LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Endpapers Scene from laundry (VI, 8, 20) at Pompeii, first century CE
Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Naples. Photo Dea/G. Nimatallah
Colour plates
1 ‘Cicero Denounces Catiline’ (1889) by Cesare Maccari, Palazzo Madama, Rome. Photo © akg-images/Album/Oronoz
2 ‘Cicero Denounces Catiline’, (c. 1850) by John Leech, from Gilbert Abbott A Beckett, The Comic History of Rome (Bradbury and Evans, 1852). Photo © Posner Library/Carnegie Mellon
3 Top: ‘Rape of the Sabines’, by N. Poussin (1637–8), Musée du Louvre, Paris. Photo © akg-images/Erich Lessing. Bottom: ‘Rape of the Sabines’, by P. Picasso (1962), Centre Pompidou. Photo © Succession Picasso/DACS, London 2015/Courtesy akg-images
4 ‘Tarquin and Lucretia’, by Titian (1571), Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge. Photo © Lebrecht Music and Arts Photo Library/Alamy
5 ‘Ficoroni Cista’, fourth century BCE, Museo Nazionale Etrusco di Villa Giulia, Rome. Photo (top) © akg-images/De Agostini Picture Lib./G. Nimatallah; (bottom) © akg-images/Nimatallah
6 Tomb painting, third century BCE, from Esquiline hill, Centrale Montemartini, Rome. Photo © The Art Archive/Alamy
7 Scenes from François Tomb, Vulci, fourth century BCE, Torlonia Collection, Rome. Photo courtesy of Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici dell’Etruria meridionale
8 The raising of a ship’s ram from the First Punic War, off Sicily. Photo © RPM Nautical Foundation
9 Final panel from the series of ‘The Triumphs of Caesar’ (1484–92) by Andrea Mantegna, Hampton Court Palace, London. Photo Royal Collection Trust © Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II, 2015/Bridgeman Images
10 Section of the Column of Marcus Aurelius, Rome. Photo © Realy Easy Star/Tullio Valente/Alamy
11 Wooden panel showing Septimius Severus and family, c. 200 CE, Staatliche Museum, Berlin. Photo © Neues Museum, Berlin
12 Portrait of Livia, first century BCE, Musée du Louvre, Paris. Photo © Interfoto/Alamy
13 Bronze fitting from Gaius’ ships of Nemi, 37–41 CE, Museo Nazionale Romano, Palazzo Massimo all Terme. Photo © akg-images/Mondadori Portfolio/Sergio Anelli
14 Painting of dining from house (V, 2, 4) at Pompeii, first century CE, Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Naples. Photo © akg-images/Erich Lessing
15 ‘Solon of Athens’ from the ‘Bar of the Seven Sages’ Ostia, c. 100 CE. Photo © The Art Archive/Alamy
16 Roman slave collar,? fourth century CE, Museo Nazionale Romano, Terme di Diocleziano. Photo © Photo Scala, Florence, reproduced courtesy of Ministero dei Beni e delle Attività Culturali
17 Gold bracelet inscribed from a master to a slave girl, first century CE, from Moregine near Pompeii. After A. Ambrosio et al., Storie da un’eruzione (Exhibition Catalogue, Naples 2003, Electa) p. 470
18 Scenes from laundry (VI, 8, 20) at Pompeii, first century CE Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Naples. Photos © akg-images/Nimatallah and Museo Archeologico Nazionale Naples
19 Gem, with Octavian/Augustus as Neptune, late first century BCE, said to have been found in Tunisia, now Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Photo © Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Massachusetts, USA/Anne and Blake Ireland Gallery (Gallery 210A)/Bridgeman Images
20 The ‘Great Cameo of France’, first century, Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris. Photo © akg-images/Album/Joseph Martin
21 Section of ‘Peutinger Table’, thirteenth century CE, probably based on Roman model, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Vienna. Photo © akg-images
Illustrations
1 The Tabularium, Rome. Photo copyright © Rome4all
2 SPQR manhole cover (© rgbdave/Stockimo/Alamy) and street rubbish bin (author’s photograph)
3 Detail from ‘Cicero Denounces Catiline’ (1889) by Cesare Maccari, Palazzo Madama, Rome. Photo © akg-images/Album/Oronoz
4 Roman silver coin 63 BCE, showing voting: (Left © The Trustees of the British Museum; Right © Goldberg Coins & Collectibles Inc.
5 Roman tombstone showing the striking of coins, fourth century CE, Museo Archeologico Nazionale d’Abruzzo, Chieti. Reproduced courtesy of Ministero per i Beni e le Attività Culturali/Alinari Archives, Florence
6 Hungarian protesters, 2012. Photo © Peter Kohalmi/AFP/Getty Images
7 Sculpture of wolf and twins, Musei Capitolini, Rome. Photo © Musei Capitolini, Rome, Italy/Bridgeman Images
8 Roman silver coin, 89 BCE, showing King Titus Tatius, and the abduction of two Sabine women. Photo © The Trustees of the British Museum
9 Mosaic showing Romulus and Remus with the wolf, Aldeborough. Photo © Leeds Museums and Art Galleries (City Museum) UK/Bridgeman Images
10 The Bolsena mirror, Museo Nazionale Romano. After Roma, Romolo, Remo (exhibition catalogue Rome, 2000), p. 233
11 Mosaic showing Dido and Aeneas embracing, from Low Ham Roman villa. Photo © Somerset County Museum, Taunton Castle, UK/Bridgeman Images
12 Cremation urn from Etruria, Museo Nazionale Etrusco di Villa Giulia, Rome. Photo © Photo Scala, Florence – courtesy of the Ministero per i Beni e le Attività Culturali
13 Reconstruction of remains under the black stone in the Roman Forum. After C. Hülsen, The Roman Forum (Loescher, 1906)
14 Inscribed cippus from Roman Forum. Photo © DEA/A. Dagli Orti/De Agostini/Getty Images
15 ‘The Oath of the Horatii’ (1784) by Jacques-Louis David, Musée du Louvre, Paris. Photo © akg-images/De Agostini Picture Lib./G. Dagli Orti
16 Early inscription from Satricum. Photo courtesy of Soprintendenza Speciale per i Beni Archeologici di Roma
17 Head of a statue of a Vestal Virgin from Roman Forum. Photo © Lanmas/Alamy
18 The earliest surviving Roman calendar, first century BCE, from Antium, now Museo Nazionale Romano, Palazzo Massimo alle Terme. After A. Degrassi, Inscriptiones Italiae XIII. 2 (Libreria dello Stato, 1963), pp. 8–9
19 The Roman census from ‘Domitius Ahenobarbus base’, late second century BCE, Musée du Louvre, Paris. Photo © akg-images/De Agostini Picture Lib./G. Dagli Orti
20 Fragments of terracotta sculpture from temple in Rome, sixth century BCE, Musei Capitolini, Rome. Photo © The Art Archive/Museo Capitolino Rome/Araldo De Luca
21 Bronze liver from Piacenza, third-second century BCE, Museo Civico, Piacenza. Photo © akg-images/De Agostini Picture Lib./A. De Gregorio
22 The Cloaca Maxima, Rome. Photo courtesy of Soprintendenza Archeologica del Comune di Roma
23 Roman silver coin, 120s CE, showing Hadrian and Pudicitia. Photo © The Trustees of the British Museum
24 Temple of Castor and Pollux, Roman Forum. Photo © Gaertner/Alamy
25 The sarcophagus of Scipio Barbatus, third century BCE, Musei Vaticani. Photo © akg-images/De Agostini Picture Library
26 Statue of Cincinnatus by E. Karkadoulias (1982), Cincinnati. Photo © Thomas G. Fritsch
27 Flamines from Ara Pacis, Rome. Photo © De Agostini Picture Library/G. Dagli Orti/Bridgeman Images
28 Sketch of the Servian Wall, Rome from H. F. Helmolt, The World’s History, Vol IV (Heinemann, 1902). Photo © The Print Collector/Print Collector/Getty Images
29 Third century BCE plate showing elephants, Museo Nazionale Etrusco di Villa Giulia, Rome. Photo © DEA/G. Nimatallah/De Agostini/Getty Images
30 Portrait of Pyrrhus,? first century BCE, from Villa of the Papyri, Herculaneum, Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Naples. Photo © DEA/A. Dagli Orti/De Agostini/Getty Images
31 ‘Atilius Regulus taking leave of his family to begin his journey Carthage to face certain death’, by Sigismund Nappi (1826), Pinacoteca di Brera, Milan. Photo © akg-images/De Agostini Picture Library
32 Portrait of Polybius from plaster cast in Museo Nazionale della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Photo © akg-images/De Agostini Picture Library
33 First-century BCE veristic portrait, Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Altino. Photo © akg-images/Cameraphoto
34 Tomb portrait of a priest of the Great Mother, Musei Capitolini, Rome. Photo © DEA/A. Dagli Orti/De Agostini/Getty Images
35 Portrait of Pompey, Palazzo Spada, Rome. Photo © Galleria Spada, Rome, Italy/Mondadori Portfolio/Electa/Andrea Jemolo/Bridgeman Images
36 Roman silver coin, 113 BCE, showing voting procedures by secret ballot. Photo © akg-images/De Agostini Picture Lib./A. Rizzi
37 ‘Cornelia, Mother of the Gracchi’ (1785) by Angelica Kauffman, Virginia Museum of Fine Arts. Photo © akg-images
38 Palazzo Barberini, Praeneste. Photo © Hemis/Alamy
39 Reconstruction of ancient sanctuary at Praeneste (after H. Kähler). Photo © DeAgostini/Getty Images
40 Silver coin minted by Italian allies in the Social War. Photo © The Trustees of the British Museum
41 Silver coin of Sulla, 84–83 BCE, showing head of Venus and symbols of victory. Photo © The Trustees of the British Museum
42 Pompeiian painting showing ‘Spartaks’, early first century BCE. Photo © Jackie and Bob Dunn www.pompeiiinpictures.com. Reproduced courtesy of Ministero dei Beni e delle Attività Culturali, Soprintendenza Speciale per i Beni Archeologici di Pompei, Ercolano e Stabia
43 Silver coin showing the head of Mithradates VI. Photo © akg-images/Interfoto
44 3D visualisation of the theatre of Pompey by Martin Blazeby, King’s College London. Reproduced courtesy of King’s College, London
45 Roman silver coin, 19–4 BCE, celebrating the return of Roman standards captured at the Battle of Carrhae. Photo © The Trustees of the British Museum
46 Portrait of Julius Caesar, possibly modern, British Museum. Photo © Planet News Archive/SSPL/Getty Images
47 Tombstone showing camel and family members,? second century CE, Museo Civico di Sulmona. Photo Museo della Diocesi-Valva Sulmona
48 Roman silver coin, 43–42 BCE, showing head of Brutus and symbols of liberation. Photo © Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II, 2015/Bridgeman Images
49 Roman painting (‘Aldobrandini Wedding’), first century BCE, Musei Vaticani. Photo © Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Vatican City/Bridgeman Images
50 Roman tombstone of Aurelius Hermia and Aurelia Philematium, first century BCE, British Museum. Photo © akg-images/Album/Prisma
51 A Roman midwife from Ostia, Museo Ostiense. Photo © The Art Archive/Alamy
52 Roman vaginal speculum, Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Naples. Photo © akg-images/Mondadori Portfolio/Alfredo e Pio Foglia
53 House of the Griffins, first century BCE, Palatine, Rome. Photo © Photo Scala, Florence, courtesy of Ministero per i Beni e le Attività Culturali
54 Plan of ‘The House of the Tragic Poet’, Pompeii
55 Sculpture from Antikythera wreck, Greece, National Archaeological Museum, Athens. Photo by R. Cormack, reproduced courtesy of the museum
56 Grand Congloué, cargo of amphorae. Photo © 2010 MIT. Courtesy of MIT Museum
57 Fragment from the ‘Laudatio Turiae’, first century BCE, Museo Nazionale Romano, Terme di Diocleziano. Photo courtesy of Soprintendenza Speciale per i Beni Archeologici di Roma
58 Lead bullets from Perugia, first century BCE, Museo Archeologico Nazionale dell’Umbria. After L. Benedetti, Glandes Perusinae: revision e aggiornamenti (Quasar, 2012)
59 Triumphal scene from the Actium Monument, first century BCE, Nicopolis. After K. Zachos et al., Nikopolis: Revealing the city of Augustus’ Victory (FCMPA, 2008)
60 Tombstone of Marcus Billienus, first century BCE, Museo Civico di Vicenza, drawn J. Callan. After L. Keppie, The Making of the Roman Army (Routledge, 2002), p. 114
61 Left, ‘Via Labicana Augustus’, Museo Nazionale Romano, Palazzo Massimo alle Terme. Photo © DEA/A. Dagli Orti/De Agostini/Getty Images: Right, ‘Prima Porta Augustus’, Musei Vaticani. Photo © Erin Babnik/Alamy
62 The Mausoleum of Augustus, Rome. Photo by author
63 The Temple of Rome and Augustus, Ankara. Photo © Vanni Archive/Corbis
64 Reconstruction, the Forum of Augustus in Rome, G. Rehlender. Photo © Falkensteinfoto/Alamy
65 Detail of the processional frieze from the Ara Pacis, Rome. Photo © akg-images/Tristan Lafranchis
66 Family tree – a simplified version of the family and descendants of Augustus and Livia
67 Fourteen emperors: Tiberius (© De Agostini/G. Nimatallah/Getty Images); Gaius (© Prisma Archivo/Alamy); Claudius (© Marie-Lan Nguyen); Nero (© Alfredo Dagli Orti/The Art Archive/Corbis); Vespasian (© akg-images/Album/Prisma); Titus (© Anderson/Alinari via Getty Images); Domitian (© akg-images); Nerva (© DEA/G. Dagli Orti/De Agostini/Getty Images); Trajan (© akg-images/Erich Lessing); Hadrian (© Marie-Lan Nguyen); Antoninus Pius (© Bibi Saint-Pol); Marcus Aurelius (© DEA/G. Nimatallah/De Agostini/Getty Images); Lucius Verus (© The Art Archive/Alamy); Commodus (© Marie-Lan Nguyen)
68 Portrait of Gaius, Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen. Photo © Louis le Grand/Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek
69 Portrait of Claudius adapted from portrait of Gaius, Centrale Montemartini, Rome. Photo © Bill Storage/Musei Capitolini, Centrale Montemartini
70 Scene from Column of Marcus Aurelius, late second century CE. Photo © Piazza Colonna, Rome, Italy/Alinari/Bridgeman Images
71 Painting from Nero’s Golden House, Rome. Photo © Werner Forman/Universal Images Group/Getty Images
72 Ornamental pool (‘Canopus’) in Hadrian’s villa, Tivoli, 120s–30s CE. Photo © Riccardo Sala/Alamy
73 Head of Hadrian in gilded bronze, from Velleia, Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Parma. Photo © DEA/A. De Gregorio/De Agostini/Getty Images
74 Base of the Column of Antoninus Pius, showing apotheosis of Antoninus and Faustina, 160s CE, Musei Vaticani. Photo © Vatican Museums and Galleries, Vatican City/Bridgeman Images
75 Reconstruction of Pliny’s villa by Karl Friedrich Schinkel (1841). Photo © akg-images
76 The town of Timgad, Algeria. Photo by author
77 ‘Its all right Covdob’, cartoon by Simon James. Reproduced with permission of Simon James
78 Forum scene from the Praedia of Julia Felix, Antichità di Ercolano Vol. 3 (1762), Plate
79 Roman insula block under Capitoline, Rome. Photo by author
80 Tombstone of Q. Artulus, child miner, second century CE, Museo Arqueológico Nacional, Madrid. Photo © Sebastià Giralt/Courtesy Museo Arqueológico Nacional, Madrid
81 Tombstone of Caius Pupius Amicus, dyer, first century CE, Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Parma. Photo © Alinari Archives, Florence
82 Marble relief showing poultry seller’s stall, second century CE, Ostia, Museo Ostiense. Photo © Museo Ostiense, Ostia Antica, Rome, Italy/Roger-Viollet, Paris/Bridgeman Images
83 Tomb of Eurysaces, Rome, first century BCE. Photo © akg-images/Bildarchiv Monheim/Schütze/Rodemann
84 Roman bar, Pompeii. Photo © DeAgostini/Getty Images
85 Nineteenth-century copy of painting from the Bar of Salvius, Pompeii, from E. Presuhn, Pompeji (Weigel, 1882). Photo © akg-images/Florilegius
86 Gaming board from tomb outside Rome,? first century CE. Photo © The Trustees of the British Museum
87 Statue of the snake god Glycon, second century CE, Museum of National History and Archaeology, Constanta. Photo © akg-images/De Agostini Picture Lib./G. Dagli Orti
88 Bronze horse head found at Waldgirmes, Germany, first century CE. Photo © PA Images
89 Scene from Column of Trajan, completed 113 CE, Rome. Photo © DeAgostini/Getty Images
90 Hadrian’s Wall, near Hexham, Northumberland, England. Photo by author
91 Panel from Sebasteion, Aphrodisias, showing Augustus, ‘Victory’ and prisoners, first century CE, Aphrodisias Museum. Photo by author. Courtesy New York University Excavations at Aphrodisias
92 Restored inscription recording the dedication of a temple to Neptune and Minerva, first century CE, Chichester. Courtesy CSAD/RIB/The Haverfield Bequest
93 Portrait of Trajan in the guise of a pharaoh, Dendera, Egypt. Photo © De Agostini Picture Library/Getty Images
94 Façade of Temple of Sulis Minerva,? second century CE, Bath. Photo © World History Archive/Alamy
95 Indian ivory statuette from Pompeii. Photo courtesy Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Naples, 149425
96 The Pantheon, second century CE, Rome. Photo © akg-images/Andrea Jemolo
97 The site of Mons Claudianus, Egypt. Photo © rome101.com
98 Aerial view of Monte Testaccio, Rome. Photo © Sebastian Contreras Rodriguez
99 Tombstone of Regina, second century CE, Arbeia Roman Fort and Museum. Photo © Tyne & Wear Archives & Museums/Bridgeman Images
100 Arch of Titus, late first century CE, Rome. Photo © PhotoStock-Israel/Alamy
101 Statue of Boudicca, T. Thorneycroft, 1850s–1902 Victoria Embankment, London. Photo © Chris Lawrence/Alamy
102 Figure of Zoilos and reconstruction of the sculpture on Zoilos’ tomb. Drawing: C. H. Hallett. From R. R. R. Smith, The Monument of C. Julius Zoilos: Aphrodisias I (Mainz 1994), Fig. 5
103 The Arch of Constantine, 315 CE, Rome. Photo © Chris Selby/Alamy
While every effort has been made to contact copyright-holders of illustrations, the author and publishers would be grateful for information about any illustrations where they have been unable to trace them, and would be glad to make amendments in further editions.