CHAPTER 1: ONE HUNDRED YEARS LATER
Caption:
Taft: TR to Taft, August 7, 1908. TR Papers, PLB83, series 2, box 29.
1 TR to John Barrett, October 29, 1900, TR mss as cited in Howard K. Beale, Theodore Roosevelt and the Rise of America to World Power (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1956), 174.
2 TR to Benjamin Ide Wheeler, June 17, 1905. TR Papers, Library of Congress, series 2, reel 338.
3 TR to John Barrett, October 29, 1900, TR mss as cited in Beale, Theodore Roosevelt and the Rise of America to World Power, 174.
4 Manila Times, August 12, 2005, and August 13, 2005.
5 Ibid., August 12, 2005.
6 Stuart Creighton Miller, Benevolent Assimilation: The American Conquest of the Philippines, 1899–1903 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1982), 254. Miller writes: “Chaffee was opening a full scale offensive against the Moros on Mindanao and Jolo.”
7 Enclosure in Allen to John Sherman, September 13, 1897, File Microcopies, NO 134 Roll 13, Despatches Korea.
8 TR to Hermann Speck von Sternberg, August 28, 1900, Elting Morison and John Blum, eds., The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt, 8 vols. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1951–54), 2:1394.
9 Herbert Croly, Willard Straight (New York: Macmillan Company, 1924), 188.
CHAPTER 2: CIVILIZATION FOLLOWS THE SUN
Captions:
Edith Roosevelt: Edmund Morris, Theodore Rex (New York: Random House, 2001), 450.
Alice Roosevelt: Sylvia Jukes Morris, Edith Kermit Roosevelt: Portrait of a First Lady (New York: Modern Library, 2001), 273.
TR chopping wood: Mark Sullivan, Our Times: America at the Birth of the Twentieth Century, ed. Dan Rather (New York: Scribner’s, 1996), 282.
TR, age eleven: TR, Winning of the West, 4 vols. (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons), 4:200.
Burgess: Edward Wagenknecht, The Seven Worlds of Theodore Roosevelt (New York: Longmans, Green & Co., 1958), 163.
1 TR: The Winning of the West, 1:24.
2 Alice Roosevelt Longworth, Crowded Hours (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1933), 69, 70, 73.
3 Ibid., 70.
4 Ibid., 74.
5 San Francisco Examiner, May 19, 1905.
6 Nicholas Roosevelt, Theodore Roosevelt: The Man as I Knew Him (New York: Dodd Mead & Company, 1967), 25.
7 Carol Felsenthal, The Life and Times of Alice Roosevelt Longworth (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1988), 39.
8 Nicholas Roosevelt, Theodore Roosevelt, 25.
9 Michael Teague, Mrs. L.: Conversations with Alice Roosevelt Longworth (Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Company, 1981), 4, 5.
10 Morris, Theodore Rex, 450.
11 Teague, Mrs. L., 36–37.
12 Felsenthal, Life and Times, 97.
13 From Alice Roosevelt Longworth’s White House Diaries, quoted in Sylvia Jukes Morris, Edith Kermit Roosevelt, 273; Teague, Mrs. L., 109.
14 Washington Star, October 22, 1967.
15 Longworth, Crowded Hours, 62.
16 Ibid., 64.
17 Quoted in Morris, Edith Kermit Roosevelt, 273.
18 Howard Teichmann, Alice: The Life and Times of Alice Roosevelt Longworth (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1979), 6.
19 Natalie A. Naylor, Douglas Brinkley, John Allen Gable, Theodore Roosevelt, Many-Sided American (Interlaken, NY: Heart of the Lakes Publishing, 1992), 354.
20 From Alice Roosevelt Longworth’s White House Diaries, quoted in Morris, Edith Kermit Roosevelt, 274.
21 Naylor, Theodore Roosevelt, 354.
22 Ibid.
23 Alice Roosevelt Longworth Diary, June 26, 1905.
24 Stacy A. Cordery, Alice: Alice Roosevelt Longworth, from White House Princess to Washington Power Broker (New York: Viking, 2007), 100.
25 Longworth, Crowded Hours, 72.
26 “San Francisco Welcomes President’s Daughter,” San Francisco Chronicle, July 5, 1905.
27 Ibid.
28 Naylor, Theodore Roosevelt, 355.
29 San Francisco Chronicle, July 8, 1905.
30 San Francisco Bulletin, July 5, 1905.
31 San Francisco Chronicle, July 5, 1905.
32 Stanley Karnow, In Our Image (New York: Ballantine Books, 1989), 231.
33 San Francisco Chronicle, July 7, 1905.
34 San Francisco Call, July 8, 1905.
35 Ibid.
36 San Francisco Call, July 7, 1905.
37 Manila Times, May 1, 1905.
38 San Francisco Chronicle, July 8, 1905.
39 Reginald Horsman, Race and Manifest Destiny: The Origins of American Racial Anglo-Saxonism (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981), 12.
40 Ibid.
41 Ibid., 18.
42 Thomas F. Gossett, Race: The History of an Idea in America (New York: Schocken Books, 1970), 85–86.
43 John Nicholas Norton, The Life of Bishop Berkeley (Charleston, SC: BiblioBazaar, LLC, 2008), 133.
44 Donald S. Lutz, “The Relative Influence of European Writers on Late Eighteenth-Century American Political Thought,” American Political Science Review 78, 1 (March 1984), 189–197.
45 Gossett, Race, 86.
46 Horsman, Race and Manifest Destiny, 84.
47 A Summary View of the Rights of British America by Thomas Jefferson. http://libertyonline.hypermall.com/Jefferson/Summaryview.html. Accessed August 21, 2009.
48 Horsman, Race and Manifest Destiny, 22.
49 Charles Francis Adams, ed., Familiar Letters of John Adams and His Wife Abigail Adams during the Revolution (New York: Hurd and Houghton, 1875), 211.
50 Alan Stoskopf, Race and Membership in American History: The Eugenics Movement (Brookline, MA: Facing History and Ourselves National Foundation, 2002), 40.
51 Horsman, Race and Manifest Destiny, 90.
52 Ibid., 86.
53 Actual wording of poem (“Facing West from California’s Shores” by Walt Whitman):
Facing west, from California’s shores, Inquiring, tireless, seeking what is yet unfound,
I, a child, very old, over waves, towards the house of maternity, the land of migrations, look afar,
Look off the shores of my Western sea, the circle almost circled;
For, starting westward from Hindustan, from the vales of Kashmere,
From Asia—from the north—from the God, the sage, and the hero,
From the south, from the flowery peninsulas, and the spice islands;
Long having wander’d since—round the earth having wander’d,
Now I face home again—very pleas’d and joyous;
(But where is what I started for, so long ago? And why is it yet unfound?)
54 Charles Darwin, The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex (New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1871), 172–173.
55 Ralph Waldo Emerson, English Traits (Boston: Phillips, Sampson, & Company, 1857), 27.
56 Ibid., 144.
57 Robert E. Bieder, Science Encounters the Indian, 1820–1880 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1986), 61.
58 Ibid., 98.
59 Gossett, Race, 74.
60 Horsman, Race and Manifest Destiny, 130.
61 Josiah Clark Nott, Two Lectures on the Natural History of the Caucasian and Negro Races (Mobile, AL: Dade and Thompson, 1844), 16, 28–35.
62 Ibid., 137, 155.
63 De Bows Review 10 (March 1851), 331.
64 Horsman, Race and Manifest Destiny, 279.
65 Lewis H. Morgan, Ancient Society, or Researches in the Lines of Human Progress from Savagery through Barbarism to Civilization (New York: Henry Holt & Co., 1877), 553.
66 Edmund Morris, The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt (New York: Coward, McCann, and Geoghegan, 1979), 36.
67 Matthew Frye Jacobson, Barbarian Virtues: The United States Encounters Foreign Peoples at Home and Abroad, 1876–1917 (New York: Hill & Wang, 2000), 3.
68 John B. Judis, The Folly of Empire: What George W. Bush Could Learn from Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson (New York: Lisa Drew/Scribner, 2004), 53.
69 TR, New York (New York: Longmans, Green, 1891), 188.
70 Kathleen Dalton, Theodore Roosevelt: A Strenuous Life (New York: Vintage Books, 2004), 37.
71 Ibid., 52.
72 Ibid., 45.
73 Ibid., 64.
74 Morris, Rise, 83.
75 Thomas G. Dyer, Theodore Roosevelt and the Idea of Race (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University, 1960), 5.
76 Warren Zimmerman, First Great Triumph: How Five Americans Made Their Country a World Power (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2002), 36.
77 Gossett, Race, 95.
78 Zimmerman, First Great Triumph, 35, 458.
79 John Milton Cooper Jr., The Warrior and the Priest: Woodrow Wilson and Theodore Roosevelt (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press/Harvard University Press, 1983), 6.
80 Carleton Putnam, Theodore Roosevelt: The Formative Years 1858–1886, vol. I (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1958), 324.
81 TR, The Naval War of 1812 (New York: Modern Library, 1999), xvii.
82 Ibid., 21.
83 Ibid., 19.
84 “C250 Celebrates Columbians Ahead of Their Time,” http://c250.Columbia.edu/c250_celebrates/remarkable_Columbians/john_burgess.html, accessed August 1, 2009.
85 Putnam, Theodore Roosevelt, 219.
86 Gossett, Race, 114.
87 I. A. Newby, Jim Crow’s Defense: Anti-Negro Thought in America, 1900–1930 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1965), 46.
88 Dyer, Theodore Roosevelt and the Idea of Race, 47.
89 Dalton, A Strenuous Life, 87.
90 Ibid.
91 Gail Bederman, Manliness & Civilization: A Cultural History of Gender and Race in the United States, 1880–1917 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995), 170.
92 Louis S. Warren, Buffalo Bill’s America: William Cody and the Wild West Show (New York: Knopf, 2005), ix.
93 Ibid., 223, 241.
94 Ibid., 223.
95 New York Tribune, July 28, 1884.
96 TR, The Winning of the West, 1:xiv.
97 Ibid., 176.
98 Cooper, Warrior, 30.
99 Dalton, A Strenuous Life, 95.
100 White, Eastern Establishment, 126–127.
101 Hermann Hagedorn, Roosevelt in the Badlands (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1921), 101–102.
102 Cooper, Warrior, 31.
103 White, Eastern Establishment, 84.
104 Morris, Rise, 350.
105 TR, The Winning of the West, 1:1.
106 Ibid., 1:24.
107 Ibid., 55.
108 Ibid., 20.
109 Ibid., 18.
110 Ibid., 4:55.
111 Ibid., 1:82.
112 San Francisco Call, July 9, 1905.
113 San Francisco Chronicle, July 9, 1905.
114 San Francisco Call, July 9, 1905.
115 Des Moines Chronicle, July 8, 1905.
116 San Francisco Bulletin, July 9, 1905.
CHAPTER 3: BENEVOLENT INTENTIONS
Captions:
General Emilio Aguinaldo: James H. Blount, American Occupation of the Philippines, 1898–1912 (New York: Knickerbocker Press, 1913), 58.
The Philippine Islands (map): Stanley Karnow, In Our Image (New York: Random House, 1989), 100.
1 The Teller Amendment, First and Fourth paragraphs. http://www.etsu.edu/cas/history/docs/teller/htm, accessed August 26, 2009.
2 Sam W. Haynes, James K. Polk and the Expansionist Impulse (New York: Longman, 1997), 95.
3 Norman A. Graebner, Empire on the Pacific: A Study in American Continental Expansion (Claremont, CA: Regina Books, 1983), 63.
4 Ibid., 38.
5 Howard Zinn, A People’s History of the United States, 1492–Present (New York: HarperCollins, 2003), 155.
6 Haynes, James K. Polk, 171.
7 Miguel E. Soto, “The Monarchist Conspiracy and the Mexican War” in Essays on the Mexican War, ed. Wayne Cutler (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1986), 66–67.
8 Reginald Horsman, Race and Manifest Destiny: The Origins of American Racial Anglo-Saxonism (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981), 241.
9 Congressional Globe, 29th Congress, 2nd Sess., February 10, 1847, p. 191.
10 Dee Brown, Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee: An Indian History of the American West (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1970), 168.
11 John F. Marszalek, Sherman: A Soldier’s Passion for Order (New York: Free Press, 1993), 379.
12 TR, Report of Hon. Theodore Roosevelt to the United States Civil Service Commission, upon a visit to certain Indian Reservations and Indian Schools in South Dakota, Nebraska, and Kansas (Philadelphia: Indian Rights Association, 1893), 18–19.
13 Frederick Jackson Turner, “The Problem of the West,” The Atlantic Monthly, September 1896.
14 Frederick Jackson Turner, The Frontier of American History (New York: Dover Publications, 1996), 38.
15 John B. Judis, The Folly of Empire: What George W. Bush Could Learn from Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson (New York: Lisa Drew/Scribner, 2004), 59–60.
16 Kristin L. Hoganson, Fighting for American Manhood: How Gender Politics Provoked the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2000), 11–12.
17 Warren Zimmerman, First Great Triumph: How Five Americans Made Their Country a World Power (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2002), 152.
18 William Appleman Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1988), 32.
19 Henry H. Graff, American Imperialism and the Philippine Insurrection, Testimony of the Times: Selections from Congressional Hearings (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1969), viii.
20 H. W. Brands, The Reckless Decade: America in the 1890s (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1995), 294.
21 Hoganson, Fighting for American Manhood, 49.
22 Gerald F. Linderman, The Mirror of War: American Society and the Spanish-American War (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1974), 129.
23 Marcus M. Wilkerson, Public Opinion and the Spanish-American War: A Study in War Propaganda (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University, 1932), 71.
24 Ibid., 121–122.
25 TR to Anna Roosevelt Cowles, June 28, 1896, Elting Morison and John Blum, eds., The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt, 8 vols. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1951–54), 1:545.
26 Edmund Morris, The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt (New York: Coward, McCann, and Geoghegan, 1979), 555.
27 Ibid., 559.
28 Henry F. Cabot Lodge and TR, Selections from the Correspondence of Theodore Roosevelt and Henry Cabot Lodge (New York: C. Scribner’s Sons, 1925), 253.
29 New York World, April 9, 1897.
30 Morris, Rise, 562.
31 Brands, The Reckless Decade, 312.
32 Morris, Rise, 571.
33 Ibid., 577.
34 Henry F. Pringle, Theodore Roosevelt: A Biography (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1931), 171.
35 TR to Francis V. Greene, September 23, 1897, TR mss.
36 Ambeth R. Ocampo, The Centennial Countdown (Philippines: Orogem International Publishing), 15.
37 Ibid., 75.
38 Wilkerson, Public Opinion and the Spanish-American War, 92.
39 New York Journal, February 9, 1898.
40 In 1935, President Franklin D. Roosevelt sent the Spanish government a Navy Department statement absolving Spain of all suspicion.
41 Linderman, The Mirror of War, 29.
42 Morris, Rise, 610.
43 The Teller Amendment. First, second, and fourth paragraphs.
44 Morris, Rise, 632.
45 Fitzhugh Lee, Joseph Wheeler, Theodore Roosevelt, and Richard Wainright, Cuba’s Struggle Against Spain with the Causes for American Intervention and a Full Account of the Spanish American War, Including Final Peace Negotiations (New York: American Historical Press, 1899), 645.
46 Linderman, The Mirror of War, 138.
47 Ibid., 137.
48 Editorial Enterprise, June 30, 1898.
49 Gail Bederman, Manliness & Civilization: A Cultural History of Gender and Race in the United States, 1880–1917 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995), 190.
50 TR, American Ideals (New York: G. P. Putnam, 1920), 279.
51 Louis A. Perez, Cuba Between Empires, 1878–1902 (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1998), 349.
52 Leon Wolff, Little Brown Brother: America’s Forgotten Bid for Empire Which Cost 250,000 Lives (London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1960), 35.
53 Karnow, In Our Image, 100.
54 H. H. Kohlsaat, From McKinley to Harding: Personal Recollections of Our Presidents (New York: Scribner’s Sons, 1923), 68.
55 Don Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy, True Version of the Philippine Revolution (Philippine Islands: Tarlak, 1899).
56 Ibid.
57 Ibid. Original quote reads: “… there was no necessity for entering into a formal written agreement because the word of the Admiral and of the United States Consul were in fact equivalent to the most solemn pledge that their verbal promises and assurance would be fulfilled to the letter and were not to be classed with Spanish promises or Spanish ideas of a man’s word of honour. The Government of North America is a very honest, just and powerful government.”
58 Ocampo, The Centennial Countdown, 97.
59 William P. Leeman, “America’s Admiral: George Dewey and American Culture in the Gilded Age,” The Historian, March 22, 2003.
60 Ibid.
61 Winston Churchill, “Admiral Dewey: A Character Sketch,” American Monthly Review of Reviews 17 (June 1898), 682.
62 TR, “Admiral Dewey,” McClure’s Magazine, October 1899.
63 George Dewey, Autobiography of George Dewey: Admiral of the Navy (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1913), 287.
64 Leeman, “America’s Admiral.”
65 Ibid., Pears’ Soap advertisement, circa 1899.
66 Aguinaldo, True Version of the Philippines Revolution.
67 Karnow, In Our Image, 110, 114.
68 Transcript of PBS’s Crucible of Empire: The Spanish-American War, 21. http://www.pbs.org/crucible/frames/_sitemap.html, accessed August 17, 2009.
69 Ocampo, The Centennial Countdown, 109.
70 Ibid.
71 Blount, American Occupation, 31.
72 Wolff, Little Brown Brother, 28.
73 Quoted in Literary Digest 22 (April 20, 1901), 468.
74 Blount, American Occupation, 58.
75 Ibid., 4. Original quote reads: “The governor-general arranged with me that I was to go up and fire a few shots and then I was to make the signal, ‘Do you surrender?’ and he would hoist the white flag and then the troops would march in; but he was fearful that the Filipinos would get in.”
76 Ocampo, The Centennial Countdown, 187.
CHAPTER 4: PACIFIC NEGROES
Captions:
Filipino dead at Santa Ana: TR to William Bayard Cutting, April 18, 1899 in Elting Morison and John Blum, eds., The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt, 8 vols. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1951–54), V:254.
General Jake Smith: Joseph L. Schott, The Ordeal of Samar (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1964), 76.
1 Actual quote reads: “… we come not to make war upon the people of the Philippines nor upon any party or faction among them, but to protect them in their homes, in their employments, and in their personal and religious rights.” McKinley’s Message to the Secretary of War at the Cession of War, July 13, 1898, as seen in A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents, ed. James Daniel Richardson (Bureau of National Literature & Art, 1907), 344.
2 Robert E. Austill to Herbert Welsh, June 17, 1902, Herbert Welsh Collection, Correspondence, Box A, Historical Society of Pennsylvania.
3 Walter L. Williams, “United States Indian Policy and the Debate over Philippine Annexation: Implications for the Origins of American Imperialism,” The Journal of American History 66, no. 4 (March 1980), 810–31.
4 Ibid.
5 Ibid.
6 Eric T. L. Love, Race Over Empire: Racism and U.S. Imperialism, 1865–1900 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004), 188.
7 TR, The Winning of the West, 4:200.
8 Matthew Frye Jacobson, Barbarian Virtues: The United States Encounters Foreign Peoples at Home and Abroad, 1876–1917 (New York: Hill & Wang, 2000), 228.
9 Stuart Creighton Miller, Benevolent Assimilation: The American Conquest of the Philippines, 1899–1903 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1982), 15.
10 Kristin L. Hoganson, Fighting for American Manhood: How Gender Politics Provoked the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2000), 160.
11 Rudyard Kipling, Complete Verse: Definitive Edition (New York: Anchor Books, 1940), 321–23.
12 James Blount, American Occupation of the Philippines, 1898–1912 (New York: Knickerbocker Press, 1913), 117.
13 It came to light only a year and half later on February 26, 1900, after the Senate passed a resolution demanding it from the Executive Branch.
14 Moorfield Storey and Julian Codman, Secretary Root’s Record “Marked Severities” in Philippine Warfare: An Analysis of the Law and Facts bearing on the Action & Utterances of President Roosevelt and Secretary Root (Boston: Geo. H. Ellis Co., 1902), 31.
15 Miller, Benevolent Assimilation, 61.
16 Blount, American Occupation, 187. See General Hughes’s testimony before Senate Committee, 1900, Senate Document 331, p. 508.
17 Stanley Karnow, In Our Image (New York: Ballantine Books, 1989), 140.
18 Miller, Benevolent Assimilation, 68–69.
19 Ibid., 30.
20 George Dewey, Autobiography of George Dewey: Admiral of the Navy. (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1913), 284.
21 Letters of Henry Adams, 1892–1918, ed. Worthington Chauncey Ford (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1938), 208.
22 Richard W. Welch Jr., “American Atrocities in the Philippines: The Indictment and the Response,” Pacific Historical Review 43 (May 1974), 9.
23 Ibid., 8.
24 Hoganson, Fighting for American Manhood, 187.
25 MacArthur had been awarded the Medal of Honor for charging Confederate forces in 1863 when he was nineteen years old. Later he chased Geronimo through New Mexico. He sailed to the Philippines in 1898, fought in the initial battles, and would serve as Military Governor of the Philippines from 1899 to 1901. His son Douglas would help lead America’s Pacific operations in World War II and Korea.
26 Henry H. Graff, American Imperialism and the Philippine Insurrection, Testimony of the Times: Selections from Congressional Hearings (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1969), 136.
27 Miller, Benevolent Assimilation, 88.
28 Ibid., 94.
29 Richard Drinnon, Facing West: The Metaphysics of Indian-Hating and Empire-Building (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1997), 320.
30 Glenn Anthony May, Battle for Batangas: A Philippine Province at War (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1991), 147, 149.
31 Karnow, In Our Image, 154.
32 TR, Public papers of Theodore Roosevelt, Governor, 1899[–1900], vol. 2 (Albany, NY: Brandow Printing Company, 1899), 293–307.
33 Miller, Benevolent Assimilation, 179.
34 Jacobson, Barbarian Virtues, 245.
35 Storey and Codman, Secretary Root’s Record, 22.
36 Miller, Benevolent Assimilation, 189.
37 TR, The Strenuous Life (New York: The Century Co., 1905), 28.
38 Leon Wolff, Little Brown Brother: America’s Forgotten Bid for Empire Which Cost 250,000 Lives (London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1960), 294.
39 Miller, Benevolent Assimilation, 100.
40 Ibid., 101.
41 Storey and Codman, Secretary Root’s Record, 78.
42 Judith Icke Anderson, William Howard Taft: An Intimate History (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1981), 174.
43 Ibid., 169.
44 Ibid., 69.
45 Oscar Alfonso, Theodore Roosevelt and the Philippines (Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press, 1970), 44.
46 John Morgan Gates, Schoolbooks and Krags: The United States Army in the Philippines, 1898–1902 (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1973), 148.
47 Miller, Benevolent Assimilation, 102.
48 Hermann Hagedorn, ed., Works of Theodore Roosevelt (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1925), 16:537–60.
49 Robert E. Austill to Herbert Welsh, June 17, 1902, Correspondence, Box A, Herbert Welsh Collection, Historical Society of Pennsylvania.
50 Miller, Benevolent Assimilation, 150.
51 Wolff, Little Brown Brother, 346.
52 Miller, Benevolent Assimilation, 171.
53 Ibid., 174.
54 Blount, American Occupation, 373.
55 Anderson, William Howard Taft, 76.
56 Karnow, In Our Image, 230.
57 Glenn Anthony May, Social Engineering in the Philippines: The Aims, Execution, and Impact of American Colonial Policy, 1900–1913 (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1980), 93.
58 Karnow, In Our Image, 205.
59 Ibid.
60 Ibid., 191.
61 Ibid.
62 Rep. Thomas J. Selby, CR 35, pt. 1, January 22, 1902, 881.
63 Hoganson, Fighting for American Manhood, 184.
64 TR, Message to Congress, December 3, 1901, Source: UCSB American Presidency Project, http://www.polsci.ucsb.edu/projects/presproject/idgrant/site/state.html.
65 Blount, American Occupation, 414.
66 New York Times, January 15, 1902.
67 Alfonso, Theodore Roosevelt and the Philippines, 100.
68 Kathleen Dalton, Theodore Roosevelt: A Strenuous Life (New York: Vintage Books, 2004), 228.
69 Graff, American Imperialism and the Philippine Insurrection, 92.
70 Miller, Benevolent Assimilation, 213.
71 Graff, American Imperialism and the Philippine Insurrection, 95.
72 Miller, Benevolent Assimilation, 213.
73 Schott, The Ordeal of Samar, 165.
74 Graff, American Imperialism and the Philippine Insurrection, 65.
75 U.S. Congressional record, 57th Cong, 1st sess, XXXV, part 5, 4673.
76 “… horror of the water torture.” Welch, American Atrocities in the Philippines, 1.
77 Schott, The Order of Samar, 244–45.
78 Speech of Roosevelt at Arlington Cemetery, May 30, 1902, TR Papers, Series 5A. Speeches, B1. B.2.
79 Speech given by Theodore Roosevelt at Arlington National Cemetery, May 30, 1902, Theodore Roosevelt Papers, Library of Congress, Manuscript Division, Series 5A, Speeches and Executive Orders, 1899–1918.
80 Karnow, In Our Image, 194–95.
81 Ibid., 194.
82 Robert W. Rydell, All the World’s a Fair: Visions of Empire at American International Expositions, 1876–1916 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984), 162.
83 Ibid.
84 Sharra L. Vostral, “Imperialism on Display: The Philippine Exhibition at the 1904 World’s Fair,” Gateway Heritage 13:4 (1993), 19.
85 Beverly K. Grindstaff, “Creating Identity: Exhibiting the Philippines at the 1904 Louisiana Purchase Exposition,” National Identities, vol. 1, no. 3, 1999.
86 Rydell, All the World’s a Fair, 177.
87 Tony Smith, America’s Mission: The United States and the Worldwide Struggle for Democracy in the Twentieth Century (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995), 44.
88 Seth M. Scheiner, “President Theodore Roosevelt and the Negro, 1901–1908,” The Journal of Negro History, vol. 47, no. 3 (July 1962), 169–82.
89 Rydell, All the World’s a Fair, 176.
CHAPTER 5: HAOLES
Caption:
John Stevens: Rich Budnick, Stolen Kingdom: An American Conspiracy (Honolulu: Aloha Press, 1992), 129.
1 TR, American Ideals (New York: G. P. Putnam, 1920), 280.
2 Stacy A. Cordery, Alice: Alice Roosevelt Longworth, from White House Princess to Washington Power Broker (New York: Viking, 2007), 117.
3 Des Moines Chronicle, August 1, 1905.
4 Alice Roosevelt Longworth, Crowded Hours (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1933), 69.
5 Des Moines Chronicle, July 31, 1905.
6 Stephen Hess, “Big Bill Taft,” American Heritage 17, no. 6 (October 1966), 6–32.
7 Judith Icke Anderson, William Howard Taft: An Intimate History (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1981), 89.
8 Ibid., 86.
9 Ibid., 86, 89.
10 Henry F. Pringle, The Life and Times of William Howard Taft (Norwalk, CT: Easton Press, 1986), 272.
11 Butt, Letters, January 5, 1909, as cited in Michael L. Bromley, William Howard Taft and the First Motoring Presidency, 1909–1913 (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2003), 42.
12 Hess, “Big Bill Taft.
13 Anderson, William Howard Taft, 55.
14 Hess, “Big Bill Taft.”
15 “… to be president of the United States,” ibid., 48–49; “… brilliant parties and meeting all manner of charming people,” Helen Herron Taft, Recollection of Full Years (New York: Dodd, Mead & Co., 1914), 6; “… that she fantasized becoming first lady herself… ‘vowed to marry a man destined to be president of the United States,’ ” Philip Weeks, Buckeye Presidents: Ohioans in the White House (Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 2003), 215.
16 Ibid., 53.
17 Ibid., 95.
18 “… of work I wished him to do,” ibid., 58; “rather overwhelming” and “an awful groove,” Anderson, William Howard Taft, 58; interruption… in our peaceful existence” and “very glad because it gave Mr. Taft an opportunity for exactly the kind of work I wished him to do,” Carl Sferrazza Anthony, Nellie Taft: The Unconventional First Lady of the Ragtime Era (New York: HarperCollins, 2005), 95.
19 Anderson, William Howard Taft, 66.
20 Taft, Recollections of Full Years, 32.
21 Weeks, Buckeye Presidents, 218.
22 Ibid.
23 Pringle, William Howard Taft, 167.
24 Lewis L. Gould, American First Ladies: Their Lives and Their Legacy (New York: Taylor & Francis, 2001), 218.
25 Taft to H. C. Hollister, September 21, 1903, cited in Pringle, William Howard Taft, 236.
26 Longworth, Crowded Hours, 76.
27 Pacific Commercial Advertiser, July 15, 1905.
28 Ibid.
29 Ibid.
30 Ibid.
31 Ibid.
32 Longworth, Crowded Hours, 77.
33 Pacific Commercial Advertiser, July 15, 1905.
34 Cordery, Alice, 117–18.
35 Pacific Commercial Advertiser, July 15, 1905.
36 David E. Stannard, Before the Horror: The Population of Hawai ‘i on the Eve of Western Contact (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1989), 73.
37 Ibid., 61.
38 Ibid., 70.
39 Stannard, Before the Horror, 73.
40 O. A. Bushnell, The Gifts of Civilization: Germs and Genocide in Hawaii (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1993), 16.
41 Linda McKee, “Mad Jack and the Missionaries,” American Heritage (April 1971), 33.
42 Rufus Anderson, The Hawaiian Islands: Their Progress and Condition Under Missionary Labors (Boston: Gould & Lincoln, 1864), 276.
43 Amy S. Greenberg, Manifest Manhood and the Antebellum American Empire (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 248.
44 Eric T. L. Love, Race Over Empire: Racism and U.S. Imperialism, 1865–1900 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004), 86.
45 Stephen Kinzer, Overthrow: America’s Century of Regime Change from Hawaii to Iraq (New York: Henry Holt, 2006), 12.
46 John R. Proctor, “Hawaii and the Changing Front of the World,” Forum 24 (September 1897), 34–35.
47 Jacob Adler, Clause Spreckels: The Sugar King in Hawaii (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1966), 100.
48 Ibid., 61.
49 Blount Report, U. S. House of Representatives, 53rd Congress, 3rd Session, Ex. Doc. 1, Part 1, Appendix II, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1894: Affairs in Hawaii (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1895). Digital copy available at http://hdl.handle.net/10524/984.
50 Blain to Harrison, August 10, 1891, Kuykendall, vol. III, 486, as quoted in Rich Budnick, Stolen Kingdom: An American Conspiracy (Oahu, HI: Aloha Press, 1992), 87.
51 Kinzer, Overthrow, 23.
52 Ibid., 22.
53 Budnick, Stolen Kingdom, 111.
54 Cornwell Statements, April 24, 1893, Blount Report, 495.
55 Budnick, Stolen Kingdom, 129.
56 Ibid., 132.
57 Report of U.S. Special Commissioner James H. Blount to Secretary of State Walter Q. Gresham Concerning the Hawaiian Kingdom Investigation, www.hawaiiankingdom.or/blounts-report.html. Accessed September 22, 2009.
58 The January 20 inaugurations did not go into effect until 1937.
59 Thomas J. Osborne, Annexation Hawaii: Fighting American Imperialism (Waimanalo, HI: Island Style Press, 1998), 4.
60 Ibid., 33.
61 Ibid., 31.
62 Budnick, Stolen Kingdom, 152.
63 Ibid., 155.
64 Love, Race Over Empire, 119.
65 Sanford Dole to John Burgess, December 18, 1894, quoted in Henry Miller Madden, “Letters of Sanford B. Dole and John W. Burgess,” The Pacific Historical Review (March 1936), 75.
66 Walter A. McDougall, Let the Sea Make a Noise: A History of the North Pacific from Magellan to MacArthur (New York: HarperCollins, 1993), 391.
67 Budnick, Stolen Kingdom, 170.
68 McDougall, Let the Sea Make a Noise, 392.
69 Budnick, Stolen, 172; Osborne, Annexation Hawaii, 34.
70 Thomas G. Dyer, Theodore Roosevelt and the Idea of Race (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University, 1960), 141.
71 Osborne, Annexation Hawaii, 129.
72 Ibid., 134.
73 Love, Race Over Empire, 157.
74 Charles Callan Tansill, The Foreign Policy of Thomas F. Bayard, 1885–1891 (New York: Fordham University Press, 1940), 409.
75 Howard Teichmann, Alice: The Life and Times of Alice Roosevelt Longworth (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1979), 42; “It was considered just a little indelicate,” Longworth, Crowded Hours, 77.
76 Pacific Commercial Advertiser, July 15, 1905.
77 Ibid.
78 Longworth, Crowded Hours, 78.
CHAPTER 6: HONORARY ARYANS
Captions:
Matthew Perry: Peter Booth Wiley, Yankees in the Land of the Gods: Commodore Perry and the Opening of Japan (New York: Penguin Books, 1990), 490.
Emperor Gojong and son: Yur-Bok Lee and Wayne Patterson, eds., Korean-American Relations, 1866–1997 (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1999), 45; TR to Sternberg, August 8, 1900, in Elting Morison and John Blum, eds., The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt, 8 vols. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1951–54), 2:1394.
1 Okakura Kakuzo, The Book of Tea (New York: Fox Duffield & Co., 1906), 7.
2 Alice Roosevelt Longworth, Crowded Hours (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1933), 78.
3 Ibid.
4 Japan Weekly Mail, July 29, 1905.
5 New York Times, July 27, 1905.
6 Lloyd C. Griscom, Diplomatically Speaking (New York: Literary Guild of America, 1940), 258.
7 Tokyo Asahi Shimbun, July 25, 1905.
8 Peter Booth Wiley, Yankees in the Land of the Gods, 490.
9 Bob Tadashi Wakabayashi, Anti-foreignism and Western Learning in Early-modern Japan: The New Theses [sic] of 1825 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992), 90.
10 Amy S. Greenberg, Manifest Manhood and the Antebellum American Empire (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 261.
11 U.S. Congress. Senate, Documents relative to the Empire of Japan, 32nd Congress, 1st sess, 1852. Sen. Ex. Doc. 59.
12 Thomas Hart Benton, “America’s Pathway to the Orient,” in Manifest Destiny and the Imperialism Question, Charles L. Sanford, ed. (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1974), 44.
13 Arthur Walworth, Black Ships off Japan: The Story of Commodore Perry’s Expedition (New York: Knopf, 1946), 39.
14 William Neumann, America Encounters Japan: From Perry to Mac-Arthur (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1963), 30.
15 Senate, Documents relative to the Empire of Japan, Sen. Ex. Doc. 59.
16 Michael Frederick Rollin, The Divine Invasion: Manifest Destiny and the Westernization of Japanese Nationalism in the Late Tokugawa and Meiji Periods, 1853–1912 (master’s thesis, University of Texas at San Antonio, 2002), 33.
17 Ibid., 34.
18 Wiley, Yankees in the Land of the Gods, 81.
19 Rollin, The Divine Invasion, 53.
20 Walter A. McDougall, Let the Sea Make a Noise (New York: HarperCollins, 1993), 276.
21 Lee Yong-ju, “The Path from a Theory of Civilization to Escape of Asia: Yukichi Fukuzawa’s Perception of Asia and ‘Mission to Civilize,’ ” Sungkyun Journal of East Asian Studies 3, no. 2 (2003), 146.
22 John Dower, Japan in War and Peace: Selected Essays (London: HarperCollins/Hammersmith, 1995), 2.
23 Foster Rhea Dulles, Yankees and Samurai: America’s Role in the Emergence of Modern Japan, 1791–1900 (New York: Harper & Row, 1965), 201.
24 McDougall, Let the Sea Make a Noise, 354.
25 Robert W. Rydell, All the World’s a Fair: Visions of Empire at American International Expositions, 1876–1916 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984), 30.
26 Ibid.
27 Kiyozawa Kiyoshi, Gaiseika to shite no Okubo Toshimichi (Tokyo: Chuo Koronsha, 1942), 55–56, as cited in Masakazu Iwata, Okubo Toshimichi: The Bismarck of Japan (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1964), 188–89.
28 Sandra Carol Taylor Caruthers, “Charles LeGendre, American Diplomacy, and Expansionism in Meiji Japan” (PhD thesis, University of Colorado, 1963), 59.
29 New York Times, September 3, 1873.
30 Charles E. Delong to Hamilton Fish, November 6, 1872, in Foreign Relations of the United States, Col. 1, 1873–1874 (Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office, 1873–1874), 553–54.
31 Samuel Stephenson, “Charles William Legendre,” http://academic.reed.edu/formosa/texts/legendrebio.htm, accessed October 6, 2009.
32 Caruthers, “Charles LeGendre, American Diplomacy, and Expansionism in Meiji Japan,” 62.
33 Ibid.
34 Sophia Su-fei Yen, Taiwan in China’s Foreign Relations, 1836–1874 (Hamden, CT: Shoe String Press, 1965), 196.
35 Ibid., 196.
36 Robert Eskildsen, ed., Foreign Adventurers and the Aborigines of Southern Taiwan, 1867–1874 (Nankang, Taipei: Institute of Taiwan History, Academic Sinica, 2005), 209.
37 Ibid.
38 Donald Keene, Emperor of Japan: Meiji and His World, 1852–1912 (New York: Columbia University Press, 2002), 228.
39 Carmen Blacker, The Japanese Enlightenment: A Study of the Writings of Fukuzawa Yukichi (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1964), 124–36.
40 F. Hilary Conroy, The Japanese Seizure of Korea, 1868–1910: A Study of Realism and Idealism in International Relations (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1960), 18.
41 Akira Iriye, ed., The Chinese and the Japanese: Essays in Political and Cultural Interactions (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1980), 45.
42 Lee and Patterson, Korean-American Relations, 12.
43 Ibid., 17.
44 Ibid., 13.
45 Alexis Dudden, Japan’s Colonization of Korea: Discourse and Power (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2005), 84.
46 Jongsuk Chay, Diplomacy of Asymmetry: Korean American Relations to 1910 (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1990), 105.
47 Ibid.
48 James L. McClain, Japan: A Modern History (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2002), 299.
49 Keene, Emperor of Japan, 510.
CHAPTER 7: PLAYING ROOSEVELT’S GAME
1 TR to Theodore Roosevelt Jr., February 10, 1904, Elting Morison and John Blum, eds., The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt, 8 vols. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1951–54), 4:724.
2 Kengi Hamada, Prince Ito (Tokyo: Sanseido Co., 1936), 116.
3 Walter A. McDougall, Let the Sea Make a Noise (New York: HarperCollins, 1993), 386.
4 TR, “A Nation of Pioneers, September 2, 1901,” in May Williamson Hazeltine, Masterpieces of Eloquence: Famous Orations of Great World Leaders from Early Greece to the Present Time (New York: P. F. Collier & Son, 1905), 25: 10889–92.
5 Kenneth C. Davis, Don’t Know Much About History (New York: Avon Books, 1990), 224–27.
6 Dexter Perkins, The Monroe Doctrine, 1867–1907 (Baltimore: Baltimore Press, 1937), 333.
7 TR to White, September 13, 1906, Roosevelt Papers, Library of Congress.
8 TR Annual Message to Congress, December 6, 1904, in Foreign Relations of the United States, 1904 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1904), 41.
9 Ibid.
10 Ibid.
11 Roosevelt described his style of foreign policy as “the exercise of intelligent forethought and of decisive action sufficiently far in advance of any likely crisis.” TR, Theodore Roosevelt: An Autobiography (New York: Macmillan Press Company, 1913), 516.Elihu Root served TR as his personal attorney and as both secretary of war and secretary of state. Root wrote that Roosevelt’s approach to foreign relations was to view “each international question against the background of those tendencies through which civilization develops and along which particular civilizations advance or decline.” Gail Bederman, Manliness & Civilization: A Cultural History of Gender and Race in the United States, 1880–1917 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995), 196.
12 Thomas F. Gossett, Race: The History of an Idea in America (New York: Schocken Books, 1970), 312.
13 Morison, Letters, 4:1327.
14 Albert J. Beveridge, The Russian Advance (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1903), 109.
15 Ibid., 122.
16 TR to Hermann Speck von Sternberg, August 28, 1900, Morison, Letters, 2:1394.
17 TR to David Bowman Schneder, June 19, 1905, Morison, Letters, 4:1240–41.
18 George E. Mowry, The Era of Theodore Roosevelt and the Birth of Modern America, 1900–1912 (New York: Harper & Row, 1958), 183.
19 John Hay to TR, April 25, 1903, Papers of John Hay, Library of Congress, Manuscript Division, Box 5.
20 Hay to TR, April 23, 1903, Hay Papers.
21 TR to Hay, May 22, 1903, Morison, Letters, 3:478.
22 Shumph Okamoto, The Japanese Oligarchy and the Russo-Japanese War (New York: Columbia University Press, 1970), 87.
23 Lloyd Griscom to John Hay, January 21, 1904, Despatches from U.S. States Ministers to Japan, 78, National Archives, RG 59.
24 Frederick F. Travis, George Kennan and the American-Russian Relationship, 1865–1924 (Athens: Ohio University Press, 1990), 252.
25 Sylvia Jukes Morris, Edith Kermit Roosevelt: Portrait of a First Lady (New York: Modern Library, 2001), 276.
26 Sophia Su-fei Yen, Taiwan in China’s Foreign Relations, 1836–1874 (Hamden, CT: Shoe String Press, 1965), 196.
27 TR to Sternberg, February 6, 1904, in Howard K. Beale, Theodore Roosevelt and the Rise of America to World Power (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1956), 291.
28 Horace N. Allen to Hay, August 31, 1900, Despatches from U.S. Ministers to Korea, 1883–1905, National Archives, RG 59, M134, No. 275.
29 Frederick A. McKenzie, Korea’s Fight for Freedom (New York: Fleming H. Revell, 1920), 77–78.
30 Oscar Straus to TR, February 11, 1904, Morison, Letters, 4:24.
31 Elihu Root to TR, February 15, 1904, ibid., 4:73
32 TR to Theodore Roosevelt Jr., February 10, 1904, ibid., 4:724.
33 B
ei Ch Bei Kenky
sho Senshi-shitsu [National Defense Agency, National Defense Institute, War History Office], Hawai sakusen [The Hawaii Operation], Senshi Ssho [War History Series] [Tokyo: Asagumo Shinbunsha, 1967], 84, quoted in Aizawa Kiyoshi, “Differences Regarding Togo’s Surprise Attack on Port Arthur,” in The Russo-Japanese War in Global Perspectives, 2:8.
34 TR to Cecil Spring-Rice, July 24, 1905, in Morison, Letters, 4:1283.
CHAPTER 8: THE JAPANESE MONROE DOCTRINE FOR ASIA
Caption:
Taft Group: Tokyo Asahi Shimbun, July 25, 1905.
1 Viscount Kentaro Kaneko, LL.D., “A ‘Japanese Monroe Doctrine’ and Manchuria,” Contemporary Japan 1, no. 1, June 1932.
2 Robert B. Valliant, “The Selling of Japan: Japanese Manipulation of Western Opinion, 1900–1905,” Monumenta Nipponica 29, no. 4 (Winter 1974). Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2383894.
3 Lloyd Griscom to John Hay, February 23, 1904, Papers of John Hay, Library of Congress, Manuscript Division.
4 Valliant, “Selling.”
5 The American Review of Reviews, An International Magazine, ed. Albert Shaw (July–December 1904).
6 New York Times, April 29, 1904.
7 Valliant, “Selling.”
8 TR to Kaneko, September 11, 1905, as cited in Tyler Dennett, Roosevelt and the Russo-Japanese War (Gloucester, MA: Peter Smith, 1959), 36. Roosevelt wrote: “You have rendered me invaluable assistance by the way in which you have enabled me to know, and also by the way in which you have enabled me to convey to your own government certain things which I thought it desirable to have known and which I hardly cared to forward through official channels.”
9 Kentaro Kaneko, “The Yellow Peril Is the Golden Opportunity for Japan,” The North American Review 179, no. 626 (November 1904).
10 Kentaro Kaneko, “Japan’s Position in the Far East,” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science (Sage Publications, 1905), vol. 26, 77–82.
11 Kentaro Kaneko, “The Russo Japanese War: Its Causes and Its Results,” The International Quarterly 10, no. 1 (October 1904), 51.
12 Kaneko, “Japan’s Position in the Far East.”
13 Kaneko, “The Russo Japanese War,” 53.
14 Hay diary, March 26, 1904, Hay Papers.
15 Raymond Esthus, Theodore Roosevelt and Japan (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1966), 40.
16 Ibid., 41.
17 Allen to Hay, April 14, 1904, U.S. Department of State.
18 TR to Taft, April 20, 1905, Roosevelt Papers (LC).
19 TR to Cecil Arthur Spring-Rice, June 13, 1904, Elting Morison and John Blum, eds., The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt, 8 vols. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1951–54), 4:833.
20 Ibid.
21 Ibid.
22 Ibid.
23 Ibid.
24 Ibid.
25 Ibid.
26 Esthus, Theodore Roosevelt and Japan, 44.
27 Ibid.
28 Hay diary, June 23, 1904, Hay Papers.
29 TR to Hay, July 26, 1904, Morison, Letters, 4:865.
30 Carol Christ, “Japan’s Seven Acres: Politics and Aesthetics at the 1904 Louisiana Purchase Exposition,” Gateway Heritage 71:2 (1996), 10.
31 Ibid., 11.
32 Dennett, Roosevelt and the Russo-Japanese War, 40, 168.
33 Donald Keene, Emperor of Japan: Meiji and His World, 1852–1912 (New York: Columbia University Press, 2002), 612.
34 Allen to Hay, December 24, 1904, Hay Papers.
35 TR to Hay, September 2, 1904, Morison, Letters, 4:917.
36 TR to Spring Rice, December 27, 1904, ibid., 4:1082.
37 Hay diary, December 24, 1904, Hay Papers.
38 Hay diary, December 6, 1904, Hay Papers.
39 TR to Edward VII, March 9, 1905, Morison, Letters, 4:1136.
40 Robert T. Oliver, Syngman Rhee: The Man Behind the Myth (New York: Dodd Mead, 1955), 73–87.
41 Esthus, Theodore Roosevelt and Japan, 62.
42 Dennett, Roosevelt and the Russo-Japanese War, 110.
43 Rockhill to Allen, February 29, 1904, Rockhill Papers.
44 www.dartmouth.edu/~upne/1-928825-001.html.
45 Richard Drinnon, Facing West: The Metaphysics of Indian-hating and Empire-building (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1997), 120.
46 Sylvia Jukes Morris, Edith Kermit Roosevelt: Portrait of a First Lady (New York: Modern Library, 2001), p. 283.
47 TR to Theodore Roosevelt Jr., March 5, 1904, TRP (PL), Box 147, Bk. No. 15, pp. 335–36.
48 Keene, Emperor of Japan, 611.
49 Esthus, Theodore Roosevelt and Japan, 65.
50 Keene, Emperor of Japan, 612.
51 New York Times, April 3, 1905.
52 Keene, Emperor of Japan, 612.
53 Shumpei Okamoto, The Japanese Oligarchy and the Russo-Japanese War (New York: Columbia University Press, 1970), 119.
54 New York Times, June 5, 1905.
55 TR to William Howard Taft, May 31, 1905, as cited in Morison, Letters, 4:1198.
56 Esthus, Theodore Roosevelt and Japan, 71.
57 Howard K. Beale, Theodore Roosevelt and the Rise of America to World Power (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1956), 334.
58 Walter A. McDougall, Let the Sea Make a Noise (New York: HarperCollins, 1993), 453.
59 TR to Henry Cabot Lodge, June 5, 1905, Morison, Letters, 4:1202–05.
60 TR to Whitelaw Reid, June 5, 1905, ibid., 4:1206.
61 TR to Kermit Roosevelt, June 11, 1905, ibid., 4:1210, 1229, 1232.
62 TR to Benjamin Ide Wheeler, June 17, 1905, TR Papers, Library of Congress, series 2, reel 3.
63 TR to Lodge, June 16, 1905, Morison, Letters, 4:1221–33.
64 Raymond Esthus, Double Eagle and Rising Sun: The Russians and Japanese at Portsmouth in 1905 (Chapel Hill, NC: Duke University Press, 1988), 50, 223.
65 Ibid., 50.
66 Loomis to Reid, telegram, June 15, 1905, Roosevelt Papers.
67 TR to William Howard Taft, July, 3, 1905, Morison, Letters, 4:1259–60.
68 Philip C. Jessup, Elihu Root (New York: Dodd, Mead and Company, 1938), 2:4.
69 TR to Cecil Spring Rice, July 24, 1905, Morison, Letters, 4:1283
70 Kentaro Kaneko, “A ‘Japanese Monroe Doctrine’ and Manchuria,” 176–84.
71 Ibid.
72 Ibid.
73 Ibid.
74 Ibid.
75 Saturday, July 15, 1905 Sagamore Hill –
Conference with Minister Takahira
Letters:
T.R. to Lloyd Griscom: “The American Government and the American people at large have not the slightest sympathy with the outrageous agitation against the Japanese in certain small sections along the Pacific slope… [Make known to the Japanese that] while I am President” there will be no discrimination. (With permission from the Theodore Roosevelt Association, Oyster Bay, NY)
76 New York Times, July 24, 1905.
77 New York Times, July 23, 1905.
78 Lloyd C. Griscom, Diplomatically Speaking (New York: Literary Guild of America, 1940), 259.
79 San Francisco Chronicle, July 7, 1905.
80 Japan Weekly Mail, July 29, 1905.
81 Tyler Dennett, “President Roosevelt’s Secret Pact with Japan,” Current History 21, no. 1 (October 1924). See http://www.icasinc.org/history/katsura.html.
82 TR to Taft, telegram July 31, 1905, in Morison, Letters, 4:1293.
83 Alice Roosevelt Longworth, Crowded Hours (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1933), 85.
84 Tokyo Asahi Shimbun, July 30, 1905.
85 New York Times, July 30, 1905.
86 Kaneko to TR, July 31, 1905, in Dennett, Russo-Japanese, 298.
87 New York Times, August 2, 1905.
CHAPTER 9: THE IMPERIAL CRUISE
1 Mrs. Campbell Dauncey, An Englishwoman in the Philippines (New York: E. P. Dutton and Company, 1906), 326. Actual quote reads: “I am not come to give you your Independence, but to study your welfare. You will have your Independence when you are ready for it, which will not be in this generation—no, nor in the next, nor perhaps for a hundred years or more.” Author has made capitalization changes and omitted the phrase “but to study your welfare.”
2 William Manners, TR & Will: A Friendship That Split the Republican Party (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1969), 11.
3 Michael Teague, Mrs. L.: Conversations with Alice Roosevelt Longworth (Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Company, 1981), 76.
4 Alice Roosevelt Longworth, Crowded Hours (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1933), 88.
5 James H. Blount, American Occupation of the Philippines, 1898–1912 (New York: Knickerbocker Press, 1913), 520.
6 Dauncey, An Englishwoman in the Philippines, 86.
7 Manila Times, August 5, 1905.
8 Ibid., August 7, 1905.
9 Ibid., August 9, 1905.
10 Dauncey, An Englishwoman in the Philippines, 323.
11 Manila Times, August 9, 1905.
12 “Remarks of the Secretary of War at the Chamber of Commerce Banquet in Manila at the National Theatre, August 8, 1905,” National Archives, RG 350, Entry 5, Box 659, File 12277-11.
13 Dauncey, An Englishwoman in the Philippines, 309.
14 Blount, The American Occupation of the Philippines, 610.
15 “Speech of Secretary Taft on Friday evening August 11, 1905, at the Hotel Metropole, at a Dinner Given by Filipinos,” National Archives, RG 350, Entry 5, Box 659, File 12277-1.
16 Washington Post, August 6, 1905, sec. 4, 6.
17 Manila Times, August 14, 1905.
18 Ibid., May 19, 1905.
19 Dauncey, An Englishwoman in the Philippines, 320.
20 Ibid., 321.
21 Ibid., 320, 322.
22 Ibid., 324.
23 Ibid., 325.
24 Ibid., 326.
25 Ibid. Actual quote reads: “I am not come to give you your Independence, but to study your welfare. You will have your Independence when you are ready for it, which will not be in this generation—no, nor in the next, nor perhaps for a hundred years or more.” Author has made capitalization changes and omitted the phrase “but to study your welfare.”
26 Ibid.
27 Ibid., 334–40.
28 “Remarks of Secretary Taft at the Filipino Banquet at Cebu on August 22, 1905,” National Archives, RG 350, Entry 5, Box 659, File 12277-1.
29 Manila Times, August 24, 1905.
30 Resil B. Mojares, The War Against the Americans: Resistance and Collaboration in Cebu, 1899–1906 (Manila, Philippines: Ateneo e Manila University Press, 1999), 151–52.
31 Blount, American Occupation of the Philippines, 356.
32 Ibid., 357.
33 Manila Times, August 31, 1905.
CHAPTER10: ROOSEVELT’S OPEN AND CLOSED DOORS
1 Delber [sic] L. McKee, Chinese Exclusion Versus the Open Door Policy, 1900–1906: Clashes Over China Policy in the Roosevelt Era (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1977), 114.
2 Imperial Mandate of Emperor Qianlong to King George III, in Edmund Backhouse and J.O.P. Bland, Annals and Memoirs of the Court of Peking: From the 16th to the 20th Century (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1914), 322–34.
3 Carl A. Trocki, Opium, Empire, and the Global Political Economy: A Study of the Asian Opium Trade, 1750–1950 (New York: Routledge, 1999), 42.
4 Ibid., 94.
5 Ibid., 52.
6 Ibid., 98.
7 Martin Booth, Opium: A History (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1996), 136.
8 Stephen E. Ambrose, Nothing Like It in the World: The Men Who Built the Transcontinental Railroad, 1863–1869 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000), 162.
9 Ibid.
10 Ibid.
11 Ibid., 150.
12 Jack Chen, The Chinese of America (San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1980), 153.
13 Wesley S. Griswold, A Work of Giants: Building the First Transcontinental Railroad (New York: McGraw Hill, 1962), 144.
14 Text of Burlingame-Seward Treaty in Charles I. Bevans, comp., Treaties and Other International Agreements of the United States of America, 1776–1949 (Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office, 1971), 6:680–84.
15 Ambrose, Nothing Like It in the World, 164.
16 Sin-Kiong Wong, China’s Anti-American Boycott Movement in 1905: A Study in Urban Protest (New York: Peter Lang Publishing, 2002), 19.
17 Matthew Frye Jacobson, Barbarian Virtues: The United States Encounters Foreign Peoples at Home and Abroad, 1876–1917 (New York: Hill & Wang, 2000), 78.
18 Eric T. L. Love, Race Over Empire: Racism and U.S. Imperialism, 1865–1900 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004), 95. Actual quote reads: “who eat beef and bread and drink beer cannot labor alongside of those who live on rice, and if the experiment [in Asian immigration] is attempted on a large scale, the American Laborer will have to drop his knife and fork and take up the chopsticks.”
19 Thomas F. Gossett, Race: The History of an Idea in America (New York: Schocken Books, 1970), 291.
20 Jacobson, Barbarian Virtues, 194.
21 Ibid., 79.
22 Roger Daniels, Coming to America: A History of Immigration and Ethnicity in American Life (New York: HarperCollins, 2002), 271.
23 Thomas G. Dyer, Theodore Roosevelt and the Idea of Race (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University, 1960), 140.
24 Isham Dell, Rock Springs Massacre 1885 (Lincoln City, OR: Dell Isham & Associates, 1985), 52.
25 TR, “National Life and Character,” in American Ideals, And Other Essays, Social and Political (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1897), 1:111–12.
26 Kenton J. Clymer, John Hay (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1975), 156.
27 Austria-Hungary, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, the U.K. and the U.S.
28 Terence V. Powderly, “Exclude Anarchist and Chinaman!” Collier’s Weekly 28 (December 14, 1901).
29 McKee, Chinese Exclusion Versus the Open Door Policy, 59.
30 Ibid., 64.
31 Ibid., 68.
32 Ibid., 114.
33 TR to Cortelyou, January 25, 1904, in Elting Morison and John Blum, eds., The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt, 8 vols. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1951–54), 3:709.
34 New York Tribune, June 29, 1905.
35 Sin-Kiong Wong, “Mobilizing a Social Movement in China: Propaganda of the 1905 Boycott Campaign,” Chinese Studies (Taipei) 19:1 (June 2001), 375–408.
36 Ibid.
37 Lay to Loomis, August 16, 1905, Canton Dispatches.
38 Chester Holcombe, “The Question of Chinese Exclusion,” Outlook 80 (July 8, 1905), 619.
39 New York Times, June 28, 1905.
40 TR to Taft in Hong Kong, September 3, 1905, Taft papers, series 4, Taft-TR.
41 Sin-Kiong Wong, “Die for the Boycott and Nation: Martrydom and the 1905 Anti-American Movement in China,” Modern Asian Studies 35, no. 3 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001).
42 Washington Post, September 1, 1905; New York Times, September 4, 1905.
43 Stacy A. Cordery, Alice: Alice Roosevelt Longworth, from White House Princess to Washington Power Broker (New York, Viking 2007), 123.
44 New York Times, September 28, 1905.
45 Washington Post, September 7, 1905.
46 Lay to Loomis, September 12, 1905, Canton Dispatches.
47 Lay to Loomis, October 30, 1905, Canton Dispatches.
48 Charles Chaile-Long, “Why China Boycotts U.S.,” World Today 10 (March 1906), 314.
49 Michael Teague, Mrs. L.: Conversations with Alice Roosevelt Longworth (Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Company, 1981), 99.
50 Ibid., 89, 95.
51 Ibid., 98.
52 W. W. Rockhill to James L. Rodgers, September 18, 1905, Rockhill Papers.
53 “The Rising Spirit in China,” Outlook 81 (October 7, 1905): 316.
54 New York Tribune, August 30, 1905.
CHAPTER 11: INCOGNITO IN JAPAN
Caption:
Emperor Gojong: Enclosure in Allen to John Sherman, September 13, 1897, File Microcopies, no. 134, roll 13, Despatches Korea.
1 Michael Teague, Mrs. L.: Conversations with Alice Roosevelt Longworth (Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Company, 1981), 84–86.
2 Mark Sullivan, Our Times: America at the Birth of the Twentieth Century, ed. Dan Rather (New York: Scribner’s 1996), 282.
3 John Edward Wilz, “Did the United States Betray Korea?” Pacific Historical Review 54, no. 3 (1985), 251.
4 His visitors were Syngman Rhee and Pastor Yuu P’yong-Ku.
5 TR to Spring Rice, Nov. 1, 1905, Elting Morison and John Blum, eds., The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt, 8 vols. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1951–54), 5:61.
6 Steven Ericson and Allen Hockley, eds., The Treaty of Portsmouth and Its Legacies (Hanover, NH: Dartmouth College Press, published by University Press of New England, 2008), 57.
7 TR to Kaneko, August 23, 1905, Morison, Letters, 4:1312.
8 TR to Mortimer Durand, British ambassador to the United States, August 23, 1905, ibid., 4:1310–11.
9 British documents, IV, 105, as cited in Raymond Esthus, Theodore Roosevelt and Japan (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1966), 85.
10 Tyler Dennett, Roosevelt and the Russo-Japanese War (Gloucester, MA: Peter Smith, 1959), 262; Ericson and Hockley, Treaty of Portsmouth, 60.
11 Walter A. McDougall, Let the Sea Make a Noise (New York: HarperCollins, 1993), 455.
12 Raymond Esthus, Double Eagle and Rising Sun: The Russians and Japanese at Portsmouth in 1905 (Chapel Hill: Duke University Press, 1988), 167.
13 Ibid., 171.
14 Andrew Gordon, “The Crowd and Politics in Imperial Japan: Tokyo, 1905–1918,” Past and Present 121, no. 121 (November 1988), 141–70.
15 Lloyd C. Griscom, Diplomatically Speaking (New York: Literary Guild of America, 1940), 262.
16 Ibid.
17 Griscom to TR, September 21, 1905, Roosevelt Papers.
18 TR to Hermann Speck von Sternberg, September 6, 1905, Morison, Letters, 5:14–15.
19 William W. Rockhill to Taft, telegram, September 14, 1905, NARA, RG 59, M77 (Diplomatic Instructions of the Department of State, 1801–1906), roll 43, frames 117–18.
20 Raymond Esthus, Theodore Roosevelt and Japan (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1966), 41.
21 Esthus, Double Eagle and the Rising Sun, 174.
22 Saturday, September 2, 1905, Sagamore Hill. Letters: TR. to Alice: If the belligerents had not met at Portsmouth “they would not have made peace.” (With permission of the Theodore Roosevelt Association, Oyster Bay, NY)
23 Teague, Mrs. L., 106.
24 Ibid., 108.
25 Ibid.
26 Willard Straight to Frederick Palmer, October 3, 1905, Willard Straight Papers, Cornell University Rare and Manuscript Collections.
27 Ibid.
28 Esthus, Theodore Roosevelt and Japan, 108.
29 Longworth, Crowded Hours, 104.
30 TR to Rockhill, telegram September 17, 1905, NARA, RG 59, M92 (Despatches from U.S. Ministers to China, 1843–1906), roll 129.
TELEGRAM RECEIVED September 17TH, 1905
Rockhill,
Peking.
Further investigation satisfies me that Miss Roosevelt’s contemplated trip with her party incognity? (incognita) to Japan can be quite safely made. It would be wise however as you suggest for Newlands to communicate with Griscom by cable before coming.
Taft.
[Author Note: “Incognita” is the feminine Latin version of “incognito.” Classically educated Taft was referring to a female, Alice Roosevelt.]
31 Teague, Mrs. L., 87.
32 Longworth, Crowded Hours, 106; “Not a banzai to be heard,” Teague, Mrs. L., 87.
CHAPTER 12: SELLOUT IN SEOUL
1 Enclosure in Allen to John Sherman, September 13, 1897, NARA, RG 59, M77 (Diplomatic Despatches to Korea), 13.
2 TR to Hermann Speck von Sternberg, August 8, 1900. Elting Morison and John Blum, eds., The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt, 8 vols. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1951–54), 2:1394.
3 Monday, October 30, 1905, en route to Washington D.C. on the U.S.S. West Virginia. Letters: Edith to Kermit: Alice is looking very careworn and troubled about something. She will not say what is wrong. (With permission of the Theodore Roosevelt Association, Oyster Bay, NY)
4 Kokumin Newspaper, November 4, 1905.
5 TR to Taft, October 5, 1905, Morison, Letters, 5:46.
6 Raymond Esthus, Theodore Roosevelt and Japan (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1966), 105.
7 Jongsuk Chay, Diplomacy of Asymmetry: Korean American Relations to 1910 (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1990), 146.
8 Tyler Dennett, Roosevelt and the Russo-Japanese War (Gloucester, MA: Peter Smith, 1959), 305.
9 Esthus, Theodore Roosevelt and Japan, 61.
10 Ibid., 111.
11 “The treaty rested on the false assumption that Korea could govern herself well. It had already been shown that she could not in any real sense govern herself at all.” TR, America and the World War (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1915), 29. In his Autobiography, Roosevelt wrote that he approved of Japan taking over Korea because Korea “had shown herself utterly impotent either for self-government or self-defense (and) was in actual fact almost immediately annexed to Japan.” Theodore Roosevelt, An Autobiography (New York: Macmillan Co., 1913), 545.
12 Herbert Croly, Willard Straight (New York: Macmillan Company, 1924), 188.
13 Howard K. Beale, Theodore Roosevelt and the Rise of America to World Power (Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1956), 322.
14 Joyce C. Lebra, Japan’s Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere in World War II: Selected Readings and Documents (New York: Oxford University Press, 1975), 157.
15 Franklin D. Roosevelt’s Address to the nation in light of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. www.nationalcenter.org/FRooseveltDateInfamy1941.html, accessed August 22, 2009.
16 www.nps.gov/history/nr/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/18arizona/18facts1.htm, accessed August 22, 2009.
17 Kentaro Kaneko, “A ‘Japanese Monroe Doctrine’ and Manchuria,” Contemporary Japan 1, no. 1 (June 1932).
18 “Monroe Doctrine for Japan Stirs American Criticism,” Washington Star, July 4, 1921.
19 Stanley Hornbeck memorandum, January 14, 1932, “Manchuria?… for Asia,” in Justus D. Downecke, comp., The Diplomacy of Frustration: The Manchurian Crisis of 1931–1933 as Revealed in the Papers of Stanley K. Hornbeck (Palo Alto, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 1981), 127.
20 Kaku Mori, leader of the Seiyukai Party, quoted in “Japan: Fissiparous Tendencies,” Time, September 5, 1932.
21 Ibid.
22 Ibid.
23 Kiyoshi K. Kawakami, American-Japanese Relations: An Inside View of Japan’s Policies and Purposes (New York: Fleming H. Revell, 1912).
24 Kaneko, “A ‘Japanese Monroe Doctrine’ and Manchuria.”
25 Ibid.
26 George H. Blakeslee, “The Japanese Monroe Doctrine,” Foreign Affairs 11, issue 4 (July 1933), 671–81.
27 Kimitada Miwa, “Japanese Images of War with the United States,” in Akira Iriye, ed., Mutual Images: Essays in American-Japanese Relations (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1975), 133.
28 Department of State Bulletin 5, no. 129 (December 13, 1941).
CHAPTER 13: FOLLOWING THE SUN
Captions:
Moro Massacre: Samuel Clemens, “Comments on the Moro Massacre” (March 12, 1906), in Howard Zinn and Anthony Arnove, eds., Voices of a People’s History of the United States (New York: Seven Stories Press, 2004), 248–51.
Wedding: Michael Teague, Mrs. L.: Conversations with Alice Roosevelt Longworth (Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Company, 1981), 128, 129.
1 TR, The Winning of the West (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons,1894), vol. 1: From the Alleghanies to the Mississippi, 1769–1776, x, xi.
2 New York Times, September 9, 2008.
3 Ibid.
4 Clemens, “Comments on the Moro Massacre.”
5 Ibid.
6 Teague, Mrs. L., 129.
7 Carol Felsenthal, The Life and Times of Alice Roosevelt Longworth (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1988), 85.
8 Ibid., 98.
9 Ibid.
10 Edmund Morris, Theodore Rex (New York: Random House, 2001), 436.
11 Teague, Mrs. L., 128.
12 Alice Roosevelt Longworth, Diary entry, July 27, 1905, Papers of Alice Roosevelt Longworth, Library of Congress.
13 William “Fishbait” Miller and Francis Spatz Leighton, Fishbait (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1977), 103–104.
14 Stacy A. Cordery, Alice: Alice Roosevelt Longworth, from White House Princess to Washington Power Broker (New York: Viking, 2007), 231.
15 Ibid., 312.
16 New York Times, May 16, 1955.
17 Cordery, Alice, 423.
18 TR to Trevelyan, June 19, 1908, Elting Morison and John Blum, eds., The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt, 8 vols. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1951–54), 6:1805.
19 TR to Taft, August 7, 1908. TR Papers, PLB 83, series 2, Box 29.
20 Henry F. Pringle, The Life and Times of William Howard Taft (Norwalk, CT: Easton Press, 1986), 102.
21 TR to William Howard Taft, September 5, 1908. Morison, Letters, 6:1209–10; Henry F. Pringle, Theodore Roosevelt: A Biography (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1931), 504.
22 Stephen Hess, “Big Bill Taft,” American Heritage Magazine 17, no. 6 (October 1966).
23 TR to William Howard Taft, August 21, 1907, in Morison, Letters, 5:761.
24 Richard H. Collin, Theodore Roosevelt, Culture, Diplomacy, and Expansion: A New View of American Imperialism (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1985), 151.
25 Theodore Roosevelt, “Expansion of the White Races,” in Hermann Hagedorn, ed., National Edition: The Works of Theodore Roosevelt, vol. 18 (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1926), 348.
26 Edward Wagenknecht, The Seven Worlds of Theodore Roosevelt (New York: Longmans, Green & Co., 1958), 163.
27 Howard K. Beale, Theodore Roosevelt and the Rise of America to World Power (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1956), 460.
28 Roosevelt to Philander Knox, February 8, 1909. Morison, Letters, 6: 1512–13.
29 Theodore Roosevelt, “Biological Analogies in History,” The Romanes Lecture delivered before the University of Oxford, June 7, 1910 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1910), 31.
30 Baron Kaneko died in Tokyo at the age of eighty-nine, seven months after his countrymen attacked Pearl Harbor.
31 New York Times, July 30, 1905.
32 Kathleen Dalton, Theodore Roosevelt: A Strenuous Life (New York: Vintage Books, 2004), 35.
33 Edmund Morris, The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt (New York: Coward, McCann, and Geoghegan, 1979), 743.
34 Carleton Putnam, Race and Reason: A Yankee View (Washington, DC: Public Affairs Press, 1961), 41.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
1 Theodore Roosevelt, The Strenous Life, Essays and Addresses (New York: The Century Co., 1905), 28.