Appendix 1
Emperors from Augustus to Constantine
Emperor |
Reign |
Augustus (Imp. Caesar Augustus) |
27 BC–AD 14 |
Tiberius (Ti. Caesar Augustus) |
AD 14–37 |
Gaius / Caligula (C. Caesar Augustus Germanicus) |
37–41 |
Claudius (Ti. Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus) |
41–54 |
Nero (Imp. Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus) |
54–68 |
Galba (Ser. Sulpicius Galba Imp. Caesar Augustus) |
68–69 |
Otho (Imp. M. Otho Caesar Augustus) |
69 |
Vitellius (A. Vitellius Augustus Germanicus Imp.) |
69 |
Vespasian (Imp. Caesar Vespasianus Augustus) |
69–79 |
Titus (Imp. Titus Caesar Vespasianus Augustus) |
79–81 |
Domitian (Imp. Caesar Domitianus Augustus) |
81–96 |
Nerva (Imp. Caesar Nerva Augustus) |
96–98 |
Trajan (Imp. Caesar Nerva Traianus Augustus) |
98–117 |
Hadrian (Imp. Caesar Traianus Hadrianus Augustus) |
117–138 |
Antoninus Pius (Imp. Caesar T. Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus Augustus Pius) |
138–161 |
Marcus Aurelius (Imp. Caesar M. Aurelius Antoninus Augustus) |
161–180 |
Lucius Verus (Imp. Caesar L. Aurelius Verus Augustus) |
161–169 |
Commodus (Imp. Caesar M. Aurelius Commodus Antoninus Augustus) |
176–192 |
Pertinax (Imp. Caesar P. Helvius Pertinax Augustus) |
193 |
Didius Julianus (Imp. Caesar M. Didius Severus Julianus Augustus) |
193 |
Septimius Severus (Imp. Caesar L. Septimius Severus Pertinax Augustus) |
193–211 |
Clodius Albinus (Imp. Caesar D. Clodius Septimius Albinus Augustus) |
193–197 |
Pescennius Niger (Imp. Caesar C. Pescennius Niger Justus Augustus) |
193–194 |
Caracalla (Imp. Caesar M. Aurelius Antoninus Augustus) |
198–217 |
Geta (Imp. Caesar P. Septimius Geta Augustus) |
209–211 |
Macrinus (Imp. Caesar M. Opellius Macrinus Augustus) |
217–218 |
Diadumenianus (Imp. Caesar M. Opellius Antoninus Diadumenianus Augustus) |
218 |
Elagabal (Imp. Caesar M. Aurelius Antoninus Augustus) |
218–222 |
Severus Alexander (Imp. Caesar M. Aurelius Severus Alexander Augustus) |
222–235 |
Maximinus (Imp. Caesar C. Julius Verus Maximinus Augustus) |
235–238 |
Gordian I (Imp. Caesar M. Antonius Gordianus Sempronianus Romanus Africanus Senior Augustus) |
238 |
Gordian II (Imp. Caesar M. Antonius Gordianus Sempronianus Africanus Iunior Augustus) |
238 |
Balbinus (Imp. Caesar D. Caelius Calvinus Balbinus Augustus) |
238 |
Pupienus (Imp. Caesar M. Clodius Pupienus Augustus) |
238 |
Gordian III (Imp. Caesar M. Antonius Gordianus Augustus) |
238–244 |
Philip (Imp. Caesar M. Julius Philippus Augustus) |
244–249 |
Decius (Imp. Caesar C. Messius Quintus Traianus Decius Augustus) |
249–251 |
Trebonianus Gallus (Imp. Caesar C. Vibius Trebonianus Gallus Augustus) |
251–253 |
Volusianus (Imp. Caesar C. Vibius Afinius Gallus Veldumianus Volusianus Augustus) |
251–253 |
Aemilianus (Imp. Caesar M. Aemilius Aemilianus Augustus) |
253 |
Valerian (Imp. Caesar P. Licinius Valerianus Augustus) |
253–260 |
Gallienus (Imp. Caesar P. Licinius Egnatius Gallienus Augustus) |
253–268 |
Claudius II (Imp. Caesar M. Aurelius Claudius Augustus) |
268–270 |
Quintillus (Imp. Caesar M. Aurelius Claudius Quintillus Augustus) |
270 |
Aurelian (Imp. Caesar Domitius Aurelianus Augustus) |
270–275 |
Tacitus (Imp. Caesar M. Claudius Tacitus Augustus) |
275–276 |
Florianus (Imp. Caesar M. Annius Florianus Augustus) |
276 |
Probus (Imp. Caesar M. Aurelius Probus Augustus) |
276–282 |
Carus (Imp. Caesar M. Aurelius Carus Augustus) |
282–283 |
Carinus (Imp. Caesar M. Aurelius Carinus Augustus) |
283–285 |
Numerianus (Imp. Caesar M. Aurelius Numerius Numerianus Augustus) |
283–284 |
Diocletian (Imp. Caesar C. Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus Augustus) |
284–305 |
Maximian (Imp. Caesar M. Aurelius Valerius Maximianus Augustus) |
286–305 |
Constantius (Imp. Caesar Flavius Valerius Constantius Augustus) |
305–306 |
Galerius (Imp. Caesar C. Galerius Valerius Maximianus Augustus) |
305–311 |
Severus (Flavius Valerius Severus Augustus) |
306–307 |
Maxentius (M. Aurelius Valerius Maxentius Augustus) |
306–312 |
Constantine (Imp. Caesar Flavius Valerius Constantinus Augustus) |
307–337 |
Licinius (Imp. Caesar Valerius Licinianus Licinius Augustus) |
308–324 |
Maximin (C. Valerius Galerius Maximinus Augustus) |
308/9–313 |
Emperors from Diocletian to Romulus