Roman Background
Astin, A, Scipio Aemilianus (Oxford, 1967)
Badian, E, Foreign Clientelae (264–70 BC) (Oxford, 1958)
______, ‘From the Gracchi to Sulla’, Historia 11, 1962, 197–245
______, ‘Tiberius Gracchus and the Beginning of the Roman Revolution’,
Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt 1.1, 1972, 668–731
Balsdon, J, Romans and Aliens (London, 1979)
Benedict, C, ‘The Romans in Southern Gaul’, American Journal of Philology 63, 1942, 38–50
Bernstein, A, Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus, Tradition and Apostasy (Ithaca, 1978)
Bispham, E, From Asculum to Actium (Oxford, 2007)
Boren, H, The Gracchi (New York, 1968)
Bradley, K, Slavery and Rebellion in the Roman World 140 BC – 70 BC
(Indiana, 1989)
Braund, D, Rome and the Friendly King; the Character of Client Kingship
(London, 1984)
Broughton, T, Magistrates of the Roman Republic Volumes I and II (New York, 1952)
Daly, G, Cannae; The Experience of Battle in the Second Punic War (London, 2002)
de Ligt, L, ‘Studies in Legal and Agrarian History IV: Roman Africa in 111 B.C.’, Mnemosyne 54, 2001, 182–217
Dyson, S, The Creation of the Roman Frontier (Princeton, 1985)
Earl, D, Tiberius Gracchus. A Study in Politics (Brussels, 1963)
Evans, R, Questioning Reputations (Pretoria, 2004)
Gargola, D, Lands, Laws & Gods; Magistrates & Ceremony in the Regulation of Public Lands in Republican Rome (Chapel Hill, 1995)
_______, ‘The Gracchan Reform and Appian’s Representation of an Agrarian Crisis’, in L. de Ligt & S. Northwood (eds.) People, Land and Politics, Demographic Developments and the Transformation of Roman Italy 300 BC-AD 14(Leiden, 2008), 487–518
Harris, W, War and Imperialism in Republican Rome 327 – 70 B.C. (Oxford, 1979)
Nagle, D, ‘The Failure of the Roman Political Process on 133 B.C.’, Athenaeum 48, 1970, 372–394.
Rich, J, Declaring War in the Roman republic in the period of transmarine expansion (Brussels, 1976)
______, ‘Lex Licinia, Lex Sempronia: B.G Niebuhr and the Limitation of Landholding in the Roman Republic’, in L. de Ligt & S. Northwood (eds.) People, Land and Politics, Demographic Developments and the Transformation of Roman Italy 300 BC-AD 14(Leiden, 2008), 519–572
Rich, J. & Shipley, G (eds.), War and Society in the Roman World (London, 1993)
Richardson, J, Hispaniae; Spain and the Development of Roman Imperialism, 218–82 BC (Cambridge, 1986)
Rosenstein, N, Imperatores Victi; Military Defeat and Aristocratic Competition in the Middle and Late Republic (Berkeley, 1990)
Sampson G, A Re-examination of the Office of the Tribunate of the Plebs in the Roman Republic (494–23 B.C. (Manchester, 2005, unpublished)
_____, ‘The Rise and Fall of the Roman Historian: The Eighteenth Century in the Roman Historical Tradition’, in J. Moore, I. Macgregor-Morris & A. Bayliss (eds.) Reinventing History. The Enlightenment Origins of Ancient History(London, 2009), 187–218
Sands, P, The Client Princes of the Roman Empire Under the Republic (Cambridge, 1908)
Scochat, Y, Recruitment and the Programme of Tiberius Gracchus (Brussels, 1980)
Seager, R, (ed.), The Crisis of the Roman Republic (Cambridge, 1969)
Sherk, R, (ed.), Rome and the Greek East to the Death of Augustus (Cambridge, 1984)
Stevens, C, ‘North West Europe and Roman Politics (125–118)’, Studies in Latin Literature and Roman History II (Brussels, 1980), 71–97
Stockton, D, The Gracchi (Oxford, 1979)
Syme, R, Rome and the Balkans 80BC-AD14 (Exeter, 1999)
Taylor, L, ‘Forerunners of the Gracchi’, Journal of Roman Studies 52, 1962, 19–27
Van Ooteghem, J, Les Caecilii Metelli de la République (Brussels, 1967)
Williams, J, Beyond the Rubicon, Romans and Gauls in Republican Italy (Oxford, 2001)
Wiseman, T, New Men in the Roman Senate (Oxford, 1971)
______, Remembering the Roman People (Oxford, 2009)
Numidia and the Jugurthine Wars
Allen, W, ‘The Source of Jugurtha’s Influence in the Roman Senate’, Classical Philology 33, 1938, 90–92
Berthier, A, Charlier, R, & Juliet, J, ‘Le Bellum Jugurthinum de Sallusts et le Problème de Cirta’, Recueil des Notices et Memoires de la Société Archéologique Historique et Géographique 67, 1950, 1–144.
Canter, H, ‘The Chronology of Sallust’s Jugurtha’, Classical Journal 6, 1911, 290–295.
Cameron, H., & Parker, V, ‘A Mobile People? Sallust’s Presentation of the Numidians and their Manner of Fighting’, Parola del Passato 15, 1960, 33–57
Classen, J-M, ‘Sallust’s Jugurtha: Revel or Freedom Fighter? On Crossing Crocodile Infested Waters’, Classical World 86, 1993, 273–297
Dijkstra, T., & Parker, V, ‘Through many glasses darkly, Sulla and the End of the Jugurthine War’, Wiener Studien 120, 2007, 137–160
Earl, D, ‘Sallust and the Senate’s Numidian Policy’, Latomus 24, 1965, 532–536
Fentress, E, Numidia and the Roman Army (Oxford, 1979)
______, ‘Romanizing the Berbers’, Past & Present 190, 2006, 3 –33
Fiedler, P, ‘Die beiden überfallschlachten auf Metellus und Marius im Bellum Iugurthinum des Sallust’, Wiener Studien 78, 1965, 108–127
Gilbert, C, ‘Five Passages in Sallust’s “Bellum Jugurthinum”’, Mnemosyne 28, 1975, 67–69
Green, C, ‘De Africa et eius incolis: The Function of Geography and Ethnography in Sallust’s History of the Jugurthine War (BJ 17–19)’, Ancient World 24, 1993, 185–197
Hawthorn, J, Sallust: Rome and Jugurtha (Bristol, 1979)
Hayne, L, ‘The Condemnation of Sp. Postumius Albinus’, Acta Classica 24, 1981, 61–70
Holroyd, M, ‘The Jugurthine War: Was Marius or Metellus the Real Victor?’, Journal of Roman Studies 18, 1928, 1–20
Kahrstedt, U, Geschichte der Karthager, von O. Meltzer III (Berlin, 1913)
Kraus, C, ‘Jugurthine Disorder’, The Limits of Historiography (Leiden, 1999), 217–247
Kurita, N, ‘Who Supported Jugurtha?, The Jugurthine War as a Social Revolution’, in T. Yuge & M. Doi (eds.) Forms of Control and Subordination in Antiquity (Leiden, 1988), 164–168
Lafaye, G, ‘L’adoption de Jugurtha dans Salluste’, in Mélenages Boissier. Recueil de Mémoires concernant La Littérature et les Antiquités Romaines dédié a Gaston Boissier (Paris, 1903), 315–317
Levene, D, ‘Sallust’s Jugurtha: An ‘Historical Fragment’’ Journal of Roman Studies 82, 1992, 53–70
Matthews, V, ‘The Libri Punici of King Hiempsal’, American Journal of Philology 93, 1972, 330–335
Morstein-Marx, R, ‘The Alleged “Massacre” at Cirta and Its Consequences (Sallust Bellum Iugurthinum 26–27)’, Classical Philology 95, 2000, 468–476
______, The Myth of Numidian Origins in Sallust’s African Excursus (Iugurtha 17.7–18.12), American Journal of Philology 122, 2001, 179–200
Oost, S, ‘The Fetial Law and the Outbreak of the Jugurthine War’, American Journal of Philology 75, 1954, 147–159
Parker, V, ‘Sallust and the Victor of the Jugurthine War’, Tyche 16, 2001, 111–125
Paul, G, A Historical Commentary on Sallust’s Bellum Jugurthinum (Liverpool, 1984)
Pelham, H, ‘The Chronology of the Jugurthine War’, American Journal of Philology 7, 1877, 91–94
Radnorthy-Alfoldi, M, ‘Die Geschichte des Numidischen Konigreches und seiner Nachfolger’, in H. Horn & C. Ruger (eds.) Die Numider (Bonn, 1979), 43–74
Rossetti, S, ‘La Numidia e Cartagine fre la II e la III Guerra Punica’, Parola del Passato 15, 1960, 337–353
Saumagne, C, La Numidie et Rome, Masinissa et Jugurtha (Paris, 1966)
Scanlon, T, ‘Textual Geography in Sallust’s The War with Jugurtha’, Ramus 17, 1988, 138–175
Sumner, G, ‘Scaurus and the Mamilian Inquisition’, Phoenix 1, 1976, 73–75
Shaw, B, ‘Fear and Loathing: The Nomad Menace and Roman Africa’, in C. Wells (ed.), Roman Africa: The Vanier Lectures 1980 (Ottawa, 1982), 29–50
Suerbaum, W, ‘Rex Ficta Locutus est: Zur Beurteilung der Adherbal- und der Micipsa-Rede in Sallusts “Bellum Iugurthimum”, Hermes 92, 1964, 85–106
Summers, W, ‘A Note on Sallust’s Jugurtha’, Classical Review 17, 1903, 32–34
Thompson, L, ‘Carthage and the Massylian “Coup d’Etat” of 206 B.C.’, Historia 30, 1981, 120–126
Von Fritz, K, ‘Sallust and the Attitude of the Roman Nobility at the Time of the Wars against Jugurtha (112–105 B.C.)’, Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association 74, 1943, 134–168
Vretska, K, Studien zu Sallusts Bellum Jugurthinum (Wien, 1955)
Walsh, P, ‘Massinissa’, Journal of Roman Studies 55, 1965, 149–160
Wiedemann, T, ‘Sallust’s Jugurtha: Concord, Discord and the Digressions’, Greece & Rome 40, 1993, 48–57
The Northern Wars
Alföldy, G, ‘Des Territories Occupés par les Scordisques’, Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 12, 1964, 107–127
Beckers, W, ‘Die Völkerschaften der Teutonen und Kimbern in der Neueren Forshung’, Rheinisches Museum für Philologie 88, 1939, 52–122
Cagniart, P, ‘L. Cornelius Sulla’s Quarrel with C. Marius at the time of the Germanic Invasions (104–101 B.C.), Athenaeum 67, 1989, 139–149
Carney, T, ‘Marius Choice of Battle-field in the Campaign of 101’, Athenaeum 36, 1958, 229–237
Demougeot, E, ‘L’invasion des Cimbres-Teutones-Ambrones et le Romains’, Latomus 37, 1978, 910–938
Donnadieu, A, ‘Campagne de Marius dans la Gaule Narbonnaise (104–102 av.
J.-C.)’, Revue des Études Anciennes 56, 1954, 281–296
Ellis, P, Celt and Roman, The Celts in Italy (London, 1998)
Elston, S, The Earliest Relations between Celts and Germans (London, 1934)
Evans, R, ‘Rome’s Cimbric Wars (114–101 BC) and their Impact in the Iberia Peninsula’, Acta Classica 48, 2005, 37–56
_______, ‘Gaius and Marus in Iberia and Gaul: Family Affairs and Provincial Clients’, Acta Classica 50, 2008, 77–90
Hansen, G, ‘Das Datum des Schlact bei Vercellae’, Klio 67, 1985, 588
Keaveney, A, ‘Sulla, the Marsi, and the Hirpini’, Classical Philology 76, 1981, 292–296
Lewis, R, ‘Catulus and the Cimbri, 102 B.C.’, Hermes 102, 1974, 90–109
Morgan, M, ‘Lucius Cotta and Metellus. Roman Campaigns in Illyria during the Late Second Century’, Athenaeum 49, 1971, 271–301
______, ‘“Cornelius and the Pannonians”: Appian, Illyrica 14, 41 and Roman History, 143–138 B.C.’, Historia 23, 1974, 183–216
Miltner, F, ‘Der Germanenangriff auf Italien in den Jahren 102/101 v. Chr.’, Klio 33, 1940, 289–307
Papazoglu, F, The Central Balkan Tribes in Pre-Roman Times (Amsterdam, 1979)
Rawlinson, C, ‘On the Ethnography of the Cimbri’, Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, 1877, 150–158
Sadée, E, ‘Sulla im Kimbernkrieg’, Rheinisches Museum für Philologie 88, 1939, 43–52
Zennari, J, ‘La battaglia dei Vercelli o dei Campi Raudi (101 aC)’, Athenaeum 11, 1958, 3–32
Marius
There have been a number of biographies of C. Marius, none of which are inprint:
Carney, T. A Biography of C. Marius (Chicago, 1961)
Evans, R, Gaius Marius, A Political Biography (Pretoria, 1994)
Kildahl, P, Caius Marius (New York, 1968)
Van Ooteghem, J, Caius Marius (Brussels, 1964)
Below is a list of articles on Marius that cover the period in question.
Avery, H, ‘Marius Felix’, Hermes 95, 1967, 324–330
Badian, E, ‘Caepio and Norbanus. Notes on the Decade 100–90 B.C.’, Historia 6, 1957, 318–346
______, ‘Marius and the Nobles’, Durham University Journal 25, 1963/64, 141–154
Bicknell, P, ‘Marius, the Metelli and the Lex Maria Tabellaria’, Latomus 28, 1969, 327–348
Broughton, T, ‘Notes on Roman Magistrates’, Historia 2, 1953, 209–213
Carney, T, ‘Notes on Plutarch’s Life of Marius’, Classical Quarterly 5, 1955, 201–205
______, ‘Once again Marius’ speech after election in 108 B.C.’, Symbolae Osloenses 35, 1959, 63–70
______, ‘Plutarch’s Style in the Marius’, Journal of Hellenic Studies 80, 1960a, 24–31
______, ‘Cicero’s Picture of Marius’, Wiener Studien 73, 1969b, 83–122
______, ‘The Picture of Marius in Valerius Maximus’, Rheinisches Museum für Philologie 105, 1962, 308–337
Evans, R, ‘Missing consuls 104–100 B.C.: a study in prosopography’, Liverpool Classical Monthly 10, 1985, 76–77
______, ‘Metellus Numidicus and the Elections for 100 B.C.’, Acta Classica 30, 1987, 65–68
______, ‘The military reputation of Gaius Marius’, Questioning Reputations (Pretoria), 2004, 11–35
Farney, G, ‘The Fall of the Priest C. Sulpicius Galba and the First consulship of Marius’, Memoirs of the American Academy of Rome 42, 1997, 23–37
Frank, E, ‘Marius and the Roman Nobility’, Classical Journal 50, 1955, 149–152
Gilbert, C, ‘Marius and Fortuna’, Classical Quarterly 23, 1973, 104–107
Hine, H, ‘Livy’s judgement on Marius’, Liverpool Classical Monthly 3, 1978, 83–87
Passerini, A, ‘Caio Mario come uomo politico’, Athenaeum 12, 1934, 10–44, 109–143, 257–297 & 348–380
Santangelo, F, ‘Cicero and Marius’, Athenaeum, 2008, 597–607.
Schur, W, ‘Das sechste consulat des Marius’, Klio 31, 1938, 313–322
Shatzman, I, ‘Scaurus, Marius and the Metelli: A Prosopographical-Factional Case’, Ancient Society 5, 1974, 197–222
Skard, E, ‘Marius’ speech in Sallust, Jug. chap.85’, Symbolae Osloenses 21, 1941, 98–102
Yakobson, A, ‘The Election of Marius to his first consulship’, Elections and Electioneering in Rome; a study of the political system of the late Republic (Stuttgart, 1999), 13–19
Manpower and the Military Reforms
Bell, M, ‘Tactical Reform in the Roman Republican Army’, Historia 14, 1965, 404–422
Brunt, P, ‘The Army and the Land in the Roman Revolution’, Journal of Roman Studies 52, 1962, 69–86
______, Italian Manpower 225 BC-AD 14 (Oxford, 1971)
Cagniart, P, ‘The Late Republican Army (146–30 BC)’ in P. Erdkamp (ed.) A Companion to the Roman Army (Oxford, 2007), 80–95
Carney, T, ‘Roman Manpower Resources and the Proletarianization of the Roman Army in the Second Century B.C.’, The Impact of the Roman Army (200 BC – AD 476) (Leiden, 2007), 3–20
______, ‘Some Thoughts on the Nature of the Demographic “Crisis” of the Second Century B.C.’, in O. Hekster, G de Kleijn & D. Slootjes (eds). Crises and the Roman Empire (Leiden, 2007), 167–181
de Ligt, L, ‘Poverty and demography. The case of the Gracchan land reforms’, Mnemosyne 57, 2004, 725–757
______, ‘Roman Manpower Resources and the Proletarianization of the Roman Army in the Second Century B.C.’, The Impact of the Roman Army (200 BC – AD 476) (Leiden, 2007), 3–20
______, ‘Some Thoughts on the Nature of the Demographic ‘Crisis’ of the Second Century B.C.’, in O. Hekster, G de Kleijn & D. Slootjes (eds). Crises and the Roman Empire (Leiden, 2007a), 167–181
______, ‘Roman Manpower and Recruitment during the Middle Republic’, in P. Erdkamp (ed.) A Companion to the Roman Army (Oxford, 2007b), 114–131
Erdkamp, P, ‘The transformation of the Roman army in the Second century BC’, in T. Naco del Hoyo (ed.) War and Territory in the Roman World (Oxford, 2006), 41–57
Evans, R, ‘Resistance at Home: The Evasion of Military Service in Italy during the Second Century B.C.’, in D.Yuge & M. Doi (eds.) Forms of Control and Subordination in Antiquity (Leiden, 1988), 121–140
Frederiksen, M, ‘The contribution of archaeology to the agrarian problem in the Gracchan period’, Dialoghi di archeologia 4–5, 1970/71, 330–357
Gabba, E, ‘Le origini dell’esercito professionale in Roma: i proletari e la riforma di mario’, Athenaeum 27, 1949, 173–209
______, Republican Rome; The Army and the Allies (Oxford, 1976)
Harmand, J, ‘La Réforme Marienne du Recrutmement’, in L’Armee et le soldat à Rome, de 107 à 50 avant notre ère (Paris, 1967), 11–20
Jongman, W, ‘Slavery and the Growth of Rome., The transformation of Italy in the first and second centuries BC’, in C. Edwards & G. Woolf (eds.) Rome the Cosmopolis (Cambridge, 2003), 100–122
Keaveney, A, The Army in the Roman Revolution (London, 2007)
Keppie, L, The Making of the Roman Army; From Republic to Empire (London, 1984)
Lo Cascio, E, ‘Recruitment and the size of the Roman population from the third to the first century BC’, in W. Schiedel (ed.) Debating Roman Demography (Leiden, 2001), 111–137
______, ‘Roman Census Figures in the Second Century BC and the Property Qualification of the Fifth Class’, in L. de Ligt & S. Northwood (eds.) People, Land and Politics, Demographic Developments and the Transformation of Roman Italy 300 BC-AD 14(Leiden, 2008), 239–256
Morley, N, ‘The Transformation of Italy, 225–28 B.C.’, Journal of Roman Studies 91, 2001, 50–62
Parker, H, The Roman Legions (Cambridge, 1928)
Rathbone, D, ‘The census qualifications of the assidui and the prima classis’, in H. Sancisci-Weerdenburg (ed.) De Agricultura: In Memoriam Pieter Willem de Neeve (Amsterdam, 1993), 121–152
Rawson, E, ‘The Literary Sources for the Pre-Marian Army’, Papers of the British School of Rome 39, 1971, 13–31
Rich, J, ‘The Supposed manpower shortage of the later second century BC ‘, Historia 32, 1983, 287–331
______, ‘Tiberius Gracchus, Land and Manpower’, in O. Hekster, G de Kleijn & D. Slootjes (eds). Crises and the Roman Empire (Leiden, 2007), 155–166
Rosenstein, N, Rome at War (Chapel Hill, 2004)
Smith, R, Service in the Post-Marian Army (Manchester, 1958)
Votsch, W, C. Marius als Reformator des röm (Heerwesens, 1886)
Zhmodikov, A, ‘Roman Republican Heavy Infantrymen in Battle (IV-II Centuries BC)’, Historia 49, 2000, 67–78