of State Mike Pompeo’s April 2019 speech in Texas about his time as the CIA Director: ‘“We lied, we cheated, we stole.... It reminds you of the glory of the American experiment”, said U.S. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo in a speech on April 15, 2019. The remarks of US politicians have completely exposed their hypocrisy of adopting double standards on human rights issues and using them to maintain hegemony.’ See State Council Information Office of the People’s Republic of China. 2020. ‘The Record of Human Rights Violations in the United States in 2019’. Available at http://download.people.com.cn/waiwen/eight15840920921.pdf (accessed on 11 October 2020).

136 Xinhua. 2017. ‘Full Text of Beijing Declaration Adopted by the First South-South Human Rights Forum’. Beijing, 8 December. Available at http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2017-12/08/c_136811775.htm (accessed on 11 October 2020).

137 Yang, S. ‘Western States’ “Surrender” to COVID-19 Shocks Chinese’. Global Times, 16 March. Available at https://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1182703.shtml (accessed on 11 October 2020).

138 Xinhua. 2020. ‘China Releases Article Exposing “US-Style Human Rights” Crisis Magnified by COVID-19’. Beijing, 11 June. Available at http://en.people.cn/n3/2020/0611/c90000-9699705.html (accessed on 11 October 2020).

139 Zhong, S. 2020. ‘Human Rights Come after Saving Lives in Fierce Pandemic’. People’s Daily, 4 May. Available at http://en.people.cn/n3/2020/0504/c90000-9686815.html (accessed on 11 October 2020).

140 Yang, S. 2020. ‘US Double Standards on Domestic Riots and Hong Kong Turmoil Mocked on Chinese Internet’. Global Times, 31 May. Available at https://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1190110.shtml (accessed on 11 October 2020).

141 Zhong, S. 2020. ‘Human Rights Cards Expose American Double Standards’. People’s Daily, 13 August. Available at http://en.people.cn/n3/2020/0813/c90000-9721060.html (accessed on 11 October 2020).

142 Zhong, S. 2020. ‘U.S. is the Creator of Human Right Disasters’. People’s Daily, 23 March. Available at http://en.people.cn/n3/2020/0323/c90000-9671210.html (accessed on 11 October 2020).

143 People’s Daily. 2020. ‘Poster: Disguise of Human Rights’. 1 June. Available at http://en.people.cn/n3/2020/0601/c90000-9696516.html (accessed on 11 October 2020).

144 Xinhua. 2020. ‘U.S. Government Sets Bad Example in Global Anti-Virus Fight’. People’s Daily, 22 March. Available at http://en.people.cn/n3/2020/0322/c90000-9670968.html (accessed on 11 October 2020).

145 Xinhua. 2020. ‘Experts Holds Webinar on Racism, Social Discrimination in US’. People’s Daily, Geneva, 8 July. Available at http://en.people.cn/n3/2020/0708/c90000-9708255.html (accessed on 11 October 2020).

146 China Global Television Network. 2020. ‘Human Rights Experts Raise Alarm on Rise of Racism, Xenophobia’. People’s Daily, 5 July. Available at http://en.people.cn/n3/2020/0705/c90000-9707050.html (accessed on 11 October 2020).

147 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China. 2020. ‘What’s False and What’s True on China-related Human Rights Matters’. Available at https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/zxxx_662805/t1794581.shtml (accessed on 11 October 2020).

148 Mang, C. and Chow, Y. 2020. ‘Exclusive: Support Dips for Hong Kong Democracy Protests as National Security Law Looms - Poll’. Reuters, Hong Kong, 26 June. Available at https://www.reuters.com/article/us-hongkong-protests-poll-exclusive/exclusive-support-dips-for-hong-kong-democracy-protests-as-national-security-law-looms-poll-idUSKBN23W3KO (accessed on 11 October 2020).

149 Xinhua. 2020. ‘Xinhua Headlines: China Adopts Law on Safeguarding National Security in Hong Kong’. Beijing, 30 June. Available at http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-07/01/c_139178802.htm (accessed on 11 October 2020).

150 United States Department of Commerce. 2020. ‘Statement from U.S. Secretary of Commerce Wilbur Ross on Revocation of Hong Kong Special Status’. Available at https://www.commerce.gov/news/press-releases/2020/06/statement-us-secretary-commerce-wilbur-ross-revocation-hong-kong (accessed on 11 October 2020).

151 U.S. Department of State. 2020. ‘On Beijing’s Imposition of National Security Legislation on Hong Kong’. Available at https://www.state.gov/on-beijings-imposition-of-national-security-legislation-on-hong-kong/ (accessed on 12 October 2020).

152 Mint. 2020. ‘Trump Ends Hong Kong’s Special Status with US to Punish China’. Mint, 15 July. Available at https://www.livemint.com/news/world/trump-ends-hong-kong-s-special-status-with-u-s-to-punish-china-11594804748835.html (accessed on 12 October 2020).

153 Consulate-General of the People’s Republic of China. 2020. ‘Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Zhao Lijian’s Regular Press Conference on July 3, 2020’. Available at http://mumbai.china-consulate.org/eng/fyrth/t1794629.htm (accessed on 12 October 2020).

CHAPTER 8: A NEW CONTEST

1 Xi, J. 2020. ‘Xi Jinping: Explanation of the “Recommendations of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Formulating the Fourteenth Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development and Long-Term Goals for 2035”’. Xinhua, Beijing, 3 November. Available at http://www.xinhuanet.com/politics/leaders/2020-11/03/c_1126693341.htm (accessed on 10 November 2020).

2 Stevens, M. 2020. ‘Read Joe Biden’s President-Elect Acceptance Speech: Full Transcript’. The New York Times, 9 November. Available at https://www.nytimes.com/article/biden-speech-transcript.html (accessed on 10 November 2020).

3 The U.S. Election Assistance Commission. 2017. ‘EAVS Deep Dive: Early, Absentee and Mail Voting’. The U.S. Election Assistance Commission, Maryland. Available at https://www.eac.gov/documents/2017/10/17/eavs-deep-dive-early-absentee-and-mail-voting-data-statutory-overview. (accessed on 14 November 2020).

4 BBC. 2020. ‘US Election 2020: Donald Trump’s Speech Fact-Checked’. 6 November. Available at https://www.bbc.com/news/election-us-2020-54837926. (accessed on 10 November 2020).

5 Lyons, K. 2020. ‘Twitter Flags President Trump’s Tweets About Ballot-Counting’. The Verge, 7 November. Available at https://www.theverge.com/2020/11/7/21554013/twitter-flags-president-trumps-tweets-votes-counted-election-pennsylvania (accessed on 10 November 2020).

6 Muller, D. 2020. ‘To Stay or Cut Away? As Trump Makes Baseless Claims, TV Networks Are Faced with a Serious Dilemma’. The Conversation, 6 November. Available at https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-11-07/conversation-to-stay-or-cut-away-as-trump-makes-baseless-claims/12859062 (accessed on 10 November 2020).

7 McTague, T. 2020. ‘Joe Biden Won’t Fix America’s Relationship with the World’. The Atlantic, 8 November. Available at https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2020/11/joe-biden-america-world/617016/ (accessed on 10 November 2020).

8 Reuters. 2020. ‘China Holds Off on Sending Congratulations to Biden’. Beijing, 8 November. Available at https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-election-china-reaction/china-says-will-follow-custom-in-making-statement-on-u-s-election-winner-idUSKBN27P0OY (accessed on 10 November 2020).

9 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China. 2020. ‘Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Wang Wenbin’s Regular Press Conference on November 13, 2020’. Available at https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/2511_665403/t1832285.shtml (accessed on 14 November 2020).

10 Hindustan Times. 2020. ‘China Exhibits Caution at US Presidential Election Result’. Hong Kong, 9 November. Available at https://www.hindustantimes.com/us-presidential-election/china-exhibits-caution-at-us-presidential-election-result/story-pi5KfMlNlmbWARlnCppdfP.html (accessed on 10 November 2020).

11 Mint. 2020. ‘Chinese Social Media Abuzz with Joe Biden’s Election Triumph’. Hong Kong, 9 November. Available at https://www.livemint.com/news/world/chinese-social-media-abuzz-with-joe-biden-s-election-triumph-11604880098772.html (accessed on 10 November 2020).

12 Mai, J. and Rui, G. 2020. ‘China Quiet on US Election but State Media Directs Attention to Chaos’. South China Morning Post, Beijing, 6 November. Available at https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3108663/china-may-be-quiet-us-election-state-media-drawing-attention (accessed on 10 November 2020).

13 Global Times. 2020. ‘Chinese People Showing Interest in US Presidential Election for Laughs, Comicalness’. 5 November. Available at https://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1205864.shtml (accessed on 10 November 2020).

14 Hu, X. 2020. ‘Outgoing Trump Leaves Behind Legacy of Degraded US Politics’. Global Times, 8 November. Available at https://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1206137.shtml (accessed on 10 November 2020).

15 Qu, T. 2020. ‘Joe Biden Becomes the Hottest Topic on Chinese Social Media’. South China Morning Post, 8 November. Available at https://www.scmp.com/tech/article/3108973/us-presidential-election-biden-becomes-hottest-topic-chinese-social-media (accessed on 10 November 2020).

16 Mowbray, H. 2020. ‘Trending in China: The 2020 US Election as Sport as Weibo Goes Crazy’. Caixin, 5 November. https://www.caixinglobal.com/2020-11-05/trending-in-china-the-2020-us-election-as-sport-as-weibo-goes-crazy-101623541.html (accessed on 8 November 2020).

17 Mai and Rui. ‘China Quiet on US Election but State Media Directs Attention to Chaos’.

18 Shih, G. 2020. ‘US Election Turmoil Leaves China Awash with Schadenfreude’. The Washington Post, Taipei, 5 November. Available at https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/election-china-trump-biden/2020/11/05/37ddc42c-1dd6-11eb-ad53-4c1fda49907d_story.html (accessed on 10 November 2020).

19 Bloomberg. 2020. ‘Xi Says Economy Can Double as China Lays Out Ambitious Plans’. 3 November. Available at https://www.bloombergquint.com/global-economics/china-s-xi-says-economy-can-double-in-size-by-2035 (accessed on 10 November 2020).

20 Buckley, C. and Myers, L.S. 2020. ‘As the West Stumbles, “Helmsman” Xi Pushes an Ambitious Plan for China’. The New York Times, 29 October. Available at https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/29/world/asia/china-xi-communist-party-meeting.html (accessed on 10 November 2020).

21 Xinhua. 2020. ‘Proposals of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Formulating the Fourteenth Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development and Long-Term Goals for 2035’. Beijing, 3 November. Available at http://www.xinhuanet.com/politics/zywj/2020-11/03/c_1126693293.htm (accessed on 10 November 2020).

22 See Xi, J. 2020. ‘Xi Jinping: Explanation of the “Recommendations of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Formulating the Fourteenth Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development and Long-Term Goals for 2035”’. Xinhua, Beijing, 3 November. http://www.xinhuanet.com/politics/leaders/2020-11/03/c_1126693341.htm (accessed on 10 November 2020). Also see Zheng, W. 2020. ‘China Puts Focus on Development Agenda Amid “New Challenges, Conflicts”’. South China Morning Post, Hong Kong, 3 November. Available at https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3108326/china-puts-focus-development-agenda-amid-new-challenges-and (accessed on 10 November 2020).

23 The White House. 2020. ‘United States Strategic Approach to the People’s Republic of China’. Washington.

24 U.S. Department of State. ‘The Clean Network’. Available at https://www.state.gov/the-clean-network/ (accessed on 12 November 2020).

25 The White House. 2020. ‘Remarks by Deputy National Security Advisor Matt Pottinger to the Miller Center at the University of Virginia’. Available at https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-deputy-national-security-advisor-matt-pottinger-miller-center-university-virginia/ (accessed on 12 November 2020).

26 The White House. 2020. ‘The Chinese Communist Party’s Ideology and Global Ambitions’. Available at https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/chinese-communist-partys-ideology-global-ambitions/ (accessed on 12 November 2020).

27 Federal Bureau of Investigation. 2020. ‘The Threat Posed by the Chinese Government and the Chinese Communist Party to the Economic and National Security of the United States’. Available at https://www.fbi.gov/news/speeches/the-threat-posed-by-the-chinese-government-and-the-chinese-communist-party-to-the-economic-and-national-security-of-the-united-states (accessed on 12 November 2020).

28 U.S. Department of Justice. 2020. ‘Transcript of Attorney General Barr’s Remarks on China Policy at the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Museum’. Available at https://www.justice.gov/opa/speech/transcript-attorney-general-barr-s-remarks-china-policy-gerald-r-ford-presidential-museum (accessed on 12 November 2020).

29 Wong, E. et al. 2020. ‘U.S. Orders China to Close Houston Consulate, Citing Efforts to Steal Trade Secrets’. The New York Times, Washington, 22 July. Available at https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/22/world/asia/us-china-houston-consulate.html (accessed on 12 November 2020).

30 Embassy of the People’s Republic of China in the United States of America. 2020. ‘Statement of the Chinese Embassy in the United States’. Available at http://www.china-embassy.org/eng/zmgxss/t1799931.htm (accessed on 12 November 2020).

31 The Hindu. 2020. ‘China Asks U.S. to Shut Chengdu Consulate’. The Hindu, Beijing, 24 July. Available at https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/china-asks-us-to-close-its-consulate-in-chengdu/article32178992.ece (accessed on 12 November 2020).

32 U.S. Department of State. ‘Communist China and the Free World’s Future’. Available at https://www.state.gov/communist-china-and-the-free-worlds-future/ (accessed on 12 November 2020).

33 Fu, Y. 2020. ‘After the Pandemic, Then What?’. Available at https://www.chinausfocus.com/foreign-policy/after-the-pandemic-then-what (accessed on 12 November 2020).

34 Devlin, Kat, Silver, Laura and Huang, Christine. 2020. ‘Amid Coronavirus Outbreak, Americans’ Views of China Increasingly Negative’. Report submitted to Pew Research Center, Washington. Available at https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/04/21/u-s-views-of-china-increasingly-negative-amid-coronavirus-outbreak/ (accessed on 12 November 2020).

35 Center for Strategic and International Studies. 2020. ‘Mapping the Future of US China Policy’. Available at https://chinasurvey.csis.org/ (accessed on 12 November 2020).

36 The Guardian. 2020. ‘China Sanctions Approved by US House as Pelosi Calls Hong Kong Security Law “Horrific”’. 2 July. Available at https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jul/02/china-sanctions-approved-by-us-house-as-pelosi-calls-hong-kong-security-law-horrific (accessed on 12 November 2020).

37 Wolfe, J. 2020. ‘U.S. Senators Introduce New Bill to Punish Chinese Technology Theft’. Reuters, 12 June. Available at https://in.reuters.com/article/us-usa-china-ip/u-s-senators-introduce-new-bill-to-punish-chinese-technology-theft-idINKBN23I34A (accessed on 12 November 2020).

38 Green, M. 2020. ‘Congress Will Have Return to Bipartisan Policy with China’. The Hill, 22 October. Available at https://thehill.com/opinion/international/522277-congress-will-have-return-to-bipartisan-policy-with-china (accessed on 12 November 2020).

39 Chaguan. 2020. ‘Elites in Beijing See America in Decline, Hastened by Trump’. The Economist, 11 June. Available at https://www.economist.com/china/2020/06/11/elites-in-beijing-see-america-in-decline-hastened-by-trump (accessed on 12 November 2020).

40 Song, G. 2020. ‘US Is Overthrowing Washington Consensus’. Global Times, 13 July. Available at https://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1194336.shtml (accessed on 13 November 2020).

41 Wang, W. 2020. ‘COVID-19 Blunders Signal End of “American Century”’. Global Times, 30 March. Available at https://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1184201.shtml (accessed on 13 November 2020).

42 Yao, Y. 2020. ‘The New Cold War’. Available at https://www.readingthechinadream.com/yao-yang-the-new-cold-war.html (accessed on 13 November 2020).

43 AFP. 2020. ‘How Hot Could US–China “Cold War” Get?’. The Times of India, Washington, 21 July. Available at https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/us/how-hot-could-us-china-cold-war-get/articleshow/77080541.cms (accessed on 13 November 2020).

44 Jiang, S. 2020. ‘The Critical Decade’. Available at https://www.readingthechinadream.com/jiang-shigong-ten-crucial-years.html (accessed on 14 November 2020).

45 Jiang, S. ‘The Critical Decade’.

46 Jie, D. 2020. ‘Ideology and Sino-American Strategic Competition’. Available at https://www.readingthechinadream.com/jie-dalei-ldquoideology-and-sino-american-strategic-competitionrdquo.html (accessed on 12 November 2020).

47 Yuan, P. 2020. ‘Coronavirus Pandemic’. Available at https://www.readingthechinadream.com/yuan-peng-coronavirus-pandemic.html (accessed on 12 November 2020).

48 Zhong, S. 2020. ‘US Politicians Slandering China Goes against Civilization’. People’s Daily, 18 July. Available at http://en.people.cn/n3/2020/0718/c90000-9712215.html (accessed on 14 November 2020).

49 Yan, L. 2020. ‘Strategy to Suppress China Is Turning US into a Loner’. Global Times, 12 July. Available at https://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1194298.shtml (accessed on 14 November 2020).

50 Xinhua. 2020. ‘Xinhua Headlines: China to Make Cool-headed, Sensible Response to U.S. Impulsive Moves, Anxiety: FM’. Beijing, 5 August. Available at http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-08/06/c_139267925.htm (accessed on 14 November 2020).

51 Xinhua. 2020. ‘Full Text of Yang Jiechi’s Signed Article on China–US Relations’. Beijing, 7 August. Available at http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-08/07/c_139272907.htm (accessed on 14 November 2020).

52 Xinhua. 2020. ‘Full Text of Yang Jiechi’s Signed Article on China–US Relations’. Beijing, 7 August. Available at http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-08/07/c_139272907.htm (accessed on 14 November 2020).

53 Davidson, H. 2020. ‘Chinese Flyovers Towards Taiwan Peaked in October Amid Rising Tensions’. The Guardian, Taipei, 2 November. Available at https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/nov/02/chinese-flyovers-towards-taiwan-peaked-in-october-amid-rising-tensions (accessed on 14 November 2020).

54 Kluth, A. 2020. ‘Europe Just Declared Independence from China’. Bloomberg, 5 September. Available at https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2020-09-05/europe-just-declared-independence-from-china (accessed on 14 November 2020).

55 BBC. 2020. ‘Hong Kong: China Condemns Defiant Opposition Lawmakers’. 13 November. Available at https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-54900174 (accessed on 14 November 2020).

56 Xinhua. 2020. ‘Xi Says No Universal Path to Human Rights Development’. Beijing, 14 September. Available at http://en.people.cn/n3/2020/0915/c90000-9760330.html (accessed on 14 November 2020).

57 Tan, S. and Zheng, W. 2020. ‘China–Australia Relations: Ban on US$400 Million Australian Wheat Imports Looms’. South China Morning Post, Hong Kong, 3 November. Available at https://www.scmp.com/economy/china-economy/article/3108176/china-australia-relations-ban-us400-million-australian-wheat (accessed on 14 November 2020).

58 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China. 2020. ‘Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Wang Wenbin’s Regular Press Conference on November 12, 2020’. Available at https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/2511_665403/t1831861.shtml (accessed on 14 November 2020).

59 Tang, F. 2020. ‘Xi Jinping Calls for China’s State-Owned Enterprises to Be “Stronger and Bigger”, Despite US, EU Opposition’. South China Morning Post, Beijing, 3 November. Available at https://www.scmp.com/economy/china-economy/article/3108288/xi-jinping-calls-chinas-state-owned-enterprises-be-stronger (accessed on 14 November 2020).

60 Shi, T. 2017. ‘China Signals Patriotism as Key Expectation for Entrepreneurs’. Bloomberg, 26 September. Available at https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-09-26/china-tells-entrepreneurs-they-must-put-patriotism-over-profit (accessed on 14 November 2020).

61 Livingston, S. 2020. ‘The Chinese Communist Party Targets the Private Sector’. Report Submitted to Center for Strategic and International Studies, Washington. Available at https://www.csis.org/analysis/chinese-communist-party-targets-private-sector (accessed on 14 November 2020).

62 Wong, D. 2020. ‘What Is China’s New Infrastructure Plan and Will It Benefit Tech Investors?’. Available at https://www.china-briefing.com/news/how-foreign-technology-investors-benefit-from-chinas-new-infrastructure-plan/ (accessed on 14 November 2020).

63 Reuters. 2020. ‘Exclusive: Internal Chinese Report Warns Beijing Faces Tiananmen-Like Global Backlash Over Virus—Sources’. Beijing, 4 May. Available at https://in.reuters.com/article/health-coronavirus-china-sentiment/exclusive-internal-chinese-report-warns-beijing-faces-tiananmen-like-global-backlash-over-virus-sources-idINKBN22G194 (accessed on 14 November 2020).

64 Yan, X. 2020. ‘How to Prevent Ideological Disputes’. Available at https://www.readingthechinadream.com/yan-xuetong-how-to-prevent-ideological-disputes.html (accessed on 15 November 2020).

65 Xiang, L. 2020. ‘On Wolf Warrior Diplomacy’. Available at https://www.readingthechinadream.com/xiang-lanxin-on-wolf-warrior-diplomacy.html (accessed on 15 November 2020).

66 Jiang, S. 2020. ‘The Critical Decade’. Available at https://www.readingthechinadream.com/jiang-shigong-ten-crucial-years.html (accessed on 14 November 2020).

67 Lo, K. 2020. ‘US–China Relations: Beijing Should Contain “Extreme Nationalism”, Ex-Diplomat Warns’. South China Morning Post, Hong Kong, 30 September. Available at https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3103550/us-china-relations-beijing-should-contain-extreme-nationalism (accessed on 15 November 2020).

68 Devlin, Kat, Silver, Laura and Huang, Christine. 2020. ‘Unfavorable Views of China Reach Historic Highs in Many Countries’. Report submitted to Pew Research Center, Washington. Available at https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/10/06/unfavorable-views-of-china-reach-historic-highs-in-many-countries/ (accessed on 15 November 2020).

69 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China. 2020. ‘Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Hua Chunying’s Regular Press Conference on October 9, 2020’. Available at https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/2511_665403/t1822871.shtml (accessed on 15 November 2020).

70 Devlin, Kat, Silver, Laura and Huang, Christine. 2019. ‘China’s Economic Growth Mostly Welcomed in Emerging Markets, but Neighbors Wary of Its Influence’. Report Submitted to Pew Research Center, Washington. Available at https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/10/06/unfavorable-views-of-china-reach-historic-highs-in-many-countries/ (accessed on 15 November 2020).

71 Stott, M. 2020. ‘China Cleans Up in Latin America as US Flounders Over Coronavirus’. Financial Times, 9 August. Available at https://www.ft.com/content/741e72ed-e1db-4609-b389-969318f170e8 (accessed on 15 November 2020).

72 For a good summary of Chinese diplomacy in Africa during the pandemic, see Bone, M.R. and Cinotto, F. 2020. ‘China’s Multifaceted COVID-19 Diplomacy Across Africa’. The Diplomat, 2 November. Available at https://thediplomat.com/2020/11/chinas-multifaceted-covid-19-diplomacy-across-africa/ (accessed on 15 November 2020).

73 Center for Strategic and International Studies. ‘Powers, Norms, and Institutions: The Future of the Indo-Pacific from a Southeast Asia Perspective’. June 2020. Available at https://csis-website-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/publication/20610_PowersNormsandInstitutions_FINAL%20UPDATED.pdf (accessed 5 January 2021).

74 VNA. 2020. ‘ASEAN–China Trade Reach over 481 billion USD in Nine Months of 2020’. 3 November. Available at https://en.vietnamplus.vn/aseanchina-trade-reach-over-481-billion-usd-in-nine-months-of-2020/189761.vnp (accessed on 15 November 2020).

75 China Global Television Network. 2020. ‘China to Be the Only Economy with Positive Growth in 2020, Says IMF Report’. 13 October. Available at https://news.cgtn.com/news/2020-10-13/World-GDP-to-drop-4-4-in-2020-IMF--UyNuoUIFlC/index.html (accessed on 15 November 2020).

76 Tanzi, A. and Wei Lu, W. 2020. ‘MF Data Shows Virus Will Push China GDP Growth Well Beyond U.S’. Bloomberg, 15 October. Available at https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-10-15/imf-data-shows-virus-will-push-china-gdp-growth-well-beyond-u-s#:~:text=The%20proportion%20of%20worldwide%20growth,share%20of%20expected%20global%20output (accessed on 15 November 2020).

77 Zenglein, M. 2020. ‘Mapping and Recalibrating Europe’s Economic Interdependence with China’. Mercator Institute for China Studies, 17 November. Available at https://merics.org/en/report/mapping-and-recalibrating-europes-economic-interdependence-china (accessed on 20 November 2020).

78 Zenglein. ‘Mapping and Recalibrating Europe’s Economic Interdependence with China’.

79 United Nations. 2020. ‘Global Foreign Direct Investment Halved Amid Pandemic, But China Remained Resilient’. Available at https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/10/1076232 (accessed on 15 November 2020).

80 Xinhua. 2020. ‘China’s FDI Down 1.3 Percent Year on Year in H1’. 16 July. Available at https://www.shine.cn/biz/finance/2007162313/#:~:text=In%20June%20alone%2C%20FDI%20climbed,the%20same%20period%20last%20year (accessed on 15 November 2020).

81 AmCham Shanghai. 2020. ‘2020 China Business Report’. Available at https://www.amcham-shanghai.org/en/article/amcham-shanghai-releases-2020-china-business-report#:~:text=AmCham%20Shanghai%20released%20its%20bilingual,and%20insights%20of%20346%20members (accessed on 15 November 2020).

82 European Union Chamber of Commerce in China. 2020. ‘European Business in China Business Confidence Survey 2020’. Beijing.

83 European Commission. 2020. ‘EU–China Leaders’ Meeting: Upholding EU Values and Interests’. Brussels. Available at https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_20_1648 (accessed on 15 November 2020).

84 Blenkinsop, P. and Emmott, R. 2020. ‘Tear Down Your Barriers, EU Says after Summit with China’s Xi’. Reuters, Brussels, 14 September. Available at https://uk.reuters.com/article/us-eu-china/tear-down-your-barriers-eu-says-after-summit-with-chinas-xi-idUSKBN26513B (accessed on 15 November 2020).

85 Manning, A.R. 2020. ‘The U.S. Finally Has a Sputnik Moment with China’. Foreign Policy, 29 October. Available at https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/10/29/us-china-sputnik-moment-technology-competition-semiconductors/ (accessed on 15 November 2020).

86 Takeo, Y. and Urabe, E. 2020. ‘Japan Allocates $2.4 Billion to Beef Up Supply Chains’. Bloomberg, 20 November. Available at https://www.bloombergquint.com/global-economics/japan-allocates-2-4-billion-for-better-supply-chain-resilience (accessed on 24 November 2020).

87 European Union Chamber of Commerce in China. 2020. ‘European Business in China Business Confidence Survey 2020’. Beijing.

88 Forde, M. 2020. ‘PwC, AmCham China Predict Companies Will Pursue a “China+1” Strategy after COVID-19’. Available at https://www.supplychaindive.com/news/coronavirus-companies-expect-china-operations-normalize-under-3-months-pwc/576355/ (accessed on 15 November 2020).

89 Pai, N. 2020. ‘India Should Create Bubbles of Trust with Its Geopolitical Allies’. The Mint, 8 November. Available at https://www.livemint.com/opinion/columns/india-should-create-bubbles-of-trust-with-its-geopolitical-allies-11604842963933.html (accessed on 15 November 2020).

90 Khanna, A. 2020. ‘UK Plans New 5G Club of 10 Democracies, Including India: Report’. The Mint, London, 29 May.

91 U.S. Department of State. 2020. ‘Launch of the US–EU Dialogue on China’. Available at https://www.state.gov/launch-of-the-u-s-eu-dialogue-on-china/ (accessed on 15 November 2020).

92 Lau, S. 2020. ‘“Europe Is Ready” to Team Up with Joe Biden on China’. South China Morning Post, 10 November. Available at https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3109237/europe-ready-team-joe-biden-china (accessed on 15 November 2020).

93 See Brunnstrom, D. and Pamuk, H. 2020. ‘China Unlikely to Find Biden a Soft Touch’. Reuters, 8 November. Available at https://in.reuters.com/article/us-usa-election-china-biden/china-unlikely-to-find-biden-a-soft-touch-idUSKBN27N0XP (accessed on 15 November 2020). Also see Nichols, H. 2020. ‘Biden’s China Plan: Bring Allies’. Available at https://www.axios.com/biden-china-confront-allies-3aa289c0-53b6-4bd9-8e20-0a5a1adc90b0.html (accessed on 15 November 2020).