Military history

*Bibliography**

(1) MANUSCRIPT COLLECTIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS†

AAT: Archives de l’Armée de terre, Paris.

AdMss: British Library, London, Manuscript Division (for the Aberdeen Papers).

AMAE: Archive du Ministère des affaires étrangères, Paris.

AMAE Blg.: Archive du Ministère des affaires étrangères, Brussels, Correspondance politique.

AMAE CC: AMAE. Correspondance consulaire.

AMAE CP: AMAE. Correspondance politique.

AMAE PA PC, PT, PW: AMAE. Papiers d’agents. Papiers Castelbajac, Thouvenel, Walewski.

ASMAE: Archivio Storico del Ministerio degli Affari Esteri, Rome.

ARB: Archives royales belges, Brussels.

AVPR: Arkhiv vneshnei politiki Rossii, Moscow.

AVPR K: AVPR, fond Kantseliariia.

AVPR GA-V2; AVPR, fond Glavnyi arkhiv-V2.

AVPR Pos. Konst. AVPR, fond Posol’stvo v Konstantinopole.

BHSA OA: Bayerisches Hauptstaatsarchiv, Munich … Orientalische Angelegenheiten.

CIDp: Bodleian Library, Oxford, Clarendon Papers.

DRA UM: Rigsarchivet, Copenhagen, Udenrigsministeriet.

GPB: Gosudarstvennaia publichnaia biblioteka, St Petersburg. Rukopisnyi otdel.

HHSA PA: Haus- Hof- und Staatsarchiv, Vienna. Politische Abteilung.

HHSA PA KA GA: HHSA PA, Kabinettsarchiv, Geheimakten.

NRA … BZ: Nederland Algemeen Rijksarchief … Buitenlandse

Zaken. PRO: Public Record Office, London.

PRO FO: PRO, Foreign Office.

SHSA AM Kanz.: Sächsisches Hauptstaatsarchiv, Dresden, Aussenministerium, Kanzlei.

SRA KUB: Riksarchivet, Stockholm, Kabinett för utrikes Brevvätslikngebn.

TsGADA: Tsentral’yi gosudarstvennyi arkhiv drevnykh aktov, Moscow.

TsGAOR: Tsentral’yi gosudarstvennyi arkhiv Okt’iabrskoi revoliutsii, Moscow.

TsGAVMF: Tsentral’yi gosudarstvennyi voenno-morskoi arkhiv, St Petersburg.

TsGIA: Tsentral’yi gosudarstvennyi istoricheskii arkhiv, St Petersburg.

TsGVIA: Tsentral’yi gosudarstvennyi voenno-istoricheskii arkhiv, Moscow.

ZSAM HA: Zentrales Staatsarchiv, Merseburg, Historische Abteilung.

(2) COLLECTIONS OF PUBLISHED OFFICIAL SOURCES

AGK: Winfried Baumgart, Anna Maria Schop Soler, et al. (eds), Akten zur Geschichte des Krimkriegs. Munich/Vienna 1980. This series covers/will cover Austria (in 3 vols, 1980), Prussia (2 vols, 1990), Britain (4 vols: vol. 3, 1988), and France (3 vols), while the editors hope that VPR can provide companion volumes for Russian sources; has created new standards for Crimean War publication and annotation of documents: necessarily selective; includes official and unofficial material; begins at the end of 1852 and early 1853 for Austria and Prussia, but will go back to the development of the Holy Places dispute for Britain and France.

CORR: Great Britain, Foreign Office, Correspondence Respecting the Rights and Privileges of the Latin and Greek Churches in Turkey, 1853–1856. 8 vols. Surprisingly rich for a contemporary, official publication and still an indispensable collection – especially for the Holy Places dispute, Anglo-Russian and Anglo-Turkish relations, and the various compromise proposals of 1853–54.

CTS: Clive Perry (ed.), The Consolidated Treaty Series. 231 vols, Dobbs Ferry NY 1969–81. Reprinted from other collections; for this period misses only the 1851 Austro-Prussian Treaty.

EP: Great Britain, House of Commons, Eastern Papers (Parliamentary Papers: Accounts and Papers, 1854 LXXI–LXXII). Almost the same set of documents as in CORR.

FR: France, Ministry of Foreign Affaires, La France et la Russie. Paris 1854. Scanty but vital collection of the chief pieces of French public diplomacy, 1853–Feb. 1854.

Hertslet: Edward Hertslet (ed.), Map of Europe by Treaty. 4 vols, London 1875–91. English translations of major treaties and memoranda, starting 1814; with detailed maps.

Julius von Jasmond, Aktenstücke zur orientalischen Frage. 3 vols, Berlin 1855–59. Mostly in German translation, now supplanted.

Martens: F.F. Martens, Recueil des traités conclus par la Russie avec les puissances étrangères. 15 vols, St Petersburg 1874–1906. All kinds of extracts from diplomatic correspondence, as well as many treaties; not always reliable commentary: in both French and Russian.

MENA: Jacob C. Hurwitz, The Middle East and North Africa in World Politics. A Documentary Record. 2nd edn, 3 vols, New Haven/London 1975–. English translation of key documents, starting with 1535.

Nouradounghian: Gabriel Effendi Nouradounghian, Recueil d’actes inter-nationaux de l’Empire Ottoman. 4 vols, Paris 1897–1903. Supplements Testa.

POM: Friedrich Engel-Janosi (ed.), Die Protokolle des österreichischen Ministerrates, 1848–1867. Vienna 1970–.

Testa: Baron I. Testa, Recueil des traités de la Porte Ottomane avec les puissances étrangères. 11 vols, Paris 1864–1911. Fills important gaps.

VPR: USSR/Russia, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Vneshniaia politika Rossii XIX i nachale XX veka. Dokumenty ministerstva inostrannykh del. Moscow1960–. Comprehensive, well annotated, indexed and cross-referenced, but unlikely to reach the 1850s until some time in the twenty-first century.

ZP: A.M. Zaionchkovskii, Vostochnaia voina 1853–1856 gg. Prilozheniia. 2 vols, 3 suppl., St Petersburg 1908–13. The supplementary volumes are poorly organized, but very rich for military as well as diplomatic developments; the two narrative volumes are also useful, with some interesting photographs.

(3) ORIGINAL SOURCES CITED IN ABBREVIATION

DM: TsGAVMF 19/7/135, Dnevnik Menshikova (Menshikov’s Diary).

KfZh: TsGIA 516//1/120/2322//306–340 Karnerfur’erskie zhumaly (Journals of the Court Chamberlain), 1/13 Aug 1851–Jan. 1854.

MQLS: ‘Mémoire sur la question des lieux saints’, attributed to Fuad Pasha (Aug. 1853/Zilcadé 1269), Testa III: 294–312.

PHQSL: ‘Précis historique de la question des Saints-Lieux’ (Jan. 1853), ZP I.83.

(4) ABBREVIATIONS OF NAMES IN NOTES

Ab.	Aberdeen (British Prime Minister)
Arg.	Argyropoulos (Russian First Dragoman, Constantinople)
Bar.	Baraguay d’Hilliers (French Ambassador, Constantinople)
Bkr.	Brouckère (Belgian Prime/Foreign Minister)
BlC.	Blondeel van Cuelebroeck (Belgian Minister, Constantinople)
Brk.	Bruck (Austrian Internuncio, Constantinople)
Brq.	Bourqueney (French Minister, Vienna)
Brw.	Brunnow (Russian Minister, London)
Cln.	Clarendon (British Foreign Secretary)
Const.	Grand Duke Constantine (Acting Russian Minister of the Marine)
Ctb.	Castelbajac (French Minister, St Petersburg)
Cwl.	Cowley (British Ambassador, Paris)
Drn.	Drouyn de Lhuys (French Foreign Minister)
FJ	Francis Joseph I (Emperor of Austria)
Fnt.	Fonton (Russian First Secretary/Chargé, Vienna)
FW IV	Frederick William IV (King of Prussia)
Grm.	Graham (British First Lord of the Admiralty)
Hüb.	Hübner (Austrian Minister, Paris)
Kis.	Kiselev (Russian Minister, Paris)
Lac.	La [de la] Cour (French Ambassador, Constantinople)
Lav.	La [de la] Valette (French Ambassador, Constantinople)
Lbz.	Lebzeltern (Austrian Charge, St Petersburg)
LStr.	Lady Stratford (Wife of Stratford de Redcliffe)
Mdf.	Meyendorff (Russian Minister, Vienna)
Mlm.	Malmesbury (British Foreign Secretary)
Mnsh.	Menshikov (Russian Minister of the Marine, Extraordinary Ambassador, Constantinople)
Mnt.	Manteuffel (Prussian Minister President)
Nap. III	Napoleon III (Emperor of France)
Nes.	Nesselrode (Russian Chancellor)
Nich. I.	Nicholas I (Emperor of Russia)
Orl.	Orlov (Russian Director, Third Section; Extraordinary Ambassador, Vienna).
Oz.	Ozerov (Russian Charge/First Secretary, Constantinople)
Pirn.	Palmerston (British Foreign Secretary; Home Secretary)
Psk.	Paskevich (Russian Viceroy, Warsaw; Commander-in/ Chief)
QV	Victoria (British Queen)
Rch.	Rochow (Prussian Minister, St Petersburg)
Rsh.	Reshid Pasha (Turkish Foreign Minister)
Rus.	Russell (British Foreign Secretary; Commons Leader)
Sen.	Seniavin (Russian Deputy Foreign Minister/Chief of Asiatic Department)
Seym.	Seymour (British Minister, St Petersburg)
Str.	Stratford de Redcliffe (British Ambassador, Constantinople)
Thv.	Thouvenel (French Political Director, Foreign Ministry)
Tit.	Titov (Russian Minister, Constantinople)
vH.	van Hall (Dutch Foreign Minister)
Wal.	Walewski (French Ambassador, Constantinople)
Wst.	Westmorland (British Minister, Vienna)

(5) REFERENCE WORKS CITED IN ABBREVIATION

EB:	Encyclopaedia Britannica (London, etc. 1911 and 1947 edns).
ES:	Entsiklopedicheskii slovar’ (St Petersburg 1890–1914).
GJ:	Gothaisches genealisches Taschenbuch nebst diplomatisch-statis-tischem Jahrbuch. Not the best statistics, but very informative for comparisons.

(6) PUBLISHED COLLECTIONS OF PRIVATE CORRESPONDENCE, MEMOIRS AND BIOGRAPHIES WITH SOURCES

AbC: Lord Stanmore, Selections from the Correspondence of the Earl of Aberdeen. 13 vols, London, n.d. and 1885.

Albert, Prince Consort of Victoria, Letters of the Prince Consort ed. Kurt von Jagow, trans. E.T.S. Dugdale. 2 vols, London 1906.

Ashley: Evelyn Ashley, The Life of Henry John Temple, Viscount Palmerston: 1846–1865. 2 vols, London 1876.

Herbert, C.F. Bell, Lord Palmerston. 2 vols, London 1888, repr. 1936, 1966. Judicious review of his foreign policy during 1853–54.

Christian Carl Josias Freiherr von Bunsen. Aus seinen Brief en und nach eigener Erinnerungen geschildert von seiner Witwe. ed. Freidrich Nippod. 3 vols, Leipzig 1868–71.

Greville: Charles C.F. Greville, The Greville Memoirs ed. Henry Reeve. 8 vols, London 1888. Critical of Stratford and of British war hysteria.

Herbert: Lord Stanmore, Arthur Hamilton Gordon, Sydney Herbert. Lord Herbert of Lea. A Memoir. 2 vols, London 1906. Critical of the policy he helped to implement.

Graf Joseph Alexander von Hübner, Neuf ans de souvenirs d’un ambassadeur d’Autriche á Paris sous le Second Empire, 1851–1859. 2 vols, Paris 1904. Widely utilized, slightly distrusted.

Alexander Jomini, Diplomatic Study in the Crimean War. 2 vols, London 1882, originally Russian, 1863. Represents a Russian Foreign Ministry memoir, without footnotes: as Lane-Poole wrote, ‘as a happy mixture of candour and misrecital of facts… perhaps unequalled’; has been trusted too much.

Lane-Poole: Stanley Lane-Poole, The Life of the Right Honourable Stratford Canning, Viscount Stratford de Recliffe. From his Memoirs and Private Papers. 2 vols. London 1888. Court history, indispensable for the extracts of correspondence later lost; hero-worshipping editor.

LQV: Arthur C. Benson and Viscount Esher (eds), The Letters of Queen Victoria. 3 vols, New York 1907.

NLP: Comte Anatole de Nesselrode (ed.), Lettres etpapiers du chancelier Comte de Nesselrode, 1760–1856, 11 vols, Paris 1904–12. Chiefly his private (really semi-official) correspondence with Meyendorff for the period under consideration.

PAP: Heinrich Ritter von Poschinger (ed.), Preussens auswdrtige Politik, 1850–1858. Unveroffentliche Dokumente aus dem Nachlasse Manteuffels. 2 vols, Berlin 1902. Private correspondence, mainly diplomatic, now supplements AGK II. 1–2.

Charles Stuart Parker, Life and Letters of Sir James Graham, Second Baronet of Netherby, P.C., G.C.B., 1792–1861. 2 vols, London 1907.

PASK: A.P. Shcherbatov, General-fel’dmarshal Kniaz’ Paskevich i ego zhizn’ isdiatel’nost’: po neizdannym istochnikam. 7 vols. St Petersburg 1888–1904. With much of the Nicholas I-Paskevich correspondence.

Jean Gilbert Victor Fialin, Due de Persigny, Mémoires du Due de Persigny publiés avec des documents inédits. Paris 1896. More important for contemporary attitudes than for the key moves by Napoleon.

PM: Peter von Meyendorff: Ein russischer Diplomat an den Höfen von Berlin und Wien. Politischer und Privater Briefwechsel, 1826–1863. ed. Otto Hoetzsch. 3 vols, Berlin 1923. For this period, many private letters to Nesselrode; companion to NLP; reveals the contradictions of a loyal court diplomat.

Graf Anton Franz von Prokesch-Osten, Aus den Breifen des Grafen Prokesch von Osten, k.u.k. osterr. Botschafter und Feldzeugmeister (1849–1855). Vienna 1896.

Captain Adolphus Slade, Turkey and the Crimean War. London 1867. Employed by the Turks, but collaborated with Rose and Stratford in 1853 and then with the British commanders during the war.

Thouvenel: Louis Thouvenel, Nicolas I et Napoleon III: les préliminaires de la Guerre de Crimée. Paris 1891. Contains extracts from Edouard Thouvenel’s private correspondence with the envoys to St Petersburg and Constantinople.

Carl Friedrich Vitzthum von Eckstaedt, St Petersburg and London in the Years 1852–1864. Originally in German (1886); ed. Henry Reeve. 2 vols, London 1887. Fascinating, questionably reliable.

Walpole: Spencer Walpole, The Life of Lord John Russell. 2 vols, London 1889.

Wellesley, D.A. (ed.), The Paris Embassy under the Second Empire. London 1928. Cowley deserves to have more of his private papers printed than are found here.

(7) JOURNALS FREQUENTLY CITED

AHR: American Historical Review

AHY: Austria History Yearbook

CHJ: Cambridge Historical Journal

EHR: English Historical Review

HJ: Historical Journal

JGO: Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas

JMH: Journal of Modern History

SEER/SR: Slavonic and East European Review (formerly Slavonic Review)

(8) MONOGRAPHS AND GENERAL STUDIES

Allen/Muratoff: W.E.D. Allen and Paul Muratoff, Caucasian Battlefields. A History of the Wars on the Turco-Caucasian Border, 1828–1921. Cambridge UK 1953. Details, maps, no citations, just a critical bibliography.

M.S. Anderson, The Eastern Question, 1774–1923. New York 1966. Corrects Marriott with an Ottoman perspective; derivative for the origin of the war.

Baddeley: John F. Baddeley, The Russian Conquest of the Caucasus. London 1908. Shamyl and the Circassians from the Russian viewpoint; no citations.

Frank Edgar Bailey, British Policy and the Turkish Reform Movement. A Study in Anglo-Turkish Relations. Cambridge MA 1942. Useful, but anglo-centric.

Bapst: Edmond Bapst, Les origines de la guerre de Crimée: La France et la Russie de 1848 à 1854. Paris 1912. Overplays the Nicholas I-Napoleon III relationship; mixed source base, including French archives; no use of ZP I.

C.J. Bartlett, Great Britain and Sea Power, 1815–1853. Oxford 1963. Perfect companion volume for the approach in this book.

Winfried Baumgart, The Peace of Paris, 1856. Studies in War, Diplomacy, and Peacemaking. Trans. A.P. Saab, Santa Barbara 1981. German original, 1972. Topical and analytical presentation of the Crimean War problem by the editor-in-chief of AGK.

Yehoshua Ben-Arieh, Jerusalem in the 19th Century, 2 vols, Jerusalem/New York 1984–86. Encyclopedic, derivative.

A.L. Beskrovnyi, Russkaia armiia i flot v XIX veke. Moscow 1973. Archive based, lots of statistics.

Beskrovnyi RVI: A.L. Beskrovnyi, Russkoe voennoe iskusstvo XIX v. Moscow 1974. Analytical account of Russia’s nineteenth-century wars based entirely on Russian archives.

M.I. Bogdanovich, Vostochnaia voina 1853–1856 gg. 4 vols in 2, St Petersburg 1876. Brief on origins, but useful citations; now superseded.

Bohl: Robert Bohl, Anglo-French Relations and the Crimean War Alliance. Dissertation, Univ. of Pennsylvania 1974. Many citations from the Cowley-Clarendon and Walewski-Drouyn correspondence.

Bolkhovitinov: Nikolai N. Bolkhovitinov, Russko-amerikanskie otnos-heniia i prodazha Aliaski, 1834–1867. Moscow 1990. Interesting focus on the North Pacific and the Alaska-Hudson Bay Company problem.

Kurt Borries, Preussen im Krimkrieg. Stuttgart 1930. A few key documents.

Emile Bourgeois, Manuel historique de politique étrangère. 3 vols, Paris 1892–1905. Needs to be superseded by a more reliable documented, detailed, general diplomatic history.

Kenneth Bourne, Britain and the Balance of Power in North America, 1815–1908. Berkeley/Los Angeles 1967. Illustrates Britain’s dilemmas and advantages when competing with Russia and the United States simultaneously.

Philip Marshall Brown, Foreigners in Turkey, Their Juridical Status. Princeton/London 1914.

Lynn M. Case, Edouard Thouvenel et la diplomatie du Second Empire. Paris 1976. Background to a key French figure.

——, French Opinion on War and Diplomacy during the Second Empire. Philadelphia 1954. Complements Kingsley Martin.

Richard Charmatz, Minister Freiherr von Bruck: Der Vorkämpfer Mittel europas. Leipzig 1916.

James B. Conacher, The Aberdeen Coalition. A Study in Mid-Nineteenth-Century Party Politics. Cambridge UK 1968. Masterful monograph, essential for following British decision-making; interesting evaluation of Stratford; elucidates the effect of Cabinet divisions.

John Shelton Curtiss, The Russian Army under Nicholas I, 1825–1855. Durham 1965. Based on published sources, concludes with the Crimean War.

Curtiss RCW: John Shelton Curtiss, Russia’s Crimean War. Durham 1979. Some interesting use of AVPR, HHSA and AMAE; for Russian documents otherwise one-sidedly relies on Jo mini, Martens, and ZP at the expense of even published French, English, and Turkish sources for the origins of the war, Vienna Note, etc.

Davison ROE: Roderic H. Davison, Reform in the Ottoman Empire, 1856–1876. Princeton 1963. Fine pre-1856 background too.

Alan Dowty, The Limits of American Isolation: the United States and the Crimean War. New York 1971. Could be more detailed.

Echard: William E. Echard, Napoleon HI and the Concert of Europe; Baton Rouge and London 1983. Foregrounds Napoleon’s attempt to square the circle by recrafting the European ‘concert’ to meet the post-1848 realities.

Arvil B. Erikson, The Public Career of Sir James Graham. Oxford/Cleveland 1952. Too brief on 1853–54.

Franz Eckhart, Die Deutsche Frage und der Krimkrieg. Berlin/Königsberg 1931.

Radu Florescu, The Struggle against Russia in the Roumanian Principalities, 1821–1854. Munich 1962. Slanted title, useful background.

Fuller: William C. Fuller, Jr, Strategy and Power in Russia, 1600–1914. New York 1992. Serious re-evaluation, based on an understanding of Russia’s weaknesses; used archival sources for the army which this author did not see.

B.A. Georgiev, N.S. Kiniapina, M.T. Panchencko, and V.I. Sheremet, Vostochnyi vopros vo vneshnei politike Rossii konets XVIII-nachalo XX v. Moscow 1978. The Eastern Question from a Russian perspective; fresh research in AVPR.

David Gillard, The Struggle for Asia, 1828–1914. London 1977/80. Comprehensive overview of the ‘Great Game’.

John H. Gleason, The Genesis of Russophobia in Great Britain. Cambridge MA 1950. Chiefly the 1830s; chronicles the rise and decline before 1848.

Gooch NBG: Brison D. Gooch, The New Bonapartist Generals in the Crimean War. Distrust and Decision-Making in the Anglo-French Alliance. The Hague 1959. The French perspective — a good antidote to the standard anglo-centric works; based on memoirs and secondary sources, not AAT research.

——, The Origins of the Crimean War. Lexington MA 1969. Heath and Company ‘Problems in European Civilization’ volume of selections from historians, nothing later than 1956, mostly syntheses, without citations, even when they are found in the original works; no indication of factual mistakes, so how can the reader make valid judgements?

La Gorce HSE: Pierre de la Gorce, Histoire du Second Empire. 6 vols, mixed edn, Paris 1901–03. Rich for domestic history, but dated.

M.S. Gorianov, Le Bosphore et les Dardanelles. Paris 1910. Often cited, but says nothing important about 1848–54.

Basil Greenhill and Ann Giffard, The British Assault on Finland, 1854–1855. London 1988. A fresh, archive-based detailed examination and presentation of the Baltic campaign.

Emmanuel Halicz, Danish Neutrality During the Crimean War (1853–1856). Denmark Between the Hammer and the Anvil. Janet Cave, trans. Odense DK 1977. Archive based, informative; useful bibliography for Sweden as well as Denmark.

Heindl: Waltraud Heindl, Graf Buol-Schauenstein in St Petersburg und London 1848–1852. Vienna/Cologne/Graz 1970. Essential background for a critical player in 1853–54; well documented from HHSA by one of the editors of POM.

HM: Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Die Habsburgermonarchie 1848–1918. Vienna 1973–. Very informative, collective, multi-volume history; topically organized.

Derek Hopwood, The Russian Presence in Syria and Palestine, 1843–1914: Church and Politics in the Near East. Oxford 1969. Reliable, based on published Russian and Arabic sources, but no use of the Russian Holy Synod collection in TsGIA.

Harold Ingle, Nesselrode and the Russian Rapproachment with Britain, 1836–1844. Berkeley 1978. Based on published Russian sources, but comprehensive and judicious.

Barbara Jelavich, Russian’s Balkan Entanglements, 1806–1914. Cambridge UK 1991. Thoughtful synthesis; original research is from the Balkan side; views Nicholas from the standpoint of ‘defence of the status quo’.

Charles and Barbara Jelavich, The Establishment of Balkan National States. Seattle 1977. More a textbook, but also a companion to B. Jelavich, Balkan Entanglements.

Kinglake, Invasion of the Crimea: Arthur W. Kinglake, The Invasion of the Crimea: Its Origin and Account of its Progress down to the death of Lord Raglan. 14 vols, Leipzig 1863–69. Detailed, based on British sources, with many extracts from documents, not kind to Napoleon III.

N.S. Kiniapina, M.M. Bliev and V.V. Degoev, Kavkaz i Sredniaia Aziia vo vneshnoi politike Rossii. Vtoraia polovina XVIII-80-e gody XIX v. Moscow 1982. Archive-based for Central Asia.

Marian Kukiel, Czartoryski and European Unity. Princeton 1955. Slightly overrates the impact of the energetic and active anti-tsarism of the Polish Emigration.

Lambert CW: Andrew Lambert, The Crimean War, British Grand Strategy, 1853–1856. Manchester UK/New York 1990. Fresh analysis, based chiefly on British naval and other archives; military imperatives inform outlook on origins; companion French and Russian volumes would be most useful.

W. Bruce Lincoln, Nicholas I: Emperor and Autocrat of all the Russias. Bloomington 1978. Scholarly, sympathetic; brief and derivative for foreign policy.

David MacKenzie, Ilija Garašanin: Balkan Bismarck. New York/Boulder 1985. The subject is important for his opposition to Russian interference in Ottoman Serbia in the 1840s–50s; archive-based.

Alyce E. Mange, The Near Eastern Policy of Napoleon III (Urbana 1940) – straightforward overview; better for the Holy Places dispute than for the origins of the war.

Marriott: J.A.R. Marriott, The Eastern Question. A Historical Study of European Diplomacy. Oxford 1917. The view from Europe; poorly documented for origins of this war.

Martin: B. Kingsley Martin, The Triumph of Lord Palmerston. A Study of Public Opinion in England before the Crimean War. New York 1924. Rich in data on the English press.

Monnier: Luc Monnier, Etude sur les origines de la guerre de Crimée. Geneva 1977. Uses AMAE and some rare sources, as well as insight; not always accurate; Napoleon’s family archive yielded a few gems.

Nolan: E.H. Nolan, Illustrated History of the War Against Russia. 2 vols, London 1857. Detailed dated chronicle, with many documents.

Palmer BB: Alan Palmer, The Banner of Battle. The Story of the Crimean War. London 1987. Broadly researched and readable, by a prolific and erudite historian who has found new sources, such as the diaries of Seymour and Rose; fair concerning the chief actors; passes over the sticky problems regarding the origins rather quickly.

G. Pélisse du Rausas, Le régime des capitulations dans VEmpire Ottoman. Paris 1902. Essential background.

Puryear ERSQ: Vernon Puryear, England, Russia, and the Straits Question, 1844–1856. Berkeley 1931. The seminal scholarly indictment of British policy; gives Russian interpretations of treaty rights and informal agreements more than the benefit of doubt.

——, France and the Levant, 1820–1845. Berkeley 1941.

——, International Economics and Diplomacy in the Near East: A Study of British Commercial Policy in the Levant, 1834–1853. Stanford 1935. Supplements his ERSQ.

Nicholas Riasanovsky, Nicholas I and Official Nationality in Russia, 1825–1855. Berkeley 1959. Penetrating study of Nicholas I’s ideological world, including the ideas behind his foreign policy.

Rich: Norman Rich, Why the Crimean War? A Cautionary Tale. Hanover/London 1985. About as good as possible for a short study based completely on published documents in English, French, and German and on secondary sources; maybe skirts too quickly over the May–September 1853 compromise proposals; excellent treatment of the war itself and the peace process; fine annotated bibliography.

Gunther Rothenberg, The Army of Francis Joseph. West Lafayette 1976. Excellent historian, not very detailed work.

Saab OCA: Ann Pottinger Saab, The Origins of the Crimean – Alliance. Charlottesville 1977. Essential turco-centri e monograph, using AMAE, HHSA, and Ottoman sources; emphasizes Turkish freedom of action; well documented; bibliography includes Turkish works, council protocols, references to diplomatic correspondence that very few people have used.

Schroeder AGBCW: Paul W. Schroeder, Austria, Great Britain and the Crimean War. The Destruction of the Concert of Europe. Ithaca 1972. Brilliant, thorough diplomatic history based on HHSA, AMAE, PRO, CIDp, inter alia. Exposes the cynicism and consistent inconsistencies of British policies and thinking, as well as Austria’s dilemmas.

Schiemann: Theodor Schiemann, Geschichte Russlands unter Kaiser Nikolaus I 4 vols, Berlin, Leipzig 1904–19. Still a standard work.

Albert Seaton, The Crimean War. A Russian Chronicle. London 1977. Good, brief military history from the Russian side, derivative for origins.

Seton-Watson BE: R.W. Seton-Watson, Britain in Europe, 1789–1914. Cambridge UK 1937. Attempts to be both balanced and critical of British statesmen and journalists.

Sheremet: V.l. Sheremet, Osmanskaia imperila i zapadnaia Evropa, vtoraia tret’ XIX veka. Moscow 1986. Uses Russian mission reports; analyses the interplay of treaty rights, economic interests, and international relations.

F.A. Simpson, Louis Napoleon and the Recovery of France, 1848–1856. New York 1923. Based on evidence, not prejudice, concerning his subject; less reliable on the origins of the war.

Hew Strachan, Wellington’s Legacy: The Reform of the British Army, 1830–1854. Manchester UK 1984. Useful companion to Bartlett.

Tarlé: Evgenii Tarlé, Krymskaia voina. 2 vols, Moscow 1941–44; repr. as Sochineniia, vols 8–9, 1959. Brilliant; wide use of Russian primary sources; marred by conspiracy thinking.

AJ.P. Taylor, The Struggle for Mastery in Europe. Oxford 1954. Witty, sarcastic, judgemental, uneven; real value is in foregrounding the German Question.

Temperley ENEC: Harold Temperley, England and the Near East: the Crimea. London 1936, repr. 1964. Classic based chiefly on British sources, with pioneering manuscript work on British motivation; too credulous regarding diplomatic rumours and too free in assigning motives, almost as if one were creating belles-lettres.

Thomas: Daniel H. Thomas, The Guarantee of Belgian Independence and Neutrality in European Diplomacy, 1830s–1930s. Kingston RI 1983. Useful data.

Unckel: Bernhard Unckel, Österreich und der Krimkrieg. Studien zur Politik der Donaumonarchie in den Jahren 1852–1856. Lübeck/Hamburg 1969. Solid monograph using HHSA, with a footnote for every fact; most helpful.

V.N. Vinogradov, Velikobritaniia i Balkany ot Venskogo kongresa do Krymskoi voiny. Moscow 1985. Re-examination of Anglo-Russian rivalry in the Balkans; uses AVPR and published sources; emphasizes British expansionism.

——, et al. (eds), Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniia na Balkanakh, 1830–1856 gg. AVPR as the basic great power source; sympathetic to Balkan aspirations; nothing new on origins of the war.

Philip Warner, The Crimean War. A Reappraisal. New York 1972. Derivative for origins; good military history.

Walker: Charles Emerson Walker, The Role of Karl Nesselrode in the Formulation and Implementation of Russian Foreign Policy, 1850–1856. Dissertation, Univ of West Virginia 1973. Used PRO and AMAE for the origins period; some good citations.

Webster, Palmerston: Charles Webster, The Foreign Policy of Palmerston, 1830–1841. 2 vols, London 1951. Detailed view from PRO FO sources; similarly detailed volumes on Palmerston, 1846–1851, Clarendon, 1853–1856, and French foreign policy, 1848–1856, would be most useful.

Hermann Wentkler, Vom Wiener Kongress zur Pariser Konferenz. England, die deutsche Frage und das Mächtesystem, 1815–1856. Göttingen/Zürich 1991. Has a section on war aims formulation, 1853–54, not seen by this author.

Wetzel: David Wetzel, The Crimean War: A Diplomatic History. Boulder/New York 1985; writes bitingly and judgementally as if he were A.J. P. Taylor’s alter ego; no use of the available AGK 1.1-3; many, many inaccuracies; should have cited more sources in order to be trustworthy history.

Zaionchkovskii VV: See above, (2), under ZP: the narrative volumes.

Sergei Zhigarev, Russkaia politika v Vostochnom voprose. 2 vols, Moscow 1896. The best of the Imperial Russian treatments of the Eastern Question.

(9) ARTICLES

Garry J. Alder, ‘India and the Crimean War’, Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History II.2 (Oct. 1973): 15–37. Indicates Calcutta’s relative calm in 1853.

Olive Anderson, ‘Great Britain and the Beginning of the Ottoman Public Debt, 1854–1855’, HJ VII. 1 (1964): 42–64. Supplements Rodkey.

Winfried Baumgart, ‘Probleme der Krimkriegsforschung. Eine Studie über die Literatur des letzen Jahrzehnts (1961–1970)’, JGO XIX (1971): 49–109, 243–64, 371–400. Rich sequel to Hösch’s article by the general editor of AGK.

G.H. Bolsover, ‘Nicholas I and the Partition of Turkey’, SR/SEER XXVIII (1948): 115–45. Covers 1833, 1843–44, 1853.

Radu Florescu, ‘The Rumanian Principalities and the Origin of the Crimean War’, SEER/SR XLIII (1964): 46–67. Correct about the centrality of the Principalities, but no proof that Stratford’s frustrations from 1848–49 were decisive in 1853.

Gooch CHOCW: Brison D. Gooch, ‘A Century of Historiography on the Origins of the Crimean War’, AHR LX.3 (Oct. 1956): 33–58. Judicious on the French side; neglects Tarlé, insufficiently critical.

——, ‘An 1853 Formula for Ottoman Victory’, AHY XIV (1978): 79–88. A glimpse at the Hungarian emigration at work.

C.I. Hamilton, ‘The Royal Navy, La Royale, and the Militarization of Naval Warfare, 1840–1870’, Journal of Strategic Studies VI (1983): 183–94. Supplements Bartlett.

Henderson: Gavin B. Henderson, ‘The Seymour Conversations’, History XVIII. 71 (1933): 241–7; rev. and repr in Crimean War Diplomacy and Other Historical Essays, Glasgow 1947. Only English sources; Nicholas as ‘blunderer’ not ‘plotter’ thesis – perhaps a false dichotomy; some imprecise dates.

J.L. Herkless, ‘Stratford, the Cabinet and the Outbreak of the Crimean War’, HJ XVIII (1975): 497–523. On the apologetic side.

Edgar Hosch, ‘Neuere Literatur (1940–1960) über den Krimkrieg’, JGO IX (1969): 399–434. Comprehensive, judicious.

H.E. Howard, ‘Brunnow’s Reports on Aberdeen, 1853’, CHJ IV (1932–34): 312–21. The extracts of documents, copied with permission from anti-Bolsheviks in the Russian mission in London soon after the November 1917 coup, are somewhat slanted; the thesis that the origin of the war lies in Brunnow’s reports is not substantiated.

Jacob C. Hurewitz, ‘Ottoman Diplomacy and the European State System’, Middle East Journal XV (1961): 141–52. Good summary.

——, ‘Russia and the Turkish Straits: A Reevaluation of the Origin of the Problem’, World Politics XIV (1961–62): 605–33. Serious focus on the 1798/99 and 1805 treaties by the editor of MENA; makes use of Turkish archives.

Paul Knaplund, ‘Finnmark in British Diplomacy, 1832–1855’, AHR XXX (1925): 478–502. The northwesternmost point in the ‘Great Game’.

Lambert PRW: Andrew Lambert, ‘Preparing for the Russian War. British Strategic Planning, March 1853-March 1854’, War and Society VII.2 (Sept. 1989): 15–39. Supplements his Crimean War.

Vernon Puryear, ‘New Light on the Origins of the Crimean War’, JMH III.2 (June 1931): 219–34: Precursor to ERSQ thesis about a genuine Anglo-Russian understanding as of 1844; forced.

Rodkey: Frederick Stanley, ‘Ottoman Concern about Western Economic Penetration in the Levant, 1849–1856’, JMH XXX.4 (1958): 348–53. Shows the problems on both the Anglo-French and Turkish sides in initiating Ottoman state borrowing.

Ann Pottinger Saab, John M. Knapp and Franchise de Bourqueney Knapp, ‘A Reassessment of French Foreign Policy During the Crimean War Based on the Papers of Adolphe de Bourqueney’, French Historical Studies XIV.4 (Fall 1986): 468–96. Useful information and extracts from documents, not just from Bourqueney.

——, ‘Review of Winfried Baumgart, Der Fried von Paris, 1856; Paul W. Schroeder, Austria, Great Britain, and the Crimean War,’ Central European History 8 (1975): 51–68. Notes differences over the analytical utility of the ‘Concert of Europe’.

Richard Salomon, ‘Die Anerkennung Napoleons III: ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Politik Nikolaus I, Zeitschrift für osteuropäische Geschichte II (1912): 312–66. Utilized ZP I fruitfully.

Schmitt: Bernard Schmitt, ‘Diplomatic Preliminaries of the Crimean War’, AHR XXV. 1 (Oct. 1919): 33–67. Neglected to use ZP I–II or to discern source bases, but even-handed.

Paul W. Schroeder, ‘Austria and the Danubian Principalities, 1853–1856’, Central European History 2 (1969): 216–36.

——, ‘Bruck vs. Buol: the Dispute over Austrian Eastern Policy 1853–1855’, JMH 40 (1968): 193–217.

——, ‘A Turning Point in Austrian Eastern Policy in the Crimean War. The Conferences of March, 1854’, AHY 4–5 (1968–69): 159–202. All three articles have a certain mark of scholarly distinction.

John J. Stephan, ‘The Crimean War in the Far East’, Modern Asian Studies III.3 (July 1969): 257–77. Elucidates the Amur connection.

Harold Temperley, ‘The Alleged Violations of the Straits Convention by Stratford de Redcliffe between June and September, 1853’, EHR 49 (1934): 637–42. Challenges Puryear over interpretation; elucidates maritime communication problems.

——, ‘The Last Phase of Stratford de Redcliffe, 1853–1858’, EHR 47 (1932): 216–59. Almost ironical outcome.

Temperley SROCW: –, ‘Stratford de Redcliffe and the Origins of the Crimean War’, EHR 48 (1933): 601–21, 49 (1934): 265–98. Pro-Stratford; too little attention to his ideas; dramatic; not superseded to date concerning this diplomat, but flippant about Menshikov, Rifaat, Argyropoulos and others.

Hermann Wentkler, ‘Russland vor dem Krimkreig: Die russische Aussenpolitik 1853/54 im Urteil des britischen Gesandten George Hamilton Seymour’, JGO 40.3 (1992): 366–80. Fresh material from Seymour’s private correspondence; reveals his mounting, albeit well-concealed, aggressive russophobia in 1853, as well as his perplexity over Nicholas I and disgust with Russia’s autocracy.

*Not all of the works cited in the footnotes are listed here.

†Some of the Russian archives have recently undergone or are in the process of undergoing insignificant name changes, which will not negate the utility of the standard acronyms used here; for example, AVPR to AVPRI (Arkhiv vneshnei politiki Rossiiskoi imperii), and TsGAVMF to RGAVMF (Russkii gosudarstvennyi arckhiv Voenno-morskogo flota).

Maps