The chronological range of this volume sometimes complicates easy reference to dates (this especially so in Part III and its thematic discussions). While context will often provide a guide to the dates cited, an introductory reference in many chapters to follow will tell readers whether dates refer to B.C. or A.D. or both. Ordinarily, all four-digit dates should be taken as modern, while context will again place such references as “fifth century” or “first century,” B.C. or A.D. The following outline may help readers orient themselves with the events.
