Notes

PREFACE: “LITTLE LESS THAN SAVAGE FURY”

1. Charles B. Todd, The History of Redding (New York: Grafton Press, 1906), pp. 35—36. Todd publishes a gruesome account of the hanging but concludes that it was based on faulty memory.

2. Harold C. Syrett, ed., The Papers of Alexander Hamilton (New York: Columbia University Press, 1961), p. 529.

3. Jared Sparks, The Writings of George Washington, vol. 5 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1855), p. 222. Letter to Col. Walter Stewart, January 22, 1778.

4. William Spohn Baker, Itinerary of General Washington June 15, 1775 to December 23, 1783 (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1892; reprint, Whitefish, MT: Kessinger Publishing, 2007), p. 101.

5. W. O. Raymond, The United Empire Loyalists (Saint Stephen, NB: Saint Croix Printing and Publishing Co., 1893), p. 5.

6. Stephen Jarvis, “An American’s Experience in the British Army,” Connecticut Magazine 11 (Summer-Autumn 1907), pp. 191–215, 477–490. Note that the magazine treats Jarvis’s service in Tory regiments as being in “the British Army.”

7. A true copy from the Minutes of the Committee of Inspection for the Town of Stamford, attested by John Haight, Jr., committee clerk. http://www.stanklos .net/index.php?act = para&psname = C0RRESP0NDENCE%2C%20 PR0CEEDINGS%2C%20ETC&pid = 4392; accessed 1/12/2009.

8. Jarvis Munson, Petition for Indemnity as a Loyalist, presented in Saint John, New Brunswick, March 27, 1786. (Courtesy of Bill Jarvis.)

9. Robert McCluer Calhoon, The Loyalists in Revolutionary America 1760—1781 (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1973), p. 282.

10. Wallace Brown, “Loyalist Military Settlement in New Brunswick,” in The Loyal Americans: The Military Role of the Loyalist Provincial Corps and Their Settlement in British North America, gen. ed. Robert S. Allen (Ottawa: National Museum of Man, 1983), pp. 81–90.

11. David H. Villers, “Loyalism in Connecticut, 176–1783” (Ph.D. diss., University of Connecticut 1976), p. 280. Villers bases his estimate of one thousand on the reports of Loyalist recruiters and on testimony in Connecticut courts.

12. Jarvis-Powell Family Papers 1767–1919, Loyalist Collection, University of New Brunswick, Canada, MIC-Loyalist FC LFR.J3P5P3.

13. He is identified in Royal Ralph Hinman, A Historical Collection from Official Records, Files, &c., of the Part Sustained by Connecticut, During the War of the Revolution (Hartford, CT: E. Gleason, 1842), p. 137. He is not named in James Shepard, “The Tories of Connecticut,” Connecticut Quarterly 1, no. 3 (July, August, and September 1895).

14. Jarvis Munson petition.

15. Jarvis, “Experience.” (Unless otherwise stated, information about Stephen Jarvis’s life comes from this source.)

16. Shepard, “The Tories of Connecticut.”

17. Mary Beth Norton, The British-Americans (Boston: Little, Brown, 1972), p. 10.

18. These are some of the occupations listed in documents showing the confiscation of properties of Pennsylvania Loyalists accused of treason. Samuel Hazard, ed., “Minutes of the Supreme Executive Council of Pennsylvania,” Colonial Records of Pennsylvania (Philadelphia: Theo Fenn & Co., 1852), vol. 11, p. 353.

19. W. Stewart Wallace, The United Empire Loyalists (1914; reprint, Whitefish, MT: Kessinger Publishing, 2004), p. 26; Walter Bates, Kingston and the Loyalists of the “Spring Fleet” of 1783 (1899; reprint, Fredericton, NB: Nonentity Press, 1980), p. 28.

20. Gordon S. Wood, The Radicalism of the American Revolution (New York: Vintage Books, 1991), p. 176.

21. The estimate of eighty thousand appears consistently in writings in Canada, the repository of innumerable Loyalist documents. For example, United Empire Loyalists’ Association of Canada: http://www.learnquebec.ca/export/sites/learn/en/content/curriculum/social_sciences/documents/loyalistoverview.pdf; accessed 4/13/2009. Also, Canadian National Army Museum, “The War for America,” http://www.national-army-museum.ac.uk/exhibitions/warForAmerica/page5 .shtml; accessed 4/13/2009. Some Loyalist historians favor the “not less than 100,000 souls” estimate because it comes from an influential eyewitness. The source is Thomas Jones, The History of New York During the American Revolution (New York: New-York Historical Society, 1879), vol. I, p. 260.

22. Author’s count of the battles in the War Chronology of the On-Line Institute for Advanced Loyalist Studies, http://www.royalprovincial.com/history/chronology/chrono.shtml; accessed 3/5/2009.

23. James Srodes, Franklin (Washington, DC: Regnery Publishing Co., 2002), p. 276.

24. Lorenzo Sabine, Biographical Sketches of Loyalists of the American Revolution: With an Historical Essay (Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1864), p. 65.

25. Paul H. Smith, “The American Loyalists: Notes on Their Organization and Numerical Strength,” William and Mary Quarterly 25 (1968): 259—277.

26. 2,205,000: U.S. Bureau of the Census (1998 World Almanac and Book of Facts, p. 378); 2,780,4000: Digital History online (http://digitalhistory2.uh.edu/eta .cfm?eralID=3&smtID = 4). Accessed 3/23/2010.

27. Charles Francis Adams, The Works of John Adams, Second President of the United States, vol. 10 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1856), pp. 193–197.

28. Ibid., Letter to Morse, December 22, 1815, p. 193.

29. Worthington Chauncey Ford, ed., The Writings of George Washington, vol. 7 (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1890), p. 345. “The half tories,” Washington wrote, “… might prove very useful instruments.”

30. Henry Steele Commager and Richard B. Morris, eds., The Spirit of ‘Seventy-Six, vol. 1 (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1958), p. 325.

31. Adams, The Works of John Adams, p. 197.

CHAPTER 1: TWO FLAGS OVER PLYMOUTH

1. Franklin was questioned in February 1766. Adolphus Egerton Ryerson, The Loyalists of America and Their Times, vol. 1 (Toronto: William Briggs, 1880), p. 310.

2. Whether “Plymouth Rock” was actually trod by Pilgrims is not known. According to the Pilgrim Hall Museum in Plymouth, “There are no contemporary references to the Pilgrims’ landing on a rock at Plymouth.”

3. The December 22 date was wrong. The landing occurred on December 11, according to the British calendar, which did not recognize the new calendar decreed in 1582 by Pope Gregory XIII, who added ten days to the Julian calendar. Catholic countries accepted the change. But anti-Catholic Britain resisted the change until 175l. By then the change had increased to eleven days. The Old Colony members forgot that the difference was only ten days in the previous century, adding eleven days to December 11, 1620, celebrating on the twenty-second instead of the twenty-first.

4. Ryerson, The Loyalists of America and Their Times, p. 22. The work is dedicated, with permission, to Queen Victoria.

5. W. O. Raymond, The United Empire Loyalist (Saint Stephen, NB: Saint Croix Printing and Publishing Co., 1893), p. 3; John Fiske, The Beginnings of New England (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1889), pp. 192–193.

6. L. Carle Duval, “Edward Winslow, Portrait of a Loyalist” (graduate thesis in history, University of New Brunswick, Canada, 1960), p. 9; Atlantic Canada Virtual Archives, The Winslows: Edward Winslow. http://atlanticportal.hil .unb.ca/acva/en/winslow/family/biography.php; accessed 4/20/2009.

7. Information on the club and its members: William T. Davis, History of the Town of Plymouth (Philadelphia: J. W. Lewis & Co., 1885), and Ancient Landmarks of Plymouth (Boston: A. Williams and Company, 1883); “Plymouth in the Revolution” (Pilgrim Hall Museum); James H. Stark, The Loyalists of Massachusetts and the Other Side of the American Revolution (Salem, MA: Salem Press, 1910). These sources draw their information primarily from Proceedings Massachusetts Historical Society, 2nd series, III (1886–1887), in which “The Records of the Old Colony Club” are reprinted, pp. 381–444. See also http:// www.pilgrimhall.org/Rev3.htm; http://www.oldcolonyclub.org/ClubHistory/occhist1.htm; accessed 12/28/2008.

8. Patrick Henry, condemning the Stamp Act, ended his speech by saying, “Tarquin and Caesar each had his Brutus, Charles the First his Cromwell, and George the Third”—here the Speaker of the House shouted, “Treason!” while Henry continued—” may profit by their example. If this be treason, make the most of it.” Henry later apologized to the House and declared his loyalty to the king.

9. S. E. Morison, Sources and Documents Illustrating the American Revolution, 1764—1788 and the Formation of the Federal Constitution (Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press, 1923), p. 33.

10. Page Smith, A New Age Now Begins, vol. 1 (New York: McGraw-Hill 1976), pp. 281–285.

11. Colin Nicholson, The “Infamas Govener” (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 2001), p. 177.

12. Moses Coit Tyler, The Literary History of the American Revolution 1763—1783, vol. 1 (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1897), p. 240.

13. John Clark Ridpath, James Otis, the Pre-Revolutionist (Chicago: University Association, 1898; reprint, Whitefish, MT: Kessinger Publishing, 2004), p. 107.

14. Circular produced by Hancock, September 23, 1768.

15. Paul Revere, “Sons of Liberty Bowl,” Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.

16. “The Signer,” Time, July 4, 1976.

17. Nicholson, The “Infamas Govener,” p. 52.

18. Ibid., p. 167.

19. Encyclopedia of American Foreign Relations, s.v. “Gage,” http://www.american foreignrelations.com; accessed 4/20/2009. (The modern U.S. counterinsurgency doctrine calls for twenty security troops and police per thousand inhabitants.)

20. From the caption to a copperplate print by Revere, advertised in the Boston Gazette and Country Journal, April 16, 1770.

21. Encyclopedia of American Foreign Relations, http://www.americanforeignrelations .com; accessed 4/20/2009.

22. Smith, A New Age Now Begins, p. 305.

23. Alexander Winston, “Firebrand of the Revolution,” American Heritage 18, no. 3 (April 1967).

24. Carol Troyen, “A Choice Gallery of Harvard Tories,” Harvard, March-April 1997; Margaretta M. Lovell, Art in a Season of Revolution (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007), p. 58.

25. Michael G. Kammen, Colonial New York: A History (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996) p. 270.

26. John Adams Diary, August 14, 1769: “Adams Family Papers: An Electronic Archive.” Massachusetts Historical Society. http://www.masshist.org/digitaladams; accessed 12/28/08.

27. Nicholson, The “Infamas Govener,” p. 203.

28. John Gorham Palfrey and Francis Winthrop Palfrey, History of New England (Boston: Little, Brown, 1890), pp. 404–406; Nicholson, The “Infamas Govener,” pp. 201–204.

29. D. Hamilton Hurd, History of Plymouth County … (Philadelphia: J. W. Lewis, 1884), p. 141.

30. Mary Archibald, Gideon White, Loyalist (Halifax: Petheric Press, 1975); p. 2; “Biography of Edward Winslow Junior,” Winslow Papers, University of New Brunswick. The papers, consisting of more than 3,600 items and 11,000 pages, cover a period from 1695 to 1866. The biography quotes from Biographical Sketches of Graduates of Harvard University, by John Langdon Sibley.

31. Richard B. Morris, Encyclopedia of American History (New York: Harper Collins, 1996).

32. Boston Chronicle, January 15, 1770.

33. Christopher’s last name is variously spelled, and his age is given as fourteen—by a pro-Loyalist newspaper—and twelve in other contemporary sources. J. L. Bell, a Massachusetts writer on the Revolution, tracked down church baptismal records showing that Christopher was baptized in Braintree on March 18, 1759. Typically, in that age of high infant mortality rates, babies were baptized within days of birth. That would mean he was almost certainly ten years old when he was murdered. See http://boston1775.blogspot.com/2006/05/christopher-seider-shooting-victim.html; accessed 12/28/08. Bell also reported on the Thursday crowd-forming phenomenon, the Seider autopsy, and the examination of the other boy, age unknown. See http://boston1775.blogspot.com/search/label/Samuel%20Gore.

34. James K. Hosmer, The Life of Thomas Hutchinson, Royal Governor of the Province of Massachusetts Bay (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1896), p. 93.

35. Stark, The Loyalists of Massachusetts, pp. 422–423.

36. Boston Evening Post, February 26, 1770; Robert C. Kuncio, “Some Unpublished Poems of Phillis Wheatley,” New England Quarterly 43, no. 2 (June 1970), pp. 287–297.

37. John Singleton Copley’s half-brother Henry Pelham, a Loyalist, accused Revere of plagiarizing Pelham’s own depiction of the event, “as truly as if you had plundered me on the highway.” Letters & Papers of John Singleton Copley and Henry Pelham, 1739—1776 (Boston: Massachusetts Historical Society, 1914); Henry Pelham to Paul Revere, March 29, 1770, p. 83.

38. Howard Zinn and Anthony Arnove, Voices of a People’s History of the United States (New York: Seven Stories Press, 2004), p. 82. “Teague” was a contemptuous British term for an Irish person.

39. William T. Davis, History of the Town of Plymouth (Philadelphia: J. W. Lewis & Co., 1885), p. 86.

40. Tyler, The Literary History of the American Revolution, vol. 2, p. 194.

41. Benjamin Woods Labaree, The Boston Tea Party (New York: Oxford University Press, 1966), p. 118 (cited as Hutchinson to Tryon, November 21, 1773, Hutchinson Letterbooks 27, pp. 572–574, Massachusetts Archives, Massachusetts Historical Society transcripts).

42. The Tea Act of 1773, http://www.americanrevolution.com/TeaAct.htm; accessed 4/20/2009.

43. Francis S. Drake, Tea Leaves, Being a Collection of Letters and Documents Relating to the Shipment of Tea to the American Colonies in the Year 1773 … (Boston: A. O. Crane, 1884; digitally reproduced by the Gutenberg Project, 1/15/2008).

44. Stark, The Loyalists of Massachusetts, p. 165.

45. Sir Theodore Martin, A Life of Lord Lyndhurst (London: John Murray, 1883), p. 6.

46. Stark, The Loyalists of Massachusetts, pp. 216–217.

47. Labaree, The Boston Tea Party, pp. 80–128.

48. Massachusetts Gazette and Boston Weekly News-Letter, December 23, 1773.

49. Winslow Papers, “Biography of Edward Winslow Junior,” http://www.lib.unb .ca/winslow/sibley.html#7#7; accessed 4/20/2009.

50. Abigail Adams to Mercy Otis Warren, December 5, 1773, Adams Family Correspondence, 1:88, Massachusetts Historical Society, http://www.masshist .org/adams/quotes.cfm; accessed 4/20/2009.

51. Drake Labaree, in his definitive account, paraphrases the Adams quotation but accepts the “teapot” quotation from an eyewitness account.

52. Labaree, The Boston Tea Party, p. 141; Alfred F. Young, The Shoemaker and the Tea Party (Boston: Beacon Press, 1999), p. 43.

53. John Adams Diary, December 16, 1772—December 18, 1773. http:www.masshist .org/digitaladams/diary; accessed 3/18/2010.

54. Thomas A. Bailey and David M. Kennedy, eds., The American Spirit, vol. 1 (Lexington, MA: D. C. Heath and Co., 1994), pp. 130–131.

55. John R. Alden, A History of the American Revolution (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1969), pp. 139–140.

56. Peggy M. Baker,” ‘Let the Celebration begin!’ Patriots, Pilgrims & the Old Colony Club,” Pilgrim Hall Museum, Plymouth, http://www.pilgrimhall.org/RevOCC.htm; accessed 4/20/2009.

57. Davis, History of the Town of Plymouth, pp. 83–87; Baker. In 1880 Plymouth’s Pilgrim Society moved the top piece of the rock to the bottom of the rock, which was under a canopy. The date 1620 was cut into the rock.

CHAPTER 2: ARMING THE TORIES

1. A ballad of 1774. Esmond Wright, ed., The Fire of Liberty (London: Folio Society, 1983), p. 154.

2. “Edward Winslow,” Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online, http://www.bio graphi.ca/009004–119.01-e.php?BioId=36839; accessed 4/20/2009.

3. L. Carle Duval, “Edward Winslow, Portrait of a Loyalist” (M.A. thesis, University of New Brunswick, 1960), p. 15; Sabine, The American Loyalists, vol. 2, p. 445.

4. Duval, “Edward Winslow, Portrait of a Loyalist,” pp. 14–15.

5. John Langdon Sibley, Biographical Sketches of Graduates of Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts (Cambridge: Charles William Sever, University Bookstore), 1873.

6. Henry Steele Commager, Documents of American History (New York: F. S. Crofts & Co., 1940), pp. 71–76.

7. George Bancroft, Bancroft’s History of the United States, vol. 7 (London: Charles Bowen, 1834), chap. 10, p. 37.

8. Biography of Edward Windslow Junior, p. 136; Winslow Papers, University of New Brunswick.

9. Jarvis Munson petition.

10. Peter Oliver’s Origin and Progress of the American Revolution: A Tory View. Douglass Adair and John A. Schutz, eds., p. 114.

11. James Grant Wilson, John Fiske, and Stanley L. Klos, eds., Appleton’s Cyclopedia of American Biography (New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1887–1889), available at virtualology.com. Scholars in the twentieth century discovered errors in some of Appleton’s biographies; Bowdoin’s is accurate.

12. Allen Johnson, ed., Readings in American Constitutional History, 1776—1876 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1912), p. 34.

13. Ryerson, The Loyalists of America and Their Times, vol. 1, p. 408.

14. David Hackett Fischer, Paul Revere’s Ride (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004), p. 42; Ryerson, The Loyalists of America, p. 408.

15. James Thacher, A Military Journal of the American Revolution: From the Commencement to the Disbanding of the American Army (Boston: Cotton & Barnard, 1827), p. 15. Thacher, a witness to the incident, served as a surgeon through the war.

16. Oliver, Peter Oliver’s Orgins and Progress of the American Revolution, pp. 115—116.

17. Boston Gazette, July 4, 1774.

18. Paine’s son, William, would become apothecary to the British forces in America. http://www.worcesterart.org/Collection/Early_American/Artists/badger/lois_o/painting-discussion.html; accessed 4/28/2009.

19. William Lincoln, The History of Worcester, Massachusetts, from its Earliest Settlement to September, 1836 (Worcester: Charles Hersey, 1862), p. 86.

20. David McCullough. John Adams (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001), p. 42.

21. Lincoln, The History of Worcester, pp. 86, 87; Sabine, The America Loyalists, p. 376.

22. Calhoon, The Loyalists in Revolutionary America, p. 227.

23. Ibid., p. 87.

24. Stark, The Loyalists of Massachusetts, p. 123.

25. Frank Moore, Diary of the American Revolution, vol. 1 (London: Sampson Low, Son & Co., 1860), p. 27.

26. Van Tyne, The Loyalists in the American Revolution, pp. 33–34, 40.

27. Stark, p. 131.

28. Marshfield Massachusetts History. http://www.marshfield.net/History/mar1 .htm; accessed 4/29/2009.

29. Justin Winsor, History of the Town of Duxbury, Massachusetts, with Genealogical Registers (Boston, 1849), pp. 123–146. Winsor was superintendent of the Boston Public Library from 1868 to 1877 and went on to become librarian of Harvard University.

30. John K. Mahon, History of the Militia and the National Guard (New York: Macmillan, 1983), p. 36.

31. Winsor, History of the Town of Duxbury, pp. 123–146.

32. Adams, The Works of John Adams, pp. 194–195.

33. Leonard wrote anonymously as “Massachusettensis” in letters addressed to “The inhabitants of the province of the Massachusetts-Bay,” published in the Boston Gazette from December 1774 to April 1775. John Adams believed Jonathan Sewell, Massachusetts attorney general and longtime friend, was Massachusettensis. Adams reacted using the pseudonym “Novanglus.” The letters were later published in pamphlet form.

34. “A Biography of Daniel Leonard,” An Outline of American History, published by the U.S. Information Agency, http://www.let.rug.nl/usa/B/dleonard/leonard.htm; accessed 9/23/2008.

35. Stark, Loyalists of Massachusetts, p. 326.

36. Sabine, The American Loyalists, p. 708; Calhoon, The Loyalists in Revolutionary America, pp. 277–278.

37. Sabine, The American Loyalists, p. 708.

38. Ernest F. Henderson, “Laws of Richard I Concerning Crusaders Who Were to Go by Sea,” Select Historical Documents of the Middle Ages (London: George Bell and Sons, 1896); see www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/medieval/richard .htm; accessed 4/29/2009.

39. Quoted in the Pennsylvania Gazette, June 29, 1774; the citation is from Benjamin H. Irvin, “Tar and Feathers in Revolutionary America,” http://revolution.h-net .msu.edu/essays/irvin.feathers.html; accessed 4/24/2009.

40. Edward L. Pierce, “The diary of John Rowe, a Boston mercant, 1764–1779,” Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society. Second Series, vol. 4, 1885–1886, p. 82.

41. Thacher, A Military Journal of the American Revolution, p. 16.

42. McCullough, John Adams, p. 77; Adams, Works of John Adams, vol. 4, p. 8.

43. Cambridge Historical Commission, Cambridge During the Revolution (Cambridge, MA: Cambridge Discovery, 1975).

44. Lucius Robinson Paige, History of Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1630—1877 (Boston: H. O. Houghton & Co., 1877), p. 169, quoting from a letter of Frederika Baroness Riedesel.

45. Fischer, Paul Revere’s Ride, pp. 44–46; “Boston1775”: http://boston1775.blogspot .com/2007/09/gen-gage-secures-provincial-powder.html; accessed 4/22/2009.

46. Rowe, The Diary of John Rowe, p. 284. Accompanying the diary is a paper presented by Edward L. Pierce, who identifies Rowe as a wealthy merchant, “prudent enough to keep up pleasant personal relations with both sides.”

47. Berkin and Sewall, Odyssey of an American Loyalist, p. 106.

48. Sabine, American Loyalists, p. 495.

49. Rowe, The Diary of John Rowe, p. 88.

50. Winslow Papers, letter to Gage from Edward Winslow, Jr., and others, March 7, 1775.

51. William Clarke to Joseph Patten, August 6, 1774, quoted in Catherine S. Crary, ed., The Price of Loyalty (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1973), p. 26.

52. Letter from an anonymous Loyalist in Marshfield to “a gentleman in Boston,” January 24, 1775, Winsor, History of the Town of Duxbury, p. 128.

53. Richards, History of Marshfield, vol. 1, p. 128.

54. Ibid., pp. 128, 117.

55. Mary Standish Paine, “Patriots and Tory Marshfield,” (Marshfield, MA: Marshfield Historical Society, 1924). Daniel Webster bought the estate from a Thomas descendant in 1832 and lived there the rest of his life.

56. Winslow Papers, New Brunswick University, microfilm 1, 47.

57. Ibid.; Richards, History of Marshfield, vol. 1, pp. 118, 121.

58. Richards, History of Marshfield, vol. 1, p. 121.

59. Duval, “Edward Winslow, Portrait of a Loyalist,” p. 16.

60. “Plymouth in the Revolution,” Plymouth Hall Museum. http://www.pilgrim hall.org/Rev4.htm; accessed 4/28/2009.

61. Wilbur H. Siebert, “Loyalist Troops of New England,” New England Quarterly 4, no. 1 (January 1931), pp. 108–147; see especially p. 110.

62. Sabine, The American Loyalists, p. 322.

63. “Evidence in the Claim of Thomas Gilbert,” Transcript of the Manuscript Books and Papers of the Commission of Enquiry into the Losses and Services of the American Loyalists, National Archives (formerly Public Records Office of England), vol. 28, p. 213.

64. Ibid.

65. Siebert, “Loyalist Troops of New England,” p. 108.

66. Jones, Loyalists of Massachusetts, pp. 224–225.

67. “Hardwick, Massachusetts,” pp. 358–359 in Nason and Varney’s Massachusetts Gazetteer (1890) reproduced at http://capecodhistory.us/Mass1890/Hardwick 1890.htm; accessed 6/11/2009.

68. Autobiography of John Adams, part 1, through 1776, sheet 1 of 53. “Adams Family Papers: An Electronic Archive,” Massachusetts Historical Society. http:// www.masshist.org/digitaladams/; accessed 4/24/2009.

69. Adams, The Works of John Adams, vol. 2, p. 67.

70. Sabine, The American Loyalists, p. 584, quoting a note to the “Printers of the Boston Newspapers,” December 22, 1774.

71. Ibid., p. 585.

72. Lucius R. Paige, History of Hardwick Massachusetts with a Genealogical Register (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1883), pp. 73, 83.

73. Ibid., pp. 74–76, quoting Boston Evening Post, December 26, 1774.

74. Winsor, History of the Town of Duxbury, p. 128.

75. New Hampshire Historical Society exhibit, based on Charles Lathrop Parsons, The Capture of Fort William and Mary, December 14 and 15, 1774 (Durham: Published by the society, 1903; reprint, paper delivered at the seventy-seventh annual meeting of the New Hampshire Historical Society, Durham, March 1974).

76. Brian C. Cuthbertson, The Loyalist Governor (Halifax, NS: Petheric Press, 1983), pp. 21–22.

77. “Revolutionary War in Georgia,” New Georgia Encyclopedia. http://www .georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id = h-2709; accessed 4/26/2009.

78. Evangeline Walker Andrews, ed., The Journal of a Lady of Quality (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1921), p. 149. The journal was written by a woman from Scotland who was visiting in North Carolina in 1775.

79. http://www.history.org/Almanack/people/bios/biohen.cfm; accessed 4/27/2009.

80. http://www.uppercanadahistory.ca/uel/uel2.html; accessed 4/27/2009.

CHAPTER 3: FLEE OR FIGHT

1. Letter from Copley to Pelham, August 6, 1775, Letters & Papers of John Singleton Copley and Henry Pelham, 1739—1776 (Boston: Massachusetts Historical Society, 1914), p. 348. Copley, who had left Boston in 1774, was writing from Italy in response to a letter from his half-brother Henry Pelham, who was still in Boston.

2. John Trumbull, M’Fingal, A Modern Epic Poem. (Boston: John G. Scobie, 1826), canto 1, p. 31. The first canto of M’Fingal appeared in 1776; the first publication of the entire poem was in 1782.

3. George Atkinson Ward, ed., Journal and Letters of Samuel Curwen, an American in England, from 1775 to 1783 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1864), p. 26.

4. Ibid., p. 34.

5. Adams, Letters & Papers of John Singleton Copley and Henry Pelham, pp. 318, 322; A plan of Boston in New England with its environs… . With the military works constructed in those places in the years 1775 and 1777 (London: Henry Pelham, 1777). Included on a corner of the map is a rendering of the pass issued to Pelham so he could visit British fortifications. Pelham sent his drawn map to London, where Francis Jukes engraved it using aquatint, a new medium.

6. Norton, The British-Americans, p. 36.

7. Siebert, “Loyalist Troops of New England,” p. 111.

8. Edward Livingston Taylor, “Refugees to and from Canada and the Refugee Tract,” Ohio Archaeology and Historical Society Publications 12 (1903), p. 222; Van Tyne, The Loyalists in the American Revolution, pp. 43–44.

9. Stark, The Loyalists of Massachusetts, pp. 343–346.

10. Samuel Francis Batchelder, The Life and Surprising Adventures of John Nutting, Cambridge Loyalist (Cambridge, MA: Cambridge Historical Society, 1912), p. 55. Biographical details come from the same source, pp. 55–63.

11. Ibid., pp. 65, 66.

12. “The Diary of Lieutenant John Barker,” Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research [London] 7 (1928), p. 84.

13. Boston Gazette, December 12, 1774.

14. John R. Galvin, The Minute Men (Dulles, VA: Brassey’s, 1996), p. 73.

15. John Bakeless, Turncoats, Traitors and Heroes (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co., 1959), p. 28.

16. Frank J. Rafalko, A Counterintelligence Reader, chap. 1, National Counterintel-ligence Center, http://fas.org/irp/ops/ci/docs/ci1/ch1a.htm; accessed 4/25/2009.

17. Eric W. Barnes, “All the King’s Horses … and All the King’s Men,” American Heritage Magazine 11, no. 6 (October 1960).

18. Charles M. Endicott, Account of Leslie’s Retreat at the North Bridge, on Sunday, Feb’ry 26, 1775 (Salem: William Ives and George W. Pease, printers. 1856), p. 16. The actual date, by the modern calendar, is February 27.

19. Fischer, Paul Revere’s Ride, p. 58.

20. Ibid. Fischer credits the “lest” quote to a letter, dated March 1 and signed by Revere and several other Boston Sons of Liberty, to the Sons of Liberty in New York. The letter promises to send weekly reports of “the Earliest and most authentic intelligence” from Boston.

21. Endicott, Account of Leslie’s Retreat at the North Bridge, p. 20.

22. Galvin, The Minute Men, p. 79.

23. The events in Salem are based on Endicott, Account of Leslie’s Retreat at the North Bridge; Galvin, The Minute Men; Fischer, Paul Revere’s Ride, and Ralph D. Paine, The Ships and Sailors of Old Salem (Chicago: A. C. McClurg, 1912), pp. 154–158. Endicott and Paine use recollectionsof witnesses. Also, “Regiment of Troops Under the Command of Colonel Leslie,” American Archives 4, vol. 1, p. 1268. http://dig.lib.niu.edu/amarch/; accessed 4/24/2009. Documents held by the Essex Institute Historical Collection, whose Revolutionary War material encompasses Essex County, where Salem is located.

24. Sabine, The American Loyalists, vol. 2, pp. 265–266.

25. Paine, The Ships and Sailors of Old Salem, p. 155.

26. The words come from a reconstruction of the Leslie-Barnard encounter in “The Memorial services at the centennial anniversary of Leslie’s expedition to Salem, Sunday, February 26, 1775, on Friday, February 26, 1875,” digitized at http://www.archive.org/stream/memorialservices00sale/memorialservices00 sale_djvu.txt; accessed 4/25/2009.

27. Gage to Dartmouth, August 27, 1774, quoted by Fischer, Paul Revere’s Ride, pp. 80–81.

28. “Instructions of General Gage to Captain Brown and Ensign D’berniere,” American Archives 4, vol. 1, p. 1263. http://lincoln.lib.niu.edu/cgi-bin/amarch/getdoc.pl?/var/lib/philologic/databases/amarch/.1579; accessed 3/30/2010.

29. Description of the mission: “Narrative of Ensign D’berniere,” American Archives, ibid.

30. The tavern still stands on the Old Post Road in Weston. Information from the Golden Ball Tavern Museum, housed in the tavern. http://www.goldenball tavern.org; accessed 4/25/2009.

31. The Narrative of General Gage’s Spies, March, 1775, with Notes by Jerome Carter Hosmer (Boston: Reprinted from the Bostonian Society’s Publications, 1912), pp. 30–31.

32. Rafalko, A Counterintelligence Reader.

33. Fischer, Paul Revere’s Ride, p. 159.

34. Collections of the Worcester Society of Antiquity (Worcester, MA: 1892). Vol. 13, p. 204.

35. D. Michael Ryan. “Times and Tribulations for Concord’s Tories,” Concord Magazine, August-September 1999.

36. Ibid., Fischer, Paul Revere’s Ride, pp. 205–206; George Tolman, “John Jack, the Slave, and Daniel Bliss, the Tory,” Collections of the Worcester Society of Antiquity (1892), Vol. 13, pp. 251–256.

37. Tolman, p. 254.

38. D. Michael Ryan, Concord and the Dawn of Revolution (Salem, MA: History Press, 2007), p. 33.

39. Alden, A History of the American Revolution, p. 170.

40. The Earl of Dartmouth to Gov. Thomas Gage January 27, 1775, Secret Documents on the American Revolution, Peter King, Department of History, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada. http://http-server.carleton.ca/~pking/; accessed 5/4/2009.

41. Ibid.

42. Ibid.

43. The Manuscripts of the Earl of Dartmouth, vol. 2, American Papers, pp. 256, 275 London: Historical Manuscripts Commission, Fourteenth Report, Appendix, Part X. Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1895.

44. Fischer, Paul Revere’s Ride, p. 80.

45. Arthur B. Tourtellot, Lexington and Concord: The Beginning of the War of the American Revolution (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1959), p. 87.

46. “Journal of Dr. Belknap,” Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society (Selected from the Records, 1858–1860) (Boston: 1860), p. 85. (Dr. Jeremy Belknap was a Patriot and clergyman who served as a chaplain in the Revolution.)

47. Fischer, Paul Revere’s Ride, p. 97.

48. King John 3:1. Fischer builds a strong case (pp. 96–97; 386–387). He points to “her husband’s decision to send her away after the battles, and the failure of their marriage” (p. 387).

CHAPTER 4: “TO SUBDUE THE BAD”

1. John Thomas Scharf, History of Westchester County (Philadelphia: L. E. Preston & Co., 1886), p. 257. Circular letter to all New York counties issued by the Committee of Observation, New York Provincial Legislature, April 28, 1775.

2. Fischer, in his exhaustive analysis of the force sent to Concord (Paul Revere’s Ride, pp. 313–315), says the total number of troops was somewhere between eight hundred and nine hundred. He also mentions an unknown number of “Loyalist volunteers.”

3. Ibid., p. 240.

4. Ibid., pp. 114, 315; Tourtellot, Lexington and Concord, p. 114.

5. “George Leonard,” Dictionary of Canadian Biography. [http://www.biographi .ca/EN/ShowBio.asp?BioId=37088; accessed 7/5/2009.

6. Sabine, The American Loyalists, p. 153.

7. “A Fragment of the Diary of Lieutenant Enos Stevens, Tory, 1777–1778,” New England Quarterly 2, no. 2 (June 1938), p. 377. Stevens, of Charlestown, New Hampshire, traveled to New York in 1777 to volunteer for service for the king. He wrote that he saw Beaman on Staten Island in May 1777.

8. Henry & Sarah Ballinger Chiles Family, http://www.henrychiles.com/i97.html; accessed 11/24/2009. Joseph Beaman’s name appears on Lancaster militia rolls.

9. Daniel Murray appears as the captain, and his brothers as members, on the muster roll of a company of Governor Wentworth’s Volunteers taken at Flushing on Long Island on October 16, 1777. http://www.royalprovincial.com/Military/Musters/govwent/gwvmurr1.htm.

10. “George Leonard,” Dictionary of Canadian Biography. http://www.biographi .ca/EN/ShowBio.asp?BioId=37088; accessed 7/5/2009.

11. Ann Gorman Condon, “The Mind in Exile: Loyalty in the Winslow Papers;” lecture, November 18, 1998 at Archives and Special Collections, Harriet Irving Library, University of New Brunswick, Canada. http://www.lib.unb.ca/win slow/mind.html; accessed 10/14/2008.

12. From a report written by Lieutenant William Sutherland of the 38th Regiment to General Gage, April 26, 1775. http://www.revolutionarywararchives .org/lexington.html; accessed 7/5/2009. Also, Fischer, Paul Revere’s Ride, p. 127, where Murray is identified as the guide.

13. Galvin, The Minute Men, p. 100. Orders from General Thomas Gage to Lieut. Colonel Smith, 10th Regiment of Foot, Boston, April 18, 1775.

14. Letter from Rachel Revere to Paul Revere, undated; the Clements Library, University of Michigan. http://www2.si.umich.edu/spies/letter-1775apr.html; accessed 3/25/2010.

15. Fischer, Paul Revere’s Ride, pp. 174–183, recounts the riders’ hasty visit to Adams and Hancock. They kept on the move, avoiding Boston and finally reappearing in Philadelphia to attend the Continental Congress in May. Dorothy and Aunt Lydia soon left for safety in Fairfield, CT. On August 28 Hancock and Dorothy Quincy were married in Fairfield’s First Congregational Church.

16. Tourtellot, Lexington and Concord (p. 20), puts the number at thirty-eight; Fischer, Paul Revere’s Ride (p. 189), says others were falling into the line, putting the total at “no more than sixty or seventy militia … perhaps less.”

17. Fischer, Paul Revere’s Ride, pp. 127, 200.

18. “Depositions Concerning Lexington and Concord, April 1775,” [Affidavit] No. 4, Lexington, April 25, 1775, Journals of the Continental Congress, Library of Congress, http://memory.loc.gov/learn/features/timeline/amrev/shots/concern .html; accessed 4/29/2009.

19. Major Pitcairn to General Gage, April 26, 1775, excerpted in Lillian B. Miller, “The Dye Is Now Cast” (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1975), p. 74.

20. Fischer, Paul Revere’s Ride, p. 191; Affidavit of Elias Phinney, History of the Battle at Lexington (Boston: Phelps & Farnham, 1825), p. 38.

21. Elizabeth Ellery Dana, ed., The British in Boston: Being the Diary of Lieutenant John Barker of the King’s Own Regiment from November 15, 1774 to May 31, 1776 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1924), April 19, 1775, p. 32.

22. The account of the Concord battle is based on Fischer, Paul Revere’s Ride, pp. 203–232; Tourtellot, Lexington and Concord, pp. 159–174; Don Higgin-botham, The War of American Independence (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1983), pp. 60–64; and Craig L. Symonds and William J. Clipson, A Battlefield Atlas of the American Revolution (Mount Pleasant, SC: Nautical & Aviation Publishing, 1986), pp. 14–15.

23. Barrett’s inventory was on a document found among his papers, according to Richard Frothingham, Jr., History of the Siege of Boston, and of the Battles of Lexington, Concord, and Bunker Hill (Boston: Little, Brown, 1872), p. 102.

24. Massachusetts Historical Society, Proceedings 56, p. 89, quoted by Miller, The Dye Is Now Cast, p. 77. Emerson’s grandson, Ralph Waldo Emerson, wrote the “Concord Hymn” ‘s enduring words, “Here once the embattled farmers stood; And fired the shot heard round the world.”

25. “For many years,” Fischer writes (Paul Revere’s Ride, p. 406), “the town of Concord threw a shroud of silence ‘round this event.” He mentions several suspects.

26. British Statement on the battle, Whitehall, June 10, 1775, as published in Albert Bushnell Hart, ed., American History Told by Contemporaries (New York: Macmillan & Co., 1901), vol. 2, p. 549.

27. Fischer, Paul Revere’s Ride, pp. 320–324.

28. Tourtellot, Lexington and Concord, p. 174.

29. Charles Knowles Bolton, ed. Letters of Hugh, Earl Percy, from Boston and New York, 1774–1776 (Boston: Charles E. Goodspeed, 1902), p. 31.

30. Fischer, Paul Revere’s Ride, p. 240. Winslow himself is the source of the horse incident: Winslow Papers, http://atlanticportal.hil.unb.ca/acva/en/winslow/family/biography.php; accessed 4/29/2009.

31. General Order, quoted in Sabine, The American Loyalists, p. 482.

32. James H. Stark, The Loyalists of Massachusetts and the Other Side of the American Revolution (Boston: J. H. Stark, 1910), p. 228.

33. Allen French, General Gage’s Informers: New Material Upon Lexington and Concord, Benjamin Thompson as Loyalist and the Treachery of Benjamin Church, Jr. (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1932), pp. 57–58.

34. Frank Warren Coburn, The Battle of April 19, 1775 (Lexington, MA: Published by author, 1912), p. 116.

35. Frederick Mackenzie’s journal, published as A British Fusilier in Revolutionary Boston, edited by Allen French (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1926), cited in Mark Urban, Fusiliers (New York: Walker & Co., 2007).

36. Fischer, Paul Revere’s Ride, p. 241.

37. Charles Stedman, history of the origin, progress, and termination of the American War, vol. 1, p. 118, as quoted by Lossing, Signers of the Declaration of Independence, p. 529. Stedman was an officer with Percy.

38. Urban, Fusiliers, p. 27.

39. Mackenzie journal, A British Fusilier in Revolutionary Boston, April 18–21, 1775, as quoted in John H. Rhodehamel, ed., The American Revolution: Writings from the War of Independence (New York: Penguin Putnam, Library of America, 2001), p. 9.

40. Coburn, The Battle of April 19, 1775, p. 156.

41. Percy to Lieutenant General Edward Harvey, April 20, 1775, Bolton, Letters of Hugh, Earl Percy, p. 52.

42. Oliver Ayer Roberts, History of the Military Company of the Massachusetts (Boston: Alfred Mudge & Son, Printers, 1898), vol. 3, p. 79.

43. Evidence in the claim of Samuel Gilbert, October 13, 1786, transcript of the Manuscript Books and Papers of the Commission of Enquiry into the Losses and Services of the American Loyalists, vol. 17, pp. 37–38.

44. Freetown Historic Districts Database, http://www.assonetriver.com/preservation/dist_period.asp?P= FED; accessed 4/29/2009.

45. Sabine, The American Loyalists, pp. 322–323; Freetown Historic Districts Database.

46. Tourtellot, Lexington and Concord, p. 236, quoting the Warren letter in Historical Collection of the Essex Institute, vol. 36, p. 19.

47. Paine, The Old Merchant Marine (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1921), pp. 52–53.

48. Srodes, Franklin, pp. 257, 259.

49. Paine, The Ships and Sailors of Old Salem (Chicago: McClurg, 1912), p. 165.

50. Artemas Ward, “Memoir of Major General A. Ward,” New England Historical & Genealogical Register 5, no. 3 (July 1851), p. 272.

51. Charles Martyn, The Life of Artemas Ward (New York: Artemas Ward [the general’s great-grandson], 1921), p. 40.

52. Connecticut Society of the Sons of Liberty. http://www.connecticutsar.org/patriots/israel_bissell.htm; accessed 4/29/2009.

53. The exact figure is not known. Sources give estimates ranging from 15,000 to 20,000. In The Continental Army (Washington, DC: Center of Military History, 1983), p. 18, Robert K. Wright, Jr., writes, “The Massachusetts Provincial Congress had set the minimum force needed to meet the British threat at some 30,000 men. By July a substantial portion of that total had assembled around Boston.”

54. Thomas Weston, History of the Town of Middleboro, Massachusetts (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1906), p. 239. In the hospital Sturtevant became infected with smallpox and died on August 18.

55. Martyn, The Life of Artemas Ward, p. 168.

56. http://www.ushistory.org/libertyBell/timeline.html; accessed 4/29/2009.

57. Willard Sterne Randall, Benedict Arnold: Patriot and Traitor (New York: Barnes & Noble, 2003), pp. 78, 83. Reprint, William Morrow, 1990.

58. Miller. “The Dye Is Now Cast” (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1975, pp. 106–107.

59. “The Diary of Lieutenant John Barker,” Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research 7 (1928), p. 103.

60. Frothingham, History of the Siege of Boston, p. 114.

61. Broadside, Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History, document number GLC04781. http://www.gilderlehrman.org/search/display_results.php?id= GLC04781; accessed 4/29/2009.

62. Frothingham, History of the Siege of Boston, p. 115.

63. Ibid., p. 116.

64. A. J. Langguth, Patriots (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1988), pp. 217–271; Thomas J. Fleming, Now We Are Enemies (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1960), pp. 9–11.

65. Royal Navy History. http://www.royal-navy.mod.uk/server?show=nav.1301& outputFormat=print; accessed 4/29/2009. Patrick O’Brian used the real Lively as a command for his fictional hero Jack Aubrey.

66. Paul K. Walker, Engineers of Independence: A Documentary History of the Army Engineers in the American Revolution, 1775–1783 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1981), pp. 51–57.

67. James Thacher, Military Journal of the American Revolution: From the Commencement to the Disbanding of the American Army (Boston: Cottons & Barnard, 1827), p. 71.

68. Allen French, The Siege of Boston (New York: Macmillan Co., 1911), pp. 260–261.

69. Van Tyne, The Loyalists in the American Revolution, p. 51, publishes the anecdote but does not identify Willard. Frothingham does identify him, History of the Siege of Boston, p. 126. Slightly different words are attributed to Willard in Alexander Graydon and John Stockton Littell, eds., Memoirs of His Own Time: With Reminiscences of the Men and Events of the Revolution (Philadelphia: Lindsay & Blakiston, 1846), p. 424. The biographical information about Willard comes from Henry S. Nouse, “The Loyalists of Lancaster, Massachusetts,” Bay State Monthly 1, no. 6 (June 1884).

70. Letter from Charles Stuart to Lord Bute, April 28, 1776, as quoted in Commager and Morris, eds., The Spirit of ‘Seventy-Six, vol. 1, pp. 181–182.

71. Frothingham, History of the Siege of Boston, p. 151.

72. This account is based on Alden, A History of the American Revolution, pp. 178–182; Fleming, Now We Are Enemies, pp. 17, 80–92, 132–137, 234–240, 313–314; John Fortescue, The War of Independence (Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2001 [originally published in 1911 as part of the second, revised edition of vol. 3 of A History of the British Army]), pp. 8–14; Langguth, Patriots, pp. 271–277; Symonds and Clipson, A Battlefield Atlas, p. 19; and Burgoyne’s description. http://americanrevwar.homestead.com/files/bunker.htm; accessed 4/29/2009. Accounts vary on casualty numbers; the numbers here are based on a consensus of sources.

73. George F. Scheer and Hugh F. Rankin, Rebels and Redcoats: The American Revolution Through the Eyes of Those Who Fought and Lived It (New York: Da Capo Press, 1957), p. 62.

74. Timothy Ruggles, founder of the Loyalist American Association, refers to the firewood duties in a letter, written on January 13, 1776. http://www.royalprovin cial.com/military/rhist/loyaa/laalet2.htm; accessed 3/8/2009.

75. A short biography (Archibald, Gideon White Loyalist, p. 3) says only that “when the Battle of Bunker Hill exploded, Gid was in Boston and fought as a volunteer with the British Army.”

76. “John Coffin,” Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online. http://www.biographi .ca/009004–119.01-e.php?&id_nbr=3321&&PHPSESSID = uug6tgdqile5b9qs5 edh9li2c3; accessed 5/1/2009.

77. Piers Mackesy, The War for America: 1775—83 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1993), p. 88.

CHAPTER 5: THE WAR FOR BOSTON

1. James Thacher, A Military Journal During the American Revolutionary War (Boston: Cottons & Barnard, 1827), p. 23. Dr. Thacher joined the Continental Army in 1775 and served during the entire war.

2. Albert Bushnell Hart, American History Told by Contemporaries, vol. 2, p. 550.

3. Copley, Letters & Papers. Massachusetts Historical Society, 1914, p. 318.

4. “Military pass,” Library of Congress, Printed Ephemera Collection, portfolio 38, folder 16.

5. Frothingham, History of the Siege of Boston, p. 237.

6. Ibid.

7. “Maps of North America, 1750–1789,” Library of Congress. The map and Pelham’s pass are shown at http://www.ushistoricalarchive.com/cds/boston.html; accessed 3/25/2010.

8. Copley, Letters & Papers, pp. 320, 322.

9. “An association, proposed to the loyal citizens,” Library of Congress, Printed Ephemera Collection, portfolio 38, folder 35. http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/h?ammem/rbpebib:@field%28NUMBER+@band%28rbpe+03803500 %29%29; accessed 3/25/2010.

10. Frothingham, History of the Siege of Boston, p. 29.

11. Wilbur H. Siebert, “Loyalist Troops of New England,” The New England Quarterly. Vol. 4, No. 1 (January 1931), pp. 113–114.

12. Frothingham, History of the Siege of Boston, p. 235.

13. Ibid., p. 208.

14. Justin Winsor, ed. The Memorial History of Boston (Boston: James R. Osgood and Co., 1882), p. 77.

15. Stark, Loyalists of Massachusetts, p. 94.

16. Batchelder, The Life and Surprising Adventures of John Nutting, p. 68.

17. “Letter from Falmouth to Watertown, May 11, 1775,” American Archives, series 4, vol. 2, pp. 552–553, as cited in Richard Irving Hunt, “The Loyalists of Maine” (Ph.D. thesis, University of Maine, 1980), p. 116. (Hereafter, Hunt.)

18. Hunt, pp. 114–121.

19. John Howard Ahlin, James Lyon, Patriot, Preacher, Psalmodist (Machias, ME: Centre Street Congregational Church, 2005), p. 10.

20. Journal of the Second Provincial Congress of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, February 1, 1775, p. 86 (as cited by Cahill in citation below).

21. This detail occurs in the report to the Reverend Lyon, as chairman of the Committee of Safety and Correspondence, sent to the Massachusetts Provincial Congress, June 14, 1775.

22. Thomas P. Cahill, A Short Sketch of the Life and Achievements of Captain Jeremiah O’Brien of Machias, Maine (Worcester, MA: Harrigan Press, 1936), pp. 1–8; Jack Coggins, Ships and Seamen of the American Revolution (New York: Courier Dover Publications, 2002), pp. 13–16.

23. Sabine, Biographical Sketches, vol. 1, p. 595.

24. Ibid., vol. 2, pp. 382–83.

25. Frothingham, History of the Siege of Boston, p. 208.

26. “Propaganda hand bills,” Library of Congress, Printed Ephemera Collection, portfolio 38, folder 30.

27. History Place documents: http://www.historyplace.com/unitedstates/revolu tion/proclaims.htm; accessed 3/25/2010. Alden, A History of the American Revolution, p. 215.

28. George Washington to John Augustine Washington, July 18, 1755, George Washington Papers at the Library of Congress, 1741–1799, http://lcweb2.loc .gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId = mgw2&fileName = gwpage001.db&recNum= 89; accessed 12/24/2008.

29. Edmund S. Bouchier, ed., Reminiscences of an American Loyalist. (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1925), pp. 109, 113.

30. Information on the volunteers comes from the On-Line Institute for Advanced Loyalist Studies (http://www.royalprovincial.com/), citing documents from the British National Archives, including Headquarters Papers of the British Army in America and the Orderly Book of Sir William Howe.

31. Liberty Tree: Constitutional Gazette. September 9, 1775, in Frank Moore, ed., Diary of the American Revolution; From Newspapers and Original Documents (New York: C. Scribner, 1860), p. 131. Court-martial: http://www. royal provincial.com/military/courts/cmwilliams3.htm; accessed 4/29/2009. The court-martial convicted him of manslaughter. In a senseless fight he had hit a fellow officer on the head with a chair.

32. On-Line Institute for Advanced Loyalist Studies: http://www.royalprovincial. com/Military/musters/loyamregt/mrlarmain.htm: accessed 4/29/2009.

33. Sabine, Biographical Sketches, vol. 2, p. 252.

34. The Encyclopedia of Canada, vol. 2, p. 98.

35. Sabine, The American Loyalists, p. 167.

36. Siebert, “Loyalist Troops of New England,” p. 134.

37. Sabine, The American Loyalists, p. 545.

38. http://www.royalprovincial.com/Military/Musters/loyamassoc/laaofficers .htm; accessed 3/24/2010.

39. “Transactions 1917–1919,” Publication of the Colonial Society of Massachusetts (Boston: Colonial Society of Massachusetts, 1920), vol. 20, p. 14; Francis S. Drake, The Town of Roxbury (Boston: Municipal Printing Office, 1908), p. 412.

40. Lucius Robinson Paige, History of Hardwick, Massachusetts (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1883), p. 92.

41. Kemble Orderly Book, Head Quarters, Boston, December 7th, 1775, pp. 207–271. New-York Historical Society Collections 1883, as published by the OnLine Institute for Advanced Loyalist Studies: http://www.royalprovincial. com/military/rhist/loyirsh/livform.htm; accessed 4/29/2009.

42. James Thomas Flexner, Washington the Indispensable Man (Boston: Little, Brown, 1969), p. 18.

43. Papers of George Washington, http://gwpapers.virginia.edu/documents/revolution/itinerary/all.html; Harvard Library biography of Samuel Langdon, http://oasis.lib.harvard.edu/oasis/deliver/~hua04005; accessed 3/25/2010. Vassall had died in 1769. In 1775 his widow fled to Boston and then to her estates in Antigua. The mansion was the home of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow from 1837 until his death in 1882.

44. Frothingham, History of the Siege of Boston, p. 213.

45. Stockbridge Indian Tribe History, http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/tribes/stockbridge/stockbridgehist.htm; accessed 4/29/2009.

46. Letter sent to eastern tribes by the Massachusetts Provincial Congress, May 17, 1775, excerpted in Glimpses of the Past, chap. 45, “The Passamaquoddies and the Revolutionary War.” Glimpses is a series of articles that appeared in early 1890s in the Saint Croix Courier, published in St. Stephen, New Brunswick, Canada. See http://members.shaw.ca/caren.secord/locations/NewBrunswick/Glimpses/Intro.html

47. “Thomas Gage,” Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online, http://www .biographi.ca/009004–119.01-e.php?&id_nbr=1895&&PHPSESSID = bqbfnk p59hqcj4r7c5srdbkhj1; accessed 5/22/2010.

48. Frothingham, History of the Siege of Boston, pp. 227—228. The rifleman’s uniform was described in the double-named St. James Chronicle or the British Evening Post, September 9, 1775.

49. Ibid.

50. General Washington to General Gage, Headquarters, Cambridge, August 11, 1775; General Gage to General Washington, Boston, August 13, 1775. American Archives, Correspondence, Proceedings, Etc. http://colet.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/a march/documentidx.pl?subpart_id = S4-V3-P01-sp01&sortorder=doc_id; accessed 3/25/2010.

51. Frothingham, History of the Siege of Boston, p. 235.

52. David C. Hsiung, “Food, Fuel, and the New England Environment in the War for Independence, 1775–1776,” essay at University of Georgia Workshop in Early American History and Culture, December 1, 2006. http://www.uga .edu/colonialseminar/Hsiung%20Essay.pdf; accessed 3/25/2010. (See also article with same title in New England Quarterly, December 2007, Vol. 80, No. 4, pp. 614–654.)

53. Ibid. Also, “HMS Rose and the American War of Independence,” Maritime Historical Studies Centre, University of Hull, http://www.hull.ac.uk/mhsc/FarHorizons/Documents/HMSRose.pdf; accessed 5/1/2009.

54. William Bell Clark, ed. Naval Documents of the American Revolution (Washington, DC: Naval Historical Center, 1966), vol. 2, pp. 324–326.

55. Ahlin, James Lyon, Patriot, Preacher, Psalmodist, p. 11.

56. “Dispatch from Capt. Henry Mowatt [sic] to Vice Admiral Graves about the destruction of Falmouth,” Maine Memory Network, Maine Historical Society, http://www.mainememory.net/media/pdf/6775.pdf; accessed 3/25/2010.

57. Nicholas Barker, “An Historical Geography of Middle Street, Portland, Maine, 1727 to 1977, http://www.geocities.com/middle_street_portland_maine/1807 .htm; accessed 3/9/2009.

58. Hsiung, “Food, Fuel, and the New England Environment.”

59. Benjamin H. Hall, History of Eastern Vermont (Albany, NY: J. Munsell, 1865), vol. 2, pp. 602–603; text of commission, p. 607.

60. John J. Duffy and Eugene A. Coyle, “Crean Brush vs. Ethan Allen: A Winner’s Tale,” Vermont History, vol. 70, nos. 3 and 4 (Summer/Fall 2002), p. 103.

61. Hall, History of Eastern Vermont, pp. 610–612.

62. Frothingham, History of the Siege of Boston, pp. 328, 282; On-Line Institute for Advanced Loyalist Studies: Ruggles to Captain Francis Greene, January 13, 1776. Great Britain Public Records Office (Now National Archives), Audit Office, Class 13, vol. 45, folio 484.

63. Frothingham, History of the Siege of Boston, p. 282.

64. Jacqueline Barbara Carr, After the Siege, (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 2005), p. 28; Elizabeth A. Fenn. “The Great Smallpox Epidemic of 1775–82,” History Today, vol. 53, issue 8 (August 2003), p. 1.

65. Howe order, October 28, 1775, as published at http://www.royalprovincial .com/military/rhist/loyaa/laaproc.htm; accessed 3/25/2010.

66. Winsor, Memorial History of Boston, vol. 3, pp. 163. 77; “Orders to be observed during the Time of Fires …,” signed by Howe, Library of Congress, Printed Ephemera Collection, portfolio 38, folder 26a.

CHAPTER 6: INTO THE FOURTEENTH COLONY

1. William Kingsford, The History of Canada (Toronto: Roswell & Hutchinson, 1893), vol. 6, book 19, p. 5. Montgomery’s letter was dated December 6, 1775.

2. William Wood, The Father of British Canada: A Chronicle of Carleton (Toronto: Chronicles of Canada, 1916), p. 17. Also, Albert Henry Smith, ed. The Writings of Benjamin Franklin (New York: Macmillan Co., 1907), vol. 10, p. 296.

3. William Renwick Riddell, Benjamin Franklin and Canada (Toronto: Published by the author, 1923); p. 52, where Riddell quotes French dictionaries. His work is available at http://www.archive.org/stream/benjaminfranklin00ridduoft/benjaminfranklin00ridduoft_djvu.txt; accessed 5/5/2009.

4. “Indian Department List of Men,” undated but including an internal date (June 4, 1775), lists thirty-nine officers and men, the cadre of identified agents. (Public

Records Office [British National Archives], War Office, class 28, vol. 10, folios 399–400.) See the On-Line Institute for Advanced Loyalist Studies, http: //www .royalprovincial.com/military/rhist/dian/dianretn.htm; accessed 5/9/2009.

5. Instructions to General Schuyler, June 27, 1775. American Archives, S4-V2-p1855. http://lincoln.lib.niu.edu/cgi-bin/philogic/showrest_?conc.6.1.28739.300.399 .amarch; accessed 3/25/2010.

6. “George Washington to the Inhabitants of Canada, September 6, 1775.” John C. Fitzpatrick, ed., The Writings of George Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources, 1745–1799, vol. 3, pp. 478–480.

7. Thomas C. Haliburton, History of Nova Scotia (Halifax, NS: Joseph Howe, 1829; facsimile edition, Belleville, ON: Mika Publishing, 1973), p. 483.

8. Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774–1789, vol. 1, pp. 105–113, available at http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/documents/v1ch14s12.html; accessed 5/12/2009.

9. D. Peter MacLeod, “Revolution Rejected: Canada and the American Revolution,” commentary for an exhibit of that name in the Canadian War Museum in Ottawa, http://www.warmuseum.ca/cwm/games/expo/background_e.html; accessed 5/4/2009.

10. “Thomas Walker,” Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online. http://www .biographi.ca/009004–119.01-e.php?&id_nbr=2204&&PHPSESSID =ychzfqk vzape; accessed 5/7/2009.

11. James Han Nay, History of New Brunswick (St. John, NB: John A. Bowes, 1909), pp. 101–102.

12. Edward Livingston Taylor, “Refugees to and from Canada and the Refugee Tract,” Ohio Archaeological and Historical Quarterly 12, vol. xii (1903), p. 224. http://publications.ohiohistory.org/ohstemplate.cfm?action = detail&Page = 0012224.html&StartPage = 24&EndPage=328&volume=12&newtitle=Volume %2012%20Page%2024; accessed 5/12/2009.

13. Clare Brandt, An American Aristocracy, the Livingstons (Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Co., 1986), p. 112.

14. Hal T. Shelton, General Richard Montgomery and the American Revolution: From Redcoat to Rebel (New York: New York University Press, 1996), p. 36.

15. Brandt, An American Aristocracy, pp. 111, 117. Livingston did not contribute a word to the Declaration. Nor did he sign it. He was not in Philadelphia on August 2, 1776, when delegates signed the formal embossed version of the Declaration. Instead his cousin, Philip Livingston, signed and became known in the family as “Philip the Signer.”

16. Brandt, An American Aristocracy, pp. 111–112; Michael P. Gabriel, Major General Richard Montgomery (Madison, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 2002), p. 50.

17. Eugene R. Fingerhut and Joseph S. Tiedemann, The Other New York (New York: SUNY Press, 2005), p. 130.

18. George Washington Papers at the Library of Congress, 1741—1799, Series 4. General Correspondence, 1697—1799. Philip J. Schuyler to Canadian Citizens, September 5, 1775.

19. Tice’s tavern is mentioned in a pension application for Joseph Lobdell, a Continental Army veteran. Lobdell said he had been captured by Indians who sold him to Tice. See http://morrisonspensions.org/lobdelljoseph.html; accessed 5/6/2009.

20. Page Smith, A New Age Now Begins (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1976), vol. 1, p. 601.

21. “Ethan Allen,” Encyclopedia Americana (Danbury, CT: Grolier, 1996); John R. Alden, A History of the American Revolution, p. 201.

22. Harry Stanton Tillotson, The Beloved Spy (Caldwell, ID: The Caxton Printers, Ltd., 1948), p. 30.

23. Willard Sterne Randall, Benedict Arnold (New York: Barnes & Noble, 2003), pp. 134–135. Reprint of William Morrow, 1990.

24. Ibid., p. 151.

25. Ibid., p. 152.

26. Anthony Nardini, “The American Defeat at Quebec,” Publications of Villanova, http://www.publications.villanova.edu/Concept/2004/The%20American%20 Defeat%20at%20Quebec.pdf; accessed 5/8/2009.

27. Randall, Benedict Arnold, p. 187.

28. “Guy, Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester,” Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online. http://www.biographi.ca/009004–119.01-e.php?&id_nbr=2310&interval = 25&&PHPSESSID = ahmvo4mq2g15edj3vs2gden730#il; accessed 5/9/2009.

29. Edwin Martin Stone, ed., The Invasion of Canada in 1775, including the Journal of Captain Simeon Thayer (Providence, RI: Knowles, Anthony & Co., 1867), p. 18.

30. “Thomas Walker,” Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online, http://www .biographi.ca/009004–119.01-e.php?&id_nbr=2204&interval=25&&PHPS ESSID = uug6tgdqile5b9qs5edh9li2c3.

31. Randall, Benedict Arnold, p. 146; William Renwick Riddell, Benjamin Frank lin and Canada (Toronto: Published by the author, 1923), p. 31, http://www .archive.org/stream/benjaminfranklin00ridduoft/benjaminfranklin00riddu oft_djvu.txt; accessed 5/6/2009.

32. “David Franks,” Jewish Virtual Library, http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/Franks.html; accessed 5/6/2009.

33. P. H. Bryce. “The Quinte Loyalists of 1784,” Papers and Records of the Ontario Historical Society (Toronto: Ontario Historical Society, 1931), vol. 27, pp. 5–14, http://my.tbaytel.net/bmartin/quinte.htm; accessed 5/8/2009.

34. “Military Units—Loyalist Units,” United Empire Loyalists’ Association of Canada, http://www.uelac.org/Military/Young-Emigrants.php; accessed 5/5/2009.

35. Donald I. Stoetzel, Encyclopedia of the French & Indian War in North America, 1754–1763 (Westminster, MD: Heritage Books, 2008), p. 439. Also, “Sir Frederick Haldimand,” Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online, http://www .biographi.ca/009004–119.01-e.php?&id_nbr=2445; accessed 5/9/2009. The Royal Americans’ regiment was officially the 62nd Regiment of Foot, later renumbered as the 60th (King’s Royal Rifle Corps).

36. Robert L. Dallison, Hope Restored (Fredericton, NB: Goose Lane Editions, 2003), p. 62.

37. Ibid.

38. Report from General Wade to King George I, December 10, 1724, http:// www.highlanderweb.co.uk/general.htm; accessed 6/10/2009. Wade had traveled through the Highlands to gather intelligence about the loyalty of the clans. http://www.highlanderweb.co.uk/general.htm; accessed 6/10/2009.

39. Evangeline Walker Andrews and Charles McLean Andrews, eds., Journal of a Lady of Quality (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1922), appendices, p. 258.

40. “Allan Maclean,” Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online, http://www. biographi.ca/009004–119.01-e.php?&id_nbr=2041&&PHPSESSID = ahmvo 4mq2g15edj3vs2gden730; accessed 5/9/2009.

41. Mary Beacock Fryer, Allan Maclean, Jacobite General (Toronto: Dundurn Press, 1987), p. 130.

42. Randall, Benedict Arnold, p. 208.

43. William Wood, Father of British Canada (Toronto: Chronicles of Canada, 1916), p. 72.

44. Samuel B. Griffith, In Defense of the Public Liberty (Garden City, NY: Double-day & Co., 1976), pp. 248–249.

45. Shelton, General Richard Montgomery, p. 138.

46. William Kingsford, The History of Canada (Toronto: Roswell & Hutchinson, 1893), vol. 6, p. 5.

47. Randall, Benedict Arnold, p. 223.

48. Craig L Symonds and William J. Clipson, A Battlefield Atlas, p. 23.

49. Alden, A History of the American Revolution, p. 207; William Wood, Father of British Canada, p. 112.

50. William Wood, p. 120.

51. Lee Enderlin, “The Invasion of Canada during the American Revolution,” Military History, August 1999, vol. 16, no. 3. Some Canadian estimates of invader casualties range as high as three hundred.

52. Shelton, General Richard Montgomery, pp. 3, 4.

53. Randall, Benedict Arnold, pp. 230, 235; Albert Henry Smith, The Writings of Benjamin Franklin, vol. x, p. 295.

54. Symonds and Clipson, A Battlefiield Atlas, p. 25.

55. David Wilson, The Life of Jane McCrea (New York: Baker, Godwin & Co., Printers, 1853), p. 76. Skene supporters suggested that Skene had kept her un-buried because he wanted to take her back to her ancestral burying ground somewhere in Scotland or Ireland. Clan Skene genealogy shows Andrew’s birth as 1753 and gives him the military rank of major. http://www.clanskene .org/newsletters/April%202007.pdf; accessed 5/10/2009.

56. Stephen Howarth, To Shining Sea: A History of the United States Navy 1775—1991 (New York: Random House, 1991), pp. 26–28.

57. Symonds and Clipson, p. 25.

58. Randall, Benedict Arnold, pp. 157–189, 205, 221, 237.

59. Symonds and Clipson, p. 21.

60. Lorenzo Sabine, Biographical Sketches of Loyalists of the American Revolution: With an Historical Essay, rev. ed. (Boston, Little, Brown & Co., 1864), vol. 2, pp. 439–441. Sabine notes Winslow’s confusing military rank at the time: As commander of this particular force he was a lieutenant colonel; he was also a half-pay (comparable to reservist) captain in the British Army, and a major general in the royal militia.

61. Grand-Pré National Historic Site. http://www.grand-pre.com/Histoireen .html; accessed 5/12/2009.

62. Stark, The Loyalists of Massachusetts, p. 65. Also, “Jonathan Eddy,” Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online, http://www.biographi.ca/009004–119.01-e .php?&id_nbr=2391&interval = 25&; accessed 5/12/2009.

63. J. W. Porter. “Memoir of Colonel Jonathan Eddy, of Eddington, Maine,” Bangor History Magazine, September 1888. Also, Ford, The Writings of George Washington, pp. 497–498.

64. Journal of the Continental Congress, February 16, 1776, p. 155, http://memory .loc.gov/ll/lljc/004/0100/01550155.gif; accessed 5/12/2009.

65. Porter, “Memoir of Colonel Jonathan Eddy,” pp. 44–47, which includes Eddy’s own account, sent to the Massachusetts legislature.

66. René Chartrand, American Loyalist Troops 1775—84 (Westminster, MD: Osprey Publishing, 2008), p. 23.

67. “Jonathan Eddy,” Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online.

68. George Washington Drisko, Narrative of the Town of Machias (Machias, ME: Press of the Republican, 1904), p. 57.

69. Ford, The Writings of George Washington, p. 381.

CHAPTER 7: THE FAREWELL FLEET

1. Margaret Wheeler Willard, ed., Letters on the American Revolution, 1774—1776 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1925), p. 119. The letter was written on May 26, 1775.

2. Stark, The Loyalists of Massachusetts, p. 410.

3. Frothingham, History of the Siege of Boston, p. 303.

4. Ibid., p. 304.

5. Clarence F. Winsor, The Memorial History of Boston (Boston: James R. Os-good, 1881), vol. 3, proclamation reproduced, p. 97.

6. Attributed to letter of witness, William Gordon, D.D., The History of the Rise, Progress, and Establishment, of the Independence of the United States of America … (London: Printed for author, 1788), vol. 2, p. 198.

7. Hall. History of Eastern Vermont, vol. 2, p. 616.

8. Winsor, Memorial History of Boston, p. 163.

9. Newell Diary, http://boston1775.blogspot.com/search/label/Timothy%20Newell.

10. Inventory made by order of Thomas Mifflin, quartermaster-general of the Continental Army, March 18 and 19, 1776, published in History of the Siege of Boston, p. 406.

11. Winsor, Memorial History of Boston, p. 164.

12. Excerpt from a Lord Dartmouth letter to Howe, dated August 2, 1775, Froth-ingham, History of the Siege of Boston, p. 302.

13. Letter from Washington to his brother John Augustine, March 31, 1776, excerpted in Sabine, American Loyalists, p. 13. (For “last trump,” see 1 Cor. 15:51, 52.)

14. Frothingham, History of the Siege of Boston, p. 302; Winsor, Memorial History of Boston, p. 164.

15. David DeVoss, “Divided Loyalties,” Smithsonian, January 2004; “Historical Narratives of Early Canada,” http://www.uppercanadahistory.ca/uel/uel4.html; accessed 3/26/2010.

16. Norton, The British-Americans, quoting from Caner Letterbook.

17. Massachusetts Historical Society, King’s Chapel Records, 1686–1942, available at http://www.masshist.org/findingaids/doc.cfm?fa=fa0249&hi = on&within = 1&query=caner&submit=Search#firstmatch; accessed 3/26/2010.

18. Siebert, “Loyalist Troops of New England,” p. 117.

19. Sabine, Biographical Sketches, vol. 1, p. 211. Walter’s son, Theodore, became a merchant in what was British Guiana (now Guyana) and spent his final years in Saugerties, New York. As custodian of the family papers, he donated them to Columbia University. Another Barrell, Samuel, a relative, is acknowledged in the Historical Society publication of the names. (Private communication from Russel Moe, a descendant.)

20. Sabine, Biographical Sketches, vol. 1, p. 544; Loyalist Collection, MIC-Loyalist FC LFR H8H4A3, University of New Brunswick, Canada, http:// www.lib.unb.ca/collections/loyalist/seeOne.php?id = 647&string =; accessed 5/14/2009.

21. For information on Hannah, thanks to J. L. Bell, author of the blog Boston 1775, devoted to the “history, analysis, and unabashed gossip about the start of the American Revolution in Massachusetts.” See http://boston1775.blogspot .com/search/label/Hannah%20Loring%20Winslow; accessed 5/14/2009.

22. Winslow Papers, http://www.lib.unb.ca/winslow/sibley.html#41; accessed 5/14/2008.

23. Sabine, American Loyalists, pp. 470, 556.

24. Wentworth biography, Nova Scotia history, http://www.blupete.com/Hist/BiosNS/1764–00/Wentworth.htm#rfn8; “Sir John Wentworth,” Dictionary of Canadian Biography.

25. “Governor Wentworth’s Volunteers Report of Formation,” October 16, 1777, On-Line Institute for Advanced Loyalist Studies. http://www.royalprovincial .com/Military/rhist/govwent/gvwform.htm; accessed 5/16/2009.

26. Norton, The British-Americans, pp. 100, 101, 220. The John Ervings settled in Wales, as did a number of refugees.

27. Stark, The Loyalists of Massachusetts, p. 458.

28. Sabine, Biographical Sketches, vol 2, p. iii. The preface of James J. Talman, ed., Loyalist Narratives from Upper Canada (Toronto: Champlain Society in Canada, 1946), mentions illiteracy and the lack of time and paper. A modern collection of writings came in 1946, when the Champlain Society of Toronto published the narratives of twenty-five Loyalists in an edition of 550 copies.

29. Edmund Duval Poole, Annals of Yarmouth and Barrington (Nova Scotia) in the Revolutionary War (Yarmouth, NS.: Reprinted from The Yarmouth Herald, 1899, p. 6.

30. Fitzpatrick, The Writings of George Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources, vol. 4, p. 456. Letter to Joseph Reed, April 1, 1776.

31. Lawrence B. Evans, ed., Writings of George Washington (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1908), p. 55. Letter from Cambridge, March 31, 1776.

32. Boston Gazette advertisement, February 20, 1767, reproduced in Henry M. Brooks, The Olden Time Series (Boston: Ticknor and Company, 1886), vol. 4, p. 40.

33. Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society (Cambridge: John Wilton & Son, 1879), p. 68.

34. Jolley Allen, An Account of Part of the Sufferings and Losses of Jolley Allen, a Native of London, Jolley Allen Minute Book, Massachusetts Historical Society (Republished: Boston: Franklin Press/Rand, Aver & Co., 1883). See also Robert J. Cormier, “The Ordeal of Jolley Allen: A Tory Merchant of Boston,” New England Journal of History 61 (Spring 2005), pp. 1–26.

35. Frothingham, History of the Siege of Boston, p. 302.

36. Ibid., p. 307.

37. Stephen Kemble, Journals of Lieut-Col. Stephen Kemble … and British Army Orders … (Boston: Gredd Press, 1972; originally published by the New-York Historical Society), p. 318.

38. Van Tyne, The Loyalists in the American Revolution, pp. 57–58, quoting from letter in Memorial History of Boston, vol. 3, p. 164.

39. French, The Siege of Boston, pp. 423–424.

40. Thomas Jones, History of New York During the Revolutionary War (New-York Historical Society, 1879), vol. 1, p. 54.

41. All references to Allen’s misadventures are from the Jolley Allen Minute Book, Massachusetts Historical Society. Parts of the Minute Book also appeared in the Proceedings of the society in February 1878 and as a book, An Account of Part of the Sufferings and Losses of Jolley Allen, a Native of London (Boston: Franklin Press/Rand, Aver & Co., 1883).

42. John Barker, “The Diary of Lieutenant John Barker,” Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research (London) 7 (1928), p. 169.

43. James Thomas Flexner, Washington: The Indispensable Man (Boston: Little, Brown, 1974), pp. 8, 132.

44. Elizabeth A. Fenn, Pox Americana (New York: Hill and Wang, 2001), p. 90, quoting from Washington’s General Orders, March 13 and March 14, 1776.

45. Ibid., p. 51.

46. French, The Siege of Boston, p. 428

47. Charles Francis Adams, Familiar Letters of John Adams and His Wife Abigail during the Revolution (New York: Hurd and Houghton, 1876), p. 142.

48. French, The Siege of Boston, pp. 430–431.

49. Frothingham, History of the Siege of Boston, p. 312.

50. Jack Coggins, Ships and Seamen of the American Revolution (Mineola, NY: Courier Dover Publications, 2002), p. 206.

51. Winthrop Sargent, ed., “Letters of John Andrews, Esq., of Boston, 1772–1776,” Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society, 1864—1865 (Boston: Massachusetts Historical Society, 1866), p. 411. Andrews lived in Boston during the blockade.

52. Sabine, Biographical Sketches, vol. 1, p. 160.

53. Siebert. “Loyalist Troops of New England,” p. 122. Also, John J. Duffy and Eugene A. Coyle, “Crean Brush vs. Ethan Allen: A Winner’s Tale,” Vermont History, p. 103.

54. Bakeless, Turncoats, Traitors and Heroes, pp. 10–22. A purported “journal” of a previously unknown spy surfaced in the nineteenth century, but it was a hoax. See http://massmoments.org/moment.cfm?mid = 110; accessed 3/26/2010.

55. The encrypted letter (from “George Washington Papers at the Library of Congress, 1741–1799,” series 4, General Correspondence, 1697–1799; Benjamin Church, Jr., to Maurice Cane, July 1775) can be seen at http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId = mgw4&fileName = gwpage033.db&recNum = 753. The full text of the decrypted version is available at http://www.history.org/history/teaching/enewsletter/volume3/january05/primsource.cfm; accessed 3/26/2010.

56. Frank J. Rafalko, A Counterintelligence Reader. http://fas.org/irp/ops/ci/docs/ci1/ch1a.htm; accessed 4/25/2009.

57. William L. Clements Library, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. See http://www.si.umich.edu/spies/gallery.html. See also, Bakeless, pp 9–19.

58. On November 9, 1775, members of the Continental Congress had sworn, under pain of expulsion, “not to divulge, directly or indirectly, any matter or thing agitated or debated in Congress, before the same shaft have been determined… .”

59. “Instructions for activity in France,” document 19, March 3, 1776. Connecticut Historical Society Museum. http://www.silasdeaneonline.org/documents/doc19.htm; accessed 3/26/2010.

60. Thomas B. Allen, George Washington, Spymaster (Washington, DC: National Geographic Society, 2004), p. 82.

61. Streeter Bass, “Beaumarchais and the American Revolution,” Studies in Intelligence 14 (Spring 1970), pp. 1–18.

62. Tom Paine, Common Sense (Oakton, VA: American Renaissance Books, 2009), p. 11.

63. Clarence F. Winsor, The Memorial History of Boston, p. 183.

64. Ibid. http://boston1775.blogspot.com/search/label/Thomas%20Crafts; accessed 11/22/2009.

65. Pauline Maier, American Scripture (New York: Vintage Books, 1998), p. 39.

66. Edward J. Lowell, The Hessians and the Other German Auxiliaries of Great Britain in the Revolutionary War (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1884), p. 26.

67. Griffith, In Defense of the Public Liberty, p. 468.

CHAPTER 8: BEATING THE SOUTHERN DRUMS

1. Letter, October 4, 1775, from Lieutenant Governor John Moultrie to General James Grant, former governor of East Florida, who was on the staff of General Gage. American Archives, “East Florida Correspondence, Miscellaneous Papers, Proceedings of Committees, &c.” http://www.stanklos.net/?act=para&pid=57 70&psname=CORRESPONDENCE%2C%20PROCEEDINGS%2C%20 ETC; accessed 3/26/2010.

2. Letter-book of Captain Alexander McDonald, of the Royal Highland Emigrants, April 14, 1776. http://www.americanrevolution.org/mac77sep.html; accessed 11/22/2009.

3. Stark, The Loyalists of Massachusetts, p. 228.

4. Frank Moore, Diary of the American Revolution (New York: Charles Scribner, 1858), pp. 20–21.

5. Richard M. Ketchum, Divided Loyalties (New York: Henry Holt, 2002), p. 56.

6. History of Eighty-fourth Regiment of Foot, Second Battalion, Royal Highland Emigrants, http://www.kingsorangerangers.org/history2.html; accessed 3/26/2010. Musket cartridge information: Thomas B. Allen, Remember Valley Forge (Washington, DC: National Geographic Society, 2007), pp. 38–39.

7. David K. Wilson, The Southern Strategy (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2005), p. 23. Also, Dallison, Hope Restored, p. 63.

8. Dallison, Hope Restored, p. 62.

9. Letter-book of Captain Alexander McDonald, of the Royal Highland Emigrants. Letter to Major Small from Halifax, January 27, 1776. http://www.american revolution.org/mac77sep.html; accessed 5/19/2009.

10. Dallison, Hope Restored, p. 63.

11. “Clansfolk of Clan MacDonald,” http://www.chebucto.ns.ca/Heritage/FSC NS/Scots_NS/Clans/MacDonald/Clansfolk_MacDonald/Clansfolk_Mac Donald.html; accessed 5/19/2009.

12. “A History of the Royal Highland Emigrants,” On-Line Institute for Advanced Loyalist Studies. http://www.royalprovincial.com/military/rhist/rhe/rhehist.htm; accessed 5/19/2009. See also Bruce L. Mouser, “Continuing British Interest in Coastal Guinea-Conakry and Fuuta Jaloo Highlands (1750 to 1850),” http:// etudesafricaines.revues.org/index1465.html#tocto1n1; accessed 5/19/2009.

13. “Women in History of Scots Descent,” Flora MacDonald, http://www .electricscotland.com/history/women/wih9.htm; accessed 5/19/2009.

14. Samuel Johnson and James Boswell, Journey to the Hebrides, edited by Ian McGowan (1785; reprint, Edinburgh: Canongate, 1996), p. 370.

15. William R. Brock, Scotus Americanus: A Survey of the Sources for Links between Scotland and America in the Eighteenth Century (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1982), p. 68.

16. David Dobson, Scottish Emigration to Colonial America, 1607–1785 (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2004), p. 6.

17. Peter Wilson Coldham, Emigrants in Chains (Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., 1994), p. 1. The transportation sentence was for exile to “foreign parts,” but the implied destination was America. When the Revolution began, prisoners sentenced to transportation languished in British prisons and prison ships. Then, in 1787, British courts began shipping convicts to the new possession of Australia.

18. John R. Maass,” ‘A Complicated Scene of Difficulties’: North Carolina and the Revolutionary Settlement, 1776–1789” (Ph.D. diss., Ohio State University, 2007), p. 150.

19. See Cameron Flint, “To Secure To Themselves And Their Countrymen An Agreeable And Happy Retreat …” (M.A. thesis by Cameron Flint, University of Akron, 2006), pp. 5–6:

Since the union of Scotland and England in 1707, Highland Scots in North America had prospered and the wealth created by the growing transatlantic trade guided Highland Scots to the realization that the United Kingdom, with its established mercantile empire, could allow them to continue to prosper. When the war began in 1775 the likelihood of an American victory against the world’s most dominant empire was small at best.

20. History of the Black Watch. http://www.theblackwatch.co.uk/index/raising-of-the-regiment; accessed 3/26/2010.

21. Flint. “To Secure To Themselves and Their Countrymen …,” p. 56.

22. Ibid., pp. 54, 58, 68, 76.

23. Andrews and Andrews, Journal of a Lady of Quality, p. 38.

24. Ferenc Morton Szasz, “Historians and the Scottish America Connection,” Scots in the North American West, 1790—1917 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2000), pp. 5–6, as quoted in Flint, “To Secure To Themselves and Their Countrymen …,” (hereafter, Flint).

25. Kevin Phillips, The Cousins’ Wars: Religion, Politics, and the Triumph of AngloAmerica (New York: Basic Books, 1999), p. 265, as quoted by Flint. The full phrase appears in Thomas Jefferson, The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, vol. 2, 1776—1781, collected and edited by Paul Leicester Ford (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1893), p. 56.

26. Phillips, The Cousins’ Wars, p. 202.

27. Ibid., pp. 201–203.

28. Jon Kukla, “The Proclamation Against Patrick Henry,” Early American Review, vol. v, no. 2 (Summer/Fall 2004). http://www.earlyamerica.com/review/2004_summer_fall/proclamation.htm; accessed 5/20/2009.

CHAPTER 9: “BROADSWORDS AND KING GEORGE!”

1. Moore, Diary of the American Revolution, vol. 1, p. 169. The verse appeared in the Middlesex (New Jersey) Journal, January 30, 1776.

2. “Provincial Corps, Southern Campaign, American Revolution,” British National Archives memo, September 1992. http://yourarchives.nationalarchives .gov.uk/index.php?title = British_Regiments%2C_Southern_Campaign%2C_American_Revolution; accessed 5/20/2009.

3. Marjoleine Kars, Breaking Loose Together: The Regulator Rebellion in PreRevolutionary North Carolina (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002), p. 207; William Edward Fitch, Some Neglected History of North Carolina: Being an Account of the Revolution of the Regulators and of the Battle of Alamance, the First Battle of the American Revolution (New York: Neale Publishing, 1905), p 110. Also, Paul David Nelson, William Tryon and the Course of Empire: A Life in British Imperial Service(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1990), p. 134.

4. Wallace Brown, The King’s Friends (Providence, RI: Brown University Press, 1956), p. 206. Description of the oath comes in a letter from Martin to Dartmouth, November 12, 1775, in Colonial Records (of North Carolina), vol. x, p. 327.

5. Andrews, Journal of a Lady of Quality, pp. 149, 154.

6. Ibid., p. 317; Marshall De Lancey Haywood, Governor William Tryon, and His Administration in the Province of North Carolina, 1765–1771 (Raleigh, NC: E. M. Uzzell, 1903), p. 166.

7. Andrews, Journal of a Lady of Quality, p. 167.

8. Ibid., pp. 190–191.

9. Ibid., p. 187.

10. Ibid., p. 198.

11. Ibid., p. 320.

12. Ibid., p. 326; Norton. The British-Americans, p. 28.

13. “Janet Schaw,” Dictionary of North Carolina Biography, edited by William S. Powell (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1979–1996). Also Andrews, Journal of a Lady of Quality, p. 212.

14. Andrews, Journal of a Lady of Quality, p. 211.

15. Wilson, The Southern Strategy, pp. 1–2, quoting from letter from Martin to Dartmouth, June 30, 1775, in K. G. Davies, ed., Documents of the American Revolution 1770–1783 (Shannon: Irish University Press, 1976), vol. 9, p. 213.

16. Hugh F. Rankin, “The Battle of Moore’s Creek Bridge Campaign, 1776,” North Carolina Historical Review, vol. 30, no. 1, 1953.

17. “An Introduction to North Carolina Loyalist Units,” On-Line Institute for Advanced Loyalist Studies. http://www.royalprovincial.com/Military/rhist/ncindcoy/ncintro.htm; accessed 5/19/2009.

18. James G. Leyburn, The Scotch Irish (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1962), p. xvii.

19. Pennsylvania Gazette, November 20, 1729.

20. Edmund Burke, Account of the European Settlements in America (London: John Joseph Stockdalk, 1808). Vol. II, p. 250. Reprint of the 1757 edition. Also, Charles Augustus Hanna, The Scotch-Irish (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1902), vol. 1, p. 1.

21. Leyburn, The Scotch-Irish, p. 180. Other estimates go as high as 300,000.

22. Rev. Edward L. Parker, The History of Londonderry, Comprising the Towns of Derry and Londonderry, N. H. (Boston: Perkins and Whipple, 1851), p. 218.

23. Gottlieb Mittelberg’s Journey to Pennsylvania in the Year 1750 and Return to Germany in the Year 1754, translated from the German by Carl Theo. Eben (Philadelphia: John Jos. McVey, 1898), pp. 19–29, http://www.vlib.us/amdocs/texts/gottlieb_note.html; accessed 6/11/2009.

24. Leyburn, The Scotch-Irish, p. 181.

25. Christopher E. Hendricks and J. Edwin Hendricks, “Expanding to the West: Settlement of the Piedmont Region 1730 to 1775,” North Carolina Museum of History. (2005). http://www.ncmuseumofhistory.org/collateral/articles/s95 .expanding.west.pdf; accessed 3/26/2010.

26. Leyburn, The Scotch-Irish, p. 221.

27. Richard Hooker, ed., The Carolina Backcountry on the Eve of the Revolution: The Journal and Other Writings of Charles Woodmason, Anglican Itinerant (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1969), pp. xxv, xxvi.

28. David Caldwell, a Presbyterian minister quoted in Robert M. Calhoon, Religion and the American Revolution in North Carolina (Raleigh: North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources, 1976), p. 9.

29. Leyburn, The Scotch-Irish, p. 301.

30. Captain Johann Heinrichs of the Hessian Jäger Corps to Herr H., January 18, 1778, quoted in J. C. D. Clark, The Language of Liberty, 1660—1832 (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1994), p. 362.

31. Duane Meyer, The Highland Scots of North Carolina (Raleigh: Carolina Charter Tercentenary Commission, 1963), chap. 4.

32. John Patterson MacLean, An Historical Account of the Settlements of Scotch Highlanders in America Prior to the Peace of 1783, (Cleveland: Helman-Taylor, 1900), p. 117.

33. Henry Clinton, The American Rebellion: Sir Henry Clinton’s Narrative of His Campaign, 1775—1782, William B. Willcox, ed. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1954), p. 23.

34. Rankin, The Battle of Moore’s Creek Bridge Campaign, 1776, p. 21.

35. Ibid., pp. 30–32.

36. Buchanan, The Road to Guilford Courthouse (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1997), pp. 4–5.

37. Moores Creek National Battlefield, Teachers Manual. http://www.nps.gov/archive/mocr/guide/covington.htm; accessed 6/16/2009.

38. Donald E. Graves, Guide to Canadian Sources Related to Southern Revolutionary War National Parks (Carleton Place, ON: Ensign Heritage Consulting [for National Park Service], 2001), p. 50.

39. Buchanan, The Road to Guilford Courthouse, pp. 4–6; Rankin, The Moore’s Creek Bridge Campaign, pp. 32–42, 45.

40. Wilson. The Southern Strategy, p. 31.

41. Ibid., pp. 36–37.

42. Walter Edgar, Partisans & Redcoats (New York: HarperCollins, 2001), pp. 35–36.

43. R. W. Gibbes, Documentary History of the American Revolution: 1764–1776 (New York: D. Appleton & Co, 1855), p. 164.

44. Graves, Guide to Canadian Sources, p. 47.

45. National Park Service research reports, Ninety-Six National Historic Site, Ninety-Six, SC. See http://www.nps.gov/nisi/index.htm; accessed 7/2/2009.

46. Edgar, p. 33.

47. David R. Chesnutt, ed. Papers of Henry Laurens (Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1968), vol. 11, pp. 51–52.

48. Robert M. Weir, Colonial South Carolina: A History (Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1997), pp. 200–202; Robert Olwell, Masters, Slaves, & Subjects: The Culture of Power in the South Carolina Low Country, 1740–1790 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1998), p. 235, quoting from Campbell letter to Dartmouth, August 18, 1775.

49. Hugh F. Rankin, The North Carolina Continentals, 2nd ed. (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2005), p. 71.

50. Wilson, The Southern Strategy, p. 50.

51. Ibid., p. 52.

52. Adolphus Egerton Ryerson, The Loyalists of America and Their Times: From 1620 to 1816 (Toronto: William Briggs, 1880), vol. 1, pp. 465–466. Also, On This Day: Legislative Moments in Virginia History (Richmond: Virginia Historical Society, 2004), http://www.vahistorical.org/onthisday/42175.htm; accessed 6/10/2009.

53. Commager and Morris, The Spirit of ‘Seventy-Six, vol. 1, p. 106.

54. Ibid., p. 111.

55. Cassandra Pybus, “Jefferson’s Faulty Math: The Question of Slave Defections in the American Revolution,” The William and Mary Quarterly, April 2005, vol. 62, no. 2, pp. 243–264, as reprinted by www.historycooperative.org. In 1786, Jefferson estimated that Virginia had lost about 30,000 slaves, an impossible figure that was frequently cited until Professor Pybus’s research showed that her estimate of about 20,000 runaway slaves “can stand up against the documentary record.”

56. “Slavery and the Making of America,” Educational Broadcasting Corporation, 2004. http://www.pbs.org/wnet/slavery/timeline/1773.html; accessed 6/11/2009.

57. Patrick Charles, Washington’s Decision (Charleston, SC: BookSurge, 2005), pp. 22–23, quoting from American Archives, vol. 2, Massachusetts Committee of Safety, July 8, 1775.

58. Gary B. Nash, The Unknown American Revolution (New York: Viking, 2006), pp. 228–229; Charles, Washington’s Decision, pp. 70–78, 136.

59. Sidney Kaplan and Emma Nogrady Kaplan, The Black Presence in the Era of the American Revolution (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1989), p. 76.

60. Richard Podruchny, “The Battle of Great Bridge; A New Beginning for the Old Dominion,” Military History on Line, http://www.militaryhistoryonline .com/18thcentury/articles/battleofgreatbridge.aspx; accessed 6/11/2009.

61. Robert A. Selig, “The Revolution’s Black Soldiers,” AmericanRevolution.org. http://www.americanrevolution.org/blk.html; accessed 6/11/2009.

62. Virginia Gazette, January 18, 1776. In September, Dunmore had sent a boatload of British soldiers and marines to Norfolk to seize the Gazette‘s press, type, ink, and paper. On board one of Dunmore’s ships, the paper published the deposed governor’s version of news, including a claim that Rebels had set Norfolk afire. (Harry M. Ward, The War for Independence and the Transformation of American Society [Florence, KY: Routledge, 2003], p. 62.)

63. Colonial Williamsburg. http://research.history.org/pf/declaring/bio_dunmore .cfm; accessed 6/10/2009.

CHAPTER 10: WAR IN THE LOYAL PROVINCE

1. Jones, History of New York During the Revolutionary War, pp. 101–102.

2. General Gage in a letter to Cadwallander Colden, royal lieutenant governor of New York, on February 26, 1775. Military correspondence and headquarters papers of Lieutenant General Thomas Gage, Clements Library, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. “Torytown”: Letter of March 21, 1776, from John Eustace to Charles Lee; Lee Papers (New York: New-York Historical Society, 1871), vol. 2, p. 362.

3. Thomas Jefferson Wertenbaker, Father Knickerbocker Rebels (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1948), p. 64.

4. Gage papers, Clements Library, August 14, 1775. Proof of the Tryon-Gage intelligence was not confirmed until the library purchased the papers in 1937. The plotting is described in John Campbell, Minutes of a Conspiracy against the Liberties of America(Philadelphia: John Campbell, 1865).

5. General Washington Proclamation, April 29, 1776. Ford, The Writings of George Washington, 1776, vol. 4, p. 25.

6. William Howard Adams, Gouverneur Morris (New Haven: Yale University Press. 2003), p. 48.

7. Jones, History of New York During the Revolutionary War, vol. 1, pp. 55–57; Ketchum, Divided Loyalties, p. 351.

8. Ford, The Writings of George Washington, pp. 498–499.

9. Paul David Nelson, William Tryon and the Course of Empire: A Life in British Imperial Service (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1990), pp. 4, 8, 9.

10. Wertenbaker, Father Knickerbocker Rebels, pp. 53, 59.

11. Mark V. Kwasny, Washington’s Partisan War, 1775–1783 (Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1996), pp. 29–30.

12. Stefan Bielinski, An American Loyalist: The Ordeal of Frederick Philipse III (Albany: New York State Museum, 1976), p. 2.

13. Wertenbaker, Father Knickerbocker Rebels, p. 66.

14. American Archives, series 4, vol. 5 (Correspondence, Miscellaneous Papers, Proceedings of Committees, &C.), New-York Committee of Safety, March 27, 1776. http://www.stanklos.net/?act=para&psname=&pid=8280; accessed 11/14/2008.

15. Henry Phelps Johnston, The Campaign of 1776 around New York and Brooklyn, part 2 (New York: S. W. Green, 1878), p. 108, quoting the diary for Thursday, June 13, 1776.

16. H. Morse Stephens, man. ed., American Historical Review 4, no. 1 (October 1898), p. 281.

17. I. W. Stuart, Life of Jonathan Trumbull, Governor of Connecticut (Boston: Crocker and Brewster, 1859), p. 220.

18. The Reverend Samuel Seabury, Letters of a Westchester Farmer (White Plains, NY: Westchester County Historical Society, 1930), November 16, 1774, p. 270.

19. Wertenbaker, Father Knickerbocker Rebels, pp. 64; Catherine Snell Crary, “The Tory and the Spy: The Double Life of James Rivington,” William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd ser., 16, no. 1 (January 1959), p. 67; Ketchum, Divided Loyalties, pp. 355–356.

20. Wertenbaker, Father Knickerbocker Rebels, p. 65.

21. Bakeless. Turncoats, Traitors and Heroes, p. 100.

22. Collection of the Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History, GLC02437 .00344: David Mason to Henry Knox, June 22, 1776. http://www.gilderlehrman .org/collection/docs_archive/docs_archive_mutiny.html; accessed 3/26/2010.

23. Thomas Jones and Edward Floyd De Lancey, eds. History of New York During the Revolutionary War, vol. 1, p. 121.

24. Bakeless, Turncoats, Traitors and Heroes, p. 100.

25. William Edward Fitch, Some Neglected History of North Carolina (New York: Neale Pub. Co., 1905), p. 55.

26. Bakeless lays out the story of the conspiracy (Turncoats, Traitors and Heroes, pp. 98–109); Matthews, in London after the war, gave some details of the plot. A spurious document, published in London, became the basis for John Campbell, Minutes of a Conspiracy Against the Liberties of America (Philadelphia: John Campbell, 1865). This mixture of truth and falsehood indicates that more than forty suspects were questioned and accused of participation in the plot.

27. Letter from Dr. William Eustis, an army surgeon in New York, to Dr. Townsend in Boston, June 28, 1776. Reprinted in Henry P. Johnston, The Campaign of 1776 around New York and Brooklyn (New York: S. W. Green, 1878), part 2, p. 129.

28. Benjamin F. Thompson, History of Long Island from Its Discovery and Settlement to the Present Time (New York: Robert H. Dodd, 1918), vol. 1, p. 329.

29. Johnston, The Campaign of 1776, part 2, p. 171, n. 250.

30. Ibid., p. 82, n. 52.

31. Jones and De Lancey, eds. History of New York During the Revolutionary War, p. 108.

32. On-Line Institute for Advanced Loyalist Studies, http://www.royalprovincial com/military/mems/ny/clmcrug.htm; accessed 3/3/2009.

33. Pauline Maier, American Scripture (New York: Vintage Books, 1998), p. 156.

34. King George’s Head,” SAR Magazine (Connecticut Sons of the Revolution), (Winter 1998). The exact count of bullets was 42,088, http://www.connecticut sar.org/articles/king_georges_head.htm; accessed 11/8/2008. The article notes that pieces began to appear in the early nineteenth century; by 1997 about fourteen hundred pounds were still unaccounted for.

35. Leah Reddy, “1776: Trinity Church and the American Revolution,” Trinity News, July 3, 2008. http://www.trinitywallstreet.org/welcome/?article&id=996; accessed 12/1/2008.

36. Elias Boudinot, Journal of Events in the Revolution (New York: Arno Press, 1968), p. 3.

37. Letter from a Gentleman at Sandyhook, near New York, to his Friend in London, dated July 6, 1776. Lloyd ‘s Evening Post and British Chronicle, August 14–16, 1776, as published in Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research 8 (1929), p. 132.

38. Barnet Schecter, The Battle for New York (New York: Walker, 2002), pp. 73, 80.

39. Henry Phelps Johnston, Memoirs of the Long Island Historical Society: The Campaign of 1776 Around New York and Brooklyn (Brooklyn, NY: Published by the Society, 1878), p. 100.

40. Jones, p. 157.

41. Thompson, History of Long Island, vol. 1, p. 282.

42. Siebert, “Loyalist Troops of New England,” p. 129.

43. Alden. A History of the American Revolution, p. 267.

44. Isaac Q. Leake, Memoir of the Life and Times of General John Lamb, an Officer of the Revolution (Albany, NY: Joel Munsall, 1857; reprint, Alcester, Warwickshire: Read Books, 2008), p. 361.

45. Symonds and Clipson, A Battlefeld Atlas, p. 27.

46. Ibid.

47. “George Washington to the President of Congress,” September 2, 1776. George Washington Papers at the Library of Congress, http://rs5.loc.gov/learn/features/timeline/amrev/contarmy/prestwo.html; accessed 11/13/2008.

48. Johnston, Memoirs of the Long Island Historical Society, p. 264.

49. Wertenbaker, Father Knickerbocker Rebels, pp. 100–102.

50. On Shewkirk, see Johnston, Memoirs of the Long Island Historical Society, p. 108. On the GR painting, see Schecter, The Battle for New York, p. 176.

51. William A. Polf, Garrison Town (Albany: New York State American Revolution Bicentennial Commission, 1976), p. 9.

52. Ibid., pp. 9–10.

53. Ibid., pp. 11, 13.

54. Alden, A History of the American Revolution, pp. 503–504. Reprint. (New York: Da Capo Press, 1989).

55. The Loyalist Collection, University of New Brunswick, Winslow Papers, MIC-Loyalist FC LFR. W5E3P3.

56. Ann Gorman Condon, “The Mind in Exile: Loyalty in the Winslow Papers.” http://www.lib.unb.ca/winslow/mind.html; accessed 3/30/2010.

57. Duval, “Edward Winslow, Portrait of a Loyalist,” p. 28.

58. Wertenbaker, Father Knickerbocker Rebels, p. 22.

59. “Lord Dunmore’s Ethiopian Regiment,” Online Encyclopedia of Signifcant People and Places in African American History, http://www.blackpast.org/?q =aah/lord-dunmore-s-ethiopian-regiment (University of Washington); accessed 12/2/2008.

60. “A History of the Black Pioneers,” On-Line Institute for Advanced Loyalist Studies, http://www.royalprovincial.com/military/rhist/blkpion/blkhist.htm; acessed 11/10/2009.

61. Gary B. Nash, “Thomas Peters: Millwright and Deliverer,” Revolutionary Essays: Michigan State University, http://revolution.h-net.msu.edu/essays/nash .html; accessed 12/2/2008; “A History of the Black Pioneers,” On-Line Loyalist Institute for Advanced Loyalist Studies, http://www.royalprovincial.com/Military/rhist/blkpion/blkhist.htm; accessed 11/29/2008; Julie Hilvers, “Freedom Bound: Black Loyalists,” Freedom Chronicle, Northern Kentucky University Institute for Freedom Studies, http://www.nku.edu/~freedomchronicle/OldSiteArchive/archive/issue4/studentscorner.php; accessed 12/4/2008.

62. Advertisement published in Connecticut Courant, June 1 and June 8, 1779; republished in Baltimore Sun, September 29, 2002, http://www.baltimoresun .com/news/specials/hc-dunmore.artsep29,0,119814.story; accessed 12/3/2008.

63. Wertenbaker, Father Knickerbocker Rebels, p. 54.

64. British lieutenant general Sir Henry Clinton and Baron Wilhelm von Knyphausen, the Hessian commander, later used the mansion as a headquarters. It still stands at Jumel Terrace, near West 160th Street.

65. Jared Sparks, The Life of George Washington (Auburn, NY: Derby & Miller, 1853), p. 98. “Her fate, how different, had she married Washington,” Sabine (Biographical Sketches, vol. 2, p. 107) said in a conversation with Mary Morris’s grandnephew in England. “You mistake, sir,” he replied, saying, “my aunt Morris had immense infuence over everybody; and, had she become the wife of the Leader in the Rebellion which cost our family millions, he would not have been a Traitor; she would have prevented that, be assured, sir.”

66. Robert A. East and Jacob Judd, eds., The Loyalist Americans (Tarrytown, NY: Sleepy Hollow Restorations, 1975), pp. 6, 98. (The book is a collection of original essays based upon papers presented at a conference on Loyalists, sponsored by Sleepy Hollow Restorations and the New York State American Bicentennial Commission at Tarrytown on November 2 and 3, 1973.)

67. Members of today’s Army Rangers, Special Forces, and Delta Force trace themselves back to Knowlton’s Rangers. The date 1776 on the seal of the army’s intelligence service today refers to the creation of the Rangers.

68.Washington, DC: Central Intelligence Agency, Center for the Study of Intelligence. When the article appeared, Studies in Intelligence was classi-fed. The article was one of many later declassifed, as was Studies itself. The article can be found at http://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/kent-csi/vol17no4/html/v1714a03p_0001.htm; accessed 3/26/2010.

69. Ibid., p. 72.

70. A reproduction of the orderly book page appears opposite p. 110 in Werten-baker, Father Knickerbocker Rebels.

71. James Hutson, “Nathan Hale Revisited,” Library of Congress Information Bulletin, July/August 2003. http://www.loc.gov/loc/lcib/0307–8/hale.html; accessed 11/15/2008.

72. “Journal of Captain John Montrésor, July 1, 1777, to July 1, 1778, Chief Engineer of the British Army,” Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 5 (1881), p. 393. His Copley portrait is in the Detroit Institute of Art; the portrait of Mrs. Montrésor is in the collection of the U.S. Department of State.

73. “Journals of Capt. John Montrésor, 1757–1778,” p. 123. Collections of the New-York Historical Society, 1881.

74. Bass, “Nathan Hale’s Mission,” p. 73.

75. Alexander Rose, Washington’s Spies (New York: Bantam Books, 2006), p. 20; Robert Rogers, The Journals of Major Robert Rogers (Albany, NY: Josel Munsell’s Sons, 1883), pp. 34, 101.

76. Sparks, The Writings of George Washington, pp 209–210.

77. Lieutenant-Colonel John Graves Simcoe, “The Raising of a Loyalist Corps in British Service,” as quoted in Hart, American History Told by Contemporaries, vol. 2, pp. 511–513.

78. Sabine, Biographical Sketches, vol. 2, p. 236.

79. Memorandum from Major Patrick Ferguson, August 1, 1778; quoted in East and Judd, The Loyalist Americans, p. 7, citing Clinton Papers, Clements Li… .brary.

80. Sabine, Biographical Sketches, vol. 1, p. 254.

81. John R. Cuneo, “The Early Days of the Queen’s Rangers, August 1776– February 1777,” Military Affairs 22, no. 2 (Summer 1958), p. 68. Also, James L. Wells, Louis F. Haffen, and Josiah A. Briggs, eds., The Bronx and Its People: a History, 1609–1927(New York: Lewis Historical Pub. Co., 1927), p. 175.

82. Alexander Clarence Flick, ed., “Loyalism in New York during the American Revolution,” Studies in History, Economics and Public Law (New York: Columbia University Press, 1901), p. 107.

83. American Archives, New York Committee of Safety to General Washington, Fishkill, NY, October 10, 1776. http://lincoln.lib.niu.edu/cgi-bin/amarch/getdoc.pl?/var/lib/philologic/databases/amarch/.24449; accessed 3/26/2010.

84. Brandt, An American Aristocracy, p. 112.

85. Robert Livingston’s remark is from a letter to John Jay, quoted in Staughton Lynd, “The Tenant Rising at Livingston Manor, May 1777,” by Staughton Lynd in New–York Historical Society Quarterly 48, no. 2 (April 1964), p. 167. Margaret Livingston’s observation is in a letter to Robert Livingston, July 6, 1776. Livingston Family Papers, Broadside Collection, New York Public Library. They were cited by Clare Brandt in “Robert R. Livingston Jr., the Reluctant Revolutionary,” at a symposium sponsored by the Friends of Clermont, Bard College/Hudson Valley Studies Program, and the New York State Office of Parks, Recreation, & Historic Preservation, Taconic Region, June 6–7, 1986.

86. East and Judd, The Loyalist Americans, pp. 30–37; Bielinski, An American Loyalist, p. 13.

87. William H. Nelson, The American Tory, p. 100.

88. “A History of the King’s American Regiment,” The On-Line Institute for Advanced Loyalist Studies, http://www.royalprovincial.com/military/rhist/kar/kar1hist.htm#karintro; accessed 11/19/2008. The Web site cites “Case of John Thompson (a Negro), June 10, 1788,” Audit Offie, Class 13, vol. 67, folio 340, Public Records Office, now UK National Archives. Seabury as chaplain: Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, James Grant Wilson and John Fiske, eds. (New York: D. Appleton, 1895), vol. 5, p. 445.

89. David H. Villers, “Loyalism in Connecticut, 1763–1783” (Ph.D. diss., University of Connecticut. 1976), pp. 310–314.

90. Thompson, History of Long Island, vol. 1, pp. 286–289.

91. Jones and De Lancey, eds., History of New York During the Revolutionary War, p. 362.

92. Orderly Book of The Three Battalions of Loyalists commanded by Brigader-General Oliver De Lancey, 1776 –1778, compiled by William Kelby, New-York Historical Society, New York, 1917, pp. 59, 86.

93. Bakeless, Turncoats, Traitors and Heroes, p. 123.

94. Schecter, The Battle for New York, p. 206.

95. Symonds and Clipson, A Battlefeld Atlas of the American Revolution, p. 29.

96. John Peter De Lancey, a British Army captain during the Revolution, lived in Mamaroneck. He was a son of James De Lancey, the patriarch. John’s daughter, Susan, married James Fenimore Cooper.

97. Henry Barton Dawson, Westchester County, New York, During the American Revolution (Morrison, NY: Published by Author, 1886 [250 copies]), pp. 125– 126. http://books.google.com/books?id=nl4EAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA9&dq= Loyalism+in+New+York+During+the+American+Revolution&lr=#PPP13,M1; accessed 11/20/2008.

98. Ibid., p. 252.

99. John R. Cuneo, “The Early Days of the Queen’s Rangers,” p. 72. Estimates of casualties came from Todd W. Braisted, founder of the On-Line Institute for Advanced Loyalist Studies, in a description of the Rangers that he prepared for this book.

100. Corey Slumkoski and David Bent, eds., Introduction to Select Loyalist Memorials by W. S. MacNutt. http://atlanticportal.hil.unb.ca/acva/loyalistwomen/en/context/articles/macnutt_manuscript.pdf; accessed 6/15/2009.

101. “Robert Rogers,” Dictionary of Canadian Biography. http://www.biographi .ca/009004–119.01-e.php?&id_nbr=2149; accessed 6/17/2009.

102. The words came from a letter written by William Demont in London in 1792 and revealed in “Mount Washington and its Capture on the 16th of November, 1776,” an article written by E. F. De Lancey, a descendant of the Loyalist family, in the February 1877 issue of the Magazine of American History, vol. 11, part 1, no. 2, pp. 65–90.

103. Thompson, History of Long Island, p. 166, quoting a letter from Governor Tryon to Lord George Germaine, December 24, 1776.

CHAPTER 11: TERROR ON THE NEUTRAL GROUND

1. The American Crisis (No. 1). On December 4, 1776, Thomas Paine published The Crisis (No. 1), the first of a series of pamphlets. Library of Congress, http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/rbpe:@field(DOCID + @ lit(rbpe03902300)); accessed 11/22/2008.

2. “A History of the Guides & Pioneers,” On-Line Loyalist Institute for Advanced Loyalist Studies, http://www.royalprovincial.com/military/rhist/g&p/gphist.htm; accessed 12/1/2008.

3. Ibid.; Richard M. Ketchum, The Winter Soldiers (New York: Macmillan, 1999), p. 136.

4. Carol Karels, The Revolutionary War in Bergen County (Charleston, SC: History Press, 2007), p.

5. Ibid.; “A History of the Guides & Pioneers.”

6. Fortescue, The War of Independence, p. 46.

7. Ketchum, The Winter Soldiers, pp. 138–139; Terry Lark, ed., Hackensack—Heritage to Horizons (Hackensack, NJ: Hackensack Bicentennial Committee, 1976), pp. 20–21; Sabine, p. 465.

8. Letter from Charles Lee to the President of the Massachusetts Council [James Bowdoin], November 22, 1776. Lee Papers, vol. 2 (New York: New-York Historical Society, 1872), p. 303.

9. “British Legion,” http://www.royalprovincial.com/Military/rhist/britlegn/blin f1. htm. Accessed 11/22/2009.

10. John Buchanan, The Road to Valley Forge (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2004), pp. 142–143; George H. Moore, The Treason of Charles Lee (New York: Charles Scribner, 1860), p. 64. Moore, the librarian of the New-York Historical Society, revealed the end-the-war plan that Lee composed for Howe.

11. Jones, History of New York During the Revolutionary War, p. 173.

12. Moore, The Treason of Charles Lee, pp. 86–87.

13. Alden, A History of the American Revolution, p. 277.

14. Adrian C. Leiby, The Revolutionary War in the Hackensack Valley: The Jersey Dutch and the Neutral Ground, 1775—1783 (Piscataway, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1992), p. 72.

15. Lark, Hackensack, p. 21.

16. George Washington to Lund Washington, December 10, 1776, John Rhode-hamel, ed., The American Revolution: Writings from the War of Independence (New York: Penguin Putnam, Library of America, 2001), p. 236.

17. “A History of the 1st Battalion, New Jersey Volunteers,” On-Line Institute for Advanced Loyalist Studies. http://www.royalprovincial.com/military/rhist/njv/1njvhist.htm; accessed 11/22/2008.

18. Leiby, The Revolutionary War in the Hackensack Valley, pp. 77–78.

19. Ibid., p. 99.

20. Jones, History of New York During the Revolutionary War, p. 171.

21. “History of the King’s American Regiment,” On-Line Institute for Advanced Loyalist Studies, http://www.royalprovincial.com/military/rhist/kar/kar5hist .htm#karraid; accessed 11/22/2008.

22. Sydney George Fisher, The Struggle for American Independence (New York: J. B. Lippincott, 1908), vol. 1, pp. 255–256.

23. Ford, The Writings of George Washington, vol. 7, p. 345.

24. Jones, History of New York During the Revolutionary War, vol. 2, p. 115.

25. Alexander Clarence Flick, Loyalism in New York during the American Revolution (New York: Columbia University Press, 1901), p. 99.

26. Samuel Eliot Morison and Henry Steele Commager, The Growth of the American Republic (New York: Oxford University Press, 1960), vol. 1, p. 204.

27. Leiby, The Revolutionary War in the Hackensack Valley, pp. 107–108.

28. Ira K. Morris, Memorial History of Staten Island (New York: Memorial Publishing Co., 1898), vol. 1, p. 244.

29. Epaphroditus Peck, The Loyalists of Connecticut (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1934), p. 12.

30. “Return of the Provincial Forces at Kingsbridge and Morrisania, 1st July 1777,” Sir Henry Clinton Papers, vol. 21, item 24, William L. Clements Library, University of Michigan, as cited by the On-Line Institute for Advanced Loyalist Studies, http://www.royalprovincial.com/military/rhist/kar/kar1hist .htm; accessed 12/19/2008.

31. Sandra Riley, Homeward Bound, A History of the Bahama Islands to 1850 (Miami, FL: Island Research, 2000), pp. 99–103. Also, American War of Independence—at Sea, “The New Providence Expedition: ‘… We thought Ourselves secure… .’” http://www.awiatsea.com/Narrative/New%20Providence%20Expedition.html; accessed 6/13/2009.

32. “From Confinement to Commandant,” On-Line Institute for Advanced Loyalist Studies, http://www.royalprovincial.com/Military/rhist/pwar/pwarhist .htm; accessed 12/14/2008.

33. “A History of the Prince Of Wales’ American Regiment.” On-Line Institute for Advanced Loyalist Studies, http://www.royalprovincial.com/Military/rhist/pwar/pwarhist.htm; accessed 6/17/2009.

34. Ibid.; W. O. Raymond, ed., The Winslow Papers (Saint John: New Brunswick Historical Society, 1901). Letter from Gov. Montfort Browne to Edward Winslow, June 22, 1777.

35. Bakeless, Turncoats, Traitors and Heroes, pp. 154–155.

36. “Cortlandt Skinner,” New Jersey in the American Revolution, 1763–1783, http:// www.njstatelib.org/NJ_Information/Digital_Collections/NJInTheAmerican Revolution1763–1783/8.18.pdf; accessed 6/15/2009. Based on The Royal Commission on the Losses and Services of American Loyalists, 1783–1785… . Notes of Mr. Daniel Parker Coke… . (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1915), pp. 113–115.

37. “New Jersey Volunteers,” On-Line Institute for Advanced Loyalist Studies, http:// www.royalprovincial.com/military/rhist/njv/4njvhist.htm; accessed 6/12/2009.

38. W. Woodford Clayton and William Nelson, History of Bergen and Passaic Counties, New Jersey (Philadelphia: Everts & Peck [press of J. B Lippincott & Co.], 1882), p. 74.

39. William S. Stryker, The New Jersey Volunteers (Loyalists) in the Revolutionary War (Trenton, NJ: Naar, Day & Naar, 1887), pp. 4–5, http://www.archive.org/stream/newjerseyvol00stryrich/newjerseyvol00stryrich_djvu.txt; accessed 11/30/2008.

40. Bakeless, Turncoats, Traitors and Heroes, p. 155.

41. Leiby, The Revolutionary War in the Hackensack Valley, p. 38.

42. Wells, Haffen, and Briggs, The Bronx and its People, p. 172.

43. Thomas S. Wermuth and James M. Johnson, “The American Revolution in the Hudson Valley—An Overview,” Hudson River Valley Review (Summer 2003), pp. 41, 42.

44. Stryker, The New Jersey Volunteers, p. 28; “The Beginning of the End,” chapter in a work-in-progress by Stefan Bielinski, director of the Colonial Albany Social History Project at the New York State Museum. See http://www.nysm .nysed.gov/albany/bios/d/stdl.html; accessed 12/1/2008.

45. Stryker, The New Jersey Volunteers, p. 43.

46. Charles Inglis, “The True Interest of America Impartially Stated, 1776,” quoted in Gordon Wood, The Creation of the American Republic 1776—1787 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998), p. 95.

47. C. M. Woolsey, History of the Town of Marlborough, Ulster County, New York, from its Earliest Discovery (Albany, NY: J. B. Lyon Co., 1908), pp. 123–128.

48. Simon Schama, Rough Crossings (London: BBC Books, 2006), pp. 136–139.

49. Flick, Loyalism in New York during the American Revolution, p. 101.

50. Kenneth Shefsiek, “A Suspected Loyalist in the Rural Hudson Valley: The Revolutionary War Experience of Roeloff Josiah Eltinge,” Hudson River Valley Review, vol 10, no. 1 (Summer 2003), p. 42.

51. Crary, The Price of Loyalty, p. 184.

52. The committee officially requested Crosby to “use his utmost art to discover the designs, places of resort, and route, of certain disaffected persons.” Minutes of the Committee, December 23, 1776. Also, James H. Pickering, “Enoch Crosby, Secret Agent of the Neutral Ground: His Own Story,” New York History 47, no. 1 (January 1966), pp. 61–73.

53. Larry R. Gerlach, ed., New Jersey in the American Revolution, 1763—1783 (Trenton: New Jersey Historical Commission, 1975), p. 139.

54. Richard P. McCormick, New Jersey from Colony to State (Princeton: D. Van Nostrand, 1964), p. 153.

55. Leiby, The Revolutionary War in the Hackensack Valley, pp. 103, 121.

56. Morison and Commager, The Growth of the American Republic, vol. 1, p. 854; Sharon McDonnell, “Revolutionary Martyrs,” American Spirit (March-April 2007); p. 45. The estimate of deaths came from an oration at the Prison Ship Martyrs’ Memorial in Fort Greene Park, Brooklyn, in 1801, according to the New York Public Library Bulletin 4 (January-December 1900), p. 217. When the Brooklyn Navy Yard was built on the filled-in bay, workers found hundreds of bones and skulls, which eventually were placed in the Martyrs’ Tomb in the park. (A. J. Liebling, “The Yard,” The New Yorker, July 2, 1938, p. 24.)

57. Danske Dandridge, American Prisoners of the Revolution (Charlottesville, VA: Michie Co., 1911), p. 133.

58. Jones, History of New York During the Revolutionary War, vol. 1, p. 351.

59. Orderly Book, Captain Henry Knight, Aide-de-Camp to General Howe, New-York Historical Society Collection, manuscript, p. 155 (as cited in Brigade Dispatch, Autumn 1992, “a publication of the ‘brigade of the American Revolution,’” http://www.doublegv.com/ggv/battles/geary.html#16; accessed 12/8/2008.

60. John Frelinghuysen Hageman, A History Of Princeton And Its Institutions (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1879), vol. 1, p. 155; “History of the Princeton Campus,” http://etcweb.princeton.edu/CampusWWW/Companion/stockton_richard .html; accessed 12/17/2008; Frederick Bernays Wiener, “The Signer Who Recanted,” American Heritage, June 1975.

61. Nelson, William Tryon and the Course of Empire, p. 150.

62. New York Gazette, October 16, 1777.

63. Jones, History of New York During the Revolutionary War, vol. 1, p. 54. The account came from Charlotte in 1835, when she was the wife of Field Marshal Sir David Dundas, commander in chief of British forces. The account was given to Edward Floyd De Lancey, editor of Jones’s History and the grandson of Elizabeth Floyd.

64. Mark V. Kwasny, Washington’s Partisan War, 1775–1783 (Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1996), p. 121; Virtual American Biographies, http://www .famousamericans.net/returnjonathanmeigs/; accessed 10/12/2008. Meigs’s unusual name comes from his father’s courting story: After his marriage proposal was rejected, he sadly rode off. Then he heard a shout, “Return, Jonathan! Return!” He decided he would use the most joyful words he had ever heard as the name for their firstborn son.

65. Christopher Vail, Journal 1775–1782. The Library of Congress has a handwritten copy of Vail’s journal. Newsday published an excerpt. http:// vailhistfdtn.com/christopher_vail.htm; accessed 5/25/2010.

66. Nelson, William Tryon and the Course of Empire, p. 157.

67. “Index to Emmerick’s Chasseurs History,” On-Line Institute for Advanced Loyalist Studies, http://www.royalprovincial.com/military/rhist/emmerick/emmhist .htm; accessed 12/11/2008. After the war Emmerich returned to England, where he wrote The Partisan in War, of the Use ofa Corps of Light Troops to an Army and, as “Deputy Surveyor General of Royal Forests, Chases and Parks,” The Culture of Forests.

68. Gideon Hiram Hollister, The History of Connecticut (Hartford: Case, Tiffany & Co., 1857), pp. 311–313.

69. The quotation, attributed to Galloway from “Reply to the Observations of General Howe,” is on page 21, in the “Historical Essay” of the 1847 edition of Sabine, Loyalists of the American Revolution. (It does not appear in the essay published in the 1864 edition.) Galloway, who moved to England in 1778, was sharply critical of General Howe’s conduct of the war.

70. William A. Polf, Garrison Town (Albany: New York State American Revolution Bicentennial Commission, 1976), pp. 20–24.

71. Nelson, William Tryon and the Course of Empire, p. 158.

72. Leiby, The Revolutionary War in the Hackensack Valley, p. 303.

73. John Fiske, “Washington’s Great Campaign of 1776,” Atlantic Monthly 63, no. 375 (January 1889), pp. 20–37.

74. Commager and Morris, The Spirit of’Seventy-Six (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1958), p. 497. (Probably from Francis, Lord Rawdon, to Robert Auchmuty, November 25, 1776.)

75. Washington Crossing Historic Park, Washington Crossing, Pennsylvania. http:// www.ushistory.org/washingtoncrossing/history/durham.htm; accessed 12/10/2008.

76. Fitzpatrick, The Writings of George Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources, vol. 6, p. 398. George Washington to John A. Washington, December 18, 1776.

77. Buchanan, The Road to Valley Forge, pp. 159–165.

78. Leiby, The Revolutionary War in the Hackensack Valley, p. 109, quoting from The Journals of Henry Melchior Muhlenberg (Philadelphia: Lutheran Historical Society, Whipporwill Publications, 1982), vol. 2, p. 773.

79. Buchanan, The Road to Valley Forge, p. 185.

80. George Washington to John A. Washington, February 24, 1777, Fitzpatrick, The Writings of George Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources.

81. Richard M. Ketchum, The Winter Soldiers (New York: Anchor Books, 1973), p. 323. The figure of eight hundred is based on a muster on January 19, 1777.

82. Regimental Orders of December 18, 1776. Orderly Book of the King’s American Regiment, William L. Clements Library, University of Michigan, as cited in “A History of the King’s American Regiment,” On-Line Institute for Advanced Loyalist Studies, http://www.royalprovincial.com/military/rhist/kar/kar1hist.htm; accessed 6/18/2009.

83. Ibid.

84. Ibid.

85. Eddy N. Smith et al., Bristol, Connecticut (Hartford: City Printing. Co., 1907), p. 157.

86. Peck, The Loyalists of Connecticut, pp. 22–27; Connecticut Courant, March 24, 1777; E. LeRoy Pond, The Tories of Chippeny Hill, Connecticut (New York: Grafton Press, 1909), chap. 7, which contains Dunbar’s jail-cell autobiographical writing. Jones (vol. 1, p. 175) says that after Mrs. Dunbar was forced to witness the hanging she sought refuge in Middletown with paroled Loyalists, who included former New Jersey governor William Franklin. She was ordered out of town but taken in by a Loyalist family. After giving birth, she and the baby, named after his father, escaped to New York.

87. New York Gazette & Mercury, June 23, 1777., as cited by Villers, “Loyalism in Connecticut, 1763–1783,” p. 254.

88. “British Intelligence, New York,” Memorandum Book of the British Army, 1778, unpaginated, Microfilm Reel 689, David Library of the American Revolution. Washington Crossing, PA.

89. The black-stripe claim, which also appears in accounts of torching during a Tryon raid in Fairfield, Connecticut, seems to be more than a legend. “Tory chimney. A house chimney that is painted white with a band of black around the top,” appears among definitions in Henry Lionel Williams and Ottalie K. Williams, How to Furnish Old American Houses (New York: Pellegrini & Cudahy, 1949), p. 232.

90. Randall, Benedict Arnold, pp. 332–334; Silvio A. Bedini, Ridgefield in Review (New Haven, CT: Higginson Book Co., 1994).

91. Casualty estimates vary; these come from “The British Attack Danbury,” extracted from Albert E. Van Dusen, Connecticut (New York: Random House, 1961). http://www.ctheritage.org/encyclopedia/ct1763_1818/british_danbury .htm; accessed 3/27/2010. http://www.skyweb.net/~channy/danraid.html; accessed 12/18/2008. Arnold’s promotion: Randall, Benedict Arnold, p. 334.

92. Randall, Benedict Arnold, p. 342, quoting Washington’s letter to Congress, July 10, 1777.

93. “Deeds of the Cow-boys,” New York Times, November 23, 1879. (The newspaper’s story was inspired by the discovery of muskets that may have belonged to Smith and his Cow-boys.)

94. Wanted poster published by the North Jersey Highlands Historical Society, http:// www.northjerseyhistory.org/history/smith/claudius.htm; accessed 12/8/2008. A cave used as one of his hideouts, near Tuxedo Park, New York, is on a hiking trail in Harriman State Park.

95. Leiby, The Revolutionary War in the Hackensack Valley, p. 193, quoting from Samuel W. Eager, An Outline History of Orange County (Newburgh, NY: S.T. Callahan, 1846–1847), pp. 554, 556. Also, “Deeds of the Cow-boys.”

96. Leiby, The Revolutionary War in the Hackensack Valley, p. 195.

CHAPTER 12: “INDIANS MUST BE EMPLOYED”

1. May 21, 1775 meeting. Samuel Ludlow Frey, ed., The Minute Book of the Committee of Safety of Tryon County, the Old New York Frontier (New York: Dodd, Mead & Company, 1905), pp. 7, 8. Because Tryon County was named in honor of the royal governor, the New York legislature changed its name to Montgomery County in 1784.

2. The segments were labeled with abbreviations for New England, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. The drawing, made from a woodcut, appeared in the Pennsylvania Gazette on May 9, 1754. Franklin probably was inspired by the superstition that if a snake was cut in two, it would come back to life, provided the pieces were joined before sunset. Early in the Revolution the image became a flag motif that evolved into an intact rattlesnake and the motto “Dont Tread on Me.” Margaret Sedeen, Star-Spangled Banner(Washington, DC: National Geographic Society, 1993), pp. 34–35.

3. From George Washington’s “Journal to the Ohio,” published in the Maryland Gazette, March 21 and 28, 1754.

4. George A. Bray III, “Scalping During the French and Indian War,” Early American Review, vol. II, no. 3 (Spring/Summer 1998), http://www.earlyamerica.com/review/1998/scalping.html; accessed 3/30/2010, citing Pennsylvania Archives, vol. 3 (Philadelphia: Joseph Severns & Co., 1853), pp. 199–200. Also, Henry J. Young, “A Note on Scalp Bounties in Pennsylvania,” Pennsylvania History 24 (1957).

5. “Treaty of Fort Stanwix,” Ohio History Central, http://www.ohiohistory central.org/entry.php?rec=1420; accessed 6/28/2009.

6. “Lord Dunmore’s War,” Ohio History Central, http://www.google.com/search?hl = en&q = http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php%3Frec%3D514&aq = f&oq = &aqi =; accessed 6/25/2009.

7. Wilbur H. Siebert, “The Loyalists of Pennsylvania,” Contributions in History and Political Science 24 (April 1920), p. 9.

8. “Speech to the Six Nations; July 13, 1775,” Journals of the Continental Congress, http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/contcong_07–13–75.asp; accessed 6/25/2009.

9. William Sawyer, “The Six Nations Confederacy During the American Revolution,” Fort Stanwix National Monument. http://www.nps.gov/fost/history culture/the-six-nations-confederacy-during-the-american-revolution.htm; accessed 6/25/2009.

10. Fintan O’Toole, White Savage (London: Faber and Faber, 2005), p. 36.

11. Arthur Pound and Richard E. Day, Johnson of the Mohawks (New York: Macmillan, 1930), p. 21.

12. O’Toole, White Savage, pp. 36–37.

13. Ibid., pp. 68, 69, 83.

14. Ibid., pp. 122–123.

15. Ibid., pp. 152–154.

16. Ibid., p. 7.

17. National Park Service, “Mary (Molly) Brandt, 1736–1796.” Fort Stanwix National Monument biographies, http://www.nps.gov/fost/historyculture/tory-leaders-british-military-allied-indian.htm; accessed 6/25/2009.

18. O’Toole, White Savage, p. 169; “Sir William Johnson,” Virtual American Biographies, http://www.famousamericans.net/sirwilliamjohnson/; accessed 6/27/2009.

19. Bradt (Bratt) Family History, http://home.cogeco.ca/~gzoskey/bradthistory .html; accessed 6/24/2009.

20. Oscar Jewell Harvey, A History of Wilkes-Barre, vol. 2 (Wilkes-Barre: Raeder Press, 1909), p. 929.

21. O’Toole, White Savage, pp. 39—47.

22. Gavin K. Watt, The Burning of the Valleys (Toronto: Dundurn Press, 1997), p. 28.

23. Pound and Day, Johnson of the Mohawks, p. 458.

24. “John Butler,” Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online. http://www.biographi .ca/009004–119.01-e.php?&id_nbr=1785&interval=20&&PHPSESSID = ukoj32 f4touu7fpgk8od4r86o0; accessed 6/23/2009.

25. “Guy Johnson,” Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online, http://www.biographi .ca/009004–119.01-e.php?&id_nbr= 1973; accessed 6/22/2009.

26. William W. Campbell, Annals of Tryon County; or, the Border Warfare of New York, During the Revolution (New York: J. & J. Harper 1831), p. 37.

27. Robert S. Allen, His Majesty’s Indian Allies: British Indian Policy in the Defence of Canada, 1774—1815 (Toronto: Dundurn Press, 1992), p. 46; Ernest A. Cruik-shank, The Story of Butler’s Rangers and the Settlement of Niagara (Welland, ON: Tribune Printing House, 1893), pp. 11, 25.

28. O’Toole, White Savage, p. 330.

29. “John Butler,” Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online.

30. National Gallery of Art, “American Portraits of the Late 1700s and Early 1800s.” http://www.nga.gov/fcgi-bin/tinfo_f?object=569; accessed 6/19/2009.

31. O’Toole, White Savage, p. 330. The Romney portrait is in the National Gallery of Canada in Ottawa. The gorget is in the Joseph Brant Museum in Burlington, Ontario.

32. “Samuel Kirkland,” Clinton (NY) Historical Society, http://www.clinton history.org/samuelkirkland.html; accessed 6/23/2009.

33. O’Toole, White Savage, p. 329.

34. Crary, The Price of Loyalty, pp. 78—80.

35. “Index to King’s Royal Regiment of New York,” On-Line Institute for Advanced Loyalist Studies, http://www.royalprovincial.com/Military/rhist/krrny/krrlist. htm; accessed 6/23/6009. The regiment was also known as Johnson’s Greens, the Royal Greens, and the King’s Royal Yorkers.

36. Cruikshank, The Story of Butler’s Rangers and the Settlement of Niagara, p. 34.

37. Mary Beacock Fryer, Kings Men: the Soldier Founders of Ontario (Toronto: Dundurn Press, 1980), p. 52.

38. “Original Communications,” The Gentleman’s Magazine, October 1828, p. 291.

39. Mark Jodoin, “Shadow Soldiers,” Esprit de Corps, August 2008. http://find articles.com/p/articles/mi_6972/is_3_16/ai_n31586164/pg_7/?tag = content; col1; accessed 3/27/2010. Jodoin quotes from Annotated Transcript of the Journal of Lieutenant Henry Simmons 1777–1778, edited by H. C. Bur-leigh. The transcript is at the Lennox and Addington County Museum in Napanee, Ontario.

40. Francis Whiting Halsey, The Old New York Frontier (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1902), p. 218. Don Chrysler, in The Blue-Eyed Indians (Zephyrhills, FL: Chrysler Books, 1999), says that one of the Crysler brothers, Balthus, was probably hanged in Albany. His wife and four children, according to family records found by Chrysler, remained in their farm home throughout and after the war.

41. Jeptha R. Simms, History of Schoharie County and Border Wars of New York (Albany: Munsell & Tanner, Printers, 1845), chap. 7.

42. John Russell Bartlett, ed., Records of the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, in New England (Providence: Alfred Anthony, Printer to the State, 1864), vol. 9, pp. 247–251, Circular letter, General Washington to the Governor of Rhode Island, October 18, 1780, Headquarters, near Passaic, New Jersey.

43. Commager and Morris, The Spirit of ‘Seventy-Six, pp. 545–547. In Parliament, Edmund Burke later gave a parody of Burgoyne’s speech: “My gentle lions, my sentimental wolves, my tender-hearted hyenas, go forth, but take care not to hurt men, women, or children.” (Paul Langford, ed., The Writings and Speeches of Edmund Burke [New York: Oxford University Press, 1999], vol. 3, p. 361.)

44. Sheldon S. Cohen, “Connecticut’s Loyalist Gadfly: The Reverend Samuel Andrew Peters,” American Revolution Bicentennial Commission of Connecticut, 17 (1976), p. 22; Sabine, The American Loyalists, pp. 531–535.

45. Mary Beacock Fryer, Buckskin Pimpernel (Toronto: Dundurn Press, 1981), p. 52.

46. Ibid., p. 46.

47. James L. Nelson, Benedict Arnold’s Navy (Camden, ME: International Marine/McGraw-Hill, 2006), pp. 23–24.

48. Morton Borden and Penn Borden, eds., The American Tory (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1972), p. 126.

49. Henry Hall, “Governor Philip Skene,” paper presented to the Vermont Historical Society, Barre, VT, July 2, 1863, and published in The Historical Magazine 1 (1867), pp. 280–283.

50. Ibid., p. 283; Sabine, The American Loyalists, pp. 304–305.

51. “General Court Martial of Philip Wickware and Robert Dunbar,” August 5, 1777, On-Line Institute for Advanced Loyalist Studies, http://www. royalprovincial.com/Military/courts/cmwick.htm; accessed 6/25/2009. They were sentenced to be hanged, but the record, as often happens, does not show whether the sentence was carried out.

52. Symonds and Clipson, A Battlefield Atlas, p. 41; North Callahan, Royal Raiders: The Tories of the American Revolution (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1963), p. 152.

53. Guy Johnson to the Tryon County Committee of Safety, June 25, 1775, quoted in Crary, The Price of Loyalty, pp. 71–72.

54. Letter from Colonel Peter Gansevoort to Colonel Goose [sic] Van Schaick, July 28, 1777, as cited by Simms, History of Schoharie County, p. 232.

55. On a monument to Jane McCrea at Fort Edward, July 27, 1777, was given as the date of her murder. The date itself has been questioned in some accounts, particularly Richard M. Ketchum, Saratoga (New York: Henry Holt, 1997), pp. 505–506.

56. “The History of Fort Edward,” http://www.fortedwardnewyork.net/history .htm; accessed 6/25/2009.

57. William L. Stone, “The Jane McCrea Tragedy,” The Galaxy 3, no. 1 (January 1, 1867), pp. 46–52; http://www.4peaks.com/fkmcrea.htm; accessed 12/23/2009. As Stone notes, the contemporary, propagandistic account was later challenged by fairly conclusive evidence that Jane McCrea had been shot (possibly by a Continental or Rebel militiaman) and then scalped by one of the arguing Indians to claim a reward. But, as a matter of honor, an Indian would not take a scalp from a victim killed by someone else. Jane McCrea’s remains were disinterred and reburied in cemeteries in 1822 and 1852. Modern forensic archaeologists exhumed the remains and found that her bones were commingled with those of Sara McNeil. In 2005 they were able to reconstruct the face of Sara, who had died in 1799 of natural causes. But Jane’s skull—which might have settled the tomahawk-or-bullet controversy—was missing, probably taken as a souvenir in 1852.

58. Christopher Hibbert, Redcoats and Rebels (New York: W. W. Norton, 2002), p. 173.

59. Symonds and Clipson, A Battlefield Atlas, p. 47. James Fenimore Cooper draws upon the Jane McCrea murder for his novel The Last of the Mohicans.

60. Alan Taylor, The Divided Ground: Indians, Settlers and the Northern Borderland of the American Revolution (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2006), p. 109.

61. The fort, built in 1758 during the French and Indian War, was named for a British officer. The British continued to call it by that name, while the Patriots began calling it after General Schuyler. Both names were used in contemporary accounts. The original name was later restored, the National Park Service endorsing it by maintaining the Fort Stanwix National Monument.

62. Halsey, The Old New York Frontier, p. 188. The National Park Service merely says that a “hand-made” flag was hoisted on August 3. http://www.nps.gov/fost/historyculture/the-1777-siege-of-fort-schuyler.htm; accessed 3/31/2010.

63. “Patriot Leaders of New York,” Fort Stanwix National Monument, http:// www.nps.gov/fost/historyculture/patriot-leader-of-new-york.htm; accessed 6/25/2009.

64. “The Valley Dwellers,” the American Revolution on the New York Frontier, http://www.google.com/search?hl = en&q = http://www.nyhistory.net/~drums/herkimer.htm&aq = f&oq = &aqi=; accessed 6/24/2009. Also, Eugene W. Lyttle, “Nicholas Herkimer,” Proceedings of the New York State Historical Association (Albany: Argus Co., 1904), http://www.nyhistory.net/~drums/herkimer; accessed 3/312010.

65. William L. Stone, Border Wars of the American Revolution (New York: A. L. Fowle, 1900). vol. 1, p. 191.

66. Mike Caldwell, superintendent of Valley Forge National Historic Park, welcoming the display of the painting, The Oneidas at the Battle of Oriskany, undated National Park Service announcement, 2008, http://www.nps.gov/vafo/parknews/upload/oriskanyPR-2.pdf; accessed 6/25/2009.

67. This account of the Battle of Oriskany, as it became known, is based on Hoffman Nickerson, The Turning Point of the Revolution (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1928), pp. 203—206; Campbell, Annals of Tryon County, chap.4; Symonds and Clipson, A Battlefield Atlas, p. 43; and William Sawyer, “The Battle at Oriska,” Fort Stanwix National Monument, http://www.nps.gov/fost/history culture/the-battle-at-oriska.htm; accessed 6/25/2009.

68. Symonds and Clipson, A Battlefield Atlas, p. 43.

69. James Thomas Flexner, “How a Madman Helped Save the Colonies,” American Heritage 7, no. 2 (February 1956).

70. Randall, Benedict Arnold (New York: Barnes & Noble, 2003), p. 347; Stone, Border Wars of the American Revolution, p. 219.

71. H. Y. Smith and W. S. Rann, eds., History of Rutland County Vermont (Syracuse, NY: D. Mason & Co., 1886), chap. 29. http://www.bucklinsociety.net/Johns_Solomon.htm; accessed 6/25/2009.

72. Callahan, Royal Raiders, p. 152.

73. James H. Bassett, Colonial Life in New Hampshire (Boston: Ginn & Company, 1899), chap. 8.

74. Pierre Comtois, “Revolutionary War Upset at Bennington,” Military History (August 2005).

75. Fryer, King’s Men, p. 116.

76. Fryer, Buckskin Pimpernel, p. 62.

77. Comtois, “Revolutionary War Upset at Bennington.”

78. Letter from Burgoyne to Lord Germain, August 20, 1777, Herbert Aptheker, The American Revolution, 1763–1783 (New York: International Publisher, 1960), p. 119.

79. Richard M. Ketchum, “Bennington,” Military History Quarterly, vol. 10, no. 1 (Autumn 1997), p. 110.

80. Randall, Benedict Arnold, p. 355.

81. Don Higginbotham, Daniel Morgan (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1979), pp. 56–57.

82. Commager and Morris, The Spirit of ‘Seventy-Six, vol. 1, p. 581.

83. Symonds and Clipson, A Battlefield Atlas, p. 49.

84. Brandt, An American Aristocracy, p. 122.

85. The account of the Saratoga battles comes from Symonds and Clipson, A Battlefield Atlas, pp. 47–51; Smith. A New Age Now Begins, vol. 1, pp. 922–943; Alden. A History of the American Revolution, p. 327, and Randall, Benedict Arnold, pp. 349–368.

86. Report on American Manuscripts in the Royal Institution of Great Britain (Hereford: His Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1907), vol. 3, pp. 314–315.

87. Wilbur H. Siebert, “American Loyalists in the Eastern Seigniories and Townships of the Province Of Quebec,” Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada (Ottawa: Royal Society of Canada, 1913), p. 12.

88. Mary Beacock Fryer, Buckskin Pimpernel, p. 72.

89. Jodoin, “Shadow Soldiers.”

90. Mary Beacock Fryer, Buckskin Pimpernel, p. 84. Carleton made the decision on June 1, 1778. Disenchanted with British policy, he had resigned on June 27, 1777. But, because his successor, Frederick Haldimand, was not to arrive in Canada for another year, Carleton remained in office until June 27, 1778.

91. Ibid., p. 73.

CHAPTER 13: TREASON ALONG THE CHESAPEAKE

1. Major General Greene to General Washington, February. 15. 1778, The Papers of George Washington, Revolutionary War Series, vol. 13, p. 546, //www.consource .org/index.asp?bid=582&fid = 600&documentid=50265; accessed 11/18/2009.

2. Alden, A History of the American Revolution, pp. 296–297. Estimates of the size of Howe’s army vary, some sources putting it at seventeen thousand.

3. Sabine, p. 157.

4. Charles P. Keith, “Andrew Allen,” Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 10, no. 4 (January 1887), pp. 361–365; Sabine, Biographical Sketches, vol. 1, p. 158.

5. “Penn in the 18th Century,” University of Pennsylvania archives, http://www .archives.upenn.edu/histy/features/1700s/faculty.html; accessed 6/28/2009.

6. Edmund Cody Burnett, ed., Letters of Members of the Continental Congress (Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution, 1921), vol. 1, pp. 51–53.

7. John E. Ferling, “Joseph Galloway: A Reassessment of the Motivations of a Pennsylvania Loyalist,” Pennsylvania History 39, no. 2 (April 1972), p. 183.

8. M. Christopher New, Maryland Loyalists in the American Revolution (Centreville, MD: Tidewater Publishers, 1996), p. 41.

9. Calhoon, The Loyalists in Revolutionary America, p. 470; Biographic Directory of the U. S. Congress, http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl? index=A000101; accessed 6/26/2009.

10. New, Maryland Loyalists in the American Revolution, pp. 40, 43.

11. John Thomas Scharf, History of Maryland from the Earliest Period to the Present Day (Baltimore: John B. Piet, 1879), vol. 2, p. 319.

12. Ibid., p. 296.

13. New, Maryland Loyalists in the American Revolution, p. 36.

14. Ibid.

15. Scharf, History of Maryland, vol. 2, p. 299.

16. Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774–1789; April 17, April 19, 1777, http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/hlaw:@field(DOCID + @ lit(jc00784)); accessed 6/25/2009.

17. Letter from Washington to Colonel John D. Thompson of the Maryland militia, August 28, 1777, Fitzpatrick, The Writings of George Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources, vol. 9, p. 140.

18. M. Christopher New, “James Chalmers and ‘Plain Truth,’“ Early America Review 1, no. 2 (Fall 1996), http://www.earlyamerica.com/review/fall96/loyalists .html; accessed 3/27/2010. Christopher Johnston, “The Key Family,” Maryland Historical Magazine5 (1910), pp. 196–197.

19. Siebert, The Loyalists of Pennsylvania, pp. 38–39.

20. General Sir William Howe’s Orders, 1777, “The Kemble Papers,” Collections of the New-York Historical Society for the Year 1883 (New York: 1884), vol. I, p. 473, as cited by the On-Line Institute for Advanced Loyalist Studies, http://www.royalprovincial.com/military/rhist/paloyal/pal1hist.htm; accessed 12/20/2008.

21. New, Maryland Loyalists in the American Revolution, p. 42.

22. J. St. George Joyce, ed., The Story of Philadelphia (Philadelphia: Harry B. Joseph, 1919), pp. 156–157.

23. Sabine, Biographical Sketches, vol. 1, p. 502.

24. Stephen Jarvis, “An American’s Experience in the British Army,” Connecticut Magazine 11 (Summer/Autumn 1907), pp. 450–451.

25. Siebert, The Loyalists of Pennsylvania, p. 40.

26. Harry Stanton Tillotson, The Beloved Spy (Caldwell, ID: Caxton Printers, 1948), p. 34.

27. J. Smith Futhey, “The Massacre of Paoli,” Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 1, p. 305.

28. Thomas J. McGuire, The Battle of Paoli (Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2006), p. 215.

29. Joseph Plumb Martin, A Narrative of a Revolutionary Soldier (New York: Signet Classics, 2001), p. 86.

30. Albigence Waldo, “Diary of Surgeon Albigence Waldo, of the Continental Line,” Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 21 (1897), p. 307.

31. Siebert, The Loyalists of Pennsylvania, p. 40. For more about the taking of the city, see “A History of the Provincial Corps of Pennsylvania Loyalists,” On-Line Institute for Advanced Loyalist Studies, http://www.royalprovincial .com/military/rhist/paloyal/pal1hist.htm#palintro; accessed 6/27/2009.

32. Sabine, Biographical Sketches, vol. 2, p. 360.

33. W. W. H. Davis, The History of Bucks County, Pennsylvania (Doylestown, PA: Democrat Book and Job Office Printing, 1876), p. 638. Siebert, The Loyalists of Pennsylvania, p. 40.

34. Randall, Benedict Arnold, pp. 390–391.

35. Wertenbaker, Father Knickerbocker Rebels, p. 149.

36. “Regulations” poster, December 8, 1777, signed by Galloway, Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 1 (1877), pp. 35–36.

37. Washington spoke of “Hundreds” of deserters. (Fitzpatrick, The Writings of George Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources, vol. 11, p. 417.) Galloway put the figure at twenty-three hundred. (Van Tyne, The Loyalists in the American Revolution, p. 157.)

38. Siebert, The Loyalists of Pennsylvania, p. 43.

39. Ibid., pp. 45, 47.

40. “British Legion Biographical Sketches, Cavalry Officers,” On-Line Institute for Advanced Loyalist Studies. Richard Hovenden of Bucks County, Pennsylvania, formed the Philadelphia Light Dragoons on January 8, 1778; it was later absorbed into the British Legion. http://www.royalprovincial.com/Military/rhist/britlegn/blcav1.htm; accessed 6/27/2009.

41. Siebert, The Loyalists of Pennsylvania, pp. 41–42.

42. Letter to the President of Congress, December 23, 1777, Fitzpatrick, The Writings of George Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources, vol. 10, p. 193.

43. “Brigadier General John Lacey Jr.,” Militia & Associated Companies of Bucks County, Pennsylvania, http://www.geocities.com/oldebucks/General_Lacey .htm; accessed 6/23/2009.

44. Paul Gouza, “Bird-in-Hand Raid Reenactment,” The Half-Moon (publication of the Newtown Historic Association) 7, no. 2 (March 2008), http://www .newtonhistoric.org/NHANewsletter (03–08).pdf; accessed 3/27/2010. 7, no. 2, March 2008.

45. Davis, The History of Bucks County, p. 634.

46. Washington to Lacey, January 23, 1778, Fitzpatrick, The Writings of George Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources, vol. 10, p. 340; Ibid.

47. Allen, The Loyal Americans.

48. W. W. H. Davis, History of the Battle of the Crooked Billet. (Doylestown, PA: Democrat Book and Job Office Printing, 1894). http://goodyear-mascaro.org/Warminster-History/billet.html; accessed 3/27/2010.

49. Sabine, Biographical Sketches, vol. 2, p. 416.

50. André’s description of the Mischianza appears as a lengthy endnote to vol. 2, chap. 4, in Benson J. Lossing, Pictorial Field Book of the Revolution (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1859).

51. Fleming, Now We Are Enemies, pp. 269—270.

52. Randall, Benedict Arnold, pp. 387, 395. The Shippen family, down the years, insisted that Peggy and her two sisters had not appeared, despite the fact that André puts them in his account. He even sketched a portrait of Peggy in her “turban spangled and edged with gold or silver.”

53. Wayne Bodle, Valley Forge Winter (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2002), pp. 228–229.

54. “Benedict Arnold’s Oath of Allegiance, 05/30/1778,” MLR Number A1 5A, Record Group 93, War Department Collection of Revolutionary War Records, 1709–1915. http://narademo.umiacs.umd.edu/cgi-bin/isadg/viewitem .pl?item=100956; accessed 3/27/2010.

55. Randall, Benedict Arnold, p. 406.

56. Many sources estimate three thousand as the number of fleeing Tories. The five thousand number comes from William Eden, an undersecretary in Britain’s colonial department, who had arrived in Philadelphia just as the fleet was leaving. Eden, on an abortive peace-seeking mission, sailed in one of the ships carrying the Loyalists and wrote, “Near 5,000 of the Philadelphia inhabitants are attending us to New York.” His observation is published in Wertenbaker, Father Knickerbocker Rebels, p. 149, who quotes Benjamin Franklin Stevens’s Facsimiles of Manuscripts in European Archives Relating to America 1773—1783 (London: Malby & Sons/Chiswick Press, 1889), vol. 5, p. 501.

57. Estimate and quote from Carl G. Karsch, “The Battle for Philadelphia,” Independence Hall Association, http://www.ushistory.org/carpentershall/history/battle.htm; accessed 6/27/2009.

58. Randall, Benedict Arnold, p. 397. André gave the portrait to his superior, General Grey. In 1906, on the two-hundredth anniversary of Franklin’s birth, the Grey family returned the portrait, which was hung in the White House.

59. Noah Andre Trudeau, “Charles Lee’s Disgrace at the Battle of Monmouth,” Military History Quarterly (Fall 2006). The positioning of the Loyalist units is described by New, Maryland Loyalists in the American Revolution, pp. 58–59.

60. Siebert, The Loyalists of Pennsylvania, p. 53.

61. Randall, Benedict Arnold, pp. 408–409.

62. Siebert, The Loyalists of Pennsylvania, p. 74.

63. Ibid., pp. 56, 57.

64. Fleming, Now We Are Enemies, pp. 311–316.

65. Martin, A Narrative of a Revolutionary Soldier (New York: Signet Classics, 2001) pp. 110–111.

66. John O. Raum, The History of New Jersey (Philadelphia: John E. Potter and Co., 1877), vol. 2, p. 67.

67. The plan that Lee wrote for Howe was revealed by George H. Moore, librarian of the New-York Historical Society, who read his essay, “The Treason of Charles Lee,” before the society on June 22, 1858. Moore subsequently used the same title in a book published in 1860 (New York: Charles Scribner). The plan had previously remained unpublished among the Howe papers. Lee died in Philadelphia in October 1782. His will directed that he not be buried in a church or churchyard, “for since I have resided in this country, I have kept so much bad company when living, that I do not chuse to continue it when dead.” Despite his directive, he was buried in the churchyard of Christ Church, Philadelphia.

68. Letter to Joseph Kirkbride, county lieutenant of Bucks County, Pennsylvania, April 20, 1778, Fitzpatrick, The Writings of George Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources, vol. 11, p. 284.

69. Harvey, A History of Wilkes-Barré (Wilkes-Barre: Raeder Press, 1909), pp. 976– 979.

70. Ibid., pp. 979–980.

CHAPTER 14: VENGEANCE IN THE VALLEYS

1. Letter from John Butler to Guy Carleton, May 15, 1778, Harvey, A History of Wilkes-Barre, p. 971, citing the Haldimand Papers in the British Museum; the papers are also on microfilm in the National Archives of Canada.

2. The quotations come from “The Butler Papers,” National Archives of Canada, MG 31, G 36, as cited at http://www.iaw.on.ca/~awoolley/brang/brbp .html; accessed 2/2/2009. Other information from The Loyalist Gazette, March 2005, citing William A. Smy, An Annotated Nominal Roll of Butler’s Rangers 1777–1784 with Documentary Sources (St. Catharines, ON: Friends of the Loyalist Collection at Brock University, 2004).

3. Harvey, A History of Wilkes-Barré, p. 971.

4. Cruikshank, The Story of Butler’s Rangers and the Settlement of Niagara, p. 28; Stephen Davidson, “Five Spies Who Settled in New Brunswick,” Loyalist Trails (June 2008).

5. Sarah B. Hood, “Life in Butler’s Rangers,” Suite101, a Canadian online magazine. http://canada-at-war.suite101.com/article.cfm/life_in_butlers_rangers; accessed 2/2/2009.

6. Harvey, A History of Wilkes-Barre, p. 971.

7. Information about forts is based primarily on John F. Luzader, “Fort Stanwix History, Historic Furnishing, And Historic Structure Reports,” Fort Stanwix (Washington, DC: Office of Park Historic Preservation, National Park Service, 1976). Also, Dow Beekman, “Schoharie County in the Revolution,” address to the Captain Christian Brown Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution, September 10, 1920, at Cobleskill, NY, http://www.rootsweb.ancestry .com/~nyschoha/cobleski.html; accessed 6/30/2009.

8. William E. Roscoe, History of Schoharie County (Syracuse, NY: D. Mason & Co., 1882), chap. 3, http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~nyschoha/chap3.html; accessed 6/30/2009.

9. Ibid., chaps. 3, 11 (“History of the Town of Summit”).

10. Jeptha R. Simms, The Frontiersmen of New York (Albany: Geo. C. Riggs, 1883), vol. 2, pp. 152–158; Richard Christman, “225 Years Ago: Torch, Tomahawk Ravage Cobleskill,” Schoharie County Historical Review (Spring 2003). http://www.schohariehistory.net/Review/Spring2003/Christman.htm#_ftn11; accessed 6/30/2009; Beekman, “Schoharie County in the Revolution.” http://www.schohariehistory.net/Review/Spring 2003/Christman.htm#Top; accessed 3/27/2010. A similar Masonic rescue of a wounded Patriot by a Tory had been reported at the battle of Bennington. See Robert Collins McBride, “Loyalists and Masons,” Loyalist Gazette (Fall 2007). Brant, Butler, and Sir John Johnson were Masons, as were George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, Paul Revere, and John Hancock.

11. Alden, A History of the American Revolution, pp. 114–115.

12. Harvey, A History of Wilkes-Barré, pp. 988–989.

13. Ibid., p. 992.

14. History of Forty Fort, http://dsf.pacounties.org/fortyfort/cwp/view.asp?A=3& Q = 470200; accessed 6/25/2009.

15. George Peck, Wyoming; Its History, Stirring Incidents and Romantic Adventures (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1858), pp. 38–42.

16. Harvey, A History of Wilkes-Barré, p. 893.

17. Ibid., p. 1013.

18. Ibid., p. 1024.

19. Denise Dennis, “Black Patriots of the 18th Century,” address presented at Delaware Humanities Forum and Washington-Rochambeau Route Conference, September 28, 2006. The powder horn is in the Luzerne County Historical Society Museum in Wilkes-Barre.

20. Letter from Major John Butler to Lieutenant Colonel Mason Bolton, commandant of Fort Niagara, July 8, 1778, http://revwar75.com/battles/primary-docs/wiom1778.htm; accessed 6/25/2009.

21. James J. Talman, ed., “The Journal of Adam Crysler” (Toronto: Champlain Society in Canada, 1946), p. 58.

22. Butler on deaths of Indian and Rangers, letter to Bolton, “The Wyoming Massacre and Columbia County,” Columbia County Historical and Genealogical Society. http://www.colcohist-gensoc.org/Essays/wyomingmassacre.htm; accessed 6/25/2009. Stories of the raid lived on in Rebel propaganda and in poetry. Wyoming (from the Delaware Indians’ word for “at the big river flat”) many years later became the name of a western state thanks to Rep. James Mitchell Ashley of Ohio. As chairman of the Committee on Territories, Ashley suggested it in 1868, after the defeat of a proposal to name the territory Lincoln. Ashley said he had been inspired by “Gertrude of Wyoming,” a sentimental and thoroughly inaccurate 1809 ballad by Thomas Campbell, a Scottish poet. It begins “On Susquehanna’s side, fair Wyoming! / Although the wild-flower on thy ruin’d wall, /And roofless homes, a sad remembrance bring, / Of what thy gentle people did befall.” The immensely popular ballad called Brant the “monster” responsible for the atrocities when, in fact, Brant had not been present.

23. Peck, Wyoming; Its History, p. 44.

24. Letter from Major John Butler to Bolton. http://revwar75.com/battles/primary docs/wiom1778.htm; accessed 3/28/2010.

25. Harvey, A History of Wilkes-Barré, pp. 984, 985, 1016. Sources differ on the size of invader and defender forces and on the number of casualties. The numbers used here come from Alden, A History of the American Revolution, p. 433.

26. Horace Edwin Hayden, “Echoes of the Massacre of Wyoming,” Proceedings and Collections of the Wyoming Historical and Geological Society, for the years 1913–1914 (Wilkes-Barre, PA: Printed for the Society, 1914), vol. 113, pp. 124–130. The site of the reputed tomahawking is marked in Wilkes-Barre by “Bloody Rock,” also known as “Queen Esther’s Rock.”

27. Lossing, Pictorial Field Book of the Revolution, vol. 1, chap. 15.

28. Frederic A. Godcharles, Daily Stories of Pennsylvania (Milton, PA: Published by the author, 1924), p. 460, quoting from a letter written by William Maclay of Paxtang, PA, on July 12, 1778.

29. Lossing, Pictorial Field Book of the Revolution, vol. 1, chap. 15.

30. Louise Welles Murray, A History of Old Tioga Point and Early Athens, Pennsylvania (Wilkes-Barre, PA: Raeder Press, 1908), p. 142.

31. Ibid., pp. 137, 138.

32. M. Paul Keesler, chap. 8, “Revolution,” from Discovering the Valley of the Crystals, a work in progress. I am grateful to Paul for permission to use information from the chapter as a source. http://www.paulkeeslerbooks.com/; accessed 6/30/2009.

33. “British Intelligence, New York,” Memorandum Book of the British Army, 1778; film 689, David Library of the American Revolution, Washington Crossing, PA.

34. A. J. Berry, A Time of Terror (Victoria, BC: Trafford Publishing. 2005), pp. 44–45, 130–132.

35. Harvey, A History of Wilkes-Barré, p. 930.

36. “The Battle of Cherry Valley (Massacre),” http://www.myrevolutionarywar. com/battles/781111.htm; accessed 6/29/2009.

37. Watt, The Burning of the Valleys, p. 72.

38. Francis Whiting Halsey, The Old New York Frontier (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1901), p. 241.

39. Benjamin Warren, “Diary of Captain Benjamin Warren at Massacre of Cherry Valley,” Journal of American History (1909), http://www.newrivernotes.com/ny/cherryvalley.htm; accessed 6/30/2009.

40. Report from the scene, the day after the battle. http://www.myrevolutionarywar .com/battles/781111.htm; accessed 3/28/2010.

41. Berry, A Time of Terror, pp. 46, 131.

42. Sabine, Biographical Sketches of Loyalists, vol. 2, p. 119.

43. William Ketchum, An Authentic and Comprehensive History of Buffalo (Buffalo, NY: Rockwell, Baker & Hill, Printers, 1864), vol. 1, p. 314. Letter from Clinton to Butler, January 1, 1779.

44. Letter of instructions to General Sullivan, May 31, 1779, Ford, The Writings of George Washington, vol. 7, pp. 460–462.

45. Alden, A History of the American Revolution, pp. 434–435.

46. Simms, The Frontiersmen of New York, pp. 241–242; the letter from Clinton to his wife was written at Canajoharie on July 6, 1779.

47. Stanley J. Adamiak, “The 1779 Sullivan Campaign,” Early America Review 2, no. 3 (Spring-Summer 1998). http://www.earlyamerica.com/review/1998/ sullivan.html#end; accessed 6/25/2009.

48. Frederick Cook, ed., Journals of the Military Expedition of Major General John Sullivan against the Six Nations of Indians in 1779 (Auburn, NY: Knapp, Peck & Thomson, Printers, 1887), p. 8. Cook was New York’s secretary of state. The state legislature had ordered publication of the journals as part of a celebration of the centennial of the expedition.

49. Alden, A History of the American Revolution, p. 436.

50. Cook, Journals of the Military Expedition of Major General John Sullivan, p. 272.

51. Report of Colonel Goose Van Schaick, “The Van Schaick Expedition—April 1779,” Fort Stanwix National Monument, http://www.nps.gov/fost/history culture/the-van-schaick-expedition-april-1779.htm; accessed 2/6/2009.

52. Adamiak, “The 1779 Sullivan Campaign.”

53. Halsey, The Old New York Frontier, p. 283; “Haldimand, Frederick,” Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online, http://www.biographi.ca/009004–119.01-e .php?&id_nbr=2445&interval = 25&&PHPSESSID = dr24vf4ons8pqadholf6fo bbt5; accessed 6/30/2009.

54. William L. Stone, Life of Joseph Brant, vol 1. (Albany, NY: J. Munsell, 1865), pp. 6–7.

55. Louise Phelps Kellogg, ed., “Frontier Retreat on the Upper Ohio, 1779–1781,” Publications of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin (Madison, WI: Published by the Society, 1917), vol. 21, pp. 22–24.

56. Halsey, The Old New York Frontier, pp. 280–283.

57. Ibid., p. 292.

58. Simms, The Frontiersmen of New York, pp. 327, 336.

59. Watt, The Burning of the Valleys, pp. 73–80, 90.

60. Mary Beacock Fryer, Buckskin Pimpernel (Toronto: Dundurn Press, 1981), pp. 95–96.

61. “Sir Frederick Haldimand” Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online, http:// www.biographi.ca/009004–119.01-e.php?&id_nbr=2445; accessed 6/25/2009.

62. Watt, The Burning of the Valleys, pp. 160–164. The composition of the force was determined by Watt from many sources.

63. Ibid., pp. 109–112, 114.

64. Talman, “Reminiscences of Captain James Dittrick,” Loyalist Narratives from Upper Canada, pp. 62–63.

65. Watt, The Burning of the Valleys, p. 171.

66. Ibid., pp. 171–172.

67. Simms, The Frontiersmen of New York, p. 420.

68. Watt, The Burning of the Valleys, pp. 173–174.

69. Simms, The Frontiersmen of New York, pp. 424–429.

70. Watt, The Burning of the Valleys, p. 184.

71. Nelson Greene, The Story of Old Fort Plain and the Middle Mohawk Valley (Fort Plain, NY: O’Connor Brothers Publishers, 1915), chap. 18.

72. The estimated size of Brown’s force comes from careful assessment by Watt, The Burning of the Valleys, p. 206; other sources give Brown as few as one hundred men. The origin of Stone Arabia’s name is a mystery. One theory has it come from a mispronunciation of Stein, the German word for “stone,” and Riegel, meaning “bolt,” but locally applied to rows of piled-up stones. “So immigrants … may have talked about their ‘Stoina Riegel,’ which eventually became attached to the village and transliterated into English as ‘Stone Arabia.’” (Britta Schuelke Kling, http://threerivershms.com/saorigin.htm; accessed 6/30/2009.)

73. Watt, The Burning of the Valleys, pp. 206–208; Greene, The Story of Old Fort Plain, chap. 18.

74. Watt, The Burning of the Valleys, p. 192, 202.

75. Simms, The Frontiersmen of New York, p. 442.

76. Greene, The Story of Old Fort Plain, chap. 18.

77. Watt, The Burning of the Valleys, pp. 94–95.

78. Ibid., pp. 104, 128.

79. Ibid., pp. 106–107.

80. William L. Stone, Reminiscences of Saratoga and Ballston (New York: R. Worthington, 1880), chap. 34, “The Tory Invasion of 1780, and the Gonzalez Tragedy.”

81. Watt, The Burning of the Valleys, pp. 109, 149.

82. Descriptions of the raids were compiled, primarily from pension applications, by James A. Morrison, http://morrisonspensions.org/index.htm; accessed 6/30/2009. Pension files are published in James A. Morrison and A. J. Berry, Don’t Shoot Until You See the Whites of Their Eyes(Victoria, BC: Trafford Publishing, 2007). Morrison is also credited for research assistance in Gavin K. Watt’s The Burning of the Valleys.

83. William M. Willett, A Narrative of the Military Actions of Colonel Marinus Willett (New York: G. & C. & H. Carvill, 1831), p. 75.

84. Samuel Ludlow Frey, introduction to The Minute Book of the Committee of Safety of Tryon County, the Old New York Frontier (New York: Dodd, Mead and Company, 1905), p. xiii.

85. Stone, Life of Joseph Brant, vol. 1, p. 337.

86. Watt, The Burning of the Valleys, p. 263.

87. Sparks, The Writings of George Washington, vol. 7, p. 282. Letter from Washington at Headquarters, Preakness, to Clinton, November 5, 1780.

88. Reuben G. Thwaites, ed., “Papers from the Canadian Archives,” Collections of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin (Madison, WI: Democrat Printing Co., 1888), p. 176. Letter from Lord Germain to Sir Guy Carleton, enclosed in letter from Carleton to Lieutenant Governor Henry Hamilton, Quebec, May 21, 1777.

89. Ibid.

90. Henry Haymond, History of Harrison County, West Virginia (Morgantown, WV: Acme Publishing, 1910), p. 142. This is one of many sources using the label “Hair Buyer” for Hamilton, a canard that is questioned by many modern historians.

91. George E. Greene, History of Old Vincennes and Knox County, Indiana. Chicago: S. J. Clarke Publishing Co., 1911), p. 183.

92. “Simon Girty,” Historical Narratives of Early Canada, http://www.uppercanada history.ca/ttuc/ttuc7.html; accessed 6/30/2009. Also, “Simon Girty,” in Richard L. Blanco, ed., The American Revolution 1775–1783 (New York: Garland Publishing, 1993).

93. “Simon Girty’s Report of Colonel Crawford’s Torture,” Haldimand Papers, cited in Crary, The Price of Loyalty, pp. 256–257.

94. Wilbur E. Garrett, ed., Historical Atlas of the United States (Washington, DC: National Geographic Society, 1988), p. 96 (map).

95. “Henry Hamilton,” Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online. http://www .biographi.ca/009004–119.01-e.php?&id_nbr=1931&&PHPSESSID = ychzfqkv zape; accessed 6/30/2009.

96. Colin G. Calloway, The American Revolution in Indian Country (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995), p. 45. Also, Alden. A History of the American Revolution, p. 440.

97. Haymond, History of Harrison County, p. 173.

98. “Henry Hamilton,” Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online. http://www .biographi.ca/009004–119.01-e.php?&id_nbr=1931&&PHPSESSID = ychzfqkv zape; accessed 3/28/2010.

99. Eugene H. Roseboom and Francis P. Weisenburger, A History of Ohio (Columbus: Ohio Historical Society, 1953), chap. 3, “The Struggle with the Indians 1763–1783.”

CHAPTER 15: SEEKING SOUTHERN FRIENDS

1. Major General Greene, commander of the Southern Army, to Colonel William Davie, May 3, 1781, quoted in Charles Sumner, Recent Speeches and Addresses (Boston: Ticknor and Fields, 1856), p. 361.

2. Wilson, The Southern Strategy, p. 63, citing Davies, Documents of the American Revolution, vol. 15, p. 61.

3. Letter, October 4, 1775, from Lieutenant Governor John Moultrie to General James Grant, former governor of East Florida, who was on the staff of General Gage. American Archives. “East Florida Correspondence, Miscellaneous Papers, Proceedings of Committees, &c,” http://www.stanklos.net/?act=para&pid=5770 &psname = CORRESPONDENCE%2C%20PROCEEDINGS%2C%20ETC; accessed May 20, 2009.

4. Charles Alfred Risher, Jr., “Propaganda, Dissension, and Defeat: Loyalist Sentiment in Georgia, 1763–1783” (Ph.D. diss., Mississippi State University, 1976), pp. 91–92.

5. “James Wright,” New Georgia Encyclopedia. http://www.georgiaencyclopedia .org/nge/Article.jsp?id = h-669; accessed 6/10/2009.

6. Wilson, The Southern Strategy, p. 79. Wilson methodically reconstructed the order of battle of both sides in southern battles.

7. Ibid., p. 77. Howe was the mysterious “Gentleman” who intrigued Janet Schaw during her stay on her brother’s North Carolina plantation in 1775. Evangeline Walker Andrews and Charles McLean Andrews, eds., Journal of a Lady of Quality. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1922), p. 167.

8. “Thomas Brown,” New Georgia Encyclopedia, http://www.georgiaencyclopedia .org/nge/Article.jsp?id = h-1090; accessed 7/1/2009. The East Florida Rangers were also known as the King’s Carolina Rangers or Brown’s Rangers.

9. John Buchanan, The Road to Guilford Courthouse (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1997), p. 96; “Revolutionary War in Georgia,” New Georgia Encyclopedia. http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id = h-2709; accessed 6/10/2009.

10. “East Florida Rangers Return,” On-Line Institute for Advanced Loyalist Studies, http://www.royalprovincial.com/Military/rhist/eastfr/eastretn.htm; accessed 6/10/2009. Also, “Revolutionary War in Georgia” and “Thomas Brown,” New Georgia Encyclopedia, http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org;. accessed 6/30/2009.

11. From a report by James Simpson, former South Carolina attorney general. He had been asked by General Sir Henry Clinton for an assessment of Tory temperament, particularly in Charleston. The report is dated May 15, 1780, three days after Charleston fell to Clinton’s forces. G. N. D. Evans,” Simpson’s Report,” Journal of Southern History 21 (1955), pp. 518–519, as cited by Crary, The Price of Loyalty, pp. 277–278.

12. Wilson, The Southern Strategy, p. 84, refers to the unit as Carolina Loyalists; other sources call the unit the Carolina Royalists.

13. Risher, “Propaganda, Dissension, and Defeat,” p. 172.

14. “An Introduction to North Carolina Loyalist Units,” On-Line Institute for Advanced Loyalist Studies, http://www.royalprovincial.com/Military/rhist/ncindcoy/ncintro.htm. Also, Robert Scott Davis, Jr., “Battle of Kettle Creek,” New Georgia Encyclopediahttp://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article .jsp?id = h-1088&hl=y; both accessed 7/4/2009.

15. Robert Scott Davis, Jr. “Battle of Kettle Creek,” New Georgia Encyclopedia, http:// www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-1088; accessed 7/2/2009.

16. Wilson, The Southern Strategy, p. 86.

17. Jim Piecuch, Three Peoples, One King (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2008), p. 140.

18. Wilson, The Southern Strategy, p. 89, citing a Campbell report to Clinton, March 4, 1779. Wilson also says that “cracker” apparently derives from the habit of some backcountry Georgians to “crack” boasts—a usage similar to one in contemporary Ireland—and to distill, or crack, whiskey (p. 297).

19. Letter from Captain T. W. Moore, aide-de-camp to General Augustine Prevost, to his wife, November 4, 1779, quoted by Wilson, The Southern Strategy, p. 170.

20. Symonds and Clipson, A Battlefield Atlas of the American Revolution, p. 85.

21. Todd W. Braisted, “The Prince of Wales’ American Regiment,” lecture, April 1998, online at Canadian Military Heritage Project. http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~canmil/uel/pwar.htm; accessed 7/3/2009.

22. Crary, The Price of Loyalty, pp. 277–278, “Simpson’s Report,” May 15, 1780.

23. Alan S. Brown. “James Simpson’s Reports on the Carolina Loyalists, 1779–1780,” Journal of Southern History 21, no. 4 (November 1955), p. 514.

24. Banastre Tarleton, A History of the Southern Campaigns of 1780 and 1781 in the Southern Provinces of North America (Dublin: Colles, Exchaw et al., 1787), pp. 23–24.

25. Murtie June Clark, Loyalists in the Southern Campaign of the Revolutionary War (Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., 1981), vol. 1, pp. xiii-xv, citing the United Kingdom National Archives, Cornwallis Papers, “Regulations for government of conquered towns, etc.” and PRO (now National Archives of Britain), 30/11/2/44, “Clinton’s instructions to Major Ferguson.”

26. In a demonstration of his rifle before King George III, Ferguson said he could fire seven random shots a minute—” yet I could not undertake to bring down above five of his Majesties Enemys in that time. He laughed very heartily… .” (M. M. Gilchrist, Patrick Ferguson [Edinburgh: NMS Publishing, National Museums of Scotland, 2003], p. 29.)

27. Information on Ferguson derived from Gilchrist, Patrick Ferguson. http://www .silverwhistle.co.uk/lobsters/ferguson.html; accessed 3/21/2009.

28. M. M. Gilchrist, Patrick Ferguson (Edinburgh: National Museums of Scotland, 2003), pp. 60, 62.

29. Walter Edgar, Partisans & Redcoats (New York: William Morrow, 2001), pp. 52–53.

30. Don Higginbotham, “Some Reflections on the South in the American Revolution,” Journal of Southern History 73, no. 3 (2007).

31. Governor Nash to the General Assembly, August 25, 1780, cited by John R. Maass, “A Complicated Scene of Difficulties” (Ph.D. diss., Ohio State University, 2007), p. 143.

32. “Regiment List: British and Loyalist,” Southern Campaigns, Revolutionary War, Final Report, June 2005 (Evans-Hatch & Associates, for the National Park Service, 2005).

33. Ann Taylor Andrus and Ruth M. Miller, Charleston’s Old Exchange Building (Charleston, SC: History Press, 2005), pp. 34–35. Balfour had met his first Rebels in Massachusetts long ago when he was a guest on the Marshfield estate of Tory Nathaniel Ray Thomas.

34. Edward J. Cashin, The Kings Ranger (New York: Fordham University Press, 1999), p. 118.

35. Steven J. Rauch, “Southern (Dis)Comfort,” Army History (Spring 2009), pp. 44–45.

36. Pension Application of William Gipson, National Archives Microseries M804, Roll 1078, Application No. S17437. The application was found by Brent Brackett, curator of Tannenbaum Historic Country Park in North Carolina.

37. Michael E. Stevens, “The Hanging of Matthew Love,” South Carolina Historical Magazine. South Carolina Historical Society, vol. 88, no. 1 (January 1987), pp. 55–58.

38. James Thacher, ed. A Military Journal of the American Revolution (Boston: Cohon & Barnard, 1827), p. 299. Cornwallis letter, August 1780, to Lieutenant Colonel Nisbet Balfour. Hanged Rebels: Edward McCrady, The History of South Carolina in the Revolution, 1775—1780 (New York: Macmillan Company, 1901), vol. 3, p. 711.

39. Maass, “A Complicated Scene of Difficulties,” pp. 144–147.

40. Thomas H. Raddall, “Tarleton’s Legion,” Collections of the Nova Scotia Historical Society, electronic version created by the Mersey Heritage Society in 2001 with the permission of Dalhousie University. http://www.mersey.ca/tarletons legion.htmlhttp://www.mersey.ca/tarletonslegion.html; accessed 3/28/2010.

41. J. Tracy Power,” ‘The Virtue of Humanity was Totally Forgot’: Buford’s Massacre, May 29, 1780,” South Carolina Historical Magazine 93 (1992), pp. 5–14. The march distance and duration is mentioned in Tarleton’s report to Lieutenant General Cornwallis, May 30, 1780. http://www.royalprovincial.com/military/rhist/britlegn/bllet3.htm; accessed 7/4/2009. The number of Buford men: John Buchanan, The Road to Guilford Courthouse (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1997), p. 82. Wilson, The Southern Strategy, says Buford had 380 infantrymen and forty dragoons. Buchanan and Wilson otherwise agree on most of the other details of the battle and subsequent massacre. Raddall (n. 40 above) does not believe there was a massacre.

42. Wilson, The Southern Strategy, pp. 256–260; Buchanan, The Road to Guilford Courthouse, pp. 83–85.

43. Samuel Cole Williams, Tennessee During the Revolutionary War (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1944), p. 140.

44. Ibid., p. 141.

45. Clark, Loyalists in the Southern Campaign, p. xviii.

46. Buchanan, The Road to Guilford Courthouse, pp. 206, 212–213.

47. Gilchrist, Patrick Ferguson, pp. 65–66.

48. Ibid., p. 66.

49. Estimate of Ferguson force: Buchanan, p. 229. Terrain: Author’s notes and National Park Service Guide to King’s Mountain National Military Park.

50. Gilchrist, Patrick Ferguson, p. 70. In 1845 an excavated grave yielded a female skeleton, believed to have been the remains of a young, red-haired woman reportedly shot during the battles (pp. 69–70).

51. Buchanan, quoting a Rebel witness, The Road to Guilford Courthouse, p. 234.

52. Isaac Shelby, one of the Rebel leaders, said there were “some who had heard that at Buford’s death, the British had refused quarters… were willing to follow that bad example… .” (Ibid., p. 233)

53. Ibid., p. 236.

54. Ibid., pp. 238, 240; letter from Lieutenant Anthony Allaire, quoted in The Royal Gazette (New York), February 24, 1781, http://www.royalprovincial .com/history/battles/kingslet.shtml; accessed 3/22/2009.

55. George C. Mackenzie, Kings Mountain National Military Park South Carolina. Washington, DC: National Park Service, Historical Handbook Series No. 22, 1955. http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/hh/22/hh22c.htm; accessed 11/20/2009.

CHAPTER 16: DESPAIR BEFORE THE DAWN

1. Bartlett, ed., Records of the Colony of Rhode Island, vol. 9, pp. 247—251. Circular letter, October 18, 1780, written at Washington’s headquarters near Passaic, New Jersey. The circular letter is also addressed to New York governor George Clinton and is dated November 5, 1780. Headquarters, Preakness, New Jersey (Sparks, The Writings of George Washington, vol. 7, p. 282).

2. Randall, Benedict Arnold, p. 456.

3. Allen, George Washington, Spymaster, p. 113.

4. Winthrop Sargent, ed., The Loyal Verses of Joseph Stansbury and Doctor Jonathan Odell; Relating to the American Revolution (Albany: J. Munsell, 1860), p. 22.

5. Ibid., p. 24.

6. Randall, Benedict Arnold, p. 456.

7. Sabine, Biographical Sketches of Loyalists, vol. 1, p. 177.

8. Randall, Benedict Arnold, pp. 428–429, 440–442.

9. Ibid., p. 462.

10. Many of the letters can be seen at http://www.si.umich.edu/SPIES/, from the collection of the Clements Library at the University of Michigan.

11. John André to Joseph Stansbury, May 10, 1779, http://www.si.umich.edu/spies/letter-1779may10–4.html; accessed 3/1/2009.

12. Clare Brandt, The Man in the Mirror (New York: Random House, 1994), p. 184.

13. Sparks, The Writings of George Washington, vol. 7, p. 533, letter to George Washington from Arnold, on the Vulture, September 25, 1780.

14. Randall, Benedict Arnold, pp. 500–501, quoting an undated letter written by Robinson sometime in early 1779.

15. Because the plot to take West Point failed, Arnold received only £6,000, plus £350 in expenses. Randall, Benedict Arnold, estimates that the paymentequaled about $200,000 in 1990 U.S. purchasing power. As a brigadier general he would be paid £650 a year plus a lifelong pension of £220 annually (p. 574).

16. Sargent, The Loyal Verses, p. 58.

17. Randall, Benedict Arnold, pp. 457–458, 464.

18. J. E. Morpurgo, Treason at West Point (New York: Mason/Charter, 1975), p. 117.

19. Smith, tried by a military court for aiding André, was acquitted because of lack of evidence. He was later arrested by civilian authorities and imprisoned. Slipping into a woman’s dress, he escaped and fled to New York City as a Tory refugee. Randall, Benedict Arnold, p. 570.

20. Randall, Benedict Arnold, p. 553; Benson John Lossing, Our Country (New York: Amies Publishing Co., 1888), p. 1055.

21. Randall, Benedict Arnold, p. 570, quoting an 1817 letter from Tallmadge to Timothy Pickering, veteran of the Revolutionary War and President Washington’s Cabinet.

22. Ibid., p. 567, quoting a letter from Arnold to Washington, October 1, 1780.

23. Ibid., p. 570.

CHAPTER 17: BLOODY DAYS OF RECKONING

1. Continental Journal (Boston), July 13, 1780, as cited by Philip Davidson, Propaganda and the American Revolution 1763—1783 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1941), p. 369.

2. Thomas Fleming, The Battle of Springfield (Trenton: New Jersey Historical Commission, 1975), p. 6.

3. Sheila L. Skemp, William Franklin (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), pp. 4–11.

4. Ibid., pp. 192, 219; “William Franklin Papers,” American Philosophical Society, http://www.amphilsoc.org/library/mole/f/franklin/franklinw.xml; accessed 11/21/2008.

5. Skemp, Wiliam Franklin, p. 171, quoting from the proceedings of the New Jersey General Assembly.

6. Ibid., pp. 38–39.

7. Srodes, Franklin, p. 259.

8. “The Loyalist Opposition,” New Jersey State Library Digital Collection, http:// www.njstatelib.org/NJ_Information/Digital_Collections/NJInTheAmerican Revolution1763–1783/8.7.pdf; accessed 3/4/2009.

9. His name does not appear on prison lists in Richard H. Phelps, Newgate of Connecticut (1876; reprint, Camden, ME: Picton Press, 1996). Nor does his name appear in any prison record found by present-day researchers at the prison site, a National Historic Landmark and State Archaeological Preserve.

10. Edward W. Cooch, The Battle of Cooch’s Bridge Delaware September 3, 1777 (Wilmington, DE: William N. Cann, 1940).

11. Skemp, William Franklin, p. 234; Rivington’s Royal Gazette, May 25, 1779.

12. Wertenbaker, Father Knickerbocker Rebels, p. 153.

13. Francis Bazley Lee, ed., New Jersey as a Colony and as a State: One of the Original Thirteen (New York: Publishing Society of New Jersey, 1903).

14. Clinton Proclamation, June 3, 1780.

15. Thomas J. Farnham, Fairfield (West Kennebunk, ME: Phoenix Publishing [for Fairfield Historical Society], 1988), p. 88.

16. Loyalist Institute: “A History of the King’s American Regiment,” part 2 of 8, http://www.royalprovincial.com/military/rhist/kar/kar2hist.htm; accessed 3/4/2009.

17. Judith Ann Schiff, “Naphtali Daggett: Pastor, Yale President, Sniper,” Yale Alumni Magazine, July/August 2006. http://www.yalealumnimagazine.com/issues/2006_07/old_yale.html.

18. James Shepard, “The Tories of Connecticut,” Connecticut Quarterly 1, no. 3 (1895); Stephen Eric Davidson, The Burdens of Loyalty: Refugee Tales from the First American Civil War (Saint John, NB: Trinity Enterprise, 2007); electronic book. The Daggett incident is described in R. D. French, The Memorial Quadrangle: A Book About Yale (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1929), pp. 36—37, as cited in “Resources on Yale’s History,” http://www.library.yale.edu/mssa/YHO/Daggett_bio.html; accessed 11/21/2009.

19. Schiff, “Naphtali Daggett: Pastor, Yale President, Sniper.”

20. Shepard, “The Tories of Connecticut,” Connecticut Quarterly, vol. 1, no. 3 (1895).

21. Rita Papazian, Remembering Fairfield Connecticut (Charleston, SC: History Press, 2007), pp. 13–14; Farnham, Fairfield, pp. 88–89.

22. Farnham, Fairfield, p. 92.

23. “Testimony of Eunice Burr, wife of Thaddeus Burr,” a deposition taken three weeks after the raid, Royal R. Hinman’s Historical Collection, Fairfield Museum and History Center. Her account, like all the others, describes the raiders as British and Hessians, making no mention of the King’s American Regiment.

24. Ibid.

25. Ibid.

26. Personal correspondence from Raymond Longden of Fairfield, 3/24/2010.

27. “The Burning of Fairfield during the American Revolution,” Fairfield Museum and History Center exhibit (2009); Farnham, Fairfield, pp. 92–93.

28. Compilation of Fairfield Museum and History Center.

29. Samuel Richards Weed, Norwalk After Two Hundred and Fifty Years (South Norwalk, CT: C. A. Freeman, 1902), pp. 289, 297.

30. Nelson, William Tryon and the Course of Empire, pp. 170–172.

31. Ibid., p. 168.

32. Ibid., p. 171; “The Battle of Stoney Point,” http://www.myrevolutionarywar .com/battles/790716.htm; accessed 11/21/2009.

33. Nelson, William Tryon and the Course of Empire, p. 169.

34. Ibid., p. 172, quoting a letter from Tryon to Clinton, July 20, 1779.

35. Ibid.; Skemp, William Franklin, p. 235, quoting from William Smith’s Historical Memoirs, 1778–83.

36. Ruth M. Keesey, “Loyalism in Bergen County, New Jersey,” William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd ser., 18, no. 4 (October 1961), p. 559.

37. Dennis P. Ryan, New Jersey’s Loyalists (Trenton, NJ: New Jersey Historical Commission, 1975), p. 6.

38. Nelson, William Tryon and the Course of Empire, p. 168. Between the creation of the six-battalion Volunteers and its disbanding in 1783, a total of 2,450 men actively served.

39. Wertenbaker, Father Knickerebocker Rebels, p. 229.

40. Jones, History of New York During the Revolutionary War, vol. 2, p. 482.

41. Ibid.

42. Jeffery P. Lucas, “Cooling by Degrees: Reintegraton of Loyalists in North Carolina, 1776–1790” (M.A. thesis, North Carolina State University, 2007), p. 12; Robert DeMond, Loyalists in North Carolina During the Revolution (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1940), p. 49.

43. Sabine, American Loyalists, p. 432.

44. Skemp, William Franlin, p. 239; “Loyal Associated Refugees Letters,” On-Line Institute for Advanced Loyalist Studies, http://www.royalprovincial.com/military/rhist/loyaref/lareflet2.htm; accessed 3/13/2009.

45. Johann Conrad Dohla, A Hessian Diary of the American Revolution, translated by Bruce E. Burgoyne (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1993), p. 121.

46. Leiby, The Revolutionary War in the Hackensack Valley, pp. 239–244.

47. Martin, A Narrative of a Revolutionary Soldier (New York: Signet Classics, 2001), pp. 151–154.

48. New Jersey Gazette, February 3, 1779.

49. Harry M. Ward, The War for Independence and the Transformation of American Society (Florence, KY: Routledge, 2003), p. 73.

50. Barbara J. Mitnick, ed., New Jersey in the American Revolution (Piscataway, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2005), pp. 57–58.

51. Fleming, The Battle of Springfield (Trenton: New Jersey Historical Commission, 1975), p. 6.

52. Martin, A Narrative of a Revolutionary Soldier, p. 148.

53. Fleming, The Battle of Springfield, p. 9.

54. Fitzpatrick, The Writings of George Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources, vol. 18, pp. 106, 107. Communications with Major General Robert Howe and Johann von Robaii, Baron de Kalb, March to June 1780.

55. Fleming, The Battle of Springfield, p. 12.

56. New-Jersey Journal, June 14, 1780.

57. Marian Meisner, A History of Millburn Township, electronic book jointly published by the Millburn/Short Hills Historical Society and the Millburn Free Public Library, 2002; chap. VIII. http://www.millburn.lib.nj.us/ebook/eBook .pdf; accessed 3/15/2009.

58. Ibid.

59. One of the executed men was the father-in-law of Barbara Frietschie, heroine of John Greenleaf Whittier’s Civil War poem, “Barbara Frietchie.” “Early History of the Frederick County Jail,” http://www.frederickcountymd .gov/documents/Sheriff%27s%20Office/Adult%20Detention%20Center/Early%20History.pdf; accessed 3/30/2010. Also, Bernard C. Steiner, “Western Maryland in the Revolution,” Historical and Political Science (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1902), pp. 54–56.

60. “The Conviction and Penalty of Seagoe Potter for Treason in Delaware 1780. Delaware Archives (Wilmington, 1919), vol. 3, pp. 1302–1304, as published in Borden and Borden, The American Tory, pp. 89–90. Little is known about Potter beyond his grisly sentence, recorded in Delaware’s extensive treason archives. As frequently happens, there is no record that the entire sentence was carried out. Drawing and quartering was customary in Britain for high treason and became part of the common law accepted in American colonies. But judges and legislatures considered simple hanging an acceptable form of execution.

61. His age and height come from his master’s newspapers advertisement offering £3 for his capture. See http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part2/2h1b.html; accessed 3/10/2009.

62. Schama, Rough Crossings: Britain, the Slaves and the American Revolution (London: BBC Books, 2006), pp. 135, 138–140.

63. Robert Dallison, “A Case of Justifiable Homicide,” The Officers’ Quarters 23, no. 1 (2005), pp. 5–8.

64. “Revolution Day by Day,” National Park Service, http://www.nps.gov/revwar/revolution_day_by_day/1780_main.html; accessed 3/17/2009.

65. Gary D. Saretzky, “The Joshua Huddy Era,” exhibition catalog, Monmouth County Library, Manalapan, NJ, 2004. (Facsimiles of documents from the David Library of the American Revolution, Library of Congress, Monmouth County Archives, Monmouth County Historical Association, New Jersey Historical Society, New Jersey State Archives, Alexander Library at Rutgers University, and Salem County Historical Society.)

66. Ibid.

67. Gary D. Saretzky, “Documents of the American Revolution,” exhibition at Monmouth County Library, Manalapan, New Jersey, October 2002. (Facsmiles of Revolutionary War Era documents from the Monmouth County Archives, New Jersey Historical Society, New Jersey State Archives, and Special Collections of Rutgers University at Alexander Library.) http://www.co.monmouth .nj.us/page.aspx?Id = 1681; accessed 3/17/2009.

68. McCormick, New Jersey from Colony to State (Princeton, NJ: VanNostrand, 1964), p. 152.

69. Information about Huddy, his hanging, and the events that followed come from William Scudder Stryker, The Capture of the Block House at Toms River (Trenton, NJ: Naar, Day & Naar, 1888), pp. 4–14, 20–22; and “Proceedings of a General Court Martial held at the City Hall in New York in the Province of New York, from Friday the 3d May to Saturday the 22d June 1782 for the Tryal of Captain Richard Lippincott.” http://personal.nbnet.nb.ca/halew/Lippincott .html; accessed 3/29/2010. Also, the Saretzky sources above.

70. Stryker, The Capture of the Block House at Toms River, pp. 23–27.

71. Ibid., p. 25, from the memoir of one of the officers.

72. Proceedings of a General Court Martial held at the City Hall in New York in the Province of New York, from Friday the 3d May to Saturday the 22d June 1782 for the Tryal of Captain Richard Lippincott. http://personal.nbnet.nb.ca/halew/Lippincott.html; accessed 3/29/2010.

73. Letter to Major General Benjamin Lincoln, June 5, 1784, Massachusetts Historical Society. http://www.masshist.org/objects/2007october.cfm; accessed 3/19/2009.

74. Ibid.

75. Randall, Benedict Arnold, pp. 577–578.

76. “Battle of Groton Heights,” http://www.fortgriswold.org/id5.html, quoting from “Brigadier General Benedict Arnold To General Henry Clinton,” September 8, 1781, in Diary of Frederick Mackenzie (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1930), vol. 2, pp. 623–627).

77. Randall, Benedict Arnold, p. 589; “Stephen Hempsted’s Account,” http://www .fortgriswold.org/id5.html; accessed 3/20/2009.

78. Van Tyne, The Loyalists in the American Revolution, p. 269. Thirteen on the list were “tried and acquitted;” seventy-one “surrendered and were discharged.” The fate of the rest is not known, but the reasonable assumption is that they exiled themselves.

79. Ibid., p. 271; Some minutes of meetings of the New York (State) Commissioners for Detecting and Defeating Conspiracies were published in 1924 by the New York Historical Society. See http://www.archive.org/details/minutesof committ571newy; accessed 3/20/2009.

80. “Treason Files,” Delaware State Archives, pp. 1281–1312. The man hanged was Cheney Clow, leader of a Loyalist force declared to be in rebellion against the state of Delaware.

81. Willett, A Narrative of the Military Actions of Colonel Marinus Willett (New York: G. & C. & H Carvill, 1831), p. 89.

CHAPTER 18: AND THEY BEGAN THE WORLD ANEW

1. “Songs of Rebels and Redcoats,” American Adventure Recording, National Geographic Society, 1976; courtesy of John M. Lavery, director. By tradition, “The World Turned Upside Down” was played by the British military band at the surrender of General Cornwallis at Yorktown. The words and mournful music fit the occasion. But there is no direct evidence that this was the tune played. The articles of capitulation specified that the surrendering soldiers, marching out of the redoubt as prisoners of war with colors cased and arms grounded, had to play a German or British march. This was Washington’s retribution for a similar article in the surrender agreement imposed on Maj. Gen. Benjamin Lincoln when he surrendered at Charleston in 1780. At Yorktown, Lincoln was given the honor of accepting Cornwallis’s sword.

2. Articles of Capitulation, “Done in the trenches before York Town in Virginia October 19, 1781.” Jerome A. Greene, The Guns of Independence (New York: Savas Beatie, 2005), pp. 351–355.

3. Greene, The Guns of Independence, pp. 352–355, “The Articles of Capitulation.”

4. Thomas H. Raddall, “Tarleton’s Legion,” Collections of the Nova Scotia Historical Society, electonic version created by the Mersey Heritage Society in 2001 with the permission of Dalhousie University. http://www.mersey.ca/tarletonslegion.html; accessed 3/29/2010.

5. Josiah Atkins, The Diary of Josiah Atkins, edited by Steven E. Kagle (New York: Arno, 1975), p. 32. As quoted in Elizabeth A. Fenn, Pox Americana (New York: Hill and Wang, 2001), p. 129.

6. Martin, A Narrative of a Revolutionary Soldier (New York: Signet Classic, 2001), p. 207.

7. Fenn, Pox Americana says that the footnote containing the Leslie letter “has been excised from most extant copies” of a 1777 book written by a British officer suggesting the use of smallpox as a weapon (p. 314).

8. Carleton to Lieutenant General Alexander Leslie, July 15, 1782, cited in Crary, The Price of Loyalty, p. 357.

9. Risher, “Propaganda, Dissension, and Defeat,” pp. 243–244.

10. “The British Evacuate Savannah Georgia,” Sons of the American Revolution Magazine, vol. 101, no. 4 (Spring 2007). http://www.revolutionarywararchives .org/savannah.html; accessed 3/20/2009.

11. Risher, “Propaganda, Dissension, and Defeat,” p. 252.

12. Van Tyne, The Loyalists in the American Revolution, p. 289.

13. Jones, History of New York During the Revolutionary War, vol. 2, pp. 235–236, as cited by Crary, The Price of Loyalty, p. 358.

14. Carole Watterson Troxler, “The Migration of Carolina and Georgia Loyalists to Nova Scotia and New Brunswick” (Ph.D. diss., University of North Carolina, 1974), p. 53. Under the treaty ending the French and Indian War, Britain had traded British-occupied Havana to Spain in exchange for Florida. The British divided the colony into East Florida and West Florida, with St. Augustine and Pensacola the respective capitals.

15. Ibid., table, p. 46.

16. Crary, The Price of Loyalty, p. 360.

17. London Chronicle, July 5–7, 1783, quoted in Wertenbaker, Father Knickerbocker Rebels, p. 256.

18. Norton, The British-Americans, p. 125.

19. Crary, “The Tory and the Spy,” The William and Mary Quarterly, pp. 61–72.

20. Wertenbaker, Father Knickerbocker Rebels, p. 254.

21. Sabine, p. 265.

22. Christopher Moore, The Loyalists (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1984), p. 150.

23. Details of the Union’s voyage come from Stephen Eric Davidson, The Burdens of Loyalty, an electronic book produced by Trinity Enterprise. http://www .loonielink.com/component/option.com_virtuemart/page, shop.product_details/flypage_ebo/ok/category_id,59/product_id, 261/Itemid,185; accessed 3/29/2010. He is also the author of “A Manifest Destiny” in Canada’s History (formerly The Beaver), August-September 2008. The article also is a source for information about the Union.

24. Davidson, “A Manifest’s Destiny,” p. 39.

25. This and other Digby quotations come from his 1783 Naval Order Books, which a descendant of the admiral, Lady Digby, presented to the Digby Museum in the admiral’s namesake Nova Scotia town in 2006. The museum allowed the author to view the Order Books.

26. “Boston King,” Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online, http://www.biographi .ca/009004–119.01-e.php?&id_nbr=2489; accessed 7/5/2009. Memoirs of the Life of Boston King, a Black Preacher, published in The Methodist Magazine in four installments in 1798. From an electronic edition prepared for the Antislavery Literature Project, Arizona State University, http://antislavery.eserver.org/narratives/boston_kingproof.pdf. Accessed 3/23/2010.

27. Ellen Gibson Wilson, The Loyal Blacks (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons/Capricorn Books, 1976), p. 51.

28. Nova Scotia Archives and Records Management, published in “The Black Loyalists of Nova Scotia,” Nova Scotia Museum publication. http://museum .gov.ns.ca/blackloyalists/who.htm; accessed 3/28/2010.

29. Wilson, The Loyal Blacks, p. 53, based on diary of Judge William Smith, who attended as an aide to Carleton.

30. Personal communication, Christa Dierksheide, 3/4/2009, Thomas Jefferson’s Monticello.

31. Wilson, The Loyal Blacks, p. 52.

32. Ibid., pp. 53–54.

33. Fitzpatrick, The Writings of George Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources, vol. 26, p. 403. Substance of a Conference between General Washington and Sir Guy Carleton, May 6, 1783; ibid., letter to Carleton, p. 408.

34. “Black Loyalists: Our History, Our People,” http://www.blackloyalist.com/canadiandigitalcollection/people/secular/blucke.htm; accessed 3/24/2009. Also, guide at Birchtown Museum, Birchtown, NS, 8/18/2006.

35. Paul A. Gilje and William Pencak, New York in the Age of the Constitution (Rutherford, NJ: Associated University Presses, 1992), pp. 20, 40.