A large selection of the documents referenced in this book are available at www.rumsfeld.com. Readers can both browse the endnotes by chapter and search a broader archive of related personal papers by keyword and subject.
Unless otherwise noted, primary documents are housed in Donald Rumsfeld’s personal collection, at the National Archives and Records Administration, at the U.S. Department of Defense, at the U.S. Department of State, or on deposit at the Library of Congress.
AUTHOR’S NOTE
1. Thomas Schelling, foreword, in Roberta Wohlstetter, Pearl Harbor: Warning and Decision (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1962), p. viii.
2. Carl von Clausewitz, On War, edited and translated by Michael Howard and Peter Paret (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984).
3. Plato, The Apology, Phaedo and Crito of Plato, translated by Benjamin Jowett (New York: P. F. Collier & Son, 1909), pp. 7–8.
PART ONE Lessons in Terror
1. “rumsfeld handshake proves popular,” Wall Street Journal, September 8, 2006.
2. Rumsfeld to Shultz, State Department cable, “Rumsfeld One-on-One Meeting with Iraqi Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister Tariq Aziz,” December 21, 1983.
3. Rumsfeld to Shultz, State Department cable, “Rumsfeld Mission: December 20 Meeting with Iraqi President Saddam Hussein,” December 21, 1983.
4. George P. Shultz, Turmoil and Triumph: My Years as Secretary of State (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1993), p. 238.
5. Rumsfeld to Shultz, State Department cable, “Rumsfeld Mission: December 20 Meeting with Iraqi President Saddam Hussein,” December 21, 1983.
6. Rumsfeld to Shultz, State Department cable, “Rumsfeld Mission: December 20 Meeting with Iraqi President Saddam Hussein,” December 21, 1983.
CHAPTER 1 Smiling Death
1. Nicholas Blanford, “The Lasting Impact of 1983 Beirut Attack,” Christian Science Monitor, October 23, 2008.
2. John Roberts, “Marine Barracks Bombing,” CNN Presents, CNN, August 13, 2006.
3. Ronald Reagan, An American Life: The Autobiography (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1990), p. 437.
4. John Roberts, “Marine Barracks Bombing,” CNN Presents, CNN, August 13, 2006.
5. Tom Clancy with General Carl Stiner (Ret.) and Tony Koltz, Shadow Warriors: Inside the Special Forces (New York: Berkley Publishing Group, 2002), pp. 254–55.
6. Ronald Reagan, remarks, “The Appointment of Donald Rumsfeld as Middle East Envoy,” November 3, 1983.
7. Rumsfeld to Shultz, “The Swamp,” November 23, 1983.
8. Ronald Reagan, remarks, “The Appointment of Donald Rumsfeld as Middle East Envoy,” November 3, 1983.
9. Ronald Reagan, radio address, “The Situation in Lebanon,” December 10, 1983.
10. Caspar Weinberger, Fighting for Peace: Seven Critical Years in the Pentagon (New York: Warner Books, Inc., 1991), pp. 167–68.
11. George H. W. Bush, All the Best, George Bush: My Life in Letters and Other Writings (New York: Scribner, 1999), pp. 330–31.
12. Rumsfeld to Shultz, State Department cable, “Rumsfeld Mission: December 20 Meeting with Iraqi President Saddam Hussein,” December 21, 1983.
CHAPTER 2 Into the Swamp
1. Rumsfeld to Shultz, “The Swamp,” November 23, 1983.
2. Rumsfeld to Shultz, “The Swamp,” November 23, 1983.
3. Rumsfeld to Shultz, “The Swamp,” November 23, 1983.
4. Rumsfeld to Shultz, “The Swamp,” November 23, 1983.
5. Tom Clancy with General Carl Stiner (Ret.) and Tony Koltz, Shadow Warriors: Inside the Special Forces (New York: Berkley Publishing Group, 2002), pp. 235–36.
6. U.S. Department of Defense, Report of the DoD Commission on Beirut International Airport Terrorist Act, October 23, 1983 (Long Commission Report), December 20, 1983.
7. Ronald Reagan, remarks and question-and-answer session with reporters, “On the Pentagon Report on the Security of United States Marines in Lebanon,” December 27, 1983.
8. Ronald Reagan, remarks and question-and-answer session with reporters, “On the Pentagon Report on the Security of United States Marines in Lebanon,” December 27, 1983.
9. John Roberts, “Marine Barracks Bombing,” CNN Presents, CNN, August 13, 2006.
10. Saul Friedman, “Reagan Pressured,” Knight-Ridder News Service, January 4, 1984.
11. Rumsfeld to Shultz, “The Swamp,” November 23, 1983.
12. Margaret Thatcher, The Downing Street Years (New York: HarperCollins, 1993), p. 327.
13. State Department cable, “Middle East Mission Meeting with Mrs. Thatcher,” January 20, 1984.
14. Rumsfeld, “Lebanese Strategy,” undated.
15. Ronald Reagan, radio address, “On the Budget deficit, Central America, and Lebanon,” February 4, 1984.
16. Rumsfeld to Shultz, State Department cable, “Next Steps in Lebanon,” January 31, 1984.
17. Lou Cannon, President Reagan: The Role of a Lifetime (New York: Public Affairs, 2000), pp. 399–400.
18. McFarlane to Rumsfeld, cable, “Implementation of NSDD-123,” February 4, 1984.
19. Rumsfeld to American Embassy Beirut, State Department cable, “Rumsfeld Report, 2/8/84,” February 10, 1984.
20. Ronald Reagan, “Statement on the Situation in Lebanon,” February 7, 1984.
21. George P. Shultz, Turmoil and Triumph: My Years as Secretary of State (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1993), p. 231.
22. Rick Hampson, “25 Years Later, Bombing in Beirut Still Resonates,” USA Today, October 15, 2008.
23. Osama bin Laden, transcript of Al Jazeera tape, Reuters, October 29, 2004; Mohamad Bazzi, “‘A Thousand New bin Ladens,’” Newsday, July 31, 2006.
24. Rumsfeld, remarks, “On the Awarding of the George Catlett Marshall Medal,” October 17, 1984.
25. George Shultz, address, “Terrorism and the Modern World,” New York, Park Avenue Synagogue, October 25, 1984.
PART TWO An American, Chicago Born
1. Saul Bellow, The Adventures of Augie March (New York: Knopf, 1995), p. 5.
2. KTU radio broadcast, Honolulu, Hawaii, NBC Radio Blue Network (Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress, December 7, 1941), disk 21920, cut A2.
3. Louis M. Lyons, “Kennedy Says Democracy All Done in Britain, Maybe Here; Pinch Coming in Loss of Trade,” Boston Sunday Globe, November 10, 1940.
4. NBC radio broadcast (Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress, December 7, 1941), box C48-E41-85, disc 21918B, box C48-E41-85, cut A1; News flashes with Baukhage (Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress, December 7, 1941), box E41, disc 21930, cut A3.
5. Franklin Delano Roosevelt, “Address to Congress Requesting a Declaration of War,” December 8, 1941.
CHAPTER 3 The Last of Spring
1. William Manchester, The Glory and the Dream: A Narrative History of America, 1932–1972 (New York: Bantam Books, 1975), p. 32.
2. Adam Cohen and Elizabeth Taylor, American Pharaoh: Mayor Richard J. Daley—His Battle for Chicago and the Nation (Boston: Little, Brown, 2000), p. 55.
3. Rumsfeld, “My Autobiography,” January 11, 1946.
4. Adam Cohen and Elizabeth Taylor, American Pharaoh: Mayor Richard J. Daley—His Battle for Chicago and the Nation (Boston: Little, Brown, 2000), p. 14.
5. Lincoln Steffens, The Autobiography of Lincoln Steffens (Berkeley: Heyday Books, 2005), p. 428.
6. Jeannette Rumsfeld, letter to George Rumsfeld, November 14, 1944.
7. George Rumsfeld, letter to Jeannette Rumsfeld, August 11, 1944.
8. Jeannette Rumsfeld, letter to George Rumsfeld, October 17, 1944.
9. Jeannette Rumsfeld, letter to George Rumsfeld, March 10, 1945.
10. Donald Rumsfeld, letter to George Rumsfeld, March 11, 1945.
11. George Rumsfeld, letter to Jeannette Rumsfeld, August 10, 1945.
12. Secretary of the Navy James Forrestal, letter to George Rumsfeld, October 31, 1945.
13. Rumsfeld, senior thesis, “The Steel Seizure Case of 1952 and Its Effects on Presidential Powers,” Princeton University, April 26, 1954.
14. Adlai E. Stevenson, address at the Senior Class Banquet, Princeton Class of 1954, March 22, 1954.
CHAPTER 4 The Longest of Long Shots
1. Donald Rumsfeld, letter to Jeannette Rumsfeld, March 16, 1962.
2. Editorial, “Rumsfeld for Congress,” Chicago Sun-Times, January 27, 1962.
3. Campaign advertisement, “Marion E. Burks for Congress,” Evanston Review, April 5, 1962.
4. Richard T. Stout, “GOP’s New Star—Donald Rumsfeld: Recent Political Unknown in Sweeping Win Over Burks,” Chicago Daily News, April 11, 1962.
5. Robert L. Peabody, The Ford-Halleck Minority Leadership Contest, 1965 (Rutgers: 1966), pp. 3–4.
PART THREE The U.S. Congress: From Camelot to Quagmire
1. Rumsfeld, “Draft of Comments on the briefing at The White House on Friday, February 25, 1966,” February 25, 1966.
2. Congressman John Anderson, “Impressions of briefing held at The White House on February 25, 1966,” March 10, 1966.
3. Rumsfeld, “Draft of Comments on the briefing at The White House on Friday, February 25, 1966,” February 25, 1966.
4. Rumsfeld, “Draft of Comments on the briefing at The White House on Friday, February 25, 1966,” February 25, 1966.
5. Rumsfeld, “Draft of Comments on the briefing at The White House on Friday, February 25, 1966,” February 25, 1966.
6. Rumsfeld, “Draft of Comments on the briefing at The White House on Friday, February 25, 1966,” February 25, 1966.
7. Rumsfeld voting record, “Southeast Asia—H. J. Res. 1145, 88th Cong., 2d sess.,” August 7, 1964.
8. Rumsfeld, “Draft of Comments on the briefing at The White House on Friday, February 25, 1966,” February 25, 1966.
CHAPTER 5 “Here, Sir, the People Govern”
1. John F. Kennedy, “Special Message to the Congress on Urgent National Needs,” May 25, 1961.
2. Rumsfeld, “Space and the Cold War,” Washington Report, American Security Council, November 18, 1963.
3. “Wernher von Braun: Rocket Man for War and Peace, Part 1,” In Focus, DW-TV Europa, October 4, 2007.
4. “Wernher von Braun: Rocket Man for War and Peace, Part 1,” In Focus, DW-TV Europa, October 4, 2007.
5. Rumsfeld, letter to Lowenstein, December 20, 1965.
6. Lowenstein, letter to Rumsfeld, March 10, 1962.
7. “Top Nixon Aide Voices ‘Respect’ for Lowenstein,” Long Island Press, October 14, 1970.
8. “Key Nixon Adviser Defends Lowenstein,” Long Island Press, October 14, 1970.
9. Lady Bird Johnson, A White House Diary (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1970), p. 734.
10. “Consent by Injunction,” Chicago Tribune, February 20, 1964; “Lopsided Law,” Chicago Tribune, February 27, 1964.
11. “Lopsided Law,” Chicago Tribune, February 27, 1964.
12. “Civil Rights,” Congressman Donald Rumsfeld Reports, vol. 1, no. 4., November 22, 1963.
13. Rumsfeld voting record, “Civil Rights—HR 7152, 88th Cong., 2d sess.”, February 10, 1964.
14. Rowland Evans and Robert Novak, “James Farmer’s GOP Candidacy Born at Kenyon College Conference,” Washington Post, July 22, 1968.
15. William McGaffin, “How Rumsfeld Aided Candidate,” Chicago Daily News, May 23, 1968; “Farmer Tells Why GOP Endorsed Him,” New York Post, May 20, 1968.
16. “Caucuses Begin Today for Hill Leadership,” Washington Post, January 2, 1969.
17. Richard Nixon, RN: The Memoirs of Richard Nixon (New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1978), p. 245.
18. Nixon, letter to Rumsfeld, November 16, 1962.
19. Robert F. Kennedy, Jr., afterword, in Barry M. Goldwater, The Conscience of a Conservative (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2007), p.123.
20. “Running Mate,” Time, July 24, 1964.
21. John Chamberlain, “A Vote for Goldwater,” Washington Post, October 30, 1964.
22. Barry M. Goldwater, speech, acceptance of Republican presidential nomination, twenty-eighth Republican National Convention, July 16, 1964.
23. Barry M. Goldwater, speech, acceptance of Republican presidential nomination, twenty-eighth Republican National Convention, July 16, 1964.
24. “The Record Rep. Rumsfeld Made for You,” Committee to Elect Lynn A. Williams to the U.S. Congress, undated.
CHAPTER 6 Young Turks
1. Rumsfeld, “The Ford-Halleck Race 1964-1965,” June 7, 2000.
2. Rowland Evans and Robert Novak, “House GOP to Hold Non-Halleck Caucus,” Chicago Sun-Times, December 1, 1964.
3. William McGaffin, “House GOP ‘Young Turks’ Study Gains,” Chicago Daily News, December 17, 1964.
4. Rowland Evans and Robert Novak, “House GOP to Hold Non-Halleck Caucus,” Chicago Sun-Times, December 1, 1964.
5. “Challenge to Charlie,” Time, December 25, 1964.
6. “These Are My Guys,” Time, November 17, 1975.
7. Rumsfeld, “Republican Congressmen—1965—89th Congress,” tally sheet for Ford-Halleck Race, January 1965.
8. Rumsfeld, “The Ford-Halleck Race 1964–1965,” June 7, 2000.
9. Yanek Mieczkowski, Gerald Ford and the Challenges of the 1970s (Lexington, KY: The University Press of Kentucky, 2005), pp. 10–11; Gerald R. Ford, A Time to Heal: The Autobiography of Gerald R. Ford (New York: Harper & Row, 1979), p. 77.
10. Michael Beschloss, ed., Reaching for Glory: Lyndon Johnson’s Secret White House Tapes, 1964–1965 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001), p. 164.
11. Michael Beschloss, ed., Reaching for Glory: Lyndon Johnson’s Secret White House Tapes, 1964–1965 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001), p.164.
12. Rumsfeld voting record, “Vietnam Appropriation, H. J. Res 447,” May 5, 1965.
13. “The Second Session of the 89th Congress Is Well Underway,” Congressman Donald Rumsfeld Reports, vol. 2, no. 5, March 1966.
14. “Undercurrent of Doubt in Tonkin Gulf Affair,” Republican National Committee Radio News, June 12, 1966.
15. Rumsfeld, draft, “Remarks on the U.S. Problem in South Viet Nam,” April 11, 1966.
16. Rumsfeld and Callaway, interviewed by Lisagor and Nicodemus, May 31, 1966, rough transcript.
17. “The Situation in South Vietnam,” Congressman Donald Rumsfeld Reports, vol. 3, no. 5, May 1968.
18. “The Situation in South Vietnam,” Congressman Donald Rumsfeld Reports, vol. 3, no. 5, May 1968.
19. Rumsfeld voting record, “Defense Authorization, FY 1966 — HR 12889,” March 1, 1966.
20. Roy P. Basler, ed., The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, vol. 3 (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1953), p. 16.
21. House Concurrent Resolution 508, 90th Cong., 1st sess., September 25, 1967.
22. Rumsfeld, “Statement Before the Joint Committee on the Organization of the Congress,” June 2, 1965.
23. “U.S. Conduct of War Ripped by Rumsfeld,” Chicago Tribune, April 13, 1966.
24. “U.S. Conduct of War Ripped by Rumsfeld,” Chicago Tribune, April 13, 1966.
25. “Selective Service,” Congressman Donald Rumsfeld Reports, vol. 3, no. 1, April 10, 1967.
26. “Selective Service,” Congressman Donald Rumsfeld Reports, vol. 3, no. 1, April 10, 1967.
27. Rumsfeld, statement prepared for presentation to the House Committee on Armed Services, quoting Harold Wool, Director of the Office of Procurement Policy and General Research (Manpower), May 2, 1967.
28. “Selective Service Act,” Congressman Donald Rumsfeld Reports, vol. 3, no. 2,September 1967.
29. Lyndon B. Johnson, “Address to the Nation Announcing Steps to Limit the War in Vietnam and Reporting His Decision Not to Seek Reelection,” March 31, 1968.
PART FOUR In Nixon’s Arena
1. Rumsfeld, “Memorandum—Rumsfeld Personal File,” August 1974.
CHAPTER 7 1968: Year of Turmoil
1. Rumsfeld, “confidential Memo—1968 Nixon Meeting to Discuss Vice Presidential Nomination,” August 8, 1968.
2. Rumsfeld, “confidential Memo—1968 Nixon Meeting to Discuss Vice Presidential Nomination,” August 8, 1968.
3. Rumsfeld, “confidential Memo—1968 Nixon Meeting to Discuss Vice Presidential Nomination,” August 8, 1968; Rumsfeld, interviewed by Deborah Hart Strober and Gerald Strober, February 18, 1994, transcript.
4. Rumsfeld, “confidential Memo—1968 Nixon Meeting to Discuss Vice Presidential Nomination,” August 8, 1968.
5. Rumsfeld, “confidential Memo—1968 Nixon Meeting to Discuss Vice Presidential Nomination,” August 8, 1968.
6. Rumsfeld, “confidential Memo—1968 Nixon Meeting to Discuss Vice Presidential Nomination,” August 8, 1968.
7. “Now the Republic,” Time, August 16, 1968.
8. “Nixon Picks Agnew as Running Mate,” Chicago Tribune, August 9, 1968.
9. Rumsfeld, statement, “Concerning Activity in the City of Chicago, Illinois, During the Democratic National Convention,” October 1, 1968.
10. Jeffrey Kimball, Nixon’s Vietnam War (Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 1998), p. 32.
11. Rumsfeld, [No Subject], October 15, 1968.
12. Rumsfeld, [No Subject], October 15, 1968.
CHAPTER 8 The Job That Couldn’t Be Done
1. Richard Nixon, speech, acceptance of Republican presidential nomination, twenty-ninth Republican National Convention, August 8, 1968.
2. Rumsfeld voting record, “Anti-Poverty Economic Opportunity Act—HR 11377,” 88th Cong., 2d sess., August 8, 1964.
3. Rumsfeld, [No Subject], April 4, 1969.
4. William H. Rehnquist, “Re: Appointment of Congressman to the Office of Director of the Office of Economic Opportunity,” April 14, 1969.
5. Jack Anderson, “Anti-Poverty Czar Embellishes Office,” Washington Post, September 22, 1969.
6. Jack Anderson, “Anti-Poverty Czar Embellishes Office,” Washington Post, September 22, 1969.
7. Rumsfeld, “The Washington Merry-Go-Round Column by Jack Anderson titled: ‘Anti-Poverty Czar Embellishes Office’ (The Washington Post—Monday, September 22, 1969),” undated.
8. “Scoops On Target and Off,” Time, April 3, 1972; “The Case of the O.E.O. Office,” New York Times, August 13, 1972.
9. Milton and Rose D. Friedman, Two Lucky People: Memoirs (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1998), pp. 344–45.
10. Eric Wentworth, “OEO Plans Test of Education Vouchers,” Washington Post, December 26, 1970.
11. Terry Lenzner, as quoted in Rowan Scarborough, Rumsfeld’s War: The Untold Story of America’s Anti-Terrorist Commander (Washington, D.C.: Regnery Publishing, 2004), p. 73.
12. Rumsfeld, letter to Hoover, November 11, 1969.
CHAPTER 9 Counsellor
1. Rebecca Roberts, “Kent State Shooting Divided Campus and Country,” Talk of the Nation, WKSU/National Public Radio, Kent, OH: May 3, 2010.
2. Donald Murdoch to Rumsfeld, “Jackson Visit,” May 18, 1970.
3. Charles W. Colson, Born Again (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers, 1995), p. 77.
4. H. R. Haldeman to Bob Ehrlichman, Bob Finch, Bryce Harlow, Donald Rumsfeld, and George Shultz, [No Subject], June 15, 1970.
5. Stephen E. Ambrose, “Comparing and Contrasting Ike and Dick,” in Richard M. Nixon: Politician, President, Administrator, edited by Leon Friedman and William F. Levantrosser (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1991), p. 15.
6. Rumsfeld to Nixon, “The Administration and Minorities,” March 18, 1971.
7. Rumsfeld, “Cabinet Meeting, July 10, 1970,” July 10, 1970; Kissinger, handwritten note, July 10, 1970.
8. Rumsfeld, [No Subject], January 15, 1971.
9. Nixon and Rumsfeld, taped conversation, July 22, 1971.
10. Rumsfeld, “Key Biscayne Meeting,” November 7, 1970.
11. Rumsfeld voting record, “Dept. of Housing & Urban Development, Establish—HR 6927,” Roll Call #142, 89th Cong., 1st sess., June 16, 1965.
12. James Reston, Jr., The Lone Star: The Life of John Connally (New York: Harper & Row, Publishers, 1989), pp. 396–97.
13. Richard Nixon, Executive Order 11615: “Providing for Stabilization of Prices, Rents, Wages, and Salaries,” August 15, 1971.
14. Rumsfeld, interviewed by Deborah Hart Strober and Gerald Strober, February 18, 1994, transcript.
15. John Cassidy, “The Hayek Century,” Hoover Digest, no. 3, 2000.
16. Rumsfeld, interviewed by Deborah Hart Strober and Gerald Strober, February 18, 1994, transcript.
17. Rumsfeld, interviewed by Deborah Hart Strober and Gerald Strober, February 18, 1994, transcript.
18. Rumsfeld, interviewed by Deborah Hart Strober and Gerald Strober, February 18, 1994, transcript.
19. Rumsfeld to Haldeman, “Response to your Memo of June 12th on the President and the Campaign,” June 16, 1972 (Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum).
20. Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein, “GOP Security Aide Among Five Arrested in Bugging Affair,” Washington Post, June 19, 1972.
21. Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein, “GOP Security Aide Among Five Arrested in Bugging Affair,” Washington Post, June 19, 1972.
22. Jonathan Aitken, Charles W. Colson: A Life Redeemed (New York: Doubleday, 2005), p. 167.
23. Rumsfeld, “Watergate,” August 9, 1973.
24. Rumsfeld, “Cabinet Meeting,” November 8, 1972.
25. Rumsfeld, “Cabinet Meeting,” November 8, 1972.
26. Rumsfeld, “Cabinet Meeting,” November 8, 1972.
27. Charles W. Colson, Born Again (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers, 1995), p. 8.
28. White House memo, “Post-Election Activities,” November 8, 1972.
29. Richard Reeves, President Nixon: Alone in the White House (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001), p. 550.
30. Rumsfeld, “At Camp David,” November 20, 1972.
31. Nixon and Rumsfeld, taped conversation, July 22, 1971.
32. David S. Broder, “Rumsfeld Says New Job Rounds Out Education,” Washington Post, December 5, 1972.
CHAPTER 10 NATO and Nixon’s Fall
1. Rumsfeld, draft, “Talking Points on Use of Government Vehicles,” undated.
2. Laurence Stern and Haynes Johnson, “3 Top Nixon Aides, Kleindienst Out,” Washington Post, June 1, 1973.
3. Hearing of the House Committee on Foreign Affairs and Subcommittee on Europe, “Proposals to Reduce American Troop Level in Europe,” statement of Donald Rumsfeld, Washington, D.C., July 12, 1973.
4. Rumsfeld, “Notes for Rumsfeld File,” October 1973.
5. Rumsfeld, interviewed by Deborah Hart Strober and Gerald Strober, February 18, 1994, transcript.
6. Charles W. Colson, Born Again (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers, 1995), p. 77.
7. Rumsfeld, “Memorandum of Telephone Conversation from Gen. Al Haig,” July 22, 1974.
8. Rumsfeld, “Memorandum of Telephone Conversation from Gen. Al Haig,” July 22, 1974.
9. Rumsfeld, “Meeting with SYG Luns,” July 16, 1974.
10. Richard Nixon, RN: The Memoirs of Richard Nixon (New York: Grosset & Dunlap), p. 1042.
11. Rumsfeld, “Phone Conversation with President Richard Nixon on 8/12/83,” August 12, 1983.
12. Martin Weil and Eleanor Randolph, “Richard M. Nixon, 37th President, Dies,” Washington Post, April 23, 1994.
13. Martin Weil and Eleanor Randolph, “Richard M. Nixon, 37th President, Dies,” Washington Post, April 23, 1994.
14. Rumsfeld, [No Subject], May 13, 1994.
PART FIVE Javelin Catcher: Inside the Ford White House
1. Gerald R. Ford, A Time to Heal: The Autobiography of Gerald R. Ford (New York: Harper & Row, 1979), pp. 59–60.
2. Gerald R. Ford, A Time to Heal: The Autobiography of Gerald R. Ford (New York: Harper & Row, 1979), p. 60.
CHAPTER 11 Restoring Trust
1. Scranton and Whitehead, letter to Rumsfeld, August 9, 1974; Rumsfeld, “Memorandum—Rumsfeld Personal File,” August 1974; Jerry terHorst, news conference at the White House, August 10, 1974 (Press briefing, 8/10/74, Box 1, Ron Nessen Files, Gerald R. Ford Library).
2. Gerald R. Ford, A Time to Heal: The Autobiography of Gerald R. Ford (New York: Harper & Row, 1979), p. 126.
3. Rumsfeld, “Meeting in the Cabinet Room,” August 9, 1974.
4. Marjorie Hunter, “Kissinger Will Remain Secretary of State; Ford Likely to Keep Other Aides Also,” New York Times, August 9, 1974.
5. Rumsfeld, “Meeting in the Cabinet Room,” August 9, 1974.
6. Rumsfeld, [No Subject], October 2, 1974.
7. Philip Shabecoff, “Ford Bids Cabinet and Agency Heads Remain in Posts,” New York Times, August 11, 1974; Rumsfeld to Ford, “A Vice President,” August 13, 1974.
8. “The Veepstakes,” Newsweek, August 26, 1974.
9. John Herbers, “Optimism Voiced,” New York Times, August 21, 1974.
10. “The Veepstakes,” Newsweek, August 26, 1974.
11. Rumsfeld, “Memorandum of Meeting with the President, Oval Office,” August 15, 1974.
12. Rumsfeld, “Meeting with the President,” August 20, 1974, 10:00 a.m.
13. John Herbers, “Optimism Voiced,” New York Times, August 21, 1974.
14. Rumsfeld, “Meeting with the President,” August 20, 1974, [time unknown].
15. John Herbers, “Optimism Voiced,” New York Times, August 21, 1974.
16. Christopher Lydon, “G.O.P. Still Faces the Realities of Decay and Minority Status,” New York Times, September 1, 1974.
17. John Herbers, “Optimism Voiced,” New York Times, August 21, 1974.
18. Rumsfeld, “Cabinet Meeting: Ford Administration,” August 10, 1974.
19. Transition Team memo, “Personnel,” hand-delivered by Rumsfeld to Ford on August 20, 1974; Lady Bird Johnson, A White House Diary (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1970), pp. 733–34.
20. “‘The Sun Is Shining Again,’” Newsweek, August 26, 1974.
21. Rumsfeld, “Cabinet Meeting: Ford Administration,” August 10, 1974.
22. Gerald R. Ford, “Remarks on Signing a Proclamation Granting Pardon to Richard Nixon,” September 8, 1974.
23. Gerald R. Ford, A Time to Heal: The Autobiography of Gerald R. Ford (New York: Harper & Row, 1979), pp. 196–99.
24. Adam Clymer, “Ford Wins Kennedy Award for ‘Courage’ of Nixon Pardon,” New York Times, May 22, 2001; Bill Boyarsky, “Kennedy Says He Doubts Public Will Stand for Pardon,” Los Angeles Times, September 14, 1974.
25. Donald Rumsfeld, letter to George Rumsfeld, October 15, 1954.
26. Rumsfeld, “Memorandum of Telephone Conversation from the President,” September 19, 1974.
27. Gerald R. Ford, A Time to Heal: The Autobiography of Gerald R. Ford (New York: Harper & Row, 1979), p. 186.
28. Rumsfeld, “Memorandum of Conversation with President,” September 22, 1974.
CHAPTER 12 A Rocky Start
1. Rumsfeld to Buchen, [No Subject], September 29, 1974.
2. Rumsfeld, “Safe in Haig’s Office,” September 29, 1974; Cheney, “Safe with Attached Receipt,” September 29, 1974.
3. Gannon, letter to Rumsfeld, October 31, 1974.
4. Rumsfeld, “Memorandum for the File,” October 5, 1974.
5. Rumsfeld, “Meeting with the President,” October 3, 1974.
6. Rumsfeld, “Memorandum for the File,” October 5, 1974; Rumsfeld, “Phone call from Ron Ziegler, 8:20 AM (5:20 AM in California),” October 5, 1974.
7. Rumsfeld to Cheney, [No Subject], October 13, 1974.
8. Rumsfeld, “Memo: Meeting with the President,” October 11, 1974.
9. Rumsfeld, “Meeting with the President,” October 17, 1974.
10. Gerald R. Ford, A Time to Heal: The Autobiography of Gerald R. Ford (New York: Harper & Row, 1979), p. 187.
11. Gerald R. Ford, A Time to Heal: The Autobiography of Gerald R. Ford (New York: Harper & Row, 1979), p. 187.
12. Rumsfeld, “Meeting with the President,” November 13, 1974.
13. Rumsfeld, “Meeting with the President (10/18/74) from 1:10–1:14,” October 18, 1974; Rumsfeld, “Meeting with the President,” October 23, 1974.
14. Jesse Helms and Strom Thurmond, letter to Ford, June 23, 1975.
15. Rowland Evans and Robert Novak, “Solzhenitsyn, Kissinger and Détente,” Washington Post, July 20, 1975.
16. Rumsfeld, “Meeting with the President,” July 9, 1975, 11:32; Rumsfeld, “Meeting with the President,” July 9, 1975, 17:28; Cheney to Rumsfeld, “Solzhenitsyn,” July 8, 1975.
17. Rowland Evans and Robert Novak, “Snubbing Solzhenitsyn,” Washington Post, July 17, 1975.
18. Rumsfeld, “Memorandum of Telephone Conversation from the President,” September 19, 1974.
19. Rumsfeld, “Meeting with the President: Oval Office,” October 8, 1974.
20. Rumsfeld, “Meeting with the President: Oval Office,” October 8, 1974; Rumsfeld, “Meeting with the President,” December 2, 1974.
21. Rumsfeld, “Meeting with the President: Oval Office,” October 8, 1974.
22. Rumsfeld, handwritten note, September 16, 1975; Jude Wanniski, “Taxes, Revenues, and the ‘Laffer Curve,’” Public Interest (Winter 1978).
23. Rumsfeld, “Meeting with the President: Pearl Harbor Day,” December 7, 1974.
24. Rumsfeld, “Meeting with the President,” December 19, 1974.
25. Rumsfeld, “Meeting with the President,” October 1, 1974.
26. Rumsfeld, “Meeting with the President,” December 21, 1974.
27. Rumsfeld, “Meeting with the President,” December 21, 1974.
28. Rumsfeld, “Meeting with the President,” January 3, 1975.
29. Joseph E. Persico, The Imperial Rockefeller: A Biography of Nelson A. Rockefeller (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1982), p. 261.
30. Sam Roberts, “Serving as Ford’s No. 2, Rockefeller Never Took His Eye Off Top Job,” New York Times, December 31, 2006.
31. David Burnham, “Rockefeller Plan Splits Ford Aides,” New York Times, September 5, 1975; Rumsfeld, “Continuation: Meeting with the President,” August 27, 1975.
32. Rumsfeld, interviewed by Cary Reich, February 24, 1992, transcript.
33. David Burnham, “Greenspan Asserts Energy Loan Plan Could Have Potential for Corruption,” New York Times, September 6, 1975.
34. Gerald R. Ford, A Time to Heal: The Autobiography of Gerald R. Ford (New York: Harper & Row, 1979), p. 327.
35. Frank Van Riper, “Ford to City: Drop Dead,” Daily News, October 30, 1975.
36. Rumsfeld, “Meeting with the President,” October 24, 1975.
37. Hobart Rowen, “Energy Plan is Victory for Rockefeller,” Washington Post, September 24, 1975; Joseph Lelyveld, “Rockefeller Making an Impact on Policy,” New York Times, September 27, 1975.
38. “Th inking Big,” Wall Street Journal, September 25, 1975; Nicholas von Hoffman, “Ford Puts Strain on Marketplace,” Chicago Tribune, September 27, 1975.
39. Mary Russell, “House Rejects Fuel Plan,” Washington Post, December 12, 1975.
40. Sidney Blumenthal, “The Imperial Vice Presidency,” Salon.com, June 28, 2007.
41. Don Oberdorfer, “He Wants to Be Speaker of the House,” New York Times, April 30, 1967.
42. White House memorandum, “Meetings at Camp David,” December 4, 1974.
43. “Chevy Chase recalls Ford as a ‘terrific guy,’” Reuters, December 27, 2006.
44. Betty Ford, “Remarks to the American Cancer Society,” New York City, November 7, 1975; Betty Ford with Chris Chase, Betty: A Glad Awakening (New York: Doubleday, 1987).
45. “Vice President Ford: ‘Why I Will Not Run in ’76,’” U.S. News & World Report, December 17, 1973.
46. Gerald R. Ford, “Recollections of President Gerald R. Ford,” September 5, 1975, transcribed by Leona M. Goodell.
47. Special Agent Larry M. Buendorf, United States Secret Service, statement, Senator Hotel, Sacramento, California, September 5, 1975; Tom Matthews, Th omas M. DeFrank, Gerald C. Lubenow, William J. Cook, and Hal Bruno, “Ford’s Brush with Death,” Newsweek, September 15, 1975.
48. Rumsfeld, interviewed by Don Fulsome, Air Force One, September 22, 1975, transcript.
49. David M. Alpen with Peter S. Greenberg, Thomas DeFrank, and Tom Joyce, “Can the Risk Be Cut,” Newsweek, October 6, 1975; Philip Shabecoff, New York Times, September 22, 1975.
50. Gerald R. Ford, A Time to Heal: The Autobiography of Gerald R. Ford (New York: Harper & Row, 1979), p. 312.
51. Eileen Keerdoja, “Squeaky and Sara Jane,” Newsweek, November 8, 1976.
52. Gerald R. Ford, A Time to Heal: The Autobiography of Gerald R. Ford (New York: Harper & Row, 1979), p. 312.
53. Gerald R. Ford, “Remarks of the President Upon His Arrival at the White House,” September 22, 1975.
54. Rumsfeld, “Meeting with the President,” September 24, 1975.
55. Tom Mathews, Thomas M. DeFrank, John J. Lindsay, and Tony Fuller, “How Sick Is the GOP?” Newsweek, August 23, 1976.
CHAPTER 13 An Agonizing Reappraisal
1. Rumsfeld, “Meeting with the President,” October 22, 1975.
2. Rumsfeld, “Meeting with the President,” October 22, 1975.
3. Rumsfeld, “Meeting with the President,” October 23, 1975.
4. Rumsfeld, “Meeting with the President,” October 23, 1975.
5. Rumsfeld, “Meeting with the President,” October 24, 1975, 16:20.
6. Rumsfeld, “Meeting with the President,” October 24, 1975, 21:32.
7. Rumsfeld and Cheney to Ford, October 24,1975.
8. Rumsfeld, “Meeting with the President,” October 25, 1975.
9. Gerald R. Ford, A Time to Heal: The Autobiography of Gerald R. Ford (New York: Harper & Row, 1979), p. 326; Henry Kissinger, Years of Renewal (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1999), pp. 836–37.
10. Gerald R. Ford, A Time to Heal: The Autobiography of Gerald R. Ford (New York: Harper & Row, 1979), pp. 326–27.
11. Rumsfeld, “Meeting with the President,” October 27, 1975.
12. Rumsfeld, “Continuation of Meeting with the President,” October 28, 1975.
13. Congressional Record, vol. 109, pt. 15, October 21, 1963, pp. 19971–19974.
14. Rumsfeld, “Meeting with the President,” November 1, 1975.
15. George H. W. Bush with Victor Gold, Looking Forward: An Autobiography (New York: Doubleday, 1987), p. 158; Herbert S. Parmet, George Bush: The Life of a Lone Star Yankee (Brunswick, NJ: Iransaction Publishers, 2001), p. 188.
16. Rumsfeld to Ford, “CIA Director,” undated.
17. Howard J. Osborn to Executive Secretary and CIA Management Committee, “Family Jewels,” May 16, 1973 (Central Intelligence Agency).
18. Gerald R. Ford, A Time to Heal: The Autobiography of Gerald R. Ford (New York: Harper & Row, 1979), p. 325.
19. Barbara Bush, Barbara Bush: A Memoir (New York: Scribner, 1994), p. 134.
20. Herbert S. Parmet, George Bush: The Life of a Lone Star Yankee (Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2001), p. 189.
21. Gerald R. Ford, A Time to Heal: The Autobiography of Gerald R. Ford (New York: Harper & Row, 1979), pp. 337–38.
22. “Rumsfeld for Defense,” Wall Street Journal, March 10, 1989.
23. Rumsfeld, letter to Ford with attachments, March 28, 1989.
24. Ford, letter to Rumsfeld, April 3, 1989.
25. Lou Cannon, “Rumsfeld: Silent Architect, Chief of Staff Seen as Force Behind Shake-Up,” Washington Post, November 4, 1975.
26. Nelson A. Rockefeller, interviewed by Hugh Morrow, November 22, 1977, transcript, p. 27 (Rockefeller Archive Center).
27. Gerald R. Ford, A Time to Heal: The Autobiography of Gerald R. Ford (New York: Harper & Row, 1979), p. 327.
28. Gerald R. Ford, A Time to Heal: The Autobiography of Gerald R. Ford (New York: Harper & Row, 1979), p. 345.
PART SIX Fighting the Cold War
1. Rumsfeld, “Eulogy for President Ford,” Grand Rapids, MI, January 3, 2007.
CHAPTER 14 Unfinished Business
1. Douglas Brinkley, “Of Ladders and Letters,” Time, April 24, 2000.
2. Rumsfeld, “Memorandum: Meeting with the President,” April 29, 1975, 15:42.
3. Ron Nessen, It Sure Looks Different from the Inside (Chicago, IL: Playboy Press, 1978), p. 110.
4. Rumsfeld, “Meeting with the President,” April 29, 1975, 17:10.
5. Kissinger, news conference, April 29, 1975 (The Department of State Bulletin, vol. LXXII, no. 1873, May 19, 1975).
6. Rumsfeld, “Meeting with the President,” April 30, 1975, 8:31 a.m.
7. Ron Nessen, It Sure Looks Different from the Inside (Chicago: Playboy Press, 1978), p. 113.
8. Rumsfeld, “Meeting with the President,” April 30, 1975, 10:00 a.m.
9. General Fred C. Weyand, “Report to the President of the United States on the Situation in South Vietnam,” and cover memo, April 4, 1975. (Gerald R. Ford Library, National Security Adviser, Presidential Country Files for East Asia and the Pacific, Box 19, Folder: “Vietnam [13]”).
10. Rumsfeld, “Meeting with the President: National Security Council Meeting in the Cabinet Room,” May 12, 1975.
11. Comptroller General of the United States, “The Seizure of the Mayaguez—A Case Study of Crisis Management” (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1976), p. 63.
12. Rumsfeld to Ford, “Cambodia,” May 14, 1975.
13. Rumsfeld, “Meeting with the President,” May 14, 1975; Rumsfeld to Ford, “Cambodia,” May 14, 1975.
14. Rumsfeld, “Meeting with the President: National Security Council Meeting on Cambodia,” May 14, 1975.
15. Richard J. Levine, “Success of Mayaguez Recovery Bolsters Ford’s Political Stock, Military Morale,” Wall Street Journal, May 16, 1975.
CHAPTER 15 Turning On the Lights
1. Rowan Scarborough, Rumsfeld’s War: The Untold Story of America’s Anti-Terrorist Commander (Washington, D.C.: Regnery Publishing, 2004), p. 81.
2. David Binder, “Senate Votes to Cut Off Covert Aid for Angolans; Ford Predicts a ‘Tragedy,’” New York Times, December 20, 1975.
3. Rumsfeld, “Meeting with the President,” February 27, 1976.
4. Leonid Brezhnev, “The 25th Party Congress,” Survival, vol. 18, no. 3 (May/June 1976), pp. 123–26.
5. Arnaud De Borchgrave, “‘Sleepers’ in NATO,” Newsweek, March 8, 1976.
6. Arnaud De Borchgrave, “‘Sleepers’ in NATO,” Newsweek, March 8, 1976.
7. “Excerpts from Brezhnev’s Appeal for World Red Meeting,” New York Times, November 7, 1964.
8. Pulitzer Prize Board, “Statement on Walter Duranty’s 1932 Prize,” November 21, 2003; Arnold Beichman, “Pulitzer-Winning Lies,” Weekly Standard, June 12, 2003.
9. Hearing of the Senate Armed Services Committee, “Nomination of Donald Rumsfeld to be Secretary of Defense,” Washington, D.C., November 12–13, 1975.
10. Daniel Lewis, “Philip Berrigan, Former Priest and Peace Advocate in the Vietnam War Era, Dies at 79,” New York Times, December 8, 2002.
11. “6 Jailed for Demonstration Against Nuclear Weapons,” New York Times, January 8, 1977.
12. “Three Arrested for Digging Up Rumsfeld Lawn,” Washington Post, August 29, 1976.
13. Rumsfeld, “Memo,” November 29, 1995.
14. John W. Finney, “Rumsfeld Fights Lynn on Arms Budget Cuts,” New York Times, December 6, 1975.
15. Rumsfeld to Secretaries of the Military Departments et al., “NATO Weapon Systems Standardization,” January 28, 1976.
16. Rowland Evans and Robert Novak, “Tank Trouble,” Washington Post, August 6, 1976.
17. Rumsfeld, “Statement by Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld,” September 21, 1976.
18. Melvin Price, letter to Rumsfeld, July 30, 1976; Melvin Price, letter to Rumsfeld, August 5, 1976; Rumsfeld, letter to Melvin Price, August 6, 1976.
CHAPTER 16 Hold the SALT: Tension over Détente
1. “Ford’s Costly Purge,” Time, November 17, 1975.
2. Kissinger and James (Scotty) Reston, phone conversation, November 3, 1975, transcript.
3. Kissinger and Secretary William Simon, phone conversation, November 3, 1975, transcript.
4. Kissinger and Secretary William Simon, phone conversation, November 3, 1975, transcript.
5. “Total NODIS Cables Processed by the Cable Branch,” December 1976.
6. John W. Finney, “Rumsfeld Fights Lynn on Arms Budget Cuts,” New York Times, December 6, 1975.
7. John W. Finney, “Rumsfeld Calls for More Funds, Citing Increasing Soviet Power,” New York Times, January 28, 1976.
8. Marshall to Rumsfeld, “Key Military Balances,” December 6, 1975.
9. Rumsfeld, U.S. Defense Perspectives: Fiscal Year 1977, July 1976.
10. Rumsfeld, U.S. Defense Perspectives: Fiscal Year 1978, January 1977; Rumsfeld, interviewed by Dr. Alfred Goldberg and Dr. Roger Trask, OSD Historical Office, August 2, 1994, transcript, pp. 3–5.
11. Rumsfeld, interviewed by Dr. Alfred Goldberg and Dr. Roger Trask, OSD Historical Office, July 12, 1994, transcript, pp. 20–21.
12. Rumsfeld, interviewed by Dr. Alfred Goldberg and Dr. Roger Trask, OSD Historical Office, August 2, 1994, transcript, pp. 3–4; “Hughes/Currie briefing Attendance Summary (Presentations to Members of the 94th Congress),” undated.
13. Defense Department cable, “Soviets Attack Sec Def Rumsfeld and Growing US Defense Budget,” September 22, 1976.
14. Linwood B. Carter and Thomas Coipuram Jr., “Defense Authorization and Appropriations Bills: A Chronology, FY1970–FY2006,” CRS Report for Congress, 98-756C, updated May 23,2005.
15. Lou Cannon, Governor Reagan: His Rise to Power (New York: Public Affairs, 2003), pp. 416–17.
16. Gerald R. Ford, “Remarks and a Question-and-Answer Session,” Everett McKinley Dirksen Forum, Peoria, IL, March 5, 1976.
17. Jon Nordheimer, “Reagan Sharpens His Criticism of Ford, Citing Canal Talks and Two in Cabinet,” New York Times, February 29, 1976.
18. Ronald Reagan, TV address to the nation, “To Restore America,” March 31, 1976; Jon Nordheimer, “Reagan Appeals for Wide Support,” New York Times, April 1, 1976.
19. Memorandum of conversation, Ford, Kissinger, Rumsfeld, and Scowcroft, Oval Office, March 29, 1976 (Gerald R. Ford Library).
20. Memorandum of conversation, Ford, Kissinger, Rumsfeld, and Scowcroft, Oval Office, March 29, 1976 (Gerald R. Ford Library).
21. Rumsfeld, interviewed by Dr. Alfred Goldberg and Dr. Roger Trask, OSD Historical Office, July 12, 1994, transcript pp. 33–34.
22. Henry Kissinger, Years of Renewal (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1999), p. 176.
23. Rumsfeld to Ford, “‘Cruise Missile’ definition,” August 2, 1976.
24. Rumsfeld, “Continuation: Meeting with the President,” February 15, 1976.
25. Brezhnev, letter to Ford, March 17, 1976.
CHAPTER 17 The 1976 Defeat
1. Rumsfeld, handwritten note, August 7, 1976.
2. Christopher Lydon, “GOP Still Faces the Realities of Decay and Minority Status,” New York Times, September 1, 1974.
3. Gerald R. Ford and Jimmy Carter, first presidential debate, moderated by Edwin Newman, Walnut Street Theatre, Philadelphia, PA, September 23, 1976, transcript; “What the Voters Say,” Newsweek, October 4, 1976.
4. Gerald R. Ford and Jimmy Carter, second presidential debate, moderated by Pauline Frederick, Palace of Fine Arts Theatre, San Francisco, California, October 6, 1976, transcript.
5. George S. Brown, interviewed by Ranan Lurie, April 12, 1976, transcript.
6. Lee Lescaze, “Gen. Brown Is in Hot Water Again,” Washington Post, October 19, 1976.
7. Lee Lescaze, “Gen. Brown Is in Hot Water Again,” Washington Post, October 19, 1976.
8. Rumsfeld and Brown, news conference, Pentagon, October 18, 1976, transcript.
9. “Together in Defeat,” Chicago Sun-Times, November 4, 1976.
10. Rumsfeld, “Meeting with the President,” November 5, 1976.
11. Memorandum of conversation, Carter, Mondale, Rumsfeld et al., Blair House, November 22, 1976.
12. Memorandum of conversation, Carter, Mondale, Rumsfeld et al., Blair House, November 22, 1976.
13. Rumsfeld, “President-elect’s Visit, 10 December 1976,” December 10, 1976.
14. Rumsfeld to Ford, “Review of Alternatives to the B-1 Bomber,” October 23, 1976; Edward E. David, Jr., Michael M. May, and Paul H. Nitze, letter to Thomas C. Reed, Secretary of the Air Force, October 8, 1976.
15. Rumsfeld, “Meeting with the President,” November 22, 1976.
PART SEVEN Back to Reality
CHAPTER 18 Searle’s Sweet Success
1. Joann S. Lublin, “Searle Confirms Rumsfeld Will Become President, Chief Executive Officer June 1,” Wall Street Journal, April 18, 1977.
2. Jim Denny, “G. D. Searle & Co.: A Brief History as Recalled by Jim Denny,” June 17, 2010.
3. OECD Health Data 2010, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, June 2010.
4. Hugh D. Menzies, “The Ten Toughest Bosses,” Fortune, April 21, 1980.
5. Robert H. Mazur, “Discovery of Aspartame,” in Aspartame: Physiology and Biochemistry, eds. Lewis D. Stegink and Lloyd J. Filer, Jr. (New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1984), pp. 3–4; John E. Robson, “Aspartame Chronology,” July 30, 1986.
6. “Study of G. D. Searle Shows ‘Sloppy’ Tests of Drugs, FDA Says,” Wall Street Journal, January 21, 1976; “FDA Calls for Grand Jury Investigation of G. D. Searle’s Drug-Testing Practices,” Wall Street Journal, April 9, 1976.
7. Donald R. Murdoch, letter to Dan Rather, July 17, 1984.
8. Rumsfeld, [No Subject], July 12, 1984.
9. Rumsfeld, “NutraSweet,” October 22, 1990.
10. “Searle: Rallying a Drug Company with an Injection of New Vitality,” BusinessWeek, February 8, 1982.
11. Patricia Szymczak, “Monsanto, Searle Make Sweet Deal,” St. Louis Globe-Democrat, July 19, 1985.
12. “Searle 1888–1985,” shareholder report, January 31, 1986.
CHAPTER 19 From Malaise to Morning in America
1. Carter, letter to Rumsfeld, October 24, 1978; Carter, letter to Rumsfeld, November 15, 1978; Rumsfeld-Searle, letter to Carter, December 6, 1978; Rumsfeld, letter to Carter, December 6, 1978.
2. “My Opinion of the Russians Has Changed Most Drastically…” Time, January 14, 1980.
3. “My Opinion of the Russians Has Changed Most Drastically…” Time, January 14, 1980.
4. Hearing of the Senate Armed Services Committee, statement of Donald Rumsfeld, October 11, 1979.
5. Rumsfeld, “Meeting at the White House,” January 9, 1980.
6. Zbigniew Brzezinski, Power and Principle: Memoirs of the National Security Adviser, 1977–1981 (New York: Farrar Straus & Giroux, 1983), p. 443.
7. “My Opinion of the Russians Has Changed Most Drastically…” Time, January 14, 1980.
8. Jimmy Carter, address on Afghanistan, January 4, 1980, transcript.
9. Rumsfeld, “Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan,” January 9, 1980.
10. Reagan for President News, July 1, 1980.
11. Rumsfeld, remarks at the Republican National Convention, Detroit, MI, July 14, 1980, transcript.
12. Hedrick Smith, “Running-Mate List Trimmed by Reagan,” New York Times, July 1, 1980.
13. Robert A. Goldwin, “John Locke and the Law of the Sea,” Commentary (June 1981).
14. Rumsfeld, “Meeting with President Reagan on October 13, [1982],” January 24, 1983.
15. Rumsfeld to Reagan, “Law of the Sea,” December 11, 1982.
16. Rumsfeld to Reagan, “Law of the Sea,” December 11, 1982.
17. Rumsfeld, [No Subject], December 10, 1986.
18. Rumsfeld, “Meeting with Fahrenkopf and Bill Greener, III,” November 10, 1986.
19. Rumsfeld to Bernie Windon and Linda Schaefer, “Thoughts on the Iowa Trip,” October 15, 1986.
20. Ann Reilly Dowd, “Who’s Ahead in the ’88 Money Race,” Fortune, vol. 115, no. 12, June 8, 1987.
21. Richard L. Berke, “Campaign Loans Oft en Risky,” New York Times, June 16, 1987.
22. Glenn, letter to Rumsfeld, April 27, 1987; Rumsfeld, letter to Glenn, May 21, 1987.
CHAPTER 20 Our Rural Period, Interrupted
1. William Safire, “Spectrum Squatters,” New York Times, October 9, 2000.
2. Rumsfeld, “1996 GOP Convention,” August 28, 1996.
3. Rumsfeld, handwritten note, October 31, 1996.
4. Roger Longman, “Gilead’s Metamorphoses,” In Vivo: The Business and Medicine Report (March 1996), pp. 35–45.
5. Rumsfeld, letter to Shultz, November 9, 1998.
6. Rumsfeld, letter to Rice, March 29, 1999.
7. Rumsfeld, [No Subject], February 1, 1999.
8. Rumsfeld, [No Subject], February 1, 1999.
9. Rumsfeld, letter to Bolten, cc: Rice, April 28, 1999.
10. Alison Mitchell, “Bush Says U.S. Should Reduce Nuclear Arms,” New York Times, May 24, 2000.
11. Rumsfeld, “Bush Administration,” December 28, 2000.
12. Rumsfeld, [No Subject], December 28, 2000.
PART EIGHT Leaning Forward
1. Rumsfeld, handwritten note from meeting with George W. Bush, December 22, 2000.
2. John H. Cushman, “Gay Rights; Top Military Officers Object to Lift ing Homosexual Ban,” New York Times, November 14, 1992.
3. Richard L. Berke, “Timing Awry, Clinton Trips into a Brawl,” New York Times, January 28, 1993.
4. Rumsfeld to Secretaries of the Military Departments et al., “The Title ‘Commander in Chief,’” October 24, 2002.
5. Rumsfeld, handwritten note from meeting with George W. Bush, December 22, 2000.
6. Rumsfeld, “Weakening of Deterrent,” December 10, 2001.
CHAPTER 21 Here We Go Again
1. Rumsfeld, [No Subject], December 28, 2000.
2. Rumsfeld, [No Subject], December 28, 2000.
3. Rumsfeld, “Meeting with Secretary Bill Cohen and Don Rumsfeld,” May 21, 2001.
4. Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man (New York: Free Press, 2006).
5. Dean Rusk, speech, American Bar Association, Atlanta, Georgia, October 22, 1964, as reported in the Atlanta Constitution.
6. Rumsfeld, “Memorandum,” May 31, 2001.
7. Editorial, “Invitation to an Arms Race,” New York Times, June 20, 2001.
8. Hearing of the Senate Armed Services Committee, “Nomination of Donald Rumsfeld to Be Secretary of Defense,” Washington, D.C., January 11, 2001.
9. Hearing of the Senate Armed Services Committee, “Nomination of Donald Rumsfeld to Be Secretary of Defense,” Washington, D.C., January 11, 2001.
10. Hearing of the Senate Armed Services Committee, “Nomination of Donald Rumsfeld to Be Secretary of Defense,” Washington, D.C., January 11, 2001.
11. Dick Cheney, remarks, “Swearing-in of the Secretary of Defense,” Oval Office, the White House, Washington, D.C., January 26, 2001.
CHAPTER 22 Dogs Don’t Bark at Parked Cars
1. Rumsfeld, “Cost-Cutting,” July 11, 2001.
2. Rumsfeld, “Meeting with the Chiefs 1/23/01, my 2nd day,” May 21, 2001.
3. Rumsfeld to Pete Aldridge et al., “Joint Chiefs,” November 12, 2001.
4. Rumsfeld, “Some Thoughts on the Senior Level Review Group (SLRG) and Strategic Planning Council (SPC),” November 18, 2005.
5. Rumsfeld, “Meeting with the Chiefs 1/23/01, my 2nd day,” May 21, 2001.
6. Rumsfeld to Andy Card, “Presidential Appointment Process,” December 1, 2005; “Summary of Time Lapse Data in the Senate Confirmation Process for PAS Appointees Since the Beginning of the Administration,” February 18, 2004.
7. Rumsfeld, “Meeting with the Chiefs 1/23/01, my 2nd day,” May 21, 2001.
8. Rumsfeld, handwritten note, February 6, 2001.
9. George W. Bush, remarks, “A Period of Consequences,” The Citadel, South Carolina, September 23, 1999.
10. Rumsfeld, “Memorandum,” May 31, 2001.
11. Department of Defense, preface, Quadrennial Defense Review Report, February 6, 2006.
12. Rumsfeld, “The DoD Challenge,” June 25, 2001.
13. Steve/John Young to Chairman Ted Stevens, “FY 77 vs. FY 01 Authorization and Appropriation Bills,” February 8, 2001.
14. Rumsfeld, “Memorandum,” May 31, 2001.
15. Christopher Duffy, Frederick the Great: A Military Life (New York: Routledge, 1988), p. 301.
16. Rumsfeld, “Characteristics for the Next Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff(CJCS),” April 27, 2001.
17. Rumsfeld to Wolfowitz, “Deployments and Mil-to-Mil,” April 16, 2001; Rumsfeld, “Deployments and Military-to-Military Activities,” April 3, 2001.
18. Rumsfeld to Nixon, “Okinawa,” November 3, 1969.
19. Al-Qaida, fatwa, February 23, 1998.
20. Leigh Sales and Reuters, “Bush Announces Troop Realignment,” Australian Broadcasting Corporation, August 17, 2004; John F. Kerry, “Remarks to the Veterans of Foreign Wars 105th Annual Convention,” Cincinnati, Ohio, August 18, 2004.
21. Rumsfeld, “Continuing U.S. Government Efforts,” September 7, 2004.
22. Jane Perlez, “Rumsfeld Seeks to Withdraw American Troops from Sinai,” New York Times, April 19, 2001.
23. Rumsfeld to Powell, “Iceland,” July 11, 2001; Rumsfeld to Powell and Rice, “Cost of Iceland,” May 29, 2003.
24. Powell, letter to Rumsfeld, July 12, 2001; Principals Committee, notes from meeting on Iraq, February 6, 2003.
CHAPTER 23 Bears in the Woods
1. Rumsfeld, “Rough Notes on SecDef’s remarks to MoD Ivanov on June 8, 2001,” June 20, 2001.
2. Rumsfeld, “Discussions with Russia,” July 12, 2001.
3. Rumsfeld, “Meeting with President Nixon—1/20/94,” February 3, 1994.
4. Rumsfeld, “Meeting with President Nixon—1/20/94,” February 3, 1994.
5. Rumsfeld, “Discussions with Russia,” July 12, 2001.
6. Rumsfeld, “Rough Notes on SecDef’s remarks to MoD Ivanov on June 8, 2001,” June 20, 2001.
7. Committee of One Million Against the Admission of Communist China to the United Nations, press release, “Dem and GOP Congressmen Call on Rusk to Issue Strong Statement Against Admission of Red China to UN,” October 15, 1965.
8. Memorandum of Conversation, Beijing, November 28, 1974 (U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, vol. XVIII, China, 1973–1976, Document 98).
9. Rumsfeld, “Kissinger’s Thoughts on PRC and Russia,” June 20, 2005.
10. Sun Tzu, The Art of War, translated by Thomas F. Cleary (Boston: Shambhala, 2005), p. 82; Sun Tzu, The Art of War, translated by Samuel B. Griffith (London: Oxford University Press, 1963), p. 83.
11. Rumsfeld, “Some Additional Thoughts on Asia,” February 11, 1998.
12. Rumsfeld, “China and Asia,” February 25, 2001.
13. Rumsfeld, “Meeting with Andy Marshall,” April 17, 2000.
14. Rumsfeld, “China and Asia,” February 25, 2001.
15. Dan Dell’Orto to Rumsfeld and Wolfowitz, “EP-3 Incident—Guidance on Legal Issues,” April 6, 2001.
16. Peter Felstead, “‘Inside’ account further exonerates EP-3 Pilot,” janes.com, May 18, 2001.
17. Department of Defense news transcript, “Secretary Rumsfeld Briefs on EP-3 Collision,” April 13, 2001.
18. Peter Felstead, “‘Inside’ account further exonerates EP-3 pilot,” janes.com, May 18, 2001.
19. Jennifer H. Svan, “EP-3E crewmembers hold vivid memories of ordeal in China,” Star and Stripes, May 30, 2001.
20. “Chinese FM Spokesman Gives Full Account of Air Collision,” Xinhua News Agency, April 4, 2001.
21. Ambassador Joseph W. Prueher, letter to Chinese Minister of Foreign Affairs Tang Jiaxuan, April 11, 2001.
CHAPTER 24 The National Security Council
1. National Security Act of 1947, Title I, Section 101, July 26, 1947.
2. Rumsfeld, [No Subject], February 8, 2001.
3. Jane Perlez, “A Dual Path in Diplomacy,” New York Times, December 18, 2000.
4. Dana Milbank and Mike Allen, “Powell Is Named Secretary of State; Nominee 1st African American Tapped for Post,” Washington Post, December 17, 2000.
5. Thomas L. Friedman, “The Powell Perplex,” New York Times, December 19, 2000.
6. Laurence Silberman, “Toward Presidential Control of the State Department,” Foreign Affairs, vol. 57, no. 4 (Spring, 1979).
7. Colin Powell, remarks, “Secretary Powell Greets State Department Employees,” Washington, D.C., January 22, 2001.
8. Peter Rodman, Presidential Command: Power, Leadership, and the Making of Foreign Policy from Richard Nixon to George W. Bush (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2009), p. 239.
9. Jane Perlez, “Washington Memo; Divergent Voices Heard in Bush Foreign Policy,” New York Times, March 12, 2001.
10. Greg Pierce, “Biden vs. Rumsfeld,” Washington Times, June 22, 2001.
11. Rumsfeld, “Washington Times Article,” June 23, 2001; Greg Pierce, “Biden vs. Rumsfeld,” Washington Times, June 22, 2001.
12. Dana Milbank and Thomas E. Ricks, “Powell and Joint Chiefs Nudged Bush Toward U.N.,” Washington Post, September 4, 2003; Sarah Baxter, “Powell Tried to Talk Bush Out of War,” Sunday Times, July 8, 2007; Suzanne Goldenberg, Richard Norton-Taylor, and Katy Heslop, “Powell’s Doubts Over CIA Intelligence on Iraq Prompted Him to Set Up Secret Review,” The Guardian, June 2, 2003.
13. “Falling on His Sword,” Washington Post Magazine, October 1, 2006.
14. Rumsfeld, “Chain of Command,” December 2, 2002.
15. Rumsfeld to Rice, “Interagency Process,” August 20, 2002, and attachment to Rice, “Thoughts on the Interagency Process,” August 20, 2002.
16. Rumsfeld to Rice, “Approval for Memos,” December 27, 2001.
17. Rumsfeld to Rice, “NSC Meetings,” October 10, 2001; Rumsfeld to Rice, cc: Powell, “Schedule,” October 26, 2001; Rumsfeld to Rice, “PC Meeting,” December 13, 2001; Rumsfeld to Rice, “Approval for Memos,” December 27, 2001; Rumsfeld to Rice, “Approving NSC Documents,” December 31, 2001; Rumsfeld to Rice, “NSC Meeting October 9—Middle East,” October 16, 2002; Rumsfeld to Rice, “Chain of Command,” December 2, 2002; Rumsfeld to Rice, “briefing,” January 6, 2003; Rumsfeld to Rice, “NSC Meetings,” October 30, 2003; Rumsfeld to Rice, “Agendas and Schedules for PC and NSC Meetings,” November 5, 2003; Rumsfeld to Rice, “Contacting Combatant Commanders,” November 11, 2003; Rumsfeld to Rice, “PC Meetings,” December 17, 2003.
18. Rumsfeld to Rice, “Interagency Process,” August 20, 2002.
19. Lieutenant General Bantz Craddock to Rumsfeld, “PC & NSC Meetings: Are we improving?” May 29, 2004.
20. Peter Rodman, Presidential Command: Power, Leadership, and the Making of Foreign Policy from Richard Nixon to George W. Bush (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2009), p. 249.
CHAPTER 25 The Agony of Surprise
1. Rumsfeld, “Memorandum,” May 31, 2001.
2. Rumsfeld, “Force Reductions,” January 11, 2002.
3. Rumsfeld, handwritten note, May 31, 2001.
4. Robert Kagan, “Indefensible Defense Budget,” Washington Post, July 20, 2001.
5. Al Kamen, “Donny, We Hardly Knew Ye,” Washington Post, September 7, 2001.
6. Rumsfeld, speech, “DOD Acquisition and Logistics Excellence Week Kickoff—Bureaucracy to Battlefield,” September 10, 2001.
7. “Rumsfeld Declares War on Bureaucracy,” Voice of America, September 10, 2001.
8. Rumsfeld, speech, “DOD Acquisition and Logistics Excellence Week Kickoff—Bureaucracy to Battlefield,” September 10, 2001.
9. Rumsfeld, “Pearl Harbor Post-Mortem,” July 23, 2001.
10. Thomas Schelling, foreword, in Roberta Wohlstetter, Pearl Harbor: Warning and Decision (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1962).
11. Steve Vogel, The Pentagon: A History (New York: Random House, 2007), p. 450.
12. Steve Vogel, The Pentagon: A History (New York: Random House, 2007), pp. 417–18.
13. Stephen A. Cambone, handwritten notes, September 11, 2001.
14. Victoria Clarke, handwritten notes, September 11, 2001.
15. Stephen A. Cambone, handwritten notes, September 11, 2001.
16. Stephen A. Cambone, handwritten notes, September 11, 2001.
17. Lawrence Di Rita, handwritten notes, September 11, 2001.
18. The 9/11 Commission Report: Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States (New York: W. W. Norton, 2004), p. 43.
19. Victoria Clarke, handwritten notes, September 11, 2001.
20. Victoria Clarke, handwritten notes, September 11, 2001.
21. General Richard B. Myers, USAF (Ret.), with Malcolm McConnell, Eyes on the Horizon: Serving on the Front Lines of National Security (New York: Th reshold Editions, 2009), pp. 157–58.
22. The 9/11 Commission Report: Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States (New York: W. W. Norton, 2004), p. 208.
23. Victoria Clarke, handwritten notes, September 11, 2001.
24. Stephen A. Cambone, handwritten notes, September 11, 2001.
25. Stephen A. Cambone, handwritten notes, September 11, 2001.
26. Stephen A. Cambone, handwritten notes, September 11, 2001.
27. Steve Vogel, The Pentagon: A History (New York: Random House, 2007), p. 431.
28. Rumsfeld, remarks, “On the Awarding of the George Catlett Marshall Medal,” October 17, 1984.
29. Rumsfeld, “Weakening of Deterrent,” December 10, 2001.
30. Victoria Clarke, handwritten notes, September 11, 2001.
31. Victoria Clarke, handwritten notes, September 11, 2001.
32. Stephen A. Cambone, handwritten notes, September 11, 2001.
33. The 9/11 Commission Report: Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States (New York: W. W. Norton, 2004), pp. 266–72.
34. Victoria Clarke, handwritten notes, September 11, 2001.
35. Department of Defense news transcript, “DoD News briefing on Pentagon Attack,” September 11, 2001.
36. Department of Defense news transcript, “DoD News briefing on Pentagon Attack,” September 11, 2001.
37. Department of Defense news transcript, “DoD News briefing on Pentagon Attack,” September 11, 2001.
38. Steven Erlanger, “European Nations Stand with U.S., Ready to Respond,” New York Times, September 12, 2001; Michael White and Patrick Wintour, “Blair Calls for World Fight Against Terror,” The Guardian, September 12, 2001; Jean-Marie Colombani, “Nous sommes tous Américains,” Le Monde, September 13, 2001.
39. Howard Schneider and Lee Hockstader, “As Mideast Officials Offer Condolences, Some Arabs Rejoice,” Washington Post, September 12, 2001; Neil MacFarquhar, “Condemnations from Arab Governments, but Widely Different Attitudes on the Street,” New York Times, September 12, 2001; Saudi Embassy, “Kingdom Condemns Attacks on United States,” Press Release, September 11, 2001.
40. Department of Defense, “Saddam Hussein: In His Own Words—Quotes from Saddam and Iraq’s Regime-Controlled Media,” October 22, 2002; Borzou Daragahi and David Lamb, “Violence Marked His Rise, Rule and Fall,” Los Angeles Times, December 30, 2006; Cameron S. Brown, “The Shot Seen Around the World: The Middle East Reacts to September 11th,” Middle East Review of International Affairs, vol. 5, no. 4, December 2001.
41. Department of Defense, “Saddam Hussein: In His Own Words—Quotes from Saddam and Iraq’s Regime-Controlled Media,” October 22, 2002.
42. Rumsfeld to Feith, “Mubarak,” September 13, 2001.
43. Rumsfeld to Feith, “Foreign Reaction to Events September 11, 2001,” September 14, 2001.
CHAPTER 26 War President
1. Frank J. Murray, “Infamy; Hijacked Planes Destroy World Trade Center, Ram Pentagon,” Washington Times, September 12, 2001.
2. The North Atlantic Treaty, Article 5, Washington, D.C., April 4, 1949.
3. Opinion, “The National Defense,” New York Times, September 12, 2001.
4. Authorization for Use of Military Force (Public Law 107-40), 107th Cong., 1st sess., September 18, 2001, sec. 2(a).
5. Rumsfeld, speech, “Cabinet Meeting Prayer on the National Day of Prayer and Remembrance,” September 14, 2001.
6. Rumsfeld, “Vocabulary,” September 23, 2001.
7. Rumsfeld to Bush, “Global War on Terror,” June 18, 2004; Abizaid to Rumsfeld and Myers, “Response to 18 June Paper,” July 16, 2004; Rumsfeld to Steve Hadley, cc: Eric Edelman, “Nature of the Long Struggle,” August 4, 2006.
8. Tom Regan, “The ‘Rebranding’ of the War on Terror,” Christian Science Monitor, July 28, 2005; Eric Schmitt and Thom Shanker, “U.S. Officials Retool Slogan for Terror War,” New York Times, July 26, 2005; Matthew Davis, “New Name for ‘War on Terror,’” BBC News, July 27, 2005.
9. Rumsfeld to Bush, “Coalitions,” September 22, 2001.
10. Rumsfeld to Bush et al., [No Subject], September 19, 2001.
11. Department of State, Proliferation Security Initiative, launched May 31, 2003.
12. Department of Defense, Campaign Against Terrorism: Strategic Guidance for the US Department of Defense, October 2, 2001.
13. “Dark Winter—Bioterrorism Exercise,” developed and produced by Johns Hopkins Center for Civilian Biodefense, Center for Strategic and International Studies, ANSER Institute for Homeland Security, and Memorial Institute for the Prevention of Terrorism, conducted June 22–23, 2001, Andrews Air Force Base; Sheryl Gay Stolberg, “Some Experts Say U.S. Is Vulnerable to a Germ Attack,” New York Times, September 30, 2001.
14. Rumsfeld to Bush et al., [No Subject], September 19, 2001.
15. Rumsfeld to Bush et al., [No Subject], September 19, 2001.
16. American Consulate (Peshawar) to Warren Christopher, State Department cable, “Afghanistan: Taliban Agree to Visits of Militant Training Camps, Admit bin Laden Is Their Guest,” January 9, 1997.
17. Barry Bearak, “Condemning Attacks, Taliban Says bin Laden Not Involved,” New York Times, September 12, 2001.
18. Wolfowitz to Rumsfeld, “Using Special Forces on ‘Our Side’ of the Line,” September 23, 2001.
19. George W. Bush, remarks to airline employees, Chicago, Illinois, September 27, 2001.
20. Rumsfeld to Cheney et al., “Saudi Arabia,” December 6, 2001.
21. Rumsfeld to Feith, “Saudi Arabia”, December 3, 2001.
22. Barry Bearak, “Condemning Attacks, Taliban Says bin Laden Not Involved,” New York Times, September 12, 2001.
23. Rumsfeld to Rice and Powell, “Khobar Towers and USS Cole,” February 5, 2001.
PART NINE Into the Graveyard of Empires
1. Jill Smolowe, Paul Hofh einz, and Cristina Lamb, “Afghanistan Without a Look Back,” Time, February 20, 1989.
2. Bill Keller, “Last Soviet Soldiers Leave Afghanistan,” New York Times, February 16, 1989.
3. Bill Keller, “Last Soviet Soldiers Leave Afghanistan,” New York Times, February 16, 1989.
4. Jill Smolowe, Paul Hofh einz, and Cristina Lamb, “Afghanistan Without a Look Back,” Time, February 20, 1989.
5. Jill Smolowe, Paul Hofh einz, and Cristina Lamb, “Afghanistan Without a Look Back,” Time, February 20, 1989.
6. Pepe Escobar, “Backstage at the Theater of ‘Terror,’” Asia Times Online, February 27, 2009.
7. David Johnston, “Wilson the Warrior,” New York Times, May 25, 2003.
8. David Johnston, “Wilson the Warrior,” New York Times, May 25, 2003; Steve Coll, Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and bin Laden, From the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001 (New York: Penguin Books, 2004), p. 185.
CHAPTER 27 Special Operations
1. Stephen Tanner, Afghanistan: A Military History from Alexander the Great to the War Against the Taliban (New York: Da Capo Press, 2002), pp. 176–87.
2. Milton Bearden, “Afghanistan, Graveyard of Empires,” Foreign Affairs, vol. 80, no. 6 (November/December 2001).
3. Rumsfeld, “The President,” December 5, 2001.
4. Wolfowitz to Rumsfeld, “Using Special Forces on ‘Our Side’ of the Line,” September 23, 2001.
5. General Tommy Franks with Malcolm McConnell, American Soldier (New York: Regan Books, 2004), p. 281.
6. The 9/11 Commission Report: Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States (New York: W. W. Norton, 2004), p. 139.
7. Rumsfeld to Bush, “Strategic Thoughts,” September 30, 2001.
8. Rumsfeld to Bush, “Strategic Thoughts,” September 30, 2001.
9. Rumsfeld to Bush, “Strategic Thoughts,” September 30, 2001.
10. Department of Defense Office of Public Affairs, “Fact Sheet: International Contributions to the War Against Terrorism,” June 7, 2002 (revised June 14, 2002).
11. Bob Woodward, Bush at War (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2002).
12. Milton Bearden, “Afghanistan, Graveyard of Empires,” Foreign Affairs, vol. 80, no. 6 (November/December 2001).
13. Rohrabacher, letter to Rumsfeld, September 26, 2001.
CHAPTER 28 Little Birds in a Nest
1. William Luti, Jim MacDougall, Mira Ricardel, Marc Thiessen, and John Craddock to Rumsfeld, [No Subject], undated.
2. Rumsfeld to Bush et al., “My Visits to Saudi Arabia, Oman, Egypt, Uzbekistan and Turkey,” October 6, 2001.
3. Rumsfeld to Bush et al., “My Visits to Saudi Arabia, Oman, Egypt, Uzbekistan and Turkey,” October 6, 2001.
4. Rumsfeld to Bush et al., “My Visits to Saudi Arabia, Oman, Egypt, Uzbekistan and Turkey,” October 6, 2001.
5. U.S. Defense Attaché Office Tashkent to Rumsfeld, Department of Defense cable, “Draft Report of DefSec Meeting with President Karimov,” October 5, 2001.
6. Rumsfeld to Bush et al., “My Visits to Saudi Arabia, Oman, Egypt, Uzbekistan and Turkey,” October 6, 2001.
7. Rumsfeld to Powell and Rice, “Uzbekistan,” October 7, 2001.
8. Department of Defense news transcript, “Secretary Rumsfeld Press Conference with President of Uzbekistan,” October 5, 2001.
9. Department of Defense news transcript, “Secretary Rumsfeld En Route to Saudi Arabia,” October 2, 2001.
10. Rumsfeld, “Turkey,” December 28, 2001.
11. General Tommy Franks with Malcolm McConnell, American Soldier (New York: Regan Books, 2004), p. 285.
12. Rumsfeld to Feith, “Strategy,” October 30, 2001.
13. Department of Defense news transcript, “Rumsfeld and Myers briefing on Enduring Freedom,” October 7, 2001.
14. Lieutenant General Michael DeLong, USMC (Ret.), with Noah Lukeman, Inside CentCom: The Unvarnished Truth About the Wars in Afghanistan and Iraq (Washington, D.C.: Regnery Publishing, 2004), p. 39.
15. Vice Admiral Giambastiani and Larry Di Rita, “Memorandum of 21 October Secure Conference Call with CinCent,” October 24, 2001.
16. Rumsfeld, “Taliban and the NGOs,” October 31, 2001.
17. Department of Defense news transcript, “Secretary Rumsfeld Remarks at Stakeout Outside ABC TV,” October 28, 2001; Department of Defense news transcript, “DoD News briefing—Secretary Rumsfeld and Gen. Myers,” October 29, 2001.
18. Rumsfeld to Myers et al., “What Will Be the Military Role in the War on Terrorism,” October 10, 2001.
19. Kathy Gannon, “Afghanistan’s Terrain a Challenge,” Associated Press, September 18, 2001.
20. Editorial, “The Quagmire Issue; U.S. Should Prepare for a Long Struggle,” Dallas Morning News, October 26, 2001.
21. Maureen Dowd, “Liberties; Can Bush Bushkazi?,” New York Times, October 28, 2001.
22. R. W. Apple, Jr., “A Military Quagmire Remembered: Afghanistan as Vietnam,” New York Times, October 31, 2001.
23. Rumsfeld to Larry Di Rita, “War on Terrorism,” September 23, 2001.
CHAPTER 29 Kabul Falls, Karzai Rises
1. Robin Moore, The Hunt for bin Laden: Task Force Dagger (New York: Random House, 2003), p. 28.
2. General Tommy Franks with Malcolm McConnell, American Soldier (New York: Regan Books, 2004), p. 303.
3. Lieutenant General Michael DeLong, USMC (Ret.), with Noah Lukeman, Inside CentCom: The Unvarnished Truth About the Wars in Afghanistan and Iraq (Washington, D.C.: Regnery Publishing, 2004), p. 40.
4. Vernon Loeb and Susan B. Glasser, “Tajikistan Allows U.S. to Assess 3 Air Bases,” Washington Post, November 4, 2001.
5. Michael Wines, “Rumsfeld Visits Russia and Central Asia to Bolster Coalition,” New York Times, November 4, 2001.
6. Celia W. Dugger, “U.S. and India Map Path to Military Cooperation; More Arms Sales Are Seen,” New York Times, November 6, 2001.
7. Steven Lee Myers, “Clinton to Impose Penalties on India Over Atomic Tests,” New York Times, May 13, 1998.
8. Rumsfeld, handwritten note, “Phone Call from an Aircraft w/POTUS,” November 6, 2001.
9. Peter Rodman to Rumsfeld, “Why Time Is of the Essence in the Afghan Campaign,” October 12, 2001.
10. Michael R. Gordon, “Key Players Confer at U.N. on a Post-Taliban Regime,” New York Times, November 12, 2001.
11. Rumsfeld to Bush et al., “Kabul,” November 13, 2001.
12. Lieutenant General Michael DeLong, USMC (Ret.), with Noah Lukeman, Inside CentCom: The Unvarnished Truth About the Wars in Afghanistan and Iraq (Washington, D.C.: Regnery Publishing, 2004), p. 53.
13. Thom Shanker, “Rumsfeld Pays Call on Troops and Afghans,” New York Times, December 17, 2001.
14. Department of Defense speech transcript, “Address to the Men and Women of Fort Bragg/Pope AFB,” November 21, 2001.
15. Rumsfeld to Tenet, “Ali,” December 20, 2001.
16. Rumsfeld, “Discuss w/Franks,” January 4, 2002.
17. Evan Th omas, “Into Th in Air,” Newsweek, September 3, 2007; Peter Bergen, “The Battle for Tora Bora,” The New Republic, December 22, 2009.
18. Gary Berntsen and Ralph Pezzullo, Jawbreaker: The Attack on bin Laden and Al-Qaeda: A Personal Account by the CIA’s Key Field Commander (New York: Crown, 2005).
19. Peter Rodman to Rumsfeld, “Further Report on Afghan Talks in Bonn,” November 27, 2001.
20. Thom Shanker, “Rumsfeld Pays Call on Troops and Afghans,” New York Times, December 17, 2001.
21. Department of Defense news transcript, “Secretary Rumsfeld Media Availability en route to Brussels,” December 17, 2001.
22. Vernon Loeb, “Rumsfeld: Mission Far From Over; Defense Secretary Meets Officials, U.S. Troops in Afghanistan,” Washington Post, December 17, 2001.
23. Vernon Loeb, “Rumsfeld: Mission Far From Over; Defense Secretary Meets Officials, U.S. Troops in Afghanistan,” Washington Post, December 17, 2001.
24. Dwight Jon Zimmerman and John D. Gresham, Beyond Hell and Back: How America’s Special Operations Forces Became the World’s Greatest Fighting Unit (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2007), p. 215.
25. Michael Ignatieff, “Nation-Building Lite,” New York Times Magazine, July 28, 2002; Simon Robinson, “Karzai’s Kabul: Fit for a King?,” Time, April 18, 2002.
26. Rumsfeld to Bush et al., “US Role in Gardez Situation—or, more broadly, whether or not the US should intervene in Afghan vs. Afghan conflicts,” May 10, 2002.
27. Rumsfeld to Bush et al., “US Role in Gardez Situation—or, more broadly, whether or not the US should intervene in Afghan vs. Afghan conflicts,” May 10, 2002.
28. Douglas J. Feith, War and Decision: Inside the Pentagon at the Dawn of the War on Terrorism (New York: HarperCollins, 2008), pp. 145–46.
29. Vernon Loeb, “Rumsfeld: Mission Far From Over; Defense Secretary Meets Officials, U.S. Troops in Afghanistan,” Washington Post, December 17, 2001.
PART TEN Saddam’s Miscalculation
1. George H. W. Bush, “Address to the Nation on the Invasion of Iraq,” January 16, 1991; Directorate of Intelligence, Central Intelligence Agency, Prewar Status of Iraq’s Weapons of Mass Destruction, March 1991.
2. George H. W. Bush, “Address to the Nation on the Invasion of Iraq,” January 16, 1991.
3. Robert Gates, “The Gulf War: Oral History,” Frontline, PBS, broadcast January 9, 1996.
4. James Baker, “The Gulf War: Oral History,” Frontline, PBS, broadcast January 9, 1996.
5. Colin Powell, “The Gulf War: Oral History,” Frontline, PBS, broadcast January 9, 1996.
6. Elaine Sciolino, “Gore Says Bush’s Efforts to Befriend Iraqi Leader Led to Gulf War,” New York Times, September 30, 1992.
7. Margaret Thatcher, “The Gulf War: Oral History,” Frontline, PBS, broadcast January 9, 1996.
8. Colin Powell, “The Gulf War: Oral History, Part B,” Frontline, PBS, broadcast January 10, 1996.
CHAPTER 30 Out of the Box
1. Sarah Graham-Brown, “No-Fly Zones: Rhetoric and Real Intentions,” Middle East Report Online, February 20, 2001.
2. Charles Duelfer, “Comprehensive Report of the Special Advisor to the DCI on Iraq’s WMD” (Duelfer Report), vol. III, September 30, 2004, pp. 2, 13, 38 (Biological section), pp. 90–91 (Chemical section).
3. United Nations Security Council, Resolution 1194 (S/RES/1194), 3924th Meeting, September 9, 1998.
4. Rumsfeld et al., letter to Clinton, January 26, 1998.
5. Rumsfeld et al., letter to Clinton, January 26, 1998.
6. Madeleine K. Albright, press remarks following meeting with european Union, New York City, September 14, 2000.
7. Hearing of the Senate Armed Services Committee, testimony of Charles Duelfer, Special Adviser to the Director of Central Intelligence for Iraqi Weapons of Mass Destruction, October 6, 2004; Charles Duelfer, “Comprehensive Report of the Special Advisor to the DCI on Iraq’s WMD” (Duelfer Report), vol. I, September 30, 2004, p. 1 (Regime Strategic Intent section).
8. Independent Inquiry Committee into the United Nations Oil-For-Food Programme, Manipulation of the Oil-For-Food Programme by the Iraqi Regime, October 27, 2005.
9. Doug Wead, “Bush Completes Father’s Unfinished Business,” USA Today, June 15, 2003; “Is Bush Continuing His Dad’s Iraq Policy?” ABC News, February 16, 2001.
10. Hearing of the House Armed Services Committee, “United States Policy Toward Iraq,” testimony of General Richard Myers, September 18, 2002.
11. Jones to Hugh Shelton, “U.S. Military Responses in Iraq,” August 31, 2001; Rumsfeld to Jones, “Iraq,” September 10, 2001.
12. Rumsfeld to Rice et al., “Iraq,” July 27, 2001.
13. Saddam Hussein, conversation with SSA George L. Piro, Baghdad Operations Center, June 11, 2004 (Federal Bureau of Investigation).
14. George W. Bush, State of the Union Address, January 29, 2002.
15. Tenet, letter to Senator Bob Graham, October 7, 2002; Department of Defense news transcript, “DoD News briefing—Secretary Rumsfeld and Gen. Pace,” September 26, 2002.
16. James Woolsey, interviewed by Peter Jennings, “America Under Attack,” ABC News Special Report, September 11, 2001.
17. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, Report on the U.S. Intelligence Community’s Prewar Intelligence Assessments on Iraq (S. Rep. 108-301), 108th Cong., 2d sess., July 9, 2004, pp. 318–21; Department of State, Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism, “CHAPTER 6: Terrorist Organizations,” Country Reports on Terrorism 2008, April 30, 2009.
18. Department of State, Patterns of Global Terrorism 2003, April 2004, p. 114.
19. Kevin M. Woods with James Lacey, Iraqi Perspectives Project: Saddam and Terrorism: Emerging Insights from Captured Iraqi Documents, vol. I (redacted), Institute for Defense Analyses, November 2007, p. 18.
20. Kevin M. Woods James with James Lacey, Iraqi Perspectives Project: Saddam and Terrorism: Emerging Insights from Captured Iraqi Documents, vol. I (redacted), Institute for Defense Analyses, November 2007, p. 18; Kevin M. Woods with Michael R. Pease, Mark E. Stout, Williamson Murray, and James G. Lacey, Iraqi Perspectives Project: A View of Operation Iraqi Freedom from Saddam’s Senior Leadership (Joint Center for Operational Analysis, U.S. Joint Forces Command, March 2006), p. 54.
21. OSD Policy, “Sovereignty and Anticipatory Self-Defense,” August 24, 2002.
22. OSD Policy, “Sovereignty and Anticipatory Self-Defense,” August 24, 2002.
23. Rumsfeld, “Saddam Hussein,” September 21, 2001.
CHAPTER 31 The Case for Regime Change
1. General Richard B. Myers, USAF (Ret.), with Malcolm McConnell, Eyes on the Horizon: Serving on the Front Lines of National Security (New York: Th reshold Editions, 2009), p. 215.
2. Lieutenant General William G. Pagonis with Jeffrey L. Cruikshank, Moving Mountains: Lessons in Leadership and Logistics from the Gulf War (Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1992), pp. 157–58; George C. Wilson, “The Logistics Behind a War on Iraq,” National Journal, vol. 34, issue 47/48, November 23, 2002.
3. Rumsfeld, “Assumptions,” October 18, 2002.
4. “Iraq Tested Missile to Carry A-Bomb, a U.N. Report Says,” New York Times, October 5, 1991.
5. Commission to Assess the Ballistic Missile Threat to the United States, intelligence side letter to Tenet, March 18, 1999, p. 3.
6. Rumsfeld, handwritten note, August 28, 2002.
7. Rumsfeld, handwritten note, August 28, 2002.
8. Central Intelligence Agency, “Key Judgments,” National Intelligence Estimate: Iraq’s Continuing Programs for Weapons of Mass Destruction, October 2002.
9. James Graffand Bruce Crumley, “France Is Not a Pacifist Country,” Time, February 16, 2003.
10. Jeffrey Goldberg, “The Great Terror,” The New Yorker, March 25, 2002.
11. Rumsfeld, “WMD,” March 15, 2004.
12. Department of Defense news transcript, “Secretary Rumsfeld Remarks on ABC ‘This Week with George Stephanopoulos,’” March 30, 2003.
13. Rumsfeld to Clarke, “Arguments,” February 18, 2003.
14. Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 2002 (Public Law 107–243), October 16, 2002.
15. Joseph Biden, interviewed by Tim Russert, Meet the Press, NBC News, August 4, 2002.
16. Hillary Rodham Clinton, statement, “Authorization of the Use of United States Armed Forces Against Iraq,” 107th Cong., 2d sess., Congressional Record, vol. 148, no. 133, October 10, 2002, p. S10288.
17. John Kerry, statement, “Authorization of the Use of United States Armed Forces Against Iraq—Continued,” 107th Cong., 2d sess., Congressional Record, vol. 148, no. 132, October 9, 2002, p. S10174.
18. Al Gore, “Iraq and the War on Terrorism,” The Commonwealth Club, San Francisco, California, September 23, 2002.
19. General Tommy Franks with Malcolm McConnell, American Soldier (New York: Regan Books, 2004), p. 394.
20. “Powell Says He Made Prewar Push for More Troops,” New York Times, April 30, 2006.
21. Rumsfeld, “Conversation with the President and Condi,” May 15, 2006.
22. “Offers of support for Phase I-III (48 countries),” May 13, 2003.
23. Lindsey Graham, interviewed by Bob Schieffer, Face the Nation, CBS News, August 9, 2009; David Brooks, “Making the Surge Work,” New York Times, January 7, 2007.
24. Eliot A Cohen, Supreme Command: Soldiers, Statesmen, and Leadership in Wartime (New York: Free Press, 2002), pp. 185–88.
25. Rumsfeld, “Illustrative List of Recent Examples of French Opposition to the United States,” October 23, 2002.
26. Rumsfeld to Shultz, State Department cable, “Rumsfeld Mission: December 20 Meeting with Iraqi President Saddam Hussein,” December 21, 1983.
27. John Keegan, The Iraq War (New York: Vintage, 2005), p. 108.
28. Independent Inquiry Committee into the United Nations Oil-For-Food Programme, The Management of the United Nations Oil-for-Food Programme, vol. 1, September 7, 2005, p. 2.
29. United Nations Security Council, Resolution 1441 (S/Res/1441), 4644th Meeting, November 8, 2002.
30. Barbara Slavin and Bill Nichols, “U.S. Says Omissions Put Iraq in ‘Material Breach,’” USA Today, December 20, 2002.
31. Hans Blix, statement to the United Nations Security Council, January 27, 2003.
CHAPTER 32 A Failure of Diplomacy
1. Department of Defense news transcript, “Secretary Rumsfeld Briefs at the Foreign Press Center,” January 22, 2003.
2. “‘Old Europe’ Hits Back at Rumsfeld,” CNN, January 24, 2003.
3. Rumsfeld, “Europe,” February 18, 2003.
4. Statement of the Vilnius Group Countries, February 5, 2003.
5. John Kerry, speech, The Commonwealth Club, San Francisco, California, March 13, 2003; Dan Balz, “Kerry Assails Bush Over States’ Plight,” Washington Post, March 14, 2003.
6. Steven R. Weisman with Julia Preston, “Powell Will Press U.S. Case in Security Council Next Week,” New York Times, January 29, 2003.
7. Michiko Kakutani, “Under a Microscope, Bush and His Presidency,” New York Times, December 7, 2007; Bruce B. Auster, Mark Mazzetti, and Edward T. Pound, “Truth and Consequences: New Questions About U.S. Intelligence Regarding Iraq’s Weapons of Mass Terror,” U.S. News & World Report, June 1, 2003; Suzanne Goldenberg and Richard Norton-Taylor, “Powell’s Doubts Over CIA Intelligence on Iraq Prompted Him to Set Up Secret Review,” The Guardian; Karen DeYoung, Soldier: The Life of Colin Powell (New York: Knopf, 2006).
8. Micah Zenko, “Foregoing Limited Force: The George W. Bush Administration’s Decision Not to Attack Ansar al-Islam,” Journal of Strategic Studies, vol. 32, no. 4, August 2009, p. 640.
9. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, Report on the U.S. Intelligence Community’s Prewar Intelligence Assessments on Iraq (S. Rep. 108-301), 108th Cong., 2d sess., July 9, 2004, p. 336; Micah Zenko, “Foregoing Limited Force: The George W. Bush Administration’s Decision Not to Attack Ansar al-Islam,” Journal of Strategic Studies, vol. 32, no. 4, August 2009, p. 632.
10. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, Report on the U.S. Intelligence Community’s Prewar Intelligence Assessments on Iraq (S. Rep. 108–301), 108th Cong., 2d sess., July 9, 2004, p. 337.
11. Micah Zenko, “Foregoing Limited Force: The George W. Bush Administration’s Decision Not to Attack Ansar al-Islam,” Journal of Strategic Studies, vol. 32, no. 4, August 2009, p. 629.
12. Department of Defense notes of NSC meeting, February 3, 2003.
13. Colin Powell, remarks, United Nations Security Council, New York City, February 5, 2003.
14. Colin Powell, remarks, United Nations Security Council, New York City, February 5, 2003.
15. Colin Powell, remarks, United Nations Security Council, New York City, February 5, 2003.
16. Gregroy Fontenot, E. J. Degen, and David Tohn, On Point: The United States Army in Operation Iraqi Freedom (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2005), p. 250.
17. Micah Zenko, “Foregoing Limited Force: The George W. Bush Administration’s Decision Not to Attack Ansar al-Islam,” Journal of Strategic Studies, vol. 32, no. 4, August 2009, p. 640; Linda Robinson, Masters of Chaos: The Secret History of the Special Forces (New York: Public Affairs, 2004), pp. 320–21; Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, Report on Postwar Findings About Iraq’s WMD Programs and Links to Terrorism and How They Compare with Prewar Assessments, 109th Cong., 2d sess., September 8, 2006, pp. 93–94.
18. Steven R. Weisman, “Powell Calls His U.N. Speech a Lasting Blot on His Record,” New York Times, September 9, 2005.
19. Colin Powell, interviewed by Tim Russert, Meet the Press, MSNBC, June 10, 2007.
20. Rumsfeld, handwritten note, January 11, 2003.
21. Rumsfeld, “Turkey,” December 28, 2001.
22. Eric Schmitt, “U.S. Plan for Iraq Is Said to Include Attack on 3 Sides,” New York Times, July 5, 2002.
23. Rumsfeld, “Leaks,” August 5, 2002.
24. Thomas E. Ricks, The Gamble: General David Petraeus and the American Military Adventure in Iraq, 2006–2008 (New York: The Penguin Press, 2009), p. 103; Barbara Slavin and Dave Moniz, “War in Iraq’s Aftermath Hits Troops Hard,” USA Today, July 21, 2003.
25. Thomas E. Ricks, “Projection on Fall of Hussein Disputed; Ground Forces Chiefs, Pentagon at Odds,” Washington Post, December 18, 2002.
26. Myers to Rumsfeld, “Joint Chiefs of Staff Opportunities to Express Military Advice,” undated.
27. Rumsfeld, “Military Advice to POTUS,” September 29, 2004.
28. Rumsfeld, handwritten note, December 18, 2002.
29. Rumsfeld, handwritten note, December 18, 2002.
30. Thom Shanker, “New Strategy Vindicates Ex-Army Chief Shinseki,” New York Times, January 12, 2007.
31. Jamie McIntyre, “Myth of Shinseki Lingers,” CNN, December 8, 2008.
32. Hearing of the Senate Armed Services Committee, “The Fiscal Year 2004 Defense Budget,” testimony of Eric Shinseki, February 25, 2003.
33. Jamie McIntyre, “Myth of Shinseki Lingers,” CNN, December 8, 2008; Ann ScottTyson, “Shinseki Says He Would Modernize VA,” Washington Post, January 15, 2009; Georgie Anne Geyer, “Straight-Talking Jones Has Kept His Integrity Intact,” Universal Press Syndicate, December 4, 2008; Philip Rucker, “Obama Picks Shinseki to Lead Veterans Affairs,” Washington Post, December 7, 2008; Paul D. Eaton, “A Top-Down Review for the Pentagon,” New York Times, March 19, 2006; Maureen Dowd, “Alan (Not Atlas) Shrugged,” New York Times, September 19, 2007; Th om Shanker, “New Strategy Vindicates Ex-Army Chief Shinseki,” New York Times, January 12, 2007; Andrew Cockburn, “No, He Wasn’t a Good Manager,” Washington Post, February 25, 2007; Richard Cohen, “Vietnam’s Forgotten Lessons,” Washington Post, April 11, 2006.
34. Shinseki to Rumsfeld, “End of Tour Memorandum,” June 10, 2003.
35. Rumsfeld to Hank Crumpton, “Speaking Up,” May 3, 2002.
36. Rumsfeld, “Talk to VP,” September 30, 2002.
37. George W. Bush, address to the nation, March 17, 2003.
38. “Bush Offers Ultimatum to Saddam in Address to Nation,” Fox News, March 18, 2003.
CHAPTER 33 Exit the Butcher of Baghdad
1. “Iraq War Begins,” PBS NewsHour, March 20, 2003.
2. “U.S. Launches Cruise Missiles at Saddam,” CNN, March 20, 2003.
3. Captured document dated March 11, 2003, “Military Command Memos Concerned with the Arabian Volunteers to the Iraqi Special Forces,” cited in Kevin M. Woods with Michael R. Pease, Mark E. Stout, Williamson Murray, and James G. Lacey, Iraqi Perspectives Project: A View of Operation Iraqi Freedom from Saddam’s Senior Leadership (Joint Center for Operational Analysis, U.S. Joint Forces Command, March 2006), p. 156.
4. Captured document dated March 11, 2003, “Military Command Memos Concerned with the Arabian Volunteers to the Iraqi Special Forces,” cited in Kevin M. Woods with Michael R. Pease, Mark E. Stout, Williamson Murray, and James G. Lacey, Iraqi Perspectives Project: A View of Operation Iraqi Freedom from Saddam’s Senior Leadership (Joint Center for Operational Analysis, U.S. Joint Forces Command, March 2006), p. 156.
5. Captured document dated March 27, 2003, “Memorandum to Director of the IIS, Subject: Hamas,” cited in Kevin M. Woods with Michael R. Pease, Mark E. Stout, Williamson Murray, and James G. Lacey, Iraqi Perspectives Project: A View of Operation Iraqi Freedom from Saddam’s Senior Leadership (Joint Center for Operational Analysis, U.S. Joint Forces Command, March 2006), pp. 132, 153.
6. Captured document dated April 2, 2003, “Written Summaries for the 37th Division 20 March–2 April 2003,” cited in Kevin M. Woods with Michael R. Pease, Mark E. Stout, Williamson Murray, and James G. Lacey, Iraqi Perspectives Project: A View of Operation Iraqi Freedom from Saddam’s Senior Leadership (Joint Center for Operational Analysis, U.S. Joint Forces Command, March 2006), pp. 131–32, 153.
7. Captured document dated April 4, 2003, “General Military Intelligence Directorate to the 8th Adjutant Confirming Saddam Hussein’s Order to Treat the Arab Fedayeen Volunteers the Same Way as Special Forces Troops in Terms of Their Salaries and Supplies,” cited in Kevin M. Woods with Michael R. Pease, Mark E. Stout, Williamson Murray, and James G. Lacey, Iraqi Perspectives Project: A View of Operation Iraqi Freedom from Saddam’s Senior Leadership (Joint Center for Operational Analysis, U.S. Joint Forces Command, March 2006), pp. 150, 156.
8. Ryan Chilcote, “Sandstorm Paralyzes US Copters,” CNN, March 26, 2003.
9. Editorial, “Diminished Expectations in Iraq,” New York Times, March 25, 2003; Rick Atkinson and Thomas E. Ricks, “War’s Military, Political Goals Begin to Diverge,” Washington Post, March 30, 2003; Monica Davey, “For Some Uncertain About War, Anxiety Builds in First Week,” New York Times, March 27, 2003.
10. Department of Defense news transcript, “Deputy Assistant Secretary Whitman Interview with egyptian TV,” April 14, 2003.
11. “Iraq: Journalists in Danger,” Committee to Protect Journalists, updates concluded in October 2009.
12. Eason Jordan, “The News We Kept to Ourselves,” New York Times, April 11, 2003.
13. Dave Moniz, John Diamond, and David J. Lynch, “A Virtual Certainty: Baghdad Falls. What’s Uncertain: Cost of Battle,” USA Today, April 3, 2003.
14. Kevin M. Woods with Michael R. Pease, Mark E. Stout, Williamson Murray, and James G. Lacey, Iraqi Perspectives Project: A View of Operation Iraqi Freedom from Saddam’s Senior Leadership (Joint Center for Operational Analysis, U.S. Joint Forces Command, March 2006), pp. 29–30.
15. “The Collected Quotations of ‘Baghdad Bob,’ Muhammed Saeed al-Sahaf: The Iraqi Minister of DisInformation,” posted by the Center for Individual Freedom, April 10, 2003.
16. Gayle MacDonald, “Take My Country…Please! His Barefaced Lies and Poker-Faced Bravado Have Made Comical Ali a Pop-Culture Hit,” The Globe and Mail, May 6, 2003.
`VEN The Occupation of Iraq
1. John F. Burns, “Pillagers Strip Iraqi Museum of Its Treasure,” New York Times, April 13, 2003.
2. John F. Burns, “Pillagers Strip Iraqi Museum of Its Treasure,” New York Times, April 13, 2003.
3. Michele Norris, Robert Siegel, Anne Garrels, and Dr. Dorry George, All Th ings Considered, NPR, April 14, 2003.
4. Ann Talbot, “US Government Implicated in Planned Theft of Iraqi Artistic Treasures,” World Socialist, April 19, 2003; Heather Cottin, “Looting of Iraqi Museum Was Long Planned,” Workers World, May 1, 2003.
5. Frank Rich, “And Now: ‘Operation Iraqi Looting,’” New York Times, April 27, 2003.
6. “Secretary-General’s Statement on Safeguarding Iraqi Cultural Heritage,” Secretary General Office of the Spokesperson, United Nations, New York, April 15, 2003.
7. Jacques Chirac, press conference at the ceremony of the signature of the Treaty of Accession of the new member states to the EU, Athens, Greece, April 16, 2003.
8. Leon Harris, “Secretary of State, Kuwaiti Foreign Minister Address Reporters,” CNN Live, CNN, April 14, 2003.
9. Matthew Bogdanos with William Patrick, Thieves of Baghdad (New York: Blooms-bury, 2005), pp. 210–11.
10. Rumsfeld to Abizaid et al., “Looting,” July 9, 2003.
11. Special Inspector General for Iraq Reconstruction, interview with Lieutenant General David McKiernan, December 5, 2006 as cited in Office of the Special Inspector General for Iraq Reconstruction, Hard Lessons: The Iraq Reconstruction Experience (U.S. Independent Agencies and Commissions, 2009), p. 57.
12. Department of Defense notes of principals meeting, February 26, 2003; “Summary of Public Order Plan: Phase One,” March 2003.
13. Department of Defense news transcript, “DoD News briefing—Secretary Rumsfeld and Gen. Myers,” April 11, 2003.
14. David Stafford, “Iraq Is a Mess. But Germany Was, Too,” Washington Post, April 6, 2008.
15. Guy Gugliotta, “Iraq Museum Is Slowly Recovering Artifacts,” Washington Post, September 15, 2003.
16. Melik Kaylan, “So Much for the ‘Looted Sites,’” Wall Street Journal, July 15, 2008.
17. Melik Kaylan, “So Much for the ‘Looted Sites,’” Wall Street Journal, July 15, 2008.
18. Matthew Bogdanos with William Patrick, Thieves of Baghdad (New York: Blooms-bury, 2005), p. 155.
19. Robert D. Kaplan, Warrior Politics: Why Leadership Demands a Pagan Ethos (New York: Random House, 2002), p. 129.
20. Alex Spillius, “Media Blamed for Exaggerating Loss of Antiquities,” London Telegraph, May 22, 2003.
21. William Booth and Guy Gugliotta, “All Along, Most Iraqi Relics Were ‘Safe and Sound,’” Washington Post, June 9, 2003.
CHAPTER 34 Catastrophic Success
1. Ken Adelman, “Cakewalk in Iraq,” Washington Post, February 13, 2002.
2. Rumsfeld, “Iraq: An Illustrative List of Potential Problems to Be Considered and Addressed,” October 15, 2002.
3. Rumsfeld, “Iraq: An Illustrative List of Potential Problems to Be Considered and Addressed,” October 15, 2002.
4. Rumsfeld, “Iraq: An Illustrative List of Potential Problems to Be Considered and Addressed,” October 15, 2002.
5. Rumsfeld, “Iraq: An Illustrative List of Potential Problems to Be Considered and Addressed,” October 15, 2002.
6. Rumsfeld, “Guidelines When Considering Committing U.S. Forces,” March 2001.
7. Judy Dempsey, “NATO Committed to Presence in Bosnia,” Financial Times, May 19, 2001.
8. “The Second Gore-Bush Presidential Debate,” Commission on Presidential Debates, debate transcript, October 11, 2000.
9. Rumsfeld, “Guidelines When Considering Committing U.S. Forces,” March 2001.
10. Zakheim to Rumsfeld, “Report on Contributions to Afghanistan Reconstruction, Global War on Terrorism (GWOT), and Iraq,” April 3, 2003.
11. Rodman to Rumsfeld, “Who Will Govern Iraq?” August 15, 2002.
12. Rodman to Rumsfeld, “Who Will Govern Iraq?” August 15, 2002.
13. Rumsfeld to Cheney et al., “Supporting the Iraqi Opposition,” July 1, 2002.
14. General Richard B. Myers, USAF (Ret.), with Malcolm McConnell, Eyes on the Horizon: Serving on the Front Lines of National Security (New York; London: Th reshold Editions, 2009), p. 225.
15. General Tommy Franks with Malcolm McConnell, American Soldier (New York:Regan Books, 2004), p. 531.
16. Department of State, “Future of Iraq Project,” May 12, 2003.
17. “The Lost Year in Iraq: Planning For a Postwar Iraq,” Frontline, PBS, broadcast October 17, 2006.
18. Bradley Graham, “Prewar Memo Warned of Gaps in Iraq Plans,” Washington Post, August 18, 2005.
19. John Ware, “Blair Was Warned of Looming Disaster in Iraq,” The Telegraph, October 28, 2007.
20. Feith to Rumsfeld, “Establishing the DoD Postwar Planning Office,” January 9, 2003.
21. Mark Fineman, Robin Wright, and Doyle McManus, “Preparing for War, Stumbling to Peace,” Los Angeles Times, July 18, 2003.
22. Rumsfeld to Secretaries of the Military Departments et al., “Support for the Office of Reconstruction and Humanitarian Assistance,” April 2, 2003.
23. Paul Vallely, “Jay Garner: The US General Waiting to Replace Saddam,” The Independent, April 5, 2003.
24. Jane Perlez, “U.S. Overseer Set to Remake Iraq,” New York Times, April 15, 2003.
25. George Tenet with Bill Harlow, At the Center of the Storm: My Years at the CIA (New York: HarperCollins, 2007), p. 419.
26. George Tenet with Bill Harlow, At the Center of the Storm: My Years at the CIA (New York: HarperCollins, 2007), p. 398.
27. Rumsfeld to Myers, “Planning Guidance for Iraqi Opposition Training,” August 12, 2002.
28. Rumsfeld to Rice, “Military Assistance Under the Iraq Liberation Act (ILA),” August 12, 2002.
29. Rodman to Rumsfeld, “Who Will Govern Iraq?” August 15, 2002.
30. Powell to Rumsfeld et al., March 1, 2003; Marc J. Susser to Powell, “Occupation and Postwar Government: Precedents and Options,” February 28, 2003.
31. OSD Policy, “Iraqi Interim Authority Implementation Concept—Summary,” March 30, 2003; OSD Policy, “Iraqi Interim Authority Action Plan,” March 30, 2003.
32. Rumsfeld, handwritten note, March 11, 2003.
CHAPTER 35 Mission Accomplished?
1. Rumsfeld to Bush, “Iraqi Interim Authority,” April 1, 2003.
2. Rumsfeld to Bush, “Iraqi Interim Authority,” April 1, 2003.
3. Rumsfeld to Bush et al., “Visit to the Persian Gulf, Iraq, Afghanistan & United Kingdom,” May 5, 2003.
4. Rumsfeld to Bush et al., “Visit to the Persian Gulf, Iraq, Afghanistan & United Kingdom,” May 5, 2003.
5. Rumsfeld to Bush et al., “Visit to the Persian Gulf, Iraq, Afghanistan & United Kingdom,” May 5, 2003.
6. Rumsfeld to Bush et al., “Visit to the Persian Gulf, Iraq, Afghanistan & United Kingdom,” May 5, 2003.
7. Department of Defense news transcript, “Secretary Rumsfeld Town Hall Meeting in Baghdad,” April 30, 2003.
8. General Tommy Franks with Malcolm McConnell, American Soldier (New York: Regan Books, 2004), p. 523.
9. Franks to Rumsfeld, Department of Defense cable, “Operation Iraqi Freedom,” April 16, 2003.
10. George W. Bush, speech aboard the USS Abraham Lincoln, May 1, 2003.
11. Rumsfeld, “DoD Edits of POTUS Speeches,” December 3, 2003.
12. Department of Defense news transcript, “Secretary Rumsfeld Joint Media Availability with British Secretary of State for Defence,” May 2, 2003.
13. William Safire, Safire’s Political Dictionary (New York: Oxford University Press, 2008), p. 389.
14. Rumsfeld to Feith, “Oil and Democracy,” May 21, 2003.
15. Rumsfeld, “Talk to POTUS About Democracy,” April 19, 2006.
16. Charles Duelfer, “Comprehensive Report of the Special Advisor to the DCI on Iraq’s WMD” (Duelfer Report), September 30, 2004.
17. Rumsfeld to Myers, “Manning Requests,” November 1, 2004.
18. Rumsfeld to Bush, “Jay Garner,” May 9, 2003.
19. Steven R. Weisman, “U.S. Set to Name Civilian to Oversee Iraq,” New York Times, May 2, 2003.
20. Steven R. Weisman, “U.S. Set to Name Civilian to Oversee Iraq,” New York Times, May 2, 2003.
21. Rumsfeld, handwritten note, March 31, 2003.
22. Rumsfeld to Card, cc: Cheney, “Press Reports,” April 7, 2003.
23. Rumsfeld, handwritten note, March 31, 2003.
24. Rumsfeld, “Memorandum,” September 6, 2001.
25. Rumsfeld, handwritten note, October 1, 2003.
26. Rumsfeld, handwritten note, October 2, 2003.
27. Rumsfeld to Card, “Ambassador Paul Bremer,” April 24, 2003.
28. Rumsfeld, “Principles for Iraq—Policy Guidelines,” May 13, 2003.
29. Rumsfeld, handwritten note, May 6, 2003.
30. Ambassador L. Paul Bremer III with Malcolm McConnell, My Year in Iraq: The Struggle to Build a Future of Hope (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2005), p. 12.
CHAPTER 36 Too Many Hands on the Steering Wheel
1. Ambassador L. Paul Bremer III with Malcolm McConnell, My Year in Iraq: The Struggle to Build a Future of Hope (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2005), pp. 36–37.
2. Rory Stewart, The Prince of the Marshes: And Other Occupational Hazards of a Year in Iraq (Orlando, FL: Harcourt, 2006), p. 109.
3. James Dobbins, Seth G. Jones, Benjamin Runkle, and Siddharth Mohandas, Occupying Iraq: A History of the Coalition Provisional Authority (RAND, 2009), p. 248.
4. James Dobbins, Seth G. Jones, Benjamin Runkle, and Siddharth Mohandas, Occupying Iraq: A History of the Coalition Provisional Authority (RAND, 2009), p. 249.
5. George Packer, The Assassins’ Gate: America in Iraq (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2005), p. 396.
6. Rumsfeld to Powell et al., “Iraq Personnel,” September 16, 2003.
7. Commander, U.S. Joint Forces Command, “Joint Lessons Learned: Operational Insights,” August 8, 2003; Commander, U.S. Joint Forces Command, “Joint Lessons Learned: Stability, Transition and Reconstruction Operations—Operational Insights,” May 25, 2004.
8. Ambassador L. Paul Bremer III with Malcolm McConnell, My Year in Iraq: The Struggle to Build a Future of Hope (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2005), p. 12.
9. Douglas Jehl and Jane Perlez, “Pentagon Sending a Team of Exiles to Help Run Iraq,” New York Times, April 26, 2003.
10. Special Inspector General for Iraq Reconstruction, interview with Ambassador L. Paul Bremer III, March 18, 2008, as cited in Office of the Special Inspector General for Iraq Reconstruction, Hard Lessons: The Iraq Reconstruction Experience (U.S.Independent Agencies and Commissions, 2009), p. 69.
11. Bremer to Rumsfeld, “Meeting with Iraqi Political Leaders,” June 2, 2003.
12. Rumsfeld to Bremer, “Why We Need an IA Sooner Rather Than Later,” June 9, 2003; Rumsfeld to Bremer, “Forming the Interim Administration,” June 21, 2003.
13. Douglas J. Feith, War and Decision: Inside the Pentagon at the Dawn of the War on Terrorism (New York: HarperCollins, 2008), p. 439.
14. Patrick E. Tyler, “Overseer Adjusts Strategy as Turmoil Grows in Iraq,” New York Times, July 13, 2003.
15. Ambassador L. Paul Bremer III with Malcolm McConnell, My Year in Iraq: The Struggle to Build a Future of Hope (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2005), p. 171.
16. Rumsfeld to Bremer et al., “Recognition of Governing Council,” September 11, 2003.
17. David Rohde, “Iraqis Were Set to Vote, but U.S. Wielded a Veto,” New York Times, June 19, 2003.
18. Wolfowitz to Rumsfeld, “CERP Funds,” November 28, 2003.
19. Coalition Provisional Authority, “Achieving the Vision to Restore Full Sovereignty to the Iraqi People (Strategic Plan),” working document as of October 1, 2003 (Baghdad, Iraq).
20. Coalition Provisional Authority, “Achieving the Vision to Restore Full Sovereignty to the Iraqi People (Strategic Plan),” working document as of October 1, 2003 (Baghdad, Iraq).
21. Douglas J. Feith, War and Decision: Inside the Pentagon at the Dawn of the War on Terrorism (New York: HarperCollins, 2008), pp. 497–98.
22. Coalition Provisional Authority, “Implementation of De-Ba’athification Order No. 1,” May 16, 2003.
23. Rumsfeld to Bush et al., “Visit to the Persian Gulf, Iraq, Afghanistan & United Kingdom,” May 5, 2003.
24. James Dobbins, Seth G. Jones, Benjamin Runkle, and Siddharth Mohandas, Occupying Iraq: A History of the Coalition Provisional Authority (RAND, 2009), pp. xxvi–xxvii.
25. Ali A. Allawi, The Occupation of Iraq: Winning the War, Losing the Peace (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008), p. 150.
26. Department of Defense notes of NSC meeting, March 26, 2003.
27. Department of Defense, “Rebuilding the Iraqi Military,” January 21, 2003.
28. Department of Defense notes of principals meeting, February 26, 2003.
29. Rodman to Rumsfeld, “Disbanding the Iraqi Army,” May 24, 2006.
30. James Dobbins, Seth G. Jones, Benjamin Runkle, and Siddharth Mohandas, Occupying Iraq: A History of the Coalition Provisional Authority (RAND, 2009), p. 55.
31. Michael R. Gordon, “Fateful Choice on Iraq Army Bypassed Debate,” New York Times, March 17, 2008.
32. Ambassador L. Paul Bremer III with Malcolm McConnell, My Year in Iraq: The Struggle to Build a Future of Hope (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2005), p. 224.
33. Bremer to Rumsfeld, “Dissolution of the Ministry of Defense and Related Entities,” May 19, 2003.
34. James Dobbins, Seth G. Jones, Benjamin Runkle, and Siddharth Mohandas, Occupying Iraq: A History of the Coalition Provisional Authority (RAND, 2009), p. 57.
35. Rumsfeld to Bremer, “Response to your ‘should we pay the ex-military’ proposal,” June 19, 2003.
36. Douglas J. Feith, War and Decision: Inside the Pentagon at the Dawn of the War on Terrorism (New York: HarperCollins, 2008), pp. 433–34; James Dobbins, Seth G.Jones, Benjamin Runkle, and Siddharth Mohandas, Occupying Iraq: A History of the Coalition Provisional Authority (RAND, 2009), p. 60.
37. Rumsfeld to Bremer et al., “Iraqi Army,” October 15, 2003.
38. Rumsfeld to Abizaid et al., “Iraqi Security Elements,” November 10, 2003; Rumsfeld, letter to Carl Levin, December 29, 2003.
39. Ambassador L. Paul Bremer III with Malcolm McConnell, My Year in Iraq: The Struggle to Build a Future of Hope (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2005), p. 236.
40. Hannah Hickey, “Bremer Defends Disbanding Iraqi Army as the ‘Most Important Decision I Made,’” Stanford Report, April 27, 2005.
41. L. Paul Bremer III, “How I Didn’t Dismantle Iraq’s Army,” New York Times, September 6, 2007.
42. Bremer to Rumsfeld, “Dissolution of the Ministry of Defense and Related Entities,” May 19, 2003.
43. James Dobbins, Seth G. Jones, Benjamin Runkle, and Siddharth Mohandas, Occupying Iraq: A History of the Coalition Provisional Authority (RAND, 2009), p. 57.
44. Christopher Hitchens, “It Was Right to Dissolve the Iraqi Army,” Slate, September 17, 2007.
45. Myers to Rumsfeld, “Police,” July 22, 2003.
46. Rumsfeld to Bremer et al., “Training Iraqi Police,” September 29, 2003.
47. Bremer to Rumsfeld, “Security Assessment,” February 3, 2004.
48. “Saddam’s Amnesty Blamed for Iraq’s Crime,” Associated Press, May 16, 2003.
49. George Tenet with Bill Harlow, At the Center of the Storm: My Years at the CIA (New York: HarperCollins, 2007), p. 318.
50. Gary Anderson, “Saddam’s Greater Game,” Washington Post, April 2, 2003.
51. Rumsfeld to Abizaid et al., “Post-Saddam,” May 22, 2003.
52. Department of Defense news transcript, “DoD News briefing—Mr. Di Rita and Gen. Abizaid,” July 16, 2003.
53. Rumsfeld to Steven Bucci, “DoD Dictionary,” July 23, 2003; Rumsfeld to Abizaid, cc: Myers, “definitions,” July 23, 2002.
54. Rumsfeld to Wolfowitz et al., “Terminology,” January 7, 2004.
55. Rumsfeld to Di Rita, “History of Insurgency,” November 12, 2003.
56. L. Paul Bremer III, “Iraq’s Path to Sovereignty,” Washington Post, September 8, 2003.
57. Douglas J. Feith, War and Decision: Inside the Pentagon at the Dawn of the War on Terrorism (New York: HarperCollins, 2008), p. 459.
58. Ambassador L. Paul Bremer III with Malcolm McConnell, My Year in Iraq: The Struggle to Build a Future of Hope (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2005), p. 164.
59. Ambassador L. Paul Bremer III with Malcolm McConnell, My Year in Iraq: The Struggle to Build a Future of Hope (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2005), p. 208.
60. Rumsfeld to Bremer, “Memos on Iraq,” July 8, 2003; Rumsfeld to Bremer, [No Subject], June 1, 2004.
CHAPTER 37 Liberation from the Occupation
1. Douglas J Feith and Lieutenant General Walter L. Sharp (principal drafters), “Strategic Review: Stay the Course—Faster,” October 28, 2003, as cited in Douglas J.Feith, War and Decision: Inside the Pentagon at the Dawn of the War on Terrorism (New York: HarperCollins, 2008), pp. 460, 644.
2. Rumsfeld, “Plan for Iraq,” October 14, 2003.
3. Rumsfeld, “Risk in the Way Ahead in Iraq,” October 28, 2003.
4. Ambassador L. Paul Bremer III with Malcolm McConnell, My Year in Iraq: The Struggle to Build a Future of Hope (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2005), p. 227.
5. Judy Keen, “Rice Will Manage Iraq’s ‘New Phase,’” USA Today, October 6, 2003.
6. David E. Sanger, “White House to Overhaul Iraq and Afghan Missions,” New York Times, October 6, 2003.
7. “Rumsfeld Avoids Questions on Iraq Role,” CNN, October 9, 2003.
8. Rumsfeld to Rice, “Cartoon,” October 15, 2003.
9. David E. Sanger, “White House to Overhaul Iraq and Afghan Missions,” New York Times, October 6, 2003.
10. Rumsfeld to Powell, “Afghanistan—Embassy Kabul Staffing,” March 26, 2004.
11. Rumsfeld to Bush et al., “Iraq Reporting Relationships,” October 6, 2003.
12. Rumsfeld to Bush et al., “Iraq Reporting Relationships,” October 6, 2003.
13. Rumsfeld to Bush et al., “Iraq Reporting Relationships,” October 6, 2003.
14. Rumsfeld, handwritten note, October 14, 2003.
15. Rumsfeld, “Alternative Approaches to Operate the NSC—Consensus v. Options for POTUS,” April 1, 2004; Rumsfeld to Rice, “Interagency Process,” August 20, 2002.
16. Rumsfeld, “Conversation with Jerry Bremer,” December 10, 2003.
17. Rumsfeld, “Fight to the Death,” July 24, 2003.
18. Alexandar Vasovic, “Saddam: ‘I’m Willing to Negotiate,’ Raising Hopes Insurgency Might Weaken,” Associated Press, December 15, 2003.
19. Department of Defense notes of NSC meeting, April 9, 2003.
20. Department of Defense notes of NSC meeting, April 9, 2003; Ambassador L. PaulBremer III with Malcolm McConnell, My Year in Iraq: The Struggle to Build a Future of Hope (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2005), p. 334.
21. Department of Defense notes of NSC meeting, April 10, 2003.
22. International Monetary Fund, “Iraq: Third and Fourth Reviews Under the StandBy Arrangement, Financing, Assurances Review, and Requests for Extension of theArrangement and for Waiver of Nonobservance of a Performance Criterion,” IMFCountry Report No. 07/115, March 2007, p. 13.
23. Coalition Provisional Authority, “Law of Administration for the State of Iraq for the Transitional Period,” adopted March 8, 2004.
24. Department of Defense news transcript, “Defense Department Operational Update briefing,” April 20, 2004.
25. Rumsfeld to Abizaid et al., “Sunni Engagement,” December 19, 2003.
26. Rumsfeld to Bremer, “Sunni Outreach,” April 12, 2004.
27. Glen D. Shaffer, Director for Intelligence (J-2) to Myers et al., “The Importance of the Tribes in Post-Saddam Iraq,” April 8, 2003.
28. Bing West, No True Glory: A Frontline Account of the Battle for Fallujah (New York: Bantam Books, 2005), p. 61.
29. Stephan Faris, “Islamic Justice: The Religious Militia Muscles In,” Time, March 1, 2004.
30. Rumsfeld to Abizaid et al., “SADR,” August 30, 2003.
31. Rumsfeld to Abizaid et al., “SADR,” August 30, 2003.
32. OSD Policy, “Apprehension of Moqtada al Sadr,” January 7, 2004.
33. Edward Wong with David E. Sanger, “Truce Extended in Falluja Siege, and Talks Go On,” New York Times, April 26, 2004.
34. Edward Wong with David E. Sanger, “Truce Extended in Falluja Siege, and Talks Go On,” New York Times, April 26, 2004.
35. Ambassador L. Paul Bremer III with Malcolm McConnell, My Year in Iraq: The Struggle to Build a Future of Hope (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2005), pp. 135–36.
36. Rodman to Rumsfeld, “Decision Not to Go After Sadr,” December 6, 2005.
37. Paul Bremer, statement to the Iraqi people, March 3, 2004; Paul Bremer, statement on UN Envoy Lakhdar Brahaimi’s announcement regarding Iraq’s political transition, April 14, 2004.
38. Dexter Filkins, “U.S. Transfers Power to Iraq 2 Days Early,” New York Times, June 29, 2004.
PART TWELVE Wartime Detention
1. Department of Defense, “DoD Chains of Command until 19 Nov 03 (Abu Ghraib abuses: Sep–Dec 03),” undated.
2. Associated Press, “Vatican Calls Prison Abuse a Bigger Blow to U.S. than Sept. 11,” USA Today, May 12, 2004.
3. Tom Curry, “Will Rumsfeld Survive Abuse Scandal?” MSNBC, May 6, 2004.
4. Edward Kennedy, statement, “The Prisoner Abuse Resolution,” 108th Cong., 2d sess., Congressional Record, vol. 150, no. 64, May 10, 2004, p. S5058.
5. Colin Powell, interviewed by Larry King, Larry King Live, CNN, May 4, 2004.
6. Seymour M. Hersh, “Torture at Abu Ghraib,” The New Yorker, May 10, 2004.
7. Al Gore, remarks, New York University, New York, May 26, 2004.
8. Rumsfeld, handwritten letter to Bush, May 5, 2004.
9. Hearing of the Senate and House Armed Services Committees, “Testimony of Secretary of Defense Donald H. Rumsfeld,” May 7, 2004.
10. Hearing of the Senate and House Armed Services Committees, “Testimony of Secretary of Defense Donald H. Rumsfeld,” May 7, 2004.
11. Hearing of the Senate and House Armed Services Committees, “Testimony of Secretary of Defense Donald H. Rumsfeld,” May 7, 2004.
12. “Death in the Night,” Time, May 5, 1952.
13. Rumsfeld, handwritten letter to Bush, May 9, 2004.
14. Kate Zernike, “Cited as Symbol of Abu Ghraib, Man Admits He Is Not in Photo,”New York Times, March 18, 2006.
15. “Review of Department of Defense Detention Operations and Detainee Interrogation Techniques” (Church Report), May 11, 2004.
16. “Final Report of the Independent Panel to Review DoD Detention Operations” (Schlesinger Panel), August 23, 2004.
17. “Report on Detention and Corrections Operations in Iraq” (MG Ryder Report), November 5, 2003; “Assessment of DoD Counterterrorism Interrogation andDetention Operations in Iraq” (MG Miller Report), September 9, 2003; “Taguba Report with Annexes (AR 15-6 Investigation of the 800th Military Police Brigade),” March 12, 2004; “Review of Department of Defense Detention Operations andDetainee Interrogation Techniques” (Church Report), May 11, 2004; “CFC-A AODetainee Operations: Report of Inspection” (Jacoby Report), June 26, 2004; Department of the Army Inspector General, “Detainee Operations Inspection” (Mikolashek Report), July 21, 2004; “Final Report of the Independent Panel to Review DoD Detention Operations” (Schlesinger Panel), August 23, 2004; “Investigation of Intelligence Activities at Abu Ghraib” (Fay/Jones Report), August 25, 2004; “Article 15-6 Investigation of CJSOTF-AP and 5th SF Group Detention Operations” (For-mica Investigation), October 10, 2004; “Assessment of Detainee Medical Operations for OEF, Gitmo, and OIF” (LTG Kiley Medical Review), May 24, 2005; “Investigation into FBI Allegations of Detainee Abuse at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba Detention Facility” (Schmidt-Furlow Report), June 9, 2005; “Review of DoD-Directed Investigations of Detainee Abuse,” August 25, 2006.
18. Rumsfeld, “Memorandum,” June 1, 2004.
CHAPTER 38 The Least Worst Place
1. Rick Atkinson, The Day of Battle: The War in Sicily and Italy, 1943–1944 (New York: Holt, 2008), pp. 118–19; Thomas Farragher, “Vengeance at Dachau in Dark Footnote to Death Camp’s Liberation, US Soldiers Shocked by Holocaust Executed Nazi SS Troops,” Boston Globe, July 2, 2001.
2. “60,000 Inmates Sexually Abused Every Year,” Associated Press, June 23, 2009; “Sexual Abuse Behind Bars,” Washington Post, September 15, 2009.
3. Rumsfeld to Hadley et al., “Transferring Responsibilities to Afghanistan and Iraq,” February 3, 2005.
4. Haynes to Rumsfeld, “President’s Military Order on Detention, Treatment, and Trial of Certain Non-Citizens in the War Against Terrorism,” November 14, 2001.
5. Haynes to Rumsfeld, “President’s Military Order on Detention, Treatment, and Trial of Certain Non-Citizens in the War Against Terrorism,” November 14, 2001.
6. Ex parte Quirin, 317 U.S. 1 (1942).
7. Haynes to Rumsfeld, “President’s Military Order on Detention, Treatment, and Trial of Certain Non-Citizens in the War Against Terrorism,” November 14, 2001.
8. Rumsfeld to Myers, “Status of Taliban and Al Qaida,” January 19, 2002.
9. David Hackett Fischer, Washington’s Crossing (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004), p. 379.
10. Alex Perry, “Inside the Battle at Qala-I-Jangi,” Time, December 1, 2001.
11. Alex Perry, “Inside the Battle at Qala-I-Jangi,” Time, December 1, 2001.
12. Alex Perry, “Inside the Battle at Qala-I-Jangi,” Time, December 1, 2001.
13. Carlotta Gall, “In Tunnels Full of Bodies, One of Them Kept Firing,” New York Times, November 30, 2001.
14. Alex Perry, “Inside the Battle at Qala-I-Jangi,” Time, December 1, 2001.
15. Ronald Reagan, “Message to the Senate Transmitting a Protocol to the 1949 Geneva Conventions,” January 29, 1987.
16. Ronald Reagan, “Message to the Senate Transmitting a Protocol to the 1949 Geneva Conventions,” January 29, 1987.
17. Editorial, “Hijacking the Geneva Conventions,” Washington Post, February 18, 1987.
18. Editorial, “Denied: A Shield for Terrorists,” New York Times, February 17, 1987.
19. Editorial, “The Guantánamo Story,” Washington Post, January 25, 2002; editorial, “Justice at Guantánamo,” New York Times, January 29, 2002.
20. Eric Holder, interviewed by Paula Zahn, American Morning with Paula Zahn, CNN, January 28, 2002.
21. International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), “Convention (III) Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War,” Article 17, Geneva, August 12, 1949.
22. International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), “Convention (III) Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War,” Article 25, Geneva, August 12, 1949.
23. Richard A. Clarke, “Blinded by Hindsight,” New York Times, October 1, 2006; WarrenRichey, “Sorting Out Guantánamo Detainees,” Christian Science Monitor, January 22, 2009; Charlie Savage and Scott Shane, “Terror-War Fallout Lingers Over Bush Lawyers,” New York Times, March 9, 2009.
24. Taft to Gonzales, “Comments on Your Paper on the Geneva Convention,” February 2, 2002, as quoted in Jack Goldsmith, The Terror Presidency: Law and Judgment Inside the Bush Administration (New York: W. W. Norton, 2007), p. 113.
25. Powell to Gonzales and Rice, “Draft Decision Memorandum for the President on the Applicability of the Geneva Convention to the conflict in Afghanistan,” January 25, 2002.
26. Douglas J. Feith, War and Decision: Inside the Pentagon at the Dawn of the War on Terrorism (New York: HarperCollins, 2008), p. 164; Jay S. Bybee to Gonzales and Haynes, “Re: Application of Treaties and Laws to al Qaeda and Taliban Detainees,” January 22, 2002.
27. Katharine Q. Seelye and David E. Sanger, “Bush Reconsiders Stand on Treating Captives of War,” New York Times, January 29, 2002.
28. Rumsfeld to Powell and Rice, “Geneva Convention,” February 4, 2002.
29. Department of Defense, “Points for 2/4/02 NSC Meeting on Geneva Convention,” February 3, 2002.
30. Department of Defense, “Points for 2/4/02 NSC Meeting on Geneva Convention,” February 3, 2002.
31. Department of Defense, “Points for 2/4/02 NSC Meeting on Geneva Convention,” February 3, 2002.
32. Powell to Gonzales and Rice, “Draft Decision Memorandum for the President on the Applicability of the Geneva Convention to the conflict in Afghanistan,” January 25, 2002.
33. Bush to Cheney et al., “Humane Treatment of al Qaeda and Taliban Detainees,” February 7, 2002.
34. Rumsfeld to Hadley et al., “Transferring Responsibilities to Afghanistan and Iraq,” February 3, 2005.
35. Haynes to Rumsfeld, “Detention Facilities in the Continental United States,” December 27, 2001.
36. Department of Defense news transcript, “DoD News briefing—Secretary Rumsfeld and Gen. Myers,” December 27, 2001.
37. Rumsfeld to Myers and Franks, “Low-Level Enemy Combatants,” April 21, 2003.
38. Rumsfeld to Powell et al., “Making Afghans Responsible for Holding ‘Low-Level’ Enemy Combatants in the Afghan System,” April 21, 2003.
39. Rumsfeld to Feith, “Detainees,” January 3, 2003.
40. Rumsfeld to Feith, “Detainees,” January 8, 2003.
41. Rumsfeld to Haynes and Feith, “Detainees,” April 11, 2003.
42. Rumsfeld to Powell et al., “Negotiating Transfer Agreements With Foreign Nations,” April 21, 2003.
43. “Lesson Eighteen: Prisons and Detention Centers,” Manchester Document, al-Qaida Training Manual.
44. “Lesson Eighteen: Prisons and Detention Centers,” Manchester Document, al-Qaida Training Manual.
45. Michael Isikoffand John Barry, “Gitmo: SouthCom Showdown,” Newsweek, May 9, 2005.
46. Mark Whitaker, “The Editor’s Desk,” Newsweek, May 23, 2005.
47. “Guantánamo Better Than Belgian Prisons: OSCE Expert,” Reuters, March 7, 2006.
48. Department of Defense Office of Public Affairs, “Ten Facts about Guantanamo,” September 14, 2006; Spc. Shanita Simmons, USA, “Detainee Literacy Rates ImproveThrough Education Programs,” American Forces Press Service; Jane Sutton, “Guantánamo Convict Eligible for ‘Movie Night,’” Reuters, August 8, 2008.
49. Chris Hedges, “Ex-Judge vs. the Government’s Law-Free Zone,” New York Times, February 6, 2004; Johan Steyn, “Guantánamo Bay: The Legal Black Hole,” Twenty-Seventh FA Mann Lecture, British Institute of International and Comparative Law and Herbert Smith, Lincoln’s Inn Old Hall, November 25, 2003.
50. Alan Cowell, “U.S. ‘Thumbs Its Nose’ at Rights, Amnesty Says,” New York Times, May 26, 2005.
51. Dan Balz, “Durbin Defends Guantánamo Comments,” Washington Post, June 17, 2005.
52. Helene Cooper and William Glaberson, “At White House, Renewed Debate on Guantánamo,” New York Times, June 23, 2007; Walter Pincus, “Powell Calls for Closure of Military Prison at Guantánamo,” Washington Post, June 11, 2007.
53. Helene Cooper and William Glaberson, “At White House, Renewed Debate on Guantánamo,” New York Times, June 23, 2007.
54. Rumsfeld to Powell et al., “Guantánamo Detainees,” December 19, 2003.
55. Rumsfeld to Powell et al., “Guantánamo Detainees,” December 19, 2003.
56. Mark H. Buzby, “Guantánamo Is a Model Prison (Really),” Wall Street Journal, June 4, 2008.
57. Department of Defense news transcript, “Secretary Rumsfeld Remarks to Greater Miami Chamber of Commerce,” February 13, 2004.
58. Scott Higham and Peter Finn, “At Least $500 Million Has Been Spent Since 9/11 on Renovating Guantánamo Bay,” Washington Post, June 7, 2010.
59. Barack Obama, executive order, “Review and Disposition of Individuals Detained at the Guantánamo Bay Naval Base and Closure of Detention Facilities,” January 22, 2009.
CHAPTER 39 The Twentieth Hijacker
1. “Statement of Jose E. Melendez-Perez to the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States,” seventh public hearing of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, January 26, 2004.
2. “Statement of Jose E. Melendez-Perez to the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States,” seventh public hearing of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, January 26, 2004.
3. Press briefing by White House Counsel Judge Alberto Gonzales, DoD General Counsel William Haynes, DoD Deputy General Counsel Daniel Dell’Orto, and Army Deputy Chief of Stafffor Intelligence General Keith Alexander, June 22, 2004.
4. Department of Defense, Office for the Administrative Review of the Detention of Enemy Combatants at U.S. Naval Base Guantánamo Bay, Cuba, “Unclassified Summary of Evidence for Administrative Review Board in the Case of Al Qahtani, Maad,” January 17, 2008.
5. The 9/11 Commission Report: Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States (New York: W. W. Norton, 2004), p. 248.
6. Department of Defense MC Form 458 (January 2007) for Khalid Sheikh Muhammed, Walid Muhammed Salih Mubarak Bin ‘Attash, Ramzi Binalshibh, Ali Abdul Aziz Ali, Mustafa Ahmed Adam al Hawsawi, and Mohamed Al Kahtani.
7. “Substitution for the Testimony of Mohammad Manea Ahmad Al-Qahtani,” United States v. Moussaoui (Cr. No. 01-455-A).
8. The 9/11 Commission Report: Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States (New York: W. W. Norton, 2004), pp. 11, 235.
9. Department of Defense news release, “Guantánamo Provides Valuable Intelligence Information,” June 12, 2005.
10. Chris Mackey and Greg Miller, The Interrogators: Task Force 500 and America’s Secret War Against al Qaeda (New York: Back Bay Books, 2005), p. 472.
11. Department of Justice, Office of the Inspector General, “A Review of the FBI’s Involvement in and Observations of Detainee Interrogations in Guantánamo Bay, Afghanistan, and Iraq,” revised October 2009.
12. Hill to Myers, “Counter-Resistance Techniques,” October 25, 2002.
13. Lieutenant Colonel Jerald Phifer to Major General Michael B. Dunlavey, “Request for Approval of Counter-Resistance Strategies,” October 11, 2002.
14. Lieutenant Colonel Jerald Phifer to Major General Michael B. Dunlavey, “Request for Approval of Counter-Resistance Strategies,” October 11, 2002.
15. Lieutenant Colonel Jerald Phifer to Major General Michael B. Dunlavey, “Request for Approval of Counter-Resistance Strategies,” October 11, 2002.
16. Haynes to Rumsfeld, “Counter-Resistance Techniques,” November 27, 2002.
17. Haynes to Rumsfeld, “Counter-Resistance Techniques,” November 27, 2002.
18. Haynes to Rumsfeld, “Counter-Resistance Techniques,” November 27, 2002.
19. Philippe Sands, Torture Team: Rumsfeld’s Memo and the Betrayal of American Values (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008).
20. Press briefing by White House Counsel Judge Alberto Gonzales, DoD General Counsel William Haynes, DoD Deputy General Counsel Daniel Dell’Orto, and Army Deputy Chief of Stafffor Intelligence General Keith Alexander, June 22, 2004.
21. Press briefing by White House Counsel Judge Alberto Gonzales, DoD General Counsel William Haynes, DoD Deputy General Counsel Daniel Dell’Orto, andArmy Deputy Chief of Stafffor Intelligence General Keith Alexander, June 22, 2004.
22. “Final Report of the Independent Panel to Review DoD Detention Operations” (Schlesinger Panel), August 24, 2004, p. 8.
23. Final Report, Army Regulation 15-6, “Investigation into FBI Allegations of Detainee Abuse at Guantánamo Bay, Cuba Detention Facility” (Schmidt-Furlow Report), amended June 9, 2005, p. 20.
24. Marc A. Th iessen, Courting Disaster: How the CIA Kept America Safe and How Barack Obama Is Inviting the Next Attack (Washington, D.C.: Regnery, 2010), pp.285–86; “Review of Department of Defense Detention Operations and Detainee Interrogation Techniques” (Church Report), May 11, 2004.
25. “Review of Department of Defense Detention Operations and Detainee Interrogation Techniques” (Church Report), May 11, 2004.
26. “Review of Department of Defense Detention Operations and Detainee Interrogation Techniques” (Church Report), May 11, 2004.
27. Geren to Rumsfeld, “Allegations in Admiral Church Hearing—SNOWFLAKE,” April 20, 2005.
28. “Working Group Report on Detainee Interrogations in the Global War on Terrorism: Assessment of Legal, Historical, Policy, and Operational Considerations,” April 4, 2003.
29. “Inside the Interrogation of Detainee 063,” Time, June 12, 2005.
30. Rumsfeld to Myers, “Status of Taliban and Al Qaida,” January 19, 2002.
31. Marc A. Th iessen, Courting Disaster: How the CIA Kept America Safe and How Barack Obama Is Inviting the Next Attack (Washington, D.C.: Regnery, 2010), p. 23.
32. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, “OLC Opinions on the CIA Detention and Interrogation Program,” April 22, 2009; Joby Warrick and Dan Eggen, “Hill Briefed on Waterboarding in 2002,” Washington Post, December 9, 2007.
33. Hearing of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, “Current and Projected National Security Threats,” testimony of Michael Hayden, February 5, 2008.
34. Dana Priest, “CIA Holds Terror Suspects in Secret Prisons,” Washington Post, November 2, 2005.
35. Michael Hayden and Michael B. Mukasey, “The President Ties His Own Hands on Terror,” Wall Street Journal, April 17, 2009; Central Intelligence Agency Inspector General, “Counterterrorism Detention and Interrogation Activities, September 2001–October 2008,” May 7, 2004, pp. 85, 88; Central Intelligence Agency, “Detainee Reporting Pivotal for the War Against Al-Qa’ida,” June 3, 2005, appendix; Peter Finn, Joby Warrick, and Julie Tate, “How a Detainee Became an Asset,” Washington Post, August 29, 2009; Central Intelligence Agency, “Khalid Shaykh Muhammed: Preeminent Source on Al-Qa’ida,” July 13, 2004, p. 1.
CHAPTER 40 Law in a Time of War
1. Andrew C. McCarthy, Willful Blindness: A Memoir of the Jihad (New York: Encounter Books, 2008), pp. 304–5; Andrew C. McCarthy, “The Intelligence Mess: How It Happened, What to Do About It,” Commentary, April 2004, p. 16; Ronald Kessler, The CIA at War: Inside the Secret Campaign Against Terror (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2003), pp. 226–27.
2. “Military Order of November 13, 2001—Detention, Treatment, and Trial of Certain Non-Citizens in the War Against Terrorism,” Federal Register, vol. 66, no. 222, November 16, 2001.
3. “Military Commissions,” Time, May 18, 2009; William Winthrop, Military Law and Precedents, 2nd edition (Boston: Little, Brown, 1896), vol. II, pp. 1297–1298.
4. Francis Biddle, In Brief Authority (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1962), p. 330.
5. Editorial, “A Travesty of Justice,” New York Times, November 16, 2001; Senate Judiciary Committee, opening statement of Senator Patrick Leahy, “DOJ Oversight: Preserving Our Freedoms While Defending Against Terrorism,” November 28, 2001.
6. William Safire, “Kangaroo Courts,” New York Times, November 26, 2001.
7. Department of Defense Military Commission Order No. 1, March 21, 2002.
8. Editorial, “Refining Military Tribunals,” New York Times, March 22, 2002.
9. William Safire, “Military Tribunals Modified,” New York Times, March 21, 2002.
10. Hamdan v. Rumsfeld, 548 U.S. 557 (2006).
11. Ex parte Quirin, 317 U.S. 1 (1942).
12. Ex parte Quirin, 317 U.S. 1, 35 (1942).
13. Johnson v. Eisentrager, 339 U.S. 763 (1950).
14. Hamdan v. Rumsfeld, 548 U.S. 557 (2006).
15. International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), “Convention (III) Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War,” Article 3, Geneva, August 12, 1949.
16. Department of Defense Directive 2310.01E, “The Department of Defense Detainee Program,” September 5, 2006.
17. Rumsfeld to Cambone, “Finalization of New Army Field Manual,” December 19, 2005.
18. Boumediene v. Bush, 553 U.S. 723, 811 (2008) (Roberts, C. J., dissenting).
19. Johnson v. Eisentrager, 339 U.S., 763, 779 (1950).
20. David Rivkin and Lee Casey, “Lawfare,” Wall Street Journal, February 23, 2007; Charles J. Dunlap, Jr., “Lawfare: A Decisive Element of 21st-Century conflicts?” Joint Forces Quarterly, issue 54, 3rd quarter, 2009.
21. James Ridgeway with Ariston-Lizabeth Anderson and Sandra Bisin, “Manhattan’s Milosevic: How You Can Do What the Government Won’t: Arrest Henry Kissinger,”Village Voice, August 15, 2001.
22. “US Warned on Deadly Drone Attacks,” BBC News, October 28, 2009.
23. Ian Black and Ewen MacAskill, “US Threatens Nato Boycott Over Belgian War Crimes Law,” The Guardian, June 13, 2003.
24. Rumsfeld to Cheney et al., “Judicialization of International Politics,” April 9, 2003.
CHAPTER 41 The Road Not Traveled
1. Rumsfeld to Hadley, “Deputies’ Committee Meeting,” January 6, 2005.
2. Jack Goldsmith, The Terror Presidency: Law and Judgment Inside the Bush Administration (New York: W. W. Norton, 2007), pp. 206–10.
3. Alexander Hamilton, “The Federalist No. 70: The Executive Department Further Considered,” Independent Journal, March 15, 1788.
4. William J. Haynes II, “Lewis F. Powell Lecture,” American College of Trial Lawyers, Tucson, Arizona, March 8, 2008.
5. Rumsfeld to Bush et al., [No Subject], September 19, 2001.
6. Rumsfeld to Haynes, cc: England, “Idea for Congressional Involvement,” March 30, 2005.
7. Andrew C. McCarthy, “A Quick Way Forward After Boumediene,” National Review Online, June 16, 2008.
PART THIRTEEN Pulling On Our Boots:
Challenges and Controversies Beyond the War Zones
1. Elizabeth Becker, “Congress Passes Antimissile Defense Policy,” New York Times, May 21, 1999.
2. Department of Defense news release, “Missile Intercept Test Successful,” October 14, 2002.
CHAPTER 42 Katrina and the Challenge of New Institutions
1. Office of Assistant Secretary of Defense for Homeland Defense, “Hurricane Katrina Interim Timeline (August-September 2005),” October 17, 2005.
2. Rumsfeld to Myers, “USG’s Ability to Deal with Catastrophic Events—Natural orTerrorist,” September 20, 2005.
3. OSD Policy, “Gaps and Seams in Protecting the US Homeland,” August 11, 2005.
4. Rumsfeld, “Homeland Defense,” May 25, 2004.
5. Active-Duty Unit Timeline, September 3, 2005.
6. Joint Hearing of the House Subcommittee on Emergency Preparedness, Science, and Technology of the Committee on Homeland Security and the Subcommittee on Terrorism, Unconventional Threats, and Capabilities of the Armed Services Committee, “Military and National Guard Roles in Disaster Response,” statement of Paul McHale, Assistant Secretary of Defense for Homeland Defense, 109th Cong., 1st sess., November 9, 2005.
7. Rumsfeld to Bush et al., “Daily Update on Department of Defense KATRINA Activity,” September 9, 2005.
8. Rumsfeld to Myers, “USG’s Ability to Deal with Catastrophic Events—Natural or Terrorist,” September 20, 2005.
9. Joint Hearing of the House Subcommittee on Emergency Preparedness, Science, and Technology of the Committee on Homeland Security and the Subcommittee on Terrorism, Unconventional Threats, and Capabilities of the Armed Services Committee, “Military and National Guard Roles in Disaster Response,” statement of Paul McHale, Assistant Secretary of Defense for Homeland Defense, 109th Cong., 1st sess., November 9, 2005.
10. Maureen Dowd, “United States of Shame,” New York Times, September 3, 2005; Howard Dean, interviewed by Wolf Blitzer, The Situation Room, CNN, September 9, 2005.
11. Rumsfeld to Bush et al., “Some Illustrative New Approaches and Initiatives to Meet the 21st Century Challenges,” April 21, 2006.
12. Rumsfeld, “Intel Issue,” September 8, 2004; Rumsfeld to Bush, “Intelligence ‘Reform,’” September 11, 2004; Rumsfeld to Card et al., “Possible Talking Points,” October 22, 2004; Philip Shenon, “Joint Chiefs Chairman Urges Curbs on New Intelligence Post,” New York Times, October 23, 2004.
13. Rumsfeld, “Goldwater-Nichols for the USG,” February 8, 2004.
14. Rumsfeld to Card et al., “Transforming the USG,” August 25, 2004.
15. Department of Defense news transcript, “Secretary Rumsfeld Remarks at the Truman Library, Independence, Mo.,” March 2, 2006.
16. Rumsfeld to Bush et al., “Some Illustrative New Approaches and Initiatives to Meet the 21st Century Challenges,” April 21, 2006.
17. Rumsfeld, “Role of US Military,” March 26, 2004.
18. “A Major Change of Public Opinion In the Muslim World: Results from a New Poll of Indonesians,” Terror Free Tomorrow: The Center for Public Opinion, poll conducted February 1-6, 2005.
19. “US Senate Passes Resolution Based on Terror Free Tomorrow’s Findings,” Terror Free Tomorrow: The Center for Public Opinion, 2006; S. Res. 356, 109th Cong., 2d sess., January 27, 2006.
20. Rumsfeld, “A Nation and the Civilized World at War in the 21st Century,” January 18, 2005.
CHAPTER 43 Gardening
1. George P. Shultz, Turmoil and Triumph: My Years as Secretary of State (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1993), p. 128.
2. “Popularity of Colombia’s Uribe Soars After Rescue,” Reuters, July 6, 2008.
3. Robert G. Joseph, Countering WMD: The Libyan Experience (Fairfax, VA: National Institute Press, 2009).
4. Rumsfeld, “Pressure on Terrorists,” January 17, 2006; Rumsfeld to Pace, “Thoughts on Being in Place for Any Possible Future AQ Movements,” January 12, 2006.
5. Condoleezza Rice, interviewed by George Stephanopoulos, This Week, ABC, November 11, 2007.
6. Shirin Akiner, “Violence in Andijan, 13 May 2005: An Independent Assessment,” Silk Road Paper, July 2005.
7. L. E. Jacoby to Rumsfeld, “Uzbekistan: Review of Information on Unrest in Andijon, 12–13 May 2005,” July 30, 2005.
8. L. E. Jacoby to Rumsfeld, “Uzbekistan: Review of Information on Unrest in Andijon, 12–13 May 2005,” July 30, 2005.
9. L. E. Jacoby to Rumsfeld, “Uzbekistan: Review of Information on Unrest in Andijon, 12–13 May 2005,” July 30, 2005.
10. “‘Bullets Were Falling Like Rain’: The Andijan Massacre, May 13, 2005,” Human Rights Watch, vol. 17, no. 5(D), June 2005; “Uzbekistan: Lift ing the Siege on the Truth About Andizhan,” Amnesty International, September 19, 2005; “The Andijan Massacre: One Year Later, Still No Justice,” Human Rights Watch, May 11, 2006; “Uzbekistan: Andijan Crisis Aftermath,” Human Rights Watch, background document, 2005.
11. “Punishment Please,” The Economist, August 27, 2005.
12. Press conference of Senators John McCain, John Sununu, and Lindsey Graham, Tashkent, Uzbekistan, May 29, 2005.
13. McCain et al., letter to Rumsfeld, September 19, 2005.
14. Rumsfeld, letter to McCain, undated.
15. Rumsfeld to Feith et al., “Uzbekistan,” July 24, 2005.
16. Rumsfeld to Jim MacDougall et al., “Congressional Amendment on Uzbekistan,” October 18, 2006.
17. Rumsfeld to Cambone, “Uzbekistan,” July 27, 2005.
18. R. Nicholas Burns, interviewed by Pahlavon Turghunov, BBC Uzbek Service, August 2, 2005.
19. Vladimir Socor, “The Unfolding of the U.S.-Uzbekistan Crisis,” published as part of Anatomy of a Crisis: U.S.-Uzbekistan Relations, 2001–2005, edited by S. Frederick Starr (Central Asia-Caucasus Institute and Silk Road Studies Program, 2006), p. 50.
20. Vladimir Socor, “The Unfolding of the U.S.-Uzbekistan Crisis,” published as part ofAnatomy of a Crisis: U.S.-Uzbekistan Relations, 2001–2005, edited by S. Frederick Starr (Central Asia–Caucasus Institute and Silk Road Studies Program, 2006), p. 61.
21. Vladimir Socor, “The Unfolding of the U.S.-Uzbekistan Crisis,” published as part ofAnatomy of a Crisis: U.S.-Uzbekistan Relations, 2001–2005, edited by S. Frederick Starr (Central Asia–Caucasus Institute and Silk Road Studies Program, 2006), p. 62.
22. Rumsfeld to Hadley et al., “Central Asia,” July 13, 2006.
23. Rumsfeld to Hadley et al., “Central Asia,” July 13, 2006.
24. Rumsfeld to Pace, “Acting on Intelligence,” November 7, 2006.
25. Rumsfeld, “Talk to Hadley about U.S.-Iran Talks,” April 3, 2006.
26. Rumsfeld to Bush, cc: Hadley, “Thoughts on Syria,” July 31, 2006.
27. “Hezbollah Denies Link to Hariri Murder,” CNN, May 24, 2009; Ayaz Nanji, “Bush Says Syria Is ‘Out of Step,’” CBS News, February 17, 2005.
28. Rumsfeld to Cheney et al., “Remaining Firm on North Korea,” December 26, 2002.
29. Rumsfeld to Cheney et al., “Approaching China with a Political Solution on NorthKorea,” March 14, 2003.
30. Max Hastings, The Korean War (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1987), p. 324.
CHAPTER 44 The Army We Had
1. Department of Defense news transcript, “Secretary Rumsfeld Town Hall Meeting in Kuwait,” December 8, 2004.
2. Department of Defense news transcript, “Secretary Rumsfeld Town Hall Meeting in Kuwait,” December 8, 2004.
3. Department of Defense news transcript, “Secretary Rumsfeld Town Hall Meeting in Kuwait,” December 8, 2004.
4. Thomas E. Ricks, “Rumsfeld Gets Earful From Troops,” Washington Post, December 9, 2004.
5. Rick Atkinson, “‘The IED Problem Is Getting Out of Control. We’ve Got to Stop the Bleeding,’” Washington Post, September 30, 2007.
6. Rick Atkinson, “‘There Was a Two-Year Learning Curve…and a Lot of People Died in Those Two Years,’” Washington Post, October 1, 2007.
7. Rick Atkinson, “‘The IED Problem Is Getting Out of Control. We’ve Got to Stop the Bleeding,’” Washington Post, September 30, 2007.
8. Rick Atkinson, “‘The IED Problem Is Getting Out of Control. We’ve Got to Stop the Bleeding,’” Washington Post, September 30, 2007.
9. Rick Atkinson, “‘You Can’t Armor Your Way Out of This Problem,’” Washington Post, October 2, 2007.
10. Rick Atkinson, “‘There Was a Two-Year Learning Curve…and a Lot of People Died in Those Two Years,’” Washington Post, October 1, 2007.
11. Rumsfeld to Myers et al., “Armored Vehicles,” December 21, 2004.
12. Rumsfeld to Myers et al., “Meeting AOR Needs,” December 14, 2004.
13. Rumsfeld to Di Rita, “Armored Vehicle Issue,” December 20, 2004.
14. Department of Defense, “Defense Transformation Update,” August 2006.
15. “USAF Faces Further Push to Boost UAVs in Afghanistan, Iraq,” janes.com, April 24, 2008.
16. Caspar W. Weinberger, speech, “The Uses of Military Power,” National Press Club, Washington, D.C., November 28, 1984; Colin L. Powell, “U.S. Forces: Challenges Ahead,” Foreign Affairs, vol. 71, no. 5 (Winter 1992), pp. 32-45.
17. Department of Defense news transcript, “DoD News briefing—Secretary Rumsfeld,” May 8, 2002.
18. Armed Forces Journal, cover page, June 2002.
19. “Crusader Talking Points,” May 1, 2002.
20. “Crusader Talking Points,” May 1, 2002.
21. “DoD—Highlights of Accomplishments: The First Five Years,” March 20, 2006; General Wayne Downing to Rumsfeld and Pace, “Special Operations Forces Assessment,” November 9, 2005.
22. Rumsfeld to Di Rita, “briefing on SOF,” December 10, 2004; Rumsfeld to General Doug Brown et al., “Marines Special Operations Command,” February 5, 2005.
23. Francis J. Harvey to Rumsfeld, “Snowflake Response: Army Modularity—Open Issues,” February 2, 2005.
24. Robert D. Kaplan, “What Rumsfeld Got Right,” The Atlantic, July/August 2008.
PART FOURTEEN The Long, Hard Slog
1. Department of Defense news transcript, “DoD News briefing with Secretary Rumsfeld and Gen. Pace,” March 7, 2006.
2. Rumsfeld to Edelman, cc: Pace, “U.S. Response to Mosque Attack,” February 22, 2006.
CHAPTER 45 Hands Off the Bicycle Seat
1. Ambassador L. Paul Bremer III with Malcolm McConnell, My Year in Iraq: The Struggle to Build a Future of Hope (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2005), p. 357.
2. Department of Defense news transcript, “Ambassador Bremer Conference Call with editorial Writers,” July 24, 2003.
3. Department of Defense news transcript, “Ambassador Paul Bremer Interview on Meet the Press,” July 20, 2003.
4. Bremer to Rumsfeld, “Nation-Building: Lessons Learned,” May 4, 2003; L. Paul Bremer, interviewed by Tim Russert, Meet the Press, NBC News, January 15, 2006.
5. Ambassador L. Paul Bremer III with Malcolm McConnell, My Year in Iraq: The Struggle to Build a Future of Hope (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2005), p. 357; Rumsfeld to Bremer, “Force Estimate,” May 24, 2004.
6. Rumsfeld to Myers, cc: Wolfowitz, “Force Estimate for Iraq,” May 21, 2004.
7. Myers to Rumsfeld, “Iraqi Force Estimate,” July 13, 2004.
8. Myers to Rumsfeld, “Iraqi Force Estimate,” July 13, 2004.
9. Myers to Rumsfeld, “Iraqi Force Estimate,” July 13, 2004.
10. Rumsfeld, “Military Advice,” April 26, 2004; Rumsfeld, “Giving Good Military Advice,” April 26, 2004.
11. Rumsfeld to Pace, cc: Myers, “Views from Generals,” January 3, 2005.
12. Rumsfeld to Pace, cc: Myers, “Views from Generals,” January 4, 2005.
13. Rumsfeld to Pace, cc: Myers, “Views from Generals,” January 4, 2005.
14. Dave Moniz and Tom Squitieri, “Defense Memo: A Grim Outlook,” USA Today, October 22, 2003.
15. Rumsfeld to Myers et al., “Global War on Terrorism,” October 16, 2003.
16. Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, National Military Strategic Plan for the War on Terrorism (Washington, D.C.: Department of Defense, 2006); President of the United States, The National Security Strategy of the United States of America (Washington, D.C.: The White House, 2006).
17. William Safire, “Slog,” New York Times, November 9, 2003.
CHAPTER 46 The Dead Enders
1. Eric Schmitt, “A Low-Key Commander With 4 Stars to Tame the Iraqi Furies,” New York Times, July 5, 2004.
2. Rumsfeld to Feith et al., “Foreign Troops,” February 20, 2004.
3. Rumsfeld to Bush et al., “Muslim Force for Iraq,” January 3, 2005.
4. Ambassador L. Paul Bremer III with Malcolm McConnell, My Year in Iraq: The Struggle to Build a Future of Hope (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2005), p. 162.
5. Jonas to Rumsfeld and Wolfowitz, “Cost for a Soldier,” February 15, 2005.
6. Rumsfeld to Matt Latimer, “Statement on Iraq,” October 21, 2004.
7. Rumsfeld to Franks, cc: Myers, “Codel Restrictions,” May 20, 2003.
8. OSD Policy, “Security Update: Update on Training the ISF,” April 21, 2005.
9. Department of Defense news transcript, “Defense Department Operational Update briefing,” April 20, 2004.
10. Ann Scott Tyson, “Insurgents in Iraq Show Signs of Acting as a Network,” Christian Science Monitor, April 28, 2004.
11. Department of Defense news transcript, “Secretary Rumsfeld Interview with CNN Live Today,” March 8, 2002.
12. Ambassador L. Paul Bremer III with Malcolm McConnell, My Year in Iraq: The Struggle to Build a Future of Hope (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2005), p. 127.
13. Malcolm W. Nance, The Terrorists of Iraq: Inside the Strategy and Tactics of the Iraq Insurgency (Charleston, SC: Book Surge Publishing, 2007), p. 21.
14. Edward T. Pound, “Seeds of Chaos,” U.S. News & World Report, December 12, 2004.
15. Department of Defense news transcript, “Secretary Rumsfeld Remarks at Greater Dallas Chamber of Commerce,” August 2, 2005.
16. “Fact Sheet: Defining Victory in Fallujah,” November 12, 2004.
17. “Purported Al-Zarqawi Tape Declares War on Democracy,” Associated Press, January 23, 2005.
18. “Iraq’s Lost Election,” The Nation, January 20, 2005; Rory McCarthy, “Violence Will Not Stop Poll, Says UN Official,” The Guardian, January 21, 2005; “Bush confident About Iraq Elections Despite Violence,” Associated Press, January 7, 2005.
19. Anas Shallal, “Postpone Iraq’s Elections,” Foreign Policy in Focus, January 13, 2005.
20. Anas Shallal, “Postpone Iraq’s Elections,” Foreign Policy in Focus, January 13, 2005.
21. Anthony Shadid, “Iraqis Defy Threats as Millions Vote,” Washington Post, January 31, 2005.
22. Anthony Shadid, “Iraqis Defy Threats as Millions Vote,” Washington Post, January 31, 2005.
23. Joseph R. Biden, Jr., and Leslie H. Gelb, “Unity Through Autonomy in Iraq,” New York Times, May 1, 2006.
24. Department of Defense notes of NSC meeting, November 2, 2005.
25. Rumsfeld to Bush et al., “Progress in Iraq,” November 29, 2005.
26. Ellen Knickmeyer and K.I. Ibrahim, “Bombing Shatters Mosque in Iraq,” Washington Post, February 23, 2006.
CHAPTER 47 Eyes on Afghanistan
1. Joint Chiefs of Staff, “Forces in Afghanistan September 2001–May 2007 (Boots on the Ground),” undated.
2. Rumsfeld to Abizaid et al., “Karzai’s Strategy on Warlordism,” September 15, 2003.
3. Rumsfeld to Franks et al., “Afghan National Army,” January 28, 2002; Rumsfeld to Feith et al., “Afghanistan,” May 2, 2003.
4. OSD Policy, “Principles for Afghanistan—Policy Guidelines,” July 7, 2003.
5. David Rohde and David E. Sanger, “How a ‘Good War’ in Afghanistan Went Bad,” New York Times, August 12, 2007; “Will Afghanistan Be Obama’s Iraq?” The Week, December 8, 2008; Don Gonyea, “Is Obama in an ‘Afghan Box’?” NPR, September 29, 2009.
6. Jason H. Campbell and Jeremy Shapiro, “Afghanistan Index: Tracking Variables of Reconstruction & Security in Post-9/11 Afghanistan,” Brookings Institution, October 28, 2008.
7. Rumsfeld to Bush et al., “Afghanistan,” August 20, 2002.
8. Rice to Cheney et al., “‘Accelerating Success in Afghanistan’ in 2004: An Assessment,” January 18, 2005.
9. Powell, letter to Rumsfeld, April 16, 2002; Rumsfeld to Wolfowitz et al., “Afghanistan Funding,” September 15, 2004; Rumsfeld to Feith, cc: Wolfowitz, “Afghan Army,” October 22, 2003; Rumsfeld to Abizaid et al., “Afghan Security Forces,” December 19, 2003.
10. Rumsfeld to Rice, “Afghan National Police,” February 23, 2005.
11. David Rohde, “Overhaul of Afghan Police Is New Priority,” New York Times, October 18, 2007.
12. Rumsfeld to Rice, “Afghan National Police,” February 23, 2005.
13. Rumsfeld to Myers et al., “Afghan Security Responsibility,” April 7, 2004; Rumsfeld to Powell, “Afghanistan briefing Papers,” September 21, 2004.
14. Rep. Robert Andrews and Rep. Mark Kirk, cochairs, Integrating 21st Century Development and Security Assistance: Final Report of the Task Force on Nontraditional Security Assistance, Center for Strategic & International Studies (January 2008), p. 7.
15. Rumsfeld to Abizaid et al., “Training and Equipping of Police in Afghanistan and Iraq,” August 2, 2006.
16. Rumsfeld to Hadley, “Afghan National Police,” March 4, 2005.
17. David Rohde, “Overhaul of Afghan Police Is New Priority,” New York Times, October 18, 2007.
18. “Foreign Assistance Reform,” draft working paper, May 19, 2005.
19. National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2006 (Public Law 109-163), January 6, 2006.
20. Combined Forces Command—Afghanistan, “What Has Changed?” December 6, 2004.
21. Rumsfeld to Hadley, cc: Edelman, “Staffing PRTs in Afghanistan,” August 18, 2006, with attachment, “Staffing of PRTs in Afghanistan as of August 1, 2006” “Status of Civilianizing PRTs in Afghanistan,” April 19, 2005.
22. Rumsfeld to Bush et al., “Decision on Ambassador to Afghanistan,” January 21, 2005.
23. Rumsfeld to Hadley, “Ambassador to Iraq,” March 6, 2006.
24. Rumsfeld to Edelman, “Strmecki,” May 18, 2006; Rumsfeld to Cheney et al., “Marin Strmecki and Afghanistan briefing,” August 25, 2006.
25. Marin Strmecki, “Afghanistan at a Crossroads: Challenges, Opportunities, and a Way Ahead,” August 17, 2006.
26. Rumsfeld to Cheney et al., “Marin Strmecki and Afghanistan briefing,” August 25, 2006; Rumsfeld to Cheney et al., “briefing by Marin Strmecki on Afghanistan,” September 22, 2006; Rumsfeld to Hadley, cc: Edelman, “Strmecki Brief,” October 17, 2006.
27. Marin Strmecki, “Afghanistan at a Crossroads: Challenges, Opportunities, and aWay Ahead,” August 17, 2006.
28. Marin Strmecki, “Afghanistan at a Crossroads: Challenges, Opportunities, and a Way Ahead,” August 17, 2006.
29. Marin Strmecki, “Afghanistan at a Crossroads: Challenges, Opportunities, and a Way Ahead,” August 17, 2006.
30. Mira R. Ricardel to Rumsfeld, “Concept Paper on Merging ISAF and OEF into a Single Command,” October 12, 2004.
31. Rumsfeld to Powell, “Afghanistan—Embassy Kabul Staffing,” March 26, 2004.
32. Luti to Rumsfeld, “Embassy Kabul Staffing,” January 26, 2004.
33. Rumsfeld to Hadley, “PRT Memos,” January 26, 2006.
34. Rumsfeld, handwritten note, May 26, 2006.
35. Rumsfeld to Bush et al., “What to Do When ‘Succeeding’ Requires More Th an Military Power Alone,” October 10, 2006.
36. Rumsfeld to Cheney et al., “Marin Strmecki and Afghanistan briefing,” August 25, 2006; Rumsfeld to Cheney et al., “briefing by Marin Strmecki on Afghanistan,” September 22, 2006; Rumsfeld to Hadley, cc: Edelman, “Strmecki Brief,” October 17, 2006.
CHAPTER 48 Iraq’s Summer of Violence
1. Michael E. O’Hanlon and Jason H. Campbell, “Iraq Index: Tracking Variables ofReconstruction & Security in Post-Saddam Iraq,” Brookings Institution, October 1, 2007, p. 30.
2. Jim Clancy and Pam Benson, “Al-Zarqawi Claims Responsibility for Wave of Attacks,” CNN, April 6, 2004.
3. Associated Press-Ipsos poll, conducted by Ipsos Public Affairs, January 8–10, 2007; CBS News Poll, December 8–10, 2006.
4. Jason Burke and Rory Carroll, “Poor Bedouin Who Became a Butcher,” The Guardian, June 9, 2006.
5. “defiant al-Zarqawi Shows Face on Video,” CNN, April 25, 2006.
6. Rumsfeld to Casey et al., “Zarqawi,” June 8, 2006.
7. Rumsfeld to Myers and Cambone, “Meeting with POTUS,” May 19, 2005.
8. Rumsfeld to McChrystal et al., “Congratulations,” June 8, 2006.
9. Vickers to Bush, “Transitioning to an Indirect Approach in Iraq,” June 12, 2006.
10. Rumsfeld to Abizaid et al., “Presence in Cities and Training Officers,” November 15, 2005.
11. Abizaid to Rumsfeld, “Paper by Michael Vickers,” June 21, 2006.
12. Rumsfeld to Bush et al., “Abizaid’s Comments on the Paper by Mike Vickers,” June 22, 2006.
13. Rumsfeld to Hadley et al., “Update on Security in Baghdad,” July 14, 2006.
14. Department of Defense notes of NSC meeting, July 19, 2006.
15. Rumsfeld to Casey et al., “Integration and Militia,” May 12, 2006.
16. Department of Defense notes of NSC meeting, July 22, 2006.
17. Rumsfeld, “Measures of Success in Iraq,” September 18, 2006.
18. Rumsfeld to Casey et al., “Decision on Stryker Brigade,” August 2, 2006; Casey to Rumsfeld et al., “snowflake response,” August 11, 2006.
19. Eric Lidji, “Final Strykers Return Home,” Stryker Brigade News, December 19, 2006.
20. Thomas E. Ricks, “Situation Called Dire in West Iraq,” Washington Post, September 11,2006; Jim Miklaszewski, “Iraq’s Anbar Province a Lost Cause?” MSNBC, September 12, 2006.
21. National Security Council, “Al Anbar Update,” March 22, 2006.
22. Rumsfeld to Bremer, “Sunni Outreach,” April 12, 2004.
23. Rumsfeld to Abizaid et al., “Counterinsurgency,” January 2, 2004.
24. Major Niel Smith, U.S. Army, and Colonel Sean MacFarland, U.S. Army, “Anbar Awakens: The Tipping Point,” Military Review, March–April 2008, p. 41.
25. Multi-National Corps—Iraq, Public Affairs Office, “Most Successful Iraqi Police Recruiting Drive,” Release No. 20060818-01, August 18, 2006.
26. Major Niel Smith, U.S. Army, and Colonel Sean MacFarland, U.S. Army, “Anbar Awakens: The Tipping Point,” Military Review, March–April 2008, pp. 41-52.
27. OSD Policy, “Security Update: Situation in al-Anbar,” October 26, 2006.
28. Rumsfeld, handwritten note, October 20, 2006.
CHAPTER 49 Farewells
1. William Branigin, “Three Retired Officers Demand Rumsfeld’s Resignation,” Washington Post, September 25, 2006.
2. Mark Benjamin, “U.S. Generals Call for Democratic Takeover,” salon.com, October 25, 2006.
3. David S. Cloud and Eric Schmitt, “More Retired Generals Call for Rumsfeld’s Resignation,” New York Times, April 14, 2006.
4. Rowan Scarborough, “Generals Defend Rumsfeld,” Washington Times, April 15, 2006.
5. “Bush: ‘I’m the Decider’ on Rumsfeld,” CNN, April 18, 2006.
6. “Rep. Cynthia McKinney Introduces Bush Impeachment Bill,” Associated Press, December 8, 2006.
7. Rumsfeld, handwritten note, October 11, 2006.
8. “Bush: Rumsfeld and Cheney Should Stay,” Associated Press, November 1, 2006.
9. Rumsfeld, handwritten note, November 5, 2006.
10. Rumsfeld, letter of resignation, November 6, 2006.
11. James A. Baker III and Lee H. Hamilton, cochairs, The Iraq Study Group Report (New York: Vintage Books, 2006), p. 32.
12. Rumsfeld, handwritten note, November 7, 2006.
13. Rumsfeld, handwritten note, November 7, 2006.
14. Rumsfeld, “Secretary Rumsfeld’s Remarks at the White House,” November 8, 2006.
15. Rumsfeld, “Phone Conversation with Sergey Ivanov on November 11, 2006,” November 14, 2006.
16. Rumsfeld, “November 11 Phone call with Henry Kissinger,” November 14, 2006.
17. Rumsfeld, “November 10 Phone Call from John Dingell,” November 13, 2006.
18. General Richard B. Myers, remarks at the Landon Lecture of Public Affairs, Kansas State University, November 9, 2006; Department of Defense news transcript, “Remarks by Secretary Rumsfeld at the Landon Lecture at Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kan.,” November 9, 2006.
19. Dick Cheney, “Vice President’s Remarks at the Armed Forces Full Honor Review in Honor of Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld,” Office of the Vice President, December 15, 2006.
20. George W. Bush, “President Attends Armed Forces Full Honor Review for Secretary Rumsfeld,” Office of the Press Secretary, December 15, 2006.
21. Rumsfeld, “Farewell Remarks—The Pentagon,” December 15, 2006.
22. Rumsfeld, “Farewell Remarks—The Pentagon,” December 15, 2006; Jim Rutenberg,endnote> “In Farewell, Rumsfeld Warns Weakness Is ‘Provocative,’” New York Times, December 16, 2006.
CHAPTER 50 After Tides and Hurricanes
1. Charles Duelfer, “Comprehensive Report of the Special Advisor to the DCI on Iraq’s WMD” (Duelfer Report), vol. I, September 30, 2004, p. 1 (Regime Strategic Intent section).
2. Charles Duelfer, “Comprehensive Report of the Special Advisor to the DCI on Iraq’s WMD” (Duelfer Report), vol. I, September 30, 2004, p. 51 (Regime Strategic Intent section).
3. Karl Rove, Courage and Consequence: My Life as a Conservative in the Fight (New York: Threshold Editions, 2010), p. 342.
4. Rumsfeld to Bush et al., “Alternative Approaches to Iraq,” November 6, 2006.
5. Rumsfeld to Bush et al., “Iraq Policy: Proposal for the New Phase,” December 8, 2006.
6. OSD Policy, “Security Update: Situation in al-Anbar,” October 26, 2006.
7. Rumsfeld, “Iraq—Illustrative New Courses of Action,” November 6, 2006.
8. Rumsfeld, “Iraq—Illustrative New Courses of Action,” November 6, 2006.
9. Peter W. Rodman, Presidential Command: Power, Leadership, and the Making of Foreign Policy from Richard Nixon to George W. Bush (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2009), p. 266.
10. Peter Rodman, Presidential Command: Power, Leadership, and the Making of Foreign Policy from Richard Nixon to George W. Bush (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2009), p. 267.
11. Department of Defense notes of NSC meeting, December 13, 2006.
12. Peter Rodman, Presidential Command: Power, Leadership, and the Making of Foreign Policy from Richard Nixon to George W. Bush (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2009), p. 268.
13. Joel Roberts, “Senator Reid on Iraq: ‘This War Is Lost,’” CBS News, April 20, 2007; Barack Obama, interviewed by Tim Russert, Meet the Press, NBC News, October 22, 2006.
14. Juan Abdel Nasser, “The 12 Fastest Growing Economies in 2010,” Economy Watch. com, October 13, 2009.
15. Department of Defense, The National Defense Strategy of the United States of America, March 2005.
16. Rumsfeld to Rice et al., “Iraq,” July 27, 2001.
17. Henry Kissinger, Years of Upheaval (Boston: Little, Brown, 1982), p. 638.
18. George W. Bush, address, Joint Session of Congress, Washington, D.C., September 20, 2001.
19. Rumsfeld, “What Are We Fighting? Is It a Global War on Terror?” June 18, 2004.
20. Wolfowitz to Rumsfeld, “National Defense Strategy,” February 7, 2005.
21. Rumsfeld to Card et al., “Mobilizing Moderate Muslims,” July 19, 2005.
22. Adlai E. Stevenson, address at the Senior Class Banquet, Princeton Class of 1954, March 22, 1954.