Introduction
1 Russian Centre for the Preservation and Study of Recent Historical Documentation, Moscow, f.2, op. 2, d.447, l.1. This is the new title of the Party Central Committee Archives covering 1917 to 1952, hereafter referred to as RTsKhIDNI
2 RTsKhIDNI, f.2, op. 2, d.478, l.3-4
3Stalin: Triumph and Tragedy, London, 1991 (Russian edition Moscow, 1990); Trotsky, Moscow, 1992
4 Lenin, Polnoe sobranie sochinenii, in 55 volumes, plus two index volumes, Moscow, 1961-1965 (hereafter PSS), vol.37, p.58
5 In Edinstvo,28 October 1917
6 RTsKhIDNI, f.2, op. 1, d.4269, l.1
7 Ibid., d.348, l.1
8 Ibid., d.621, ll.1-5
9 RTsKhIDNI, f.17, op. 3, d.14, l.1
10 RTsKhIDNI, f.2, op. 2, d.122, l.1
11 RTsKhIDNI, d.515, l.1
12 Geller, M., ‘Lenin Today’, in Russkaya Mysl', Paris, 21 December 1990
13 Trotskii, L. D., O Lenine: Materialy dlya biografa, Moscow, 1924
14 The Houghton Library, BMS, RUSS 13.1. (9508-9678), folder 1 of 14. Trotsky coll. pp. 1, 18
15 The Houghton Library, BMS, RUSS 13.1 (9442-9457), Trotsky coll. p. 3.
16 Krzhizhanovskii, G.M., Velikii Lenin, Moscow, 1982, p. 112
17 Zinoviev, G., Leninizm. Vvedenie v izuchenie leninizma, Leningrad, 1925, p. 2
18 Krzhizhanovskii, op. cit., pp. 16-17
19 In Obshcbee delo, Paris, 21 February 1921
20 Tyrkova-Williams, A., Na putyakh k svobode, London, 1953, p. 400
21 RTsKhIDNI, f.2, op. 2, d.125, l.1
22PSS, vol.45, pp. 189-91
23XIV s'ezd VKP(b), Stenograficheskii otchet, Moscow-Leningrad, 1926, pp. 600-1
24PSS, vol.54, P. 160
25PSS, vol.44, P. 428
Chapter 1
1 Martov, Y., Zapiski sotsial-demokrata, vol. 1, Berlin-Petersburg-Moscow, 1922, p. 268
2 Nikolaevskii, B.N., Potresov, A.N., Opyt literaturno-politicheskoi biografii, Paris, 1937, p. 294
3 Mindubayev, Z., ‘Ulyanovsk’, Literaturnaya gazeta, 10 April 1991
4 Until 1 January 1918 the Russian (or Old Style) calendar lagged behind the Western (or New Style) calendar by twelve days in the nineteenth and thirteen days in the twentieth century. We have included both dates where necessary.
5Vladimir Ilyich Lenin: Biograficheskaya khronika, vol.1, Moscow, 1970, p. 1
6 A pun on the pay of Party members
7 Shub, D., Lenin: A Biography, New York, 1948
8 ‘Istorik’ (Shub, D.), ‘O predkakh Lenina’, in Novyi zhurnal, 1961, no.63, pp. 286-91
9 Valentinov, N.V., ‘O predkakh Lenina i ego biografiakh’, in Novyi Zhurnal, 1960, No.61, pp. 219-36
10 RTsKhIDNI, f.2, op. 1, d.22, l.1
11 Ibid., d.311, l.1
12 The term in Russian is meshchanin, a legal category designating the urban lower middle classes, or petty bourgeoisie, and consisting generally of tradesmen and artisans.
13 The documents show him also as Ulyanin and Ulyaninov.
14 Valentinov, ‘O predkakh Lenina i ego biografiakh’, op.cit., p. 224
15 Central State Military History Archives (TsGVIA), f.316, op. 69, d.57, l.109
16 RTsKhIDNI, f.13, op. 1, d.471, ll.2-3
17 RTsKhIDNI, f.2, op. 2, d.125, l.1
18 RTsKhIDNI, f.13, op. 1, d.471, ll.5-6
19 Central State Archives of Literature and Art (TsGALI), f.631, op. 15, d.205, ll.2-5
20 Haas, L., ‘O proiskhozhdenii Lenina’, in Posev, Munich, 1984, No.1, pp. 53-4; Barnett, C. (Ed.), Hitler's Generals, London, 1989, pp. 319, 330
21 Valentinov, ‘O predkakh Lenina i ego biografiakh’, op. cit., p. 229
22 Shub, Lenin, op. cit., pp. 21-2
23Vladimir Ilyich Lenin: Biokhronika, vol. 1, Moscow, 1970, p. 25
24Vladimir Ilyich Lenin: Biografiya, 2nd ed., Moscow, 1963, p. 9
25 Krupskaya, N., ‘Detsvo i ranyaya yunost’ Ilyicha', Bolshevik, Moscow, 1938, No.12, pp. 65-72
26 Valentinov, N., ‘Vydumki o rannei revolyutsionnosti Lenina’, in Novyi zhurnal, 1954, No. 39, p. 216
27 Ulyanova, M.I., O V.I. Lenine i semie Ulyanovykh, Moscow, 1988, p. 219
28 RTsKhIDNI, f.2, op. 1, d.6, l.32
29Lenin v Simbirske, collected articles, Ulyanovsk, 1968, p. 478
30 Ulyanova, O V.I. Lenine i semie Ulyanovykh, op. cit., p. 78
31 Valentinov, N., ‘Rannie gody Lenina’, in Novyi zhurnal, 1955, No.40, p. 204
32 Ulyanova, O V.I. Lenine i semie Ulyanovykh, op. cit., pp. 105-6
33 Radek, Karl, Portrety i pamflety, Book 1, Moscow, 1933, p. 27
34 Churchill, W.S., The World Crisis: Vol. 5, The Aftermath, London, 1929, p. 76
35Biograficheskaya khronika, vol.1, op. cit., p. 29
36Lenin v Simbirske, op. cit., p. 29
37 ‘Kazan’ i Samara', collected articles, in Krasnyi arkhiv, 1934, No.1, pp. 55-64
38 RTsKhIDNI, f.2, op. 1, d.6, l.21
39V.I. Lenin v Tatarii, collected articles, Kazan, 1964, pp. 134-5
40 Lenin, PSS, vol.1, pp. 552-5
41 Valentinov, N., ‘Chernyshevskii i Lenin’, in Novyi zhurnal, 1951, No.26, pp. 198-9
42 Vishnyak, M., ‘Ideinye korni Bol'shevizma’, in Novyi zhurnal, 1951, No.27,pp. 296-303
43 In September 1888 Lenin wrote to Chernyshevsky, but received no reply. A year later, hearing of Chernyshevsky's death, he drew a cross on the writer's photograph and wrote ‘October 1889, Saratov’.
44PSS, vol.1, pp. 291-2
45 Ibid., p. 280
46Vospaminaniya o Vladimire Ilyiche Lenine, vol.2, p. 261
47 Plekhanov, ‘Sovremennaya zhizn’, in Zametki publitsista, December 1906
48 Bonch-Bruevich, V.D., in Tridtsat' dnei, January 1934, p. 18
49 Voitinskii, V., Gody pobed i porazhenii, Book 2, Berlin, 1924, P. 227
50 Plekhanov, God na rodine, vol.2, Paris, 1921, p. 267
51 Valentinov, N., ‘Vstrecha Lenina s Marksizmom’, in Novyi zhurnal, 1958, No. 53, p. 206
52PSS, vol.1, pp. 1-66
53PSS, vol.7, pp. 193-4
54 In Narodopravstvo, Moscow, No. 20, 1907, p. 2
55PSS, vol.2, pp. 532-3
56 RTsKhIDNI, f.17, op. 3, d.104, l.2
57 Ibid., d.255, l.3
58 Ibid., d.195, l.1
59 Valentinov, ‘Vstrecha Lenina s Marksizmom’, op. cit., p. 206.
60 Nikolaevskii, B.N., A.N. Potresov: Posmertnyi sbornik proizvedenii, Paris, 1937, pp. 21-2
61 Plekhanov, G.V., Sochineniya, vol. 5 (2nd edn.), Moscow, 1924, pp. 21, 83, 84
62 RTsKhIDNI, f.17, op. 3, d.290, l.4. Between 1923 and 1927, however, an edition of Plekhanov's complete works was published under the editorship of D. Ryazanov.
63 Plekhanov, G.V., Sochineniya, vol.19, Moscow, 1927, pp. 54-5
64 Trotskii, N., Nashi politicheskie zadachi, Geneva, 1904, p. 69
65Pis'ma Lenina Gor'komu, Moscow, 1936, pp. 17-18
66 In Volya Rossii, Paris, 1924, No. 3
67 In Dni, Paris, 1928
68 Nikolaevskii, A.N. Potresov, op. cit., p. 196
69 RTsKhIDNI, f.2, op. 2, d.463, l.1
70 Nikolaevskii, A.N. Potresov, op. cit., pp. 302-3
71 A.N. Potresov, Ocherki, Paris, 1927, p. 19
72Vospominaiya o Lenine, vol.1, 1968, pp. 232, 233, 234
73 Fischer, L., The Life of Lenin, London, 1964, p. 22
74Leninskii sbornik, vol. 13, Moscow-Leningrad, 1930, pp. 93-111
75 Archives of the President of the Russian Federation (Arkhiv Prezidenta Rossiiskoi Federatsii) (APRF), f.3, op. 22, d.297, l.106
76PSS, vol.46, pp. 450-1
77 His mother's petition to have him moved to Krasnoyarsk in August 1897 was refused
78 RTsKhIDNI, f.2, op. 2, d.1338, l.1
79PSS, vol. 54, p. 148
80Pis'ma Vladimira Ilyicha Lenina k rodnym, Moscow, 1985, p. 41
81 Ibid., pp. 44, 46, 50, 53
82 Krupskaya, N.N., Vospominaniya o Lenine (2nd edn.), Moscow, 1972, p. 26
83Lyubyasbchii tebya V. Ulyanov: Pis'ma V.I. Lenina materi, Moscow, 1967, p. 36
84 Ibid., p. 37
85PSS, vol 55, p. 93
86Lyubyasbchii tebya V. Ulyanov: Pis'ma V.I. Lenina materi, op. cit., p. 57
87 Ibid., p. 119
88Vospominaniya o Lenine, vol.2, p. 37
89 RTsKhIDNI, f.16, op. 3, d.20
90Lyubyashchii tebya V. Ulyanov: Pis'ma V.I. Lenina materi, op. cit., pp. 91, 92, 102, 120
91 RTsKhIDNI, f.127, op. 1, d.14, l.2
92 Cited in Fischer, The Life of Lenin, op. cit., p. 80
93Leninskii sbornik, vol.37, Moscow, 1970, p. 233
94Leninskii sbornik, vol. 35, Moscow, 1945, p. 143
95 Cited in Fischer, The Life of Lenin, op. cit., p. 80
96 Krupskaya, N.K., Vospominaniya o Vladimire Ilyiche Lenine, vol.2, Moscow, 1989, pp. 144, 148, 153, 179
97 Ibid., p. 191
98 RTsKhIDNI, f.127, op. 1, d.1
99 Ibid., d.2, ll.1-2
100 Ibid., d.61, l.18
101 APRF, f. 3, op. 22, d.293, ll.30-8
102 RTsKhIDNI, f.2, op. 1, d.24299, l.1
103 In a personal communication to the editor. See also Elwood's Inessa: Revolutionary and Feminist, Cambridge, 1992, pp. 185-6, which casts doubt on the idea that the relationship was romantic.
104 Solzhenitsyn, A., Lenin v Tsyurikhe, Paris, 1975, p. 24
105 RTsKhIDNI, f.127, op. 1, d.61
106 RTsKhIDNI, f.3, op. 1, d.4365
107 Ibid., d.4401
108Vladimir Ilyich Lenin: Biograficheskaya khronika, vol. 3, Moscow, 1972, p. 268
109Leninskii sbornik, vol.11, Moscow, 1931, p. 195
110 Ibid., p. 180
111 Krupskaya, N.K., Vospominaniya o Lenine, Moscow, 1968, p. 260
112PSS, vol.49, p. 367
113Leninskii sbornik, vol.21, Moscow, 1933, p. 83
114Leninskii sbornik, vol.35, Moscow, 1945, p. 108
115 Ibid., p. 108
116 Ibid., p. 109
117 RTsKhIDNI, f.2, op. 2, d.24299
118 Ibid., op. 1, d.12862, ll.1-2
119 Ibid., d.4573, ll.1-2
120 RTsKhIDNI, f.127, op. 1, d.61, ll.7-14
121 Ibid., d. 52, l.12
122 Balabanoff, A., Impressions of Lenin, London, 1964, p. 15
123PSS, vol. 54, p. 67
124 RTsKhIDNI, f.127, op. 1, d.61
125 RTsKhIDNI, f.17, op. 3, d.289, ll.2-3
126 Ibid., d.290, l.3
127Proletankaya revolyutsiya, 1928, Nos.11-12, pp. 251-2. It also compares with the 25 roubles a month which a skilled artisan could earn at that time
128 Krupskaya, N.K., Izbrannye proizvedeniya, Moscow, 1988, p. 120
129 Valentinov, N., Maloznakomyi Lenin, Paris, 1972, p. 31
130 RTsKhIDNI, f.2, op. 1 d.25342, l.1
131 Valentinov, Maloznakomyi Lenin, op. cit., p. 34
132Pis'ma Vladimir a Ulyanova k rodnym, Moscow, 1985, p. 78
133Lyubyashchii tebya V. Ulyanov: Pis'ma V.I. Lenina materi, op. cit., p. 108
134Pis'ma Vladimira Ulyanova k rodnym, Moscow, 1985, pp. 46, 66, 126, 133, 195
135 RTsKhIDNI, f.2, op. 2, d.7, l.1
136 A.N. (A.D.Naglovskii), ‘Lenin’, in Novyi zhurnal, 1967, No.88, pp. 170-1
137 Lenin, Sobranie sochinenii, 3rd edn., vol.22, p. 253
138Vospominaniya o V.I.Lenine, vol.2, p. 113
139 Avtorkhanov, A., ‘Koba i Kamo’, in Novyi zhurnal, 1973, No.1 10, p. 274-5
140Vospominaniya o V.I. Lenine, vol.2, p. 113
141 Avtorkhanov, A., ‘Koba i Kamo’, in Novyi zhurnal, 1973, No.1 10, pp. 270-3
142 RTsKhIDNI, f.2, op. 1, d.2419; 2413, l.1
143 Ibid., d.550, ll.1-13
144 Lenin, Sochineniya (3rd edn.), vol. 1 o, p. 86
145 RTsKhIDNI, f.17, op. 3, pp. 45-7
146Vospominaniya o V.I. Lenine, vol.2, p. 139
147 Valentinov, Maloznakomyi Lenin, op. cit., pp. 128-9
148Vospominaniya o V.I. Lenine, vol.2, p. 121
149Leninskii sbornik, vol.XXXVIII, 1975, p. 66
150 Valentinov, Maloznakomyi Lenin, op. cit., pp. 115-17
151 RTsKhIDNI, f.2, op. 2, d.6, l.2. Note that first initials of names were commonly altered, e.g. N. Lenin and Yu. Kamenev.
152 RTsKhIDNI, f.2, op. 2, d.9, l.1
153 Ibid., d.12, l.1
154 Ibid., d.23. l.1
155 Ibid., d.73, l.1
156 Ibid., d.1314, l.1
157 RTsKhIDNI, f.2, op. 1, d.20325, l.1
158 Ibid., d.13, l.1
159 RTsKhIDNI, f.14, op. 1, d.175, l.3
160PSS, vol.9, p. 561
161 These articles were published in collected form as Nesovremennye mysli: zametki o revolyutsii i kul'ture, Petrograd, 1918, and in English as Untimely Thoughts, London, 1970
162Pis'ma Lenina Gor'komu, Moscow, 1936, p. 63
163Novaya zhizn', No. 174, 7(20) November 1917
164 Lenin, Sochineniya, 3rd edn., vol. 19, p. 276
165Pis'ma Vladimira Ulyanova k rodnym, op. cit., p. 110
166 Ibid., p. 95
167 RTsKhIDNI, f.2, op. 1, d.550, l.1-15
168 Ibid., op. 2, d.741, l.1-4
169 Ibid., op. 3, d.216, l.4
170 Ibid., op. 1, d.311, l.1
Chapter 2
1PSS, vol.6, p. 112
2 Ibid., p. 124
3 Unless otherwise stated, all such publications abroad were in Russian
4PSS, vol.6, p. 178
5 RTsKhIDNI, f.17, op. 3, d.290, l.4; d.291, l.2; d.293, l.12; d.194, l.1
6Lenin i Vecheka, Moscow, 1975, p. 231
7 Ibid., p. 363
8Leninskii sbornik, vol.37, Moscow, 1970, p. 11
9 RTsKhIDNI, f.2, op. 2, d.4, l.1
10PSS, vol.9, p. 211
11PSS, vol.30, p. 347
12 Ibid., p. 346
13 RTsKhIDNI, f.325, op. 1, d.403, l.84a
14PSS, vol.20, p. 354
15PSS, vol.30, p. 133
16Leninskii sbornik, vol.11, Moscow, 1931, p. 397
17PSS, vol.49, p. 399
18 RTsKhIDNI, f.495, op. 82, d.1, l.8
19PSS, d.234, l.3
20 RTsKhIDNI, f.2, op. 1, d.6898, l.1
21PSS, vol.11, pp. 339-43
22PSS, vol.12, pp. 32, 34
23Izvestiya Vserossiiskogo po delam o vyborakh v Uchreditel'noe Sobranie Komissii, No. 16-17, 10 November 1917, p. 3
24 Ibid., p. 7
25PSS, vol.35, pp. 240-1
26 Ibid.
27 Savinkov, B.V., Nakanune novoy revolyutsii, Warsaw, 1921, p. 48
28PSS, vol.35, p.102
29 Ibid., p. 101
30 Shturman, Dora., V.I. Lenin, Paris, 1989, p. 73
31 Gorky, M., Nesvoevremennye mysli, Paris, 1971, p. 113
32 Zenkovskii, V.V., Istoriya russkoy filosofii, vol.2, Paris, 1950, p. 285
33PSS, vol. 18, p. 146
34 Berdyaev, N.A., Istoki i smysl russkogo kommunizma, Paris, 1955, p. 97
35 RTsKhIDNI, f.2, op. 1, d.22899, l.1
36PSS, vol.23, p. 44
37PSS, vol.45, p. 381
38 Sharapov, Yu.P., Lenin kak chitatel', Moscow, 1990, p. 185
39 Gor'kii, M. Nesvoevremennye mysli, Paris, 1971, pp. 102, 103
40Leninskii sbornik, vol.35, Moscow, 1945, p. 148
41 Lunacharsky, A.V., Lenin. Tovarishch, chelovek, Moscow, 1987, p. 216
42 Pospelov, P.N. (Ed.), V.I. Lenin: Biografiya, Moscow, 1963, pp. 99-100
43 RTsKhIDNI, f.17, op. 3, d.249, l.6
44 Aronson, G., Rossiya nakanune revolyutsii, New York, 1962, p. 184
45 See Lydia Krestovskaya, Iz istorii russkogo volonterskogo dvizheniya vo Frantsii, Paris, no date
46 ‘Pis'mo L. Martova “Nashedel'tsam” ’, in Proletarskaya revolyutsiya, No.3/5, 1923, pp. 281-91
47 Bagotskii, S.Y., Vospommaniya o Lenine, vol.2, Moscow, 1969, p. 329
48PSS, vol 26, p. 6
49 Ibid., p. 22
50Golos, Paris, 1914, No.87
51PSS, vol. 49, pp. 13-15
52 Potresov, A.N., Posmertnyi sbornik proizvidenii, Paris, 1937, pp. 301-2
53Pis'ma Lenina k Gor'komu, Moscow, 1936, p. 43
54Chto dali bol'sheviki narodu? Moscow, 1921
55 RTsKhIDNI, f.2, op. 2, d.492, l,1
56 Martov, Y.O., Mirovoy bol'sbevizm, Berlin, 1923, pp. 36-7
57 RTsKhIDNI, f.17, op. 3, d.4, l.1
58 Ibid., d. 13, l.5
59 Ibid., d. 74, l.3
60 Ibid., d. 75, l.2
61 Berdyaev, Istoki i smysl russkogo kommunizma, op. cit., pp. 101-2
62 Dvinov, B., ‘L. Martov (Yu.O. Tsederbaum)’, Novyi zhurnal, 1961, p. 277
63Leninskii sbornik, vol.5, Moscow, 1926, pp. 244-5
64 Ibid., pp. 345-58
65Polnyi sbornik Platform vsekb russkikh politicheskikh partii, St Petersburg, 1906, pp, 1, 3
66 Aronson, G., ‘Bol'sheviki i Men'sheviki’, in Novyi zhurnal, 1966, No.83, p. 255
67 Plekhanov, G.V., Sochineniya, vol. 19, op. cit., pp. 534, 537
68 Dan, F.I., Proiskhozhdenie bol'shevizma, New York, 1946, p. 369
69Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, Biograficheskaya khronika, vol. 9, Moscow, 1978, pp. 61-2
70 RTsKhIDNI, f.17, op. 3, d.150, l.1
71PSS, vol.39, pp. 6-61
72PSS, vol.51, p. 150
73Biograficheskaya khronika, vol.9, op. cit., pp. 61-2
74PSS, vol.43, p. 241
75 RTsKhIDNI, f.17, op. 3, d.239, l.5
76 Ibid., d.136, l.1-2
77 Ibid., d.259, l.9
78 RTsKhIDNI, f.2, op. 2, d.1311, l.1
79 Ibid.
80 Shvarts, S.M., ‘F.I. Dan’, in Novyi zhurnal, 1947, No.15, p. 293
81Bol'sheviki, 2nd edn., Moscow, 1918, p. 222
82 Valentinov, N., ‘Tragediya Plekhanova’, in Novyi zhurnal, 1948, No.20, p. 280
83 Plekhanov, G.V., God na Rodine, op. cit., p. 21
84Edinstvo, 28 October 1917
85 Plekhanov, G.V., Sochineniya, vol.20, Moscow-Leningrad, 1925, p. 13
86 Ibid., p. 23
87 Ibid., p. 22
88 Valentinov, ‘Tragediya Plekhanova’, op. cit., p. 272
89 Valentinov, N., Vstrechi s Leninym, New York, 1981, pp. 240-1
90 Valentinov, ‘Tragediya Plekhanova’, op. cit., pp. 273-5
91Leninskii sbornik, vol.37, Moscow, 1970, pp. 292-3
92 Valentinov, ‘Tragediya Plekhanova’, op. cit., p. 289
93 RTsKhIDNI, f.17, op. 3, d.190, l.3
94 Ibid., d.232, l.1
95 RTsKhIDNI, f.2, op. 2, d.482, ll.1-6
96Dni, Paris, 30 March 1928
97 Haimson, L.H., The Russian Marxists and the Origins of Bolshevism, Cambridge, Mass., 1955, p. 63
98Istoriya Vsesoyuznoy Kommunisticheskoy partit (bol'shevikov). Kratkii kurs. Moscow, 1938, p. 41
99 Rafes, M., Ocherki istorii Bunda, Moscow, 1923, p. 141
100 Martov, L., Povorotnyi punkt v istorii evreiskogo rabochego dvizheniya (1895), Geneva, 1900, p. 9
101 Martov, Y., Zapiski sotsialdemokrata, vol. 1, op. cit., p. 268
102PSS, vol.54, p. 287
103 Dvinov, Boris, ‘L. Martov (Yu.O. Tsederbaum)’, op. cit., p. 281
104 Tsereteli, I.G., Vospominaniya o Fevrai'skoy revolyutsii, Paris, 1964, 1, p. 242
105 Witnessed by E. Drabkina and cited by Shub, D., Novyi zhurnal, 1969, No.94, pp. 264-5
106 Martov, Y. O., Doloy smertnuyu kazn', Petrograd, 1918, p. 7
107 RTsKhIDNI, f.17, op. 3, d.390, l.1
108PSS, vol.54, p. 149
109 Getzler, I., Martov: A Political Biography of a Russian Social Democrat, Cambridge, 1968, p. 212
Chapter 3
1PSS, vol.30, pp. 325, 322, 327, 328
2 Rodzianko, M.V., Gosudarstvennaya Duma i fevral'skaya revolyutsiya 1917 g., Rostov on Don, 1919, p. 31
3 Yakhontov, A.N., ‘Tyazhelye dni’, Arkhiv Russkoy revolyutsii, vol.18, Berlin, 1926, p. 98
4 Milyukov, P.N., Vospominaniya (1859-1917), New York, 1955, p. 455-6
5 Semennikov, V.P. (ed.), Nikolai II i Velikie knyazya, Moscow-Leningrad, 1925, p. 122
6Vladimir Ilyich Lenin: Biograficheskaya khronika, vol .4, Moscow, 1973, p. 1
7 Ganetskii, Y., O Lenine: Otryvki vospominanii, Moscow, 1933, p. 59
8 Zaslavskii, D.O. and Kantorovich, V.A., Khronika fevral'skoy revolyutsii 1917 goda, vol. 1, Petrograd, 1924, p. 288
9PSS, vol. 31, p. 20
10 Ibid., p. 7
11 Ibid., p. 73
12 Ibid., p. 75
13 Solzhenitsyn, Lenin v Tsyurikhe, op. cit., pp. 197-9
14Biograficheskaya khronika, vol .4, op. cit., p. 16
15PSS, vol. 49, p. 414
16PSS, vol. 32, p. 414
17 Ludendorff, E., Meine Kriegserinnerungen, 1914-1918, Berlin, 1919, p. 47
18 RTsKhIDNI, f.17, op. 3, d.74, l.2
19PSS, vol, 32, p. 427
20 Melgunov, S.P., Zolotoy nemetskii klyuch bol'shevikov (first published in Paris in 1940), New York, 1989, p. 157
21Russkii sovremennik, Moscow, No.1, 1924, p. 241
22 Central State Special Archives (TsGOA), f.7, op. 4, d.127, ll.23, 47-403
23 Shub, D., ‘Kupets revolyutsii’, in Novyi zhurnal, 1967, No. 87, pp. 300-01
24 Zeman, Z.A.B. and Scharlau, W., The Merchant of Revolution, London, 1966, pp. 136-7
25 Shub, D., ‘Lenin i Vil'gel'm II’, Novyi zhurnal, 1959, No. 57, pp. 226-267
26 In Bakinskii rabochii, No.24, 1924, cited in Futrell, M., Northern Underground, London, 1963, p. 173
27 Shub, ‘Kupets revolyutsii’, op. cit., pp. 306-8
28 TsGOA, f.198, op. 2, d.582, ll, 19, 22; f.1, op. 33, d.33, ll.77, 78, 97 et al
29 Shub, ‘Kupets revolyutsii’, op. cit., p. 308
30 Central State Special Archives (TsGOA), f.1, op. 8, d.8480; f.7, op. 2, d.1534, ll.4, 25, 28, 71, 111-114, 182; f.1 op. 12 ll. 264, 265
31 State Archive of the Russian Federation (GARF), f.coll.TsGAOR,d.13, ll.83-4
32 Ibid, ll.85, 88
33 Nikitin, B., Rokovye gody, Paris, 1937, pp. 117-20
34 GARF, f.kol.TsGAOR, d.13, l.93
35 Melgunov, Zolotoi nemetskii, op.cit., pp. 108-9
36 GARF, f.kol.TsGAOR, d.13, l.111
37 Ibid., l.107
38 Zeman, Z.A.B., Germany and the Revolution in Russia, 1915-1918, London, 1958, pp. 3, 4, 10, 14
39 GARF, f.kol.TsGAOR, f.d.9., ll.66, 67
40Leninskii sbornik, vol.36, Moscow, 1959. p. 47
41 Melgunov, Zolotoi nemetskii, op. cit., p. 128
42 RTsKhIDNI, f.2, op. 2, d.122, l.1
43 Avtorkhanov, A., ‘Lenin i TsK posle iyul'skogo vosstaniya’, in Novyi zhurnal, 1971, no. 102, p. 226
44PSS, vol. 32, p. 415
45 Kerenskii, A., Izdaleka (collected essays, 1920-21), Paris, 1922, p. 172
46PSS, vol. 32, p. 415
47PSS, vol. 34, p. 31
48 NKVD-KGB Archives, P-1073, t. 1, l.11
49Biografaheskaya khronika, vol. 4, op. cit., p. 2
50 Ibid., p. 31
51 Ibid., p. 35
52PSS, vol. 49, p. 424
53 Zeman, Germany and the Revolution in Russia, op. cit., p. 31
54 TsGOA, f. 7, op. 3, d.394, ll.8-9
55 Parvus, A., Im Kampf um die Wahrheit, Berlin, 1918, p. 51 56
56PSS, vol. 31, p. 120
57 Fischer, L., Lenin, London, 1970, p. 168
58 RTsKhIDNI, f.2, op. 2, d.226, 11.1-5
59 GARF, kol.TsGAOR, d.13, l.65
60 Futrell, M., Northern Underground, London, 1963, p. 192
61 NKVD-KGB Archives, P-1073, t.1, l.5
62 Bernstein, E., ‘Ein Dunkeles Kapitel,’ Vorwärts, Berlin, 11 January 1921
63 Zeman, Germany and the Revolution in Russia, op. cit., p. 94
64 Ibid., pp. 130, 133.
65 Russian State Military Archives, formerly Central State Archives of the Soviet Army (TsGASA), f.33987, op. 2, d.79, l.90
66 TsGOA, f.1, op. 12, d.25023, ll.264-265; f.7, op. 1, d.953, l.341
67 Gnedin, A., Katastrofa i vtoroe rozhdenie: Memuarnye zapiski, Amsterdam, 1977
68 RTsKhIDNI, f.2, op. 2, d.571, ll.1-2
69 Ibid., op. 1, d.25064, l.1
70 Ibid., ll.2-3
71 NKVD Archives, p. 1073, t. 1, l.47
72 Ibid.
73 Ibid., l.11
74 Ibid., l.57
75 Ibid., l.87
76 Nabokov, V., Arkhiv russkoy revolyutsii, vol.1, Berlin, 1921, p. 76
77 Kerenskii, Izdaleka, op. cit., p. 52
78 NKVD-KGB Archives, 9 section PGU, No.85686
79PSS, vol. 35, p. 395
80Leninskii sbornik, vol.18, Moscow, 1931. p. 33
81 Kerenskii, Izdaleka, op. cit., p. 40
82 Ibid., p. 189
83 Sverchkov, D.F., Kerenskii. Leningrad, 1925, p. 82
84 Stankevich, V.B., Vospominaniya, Berlin, 1920, p. 252
85 General A.A. Yepishev, who died in 1985, gave the author this information during interviews for his book on Stalin
86 Interior Ministry Archives (AMB), N-18768, t. 12, l.1-100
87 NKVD-KGB Archives, 9 section PGU, No.85686, pp. 35-6; 37-8; 79; 114; 215
88 RTsKhIDNI, f.2, op. 2, d.151, l.4
89 Ibid., d.90, l.5
90 RTsKhIDNI, f.2, op. 2, d.397, l.10; d.85, l.3; d.68, l.2-3
91PSS, Vol. 32, pp. 121-2
92 Ibid., p. 129
93 Ibid., p. 132
94 Ibid., p. 182
95 Archive of the President of the Russian Federation (APRF), P 86/ 14-rs, l.28
96PSS, vol.32, pp. 286-7
97 Ibid., p. 321
98 RTsKhIDNI, f.17, op. 3, d.306, l.6-7
99 Tsereteli, I.G., Vospominaniya o Fevral'skoy revolyutsii, vol.2, Paris, 1963, p. 230, citing his speech in Pravda,13 June 1917
100PSS, vol. 32, p. 331
101 Stankevich, Vospominaniya, op. cit., p. 153
102PSS, vol. 32, p. 267
103 Bonch-Bruevich, V.D., Vospominaniya o Lenine, Moscow, 1969, p. 96
104 Milyukov, P.N., Vospominaniya (1859-1917), vol.2, New York, 1955, pp. 387-9
105 Sukhanov, N.N., Revolyutsiya 1917 goda, Rome, 1971, p. 312
106PSS, vol.34, pp. 2-5
107PSS, vol.32, p. 433
108Shestoy s'ezd RSDRP(b), Protokoly, Moscow, 1958, pp. 27-8
109Biograficheskaya khronika, vol .4, op. cit., p. 277
110 Trotskii, O Lenine, op. cit., pp. 58-9, 61
111 APRF, f.3, op. 22, d.306, l.3
112 RTsKhIDNI, f.2, op. 2, d.700, l.1
113PSS, vol. 32, p. 306
114 GARF, f.130, op. 1, d.5, l.1
115 RTsKhIDNI, f.17, op. 3, d.153, l.1
116 Elwood, R.C., Roman Malinovsky: A Life Without a Cause,Newtonville, Mass., 1977, provides the best account both of the case itself and the accessible sources on the trial
117PSS, vol.33, p.viii
118 Ibid., p. 120
119 Ibid., pp. 83, 89
120 Ibid., p. 45
121 Ibid., p. 101
122Krasnaya letopis' 1927, no. 3, Moscow-Leningrad, p. 29
123 RTsKhIDNI, f.4, op. 3, d.45, l.1
124PSS, vol.34, pp. 245, 247
125 Machiavelli, Niccolo, Izbrannye sochineniya, Moscow, 1982, p. 351
126PSS, vol.34, pp. 272-5
127 Ibid., p. 280
128 Ibid., pp. 280-2
129 Sukhanov, Zapiski a revolyutsii, vol.6, Berlin, 1922-23, pp. 73-5
130PSS, vol.34, p. 253
131 RTsKhIDNI, f.4, op. 2, d.3590, l.7
132PSS, vol.34, p. 242
133 Ibid., p. 247
134Ocherki istorii Leningradskoy organizatsii KPSS, vol.1, 1962, pp. 568-9; Podgotovka i pobeda Oktyabr'skoy revolyutsii v Moskve; Dokumenty i materialy, Moscow, 1957, p. 343
135PSS, vol.34, pp. 383-4
136 TsAMO, f.132-A, op. 2642, d.13, l.7
137PSS, vol.34, p. 392
138 Ministry of Security of the Russian Federation Archives (AMBRF), R-33833, l.257
139 Ibid., l.259
140 TsGOA, f.1345, op. 1, d.128, l.23
141 Trotskii, O Lenine, op. cit., p. 70
142 RTsKhIDNI, f.2, op. 1, d, 4629, ll.1-2
143 Ibid., d.4630
144 Melgunov, S.M., Kak bol'sheviki zakhvatili vlast' Paris, 1953, pp. 15, 18, 20
145PSS, vol. 34, p. 420
146 Ibid., p. 396
147 Trotskii, L.D., Sochineniya, vol.3, Moscow, 1925, p. 15
148 Ibid., p. 39
149 Gorbachev, M.S., Oktyabr' i perestroika: revolyutsiya prodolzhaetsa, Moscow, 1987, p. 5
150 Trotskii, L.D., Portrety revolyutsionerov, Vermont, 1988, p. 45
151 AMBRF, N-15069, d.21790, t. 1, l.61
152 Ibid., t.1, ll.129-34
153 AMBRF, N-15318, d.14025, t.1, l.281
154 AMBRF, N-15069, d.21790, t.1, l.66
155 AMBRF, N-15318, d.14625, t.1, l.1
156 Ibid., t.1, l.20
157 Ibid., t.2, l.48
158 Trotskii, O Lenine, op. cit., p. 71
159 Ibid., p. 75
160PSS, vol.34, p. 436
161 Ryabinskii, K., Revolyvstiya 1917 g., vol.5, Oktyabr', Moscow-Leningrad, 1926, p. 189
162 Melgunov, S., ‘Osada Zimnego Dvortsa’, in Novyi zhurnal, New York, 1947, No.17, p. 307
163 Sukhanov, N.N., Zapiski o revolyutsii. Berlin, 1922-23, vol.7, p. 160
164 Ibid., p. 174
165 Ibid., pp. 219-20
166 Trotskii, O Lenine, op. cit., p. 77
167 RTsKhIDNI., f.325, op. 1, d.11 l.11
168 Ibid., l.10
169 Trotskii, O Lenine, op. cit., p. 100
170PSS, vol.35, p. 43
171 Ibid., p. 48
172Velikaya Otyabr'skaya sotsialisticbeskaya revolyutstya, Moscow, 1987, p. 481
173Dekrety sovetskoy vlasti, vol. 1, Moscow, 1957, pp. 44-5
174PSS, vol.35, p. 40
175 TsGASA, f.33987, op. 3, d.46, l.144
176 GARF, f.13o, op. 1, d.1, l.20
177 Ibid., ll.55-6
178 GARF, f.1235, op. 37, d.2, l.43
179 RTsKhIDNI, f.2, op. 1, d, 7597, l.1
180 GARF, f.130, op. 4, d.593, l.1,
181 Ibid., op. 1,d.1, l.7-8ob
182PSS, Vol.35, pp. 30-1
183 RTsKhIDNI, f.2, op. 2, d.940, l.1-3
184PSS, vol.35, pp. 359-60
185 In Novaya zhizn', 7 (20) November 1917, No.174
186 RTsKhIDNI, f.5, op. 2, d.246, l.1
187 Ibid., op. 1, d.960, ll.30-2.
188 GARF, 1.130, Op. 1, d.3, ll.4-4ob
189 Ibid., d.5, 1.35
190 Ibid., 1.33
191 Ibid., d.5a, l.3
192 Ibid., d.3, l.210b
193 Ibid., l.32-3
194PSS, vol.35, p. 264
195 Harvard University, Houghton Library, BMS Russ 13, T-3815, p. 1
196PSS, vol.34, p. 392.
197PSS, vol.31,p.65;p. 117
198Izvestiya Vserossiiskoy po delam o vyborakh v Uchreditel'noe Sobranie kommissii, No.1, 6 September 1917, pp. 2, 6-7
199 Trotskii, O Lenine, op. cit., PP. 91-92; p. 93
200Izvestiya Vserossiiskoy po delam o vyborakh v Uchreditel'noe sobranie kommissii, op. cit. p. 2
201 Ibid., p. 6
202 GARF, f.130, op. 1, d.1, l.20
203PSS, vol.35, pp. 162-6
204 Trotskii, O Lenine, op. cit., p. 94
205 GARF, f.130, op. 1, d.1, 1.46ob
206 Ibid., d.1, l.180b
207 Ibid., d.3, l.24
208 In Anin, D., Revolyutsiya 1917 goda glazami ee rukovoditelei, Rome, 1971, pp. 456-70
209 Ibid.
210PSS, vol.35, p. 241
211 Archives of Foreign Section of OGPU (INO OGPU), No., 17458, VOl.2, p. 215
212 Trotskii, O Lenine, op. cit., P 95
213 Medem, V., Uchreditel'noe sobranie , i demokraticheskaya respublika, Berlin, 1918, pp. 14-15
Chapter 4
1PSS, vol.35,p. 172
2 Trotskii, O Lenine, op. cit., pp. 104-5
3PSS, vol.35,p. 311
4PSS, vol.50, p. 30
5 Ibid., p. 144
6 Ibid., p. 106
7PSS, vol.35, p. 186
8 Wheeler-Bennett, J., BrestLitovsk: The Forgotten Peace, March 1918, London, 1963, p. 269
9Sed'moy s'ezd RKP. Stenograficheskii otchet. Moscow-Petrograd, 1923, pp. 126, 129, 131
10 Ibid., pp. 33, 50
11 Ibid., P. 42
12 Ibid., p. 87
13 Zinoviev, G.Ye., Sochineniya, vol.7, part I, Moscow, 1923-26, pp. 544, 537
14 Dates following 1 January 1918 conformed to the Western calendar
15 TsGASA, f.33987, op. 3, d.2, ll.1-4
16 RTsKhIDNI, f.4, op.2, d.2788, ll.1-4
17PSS, vol.36, pp. 84-7
18PSS, vol.35, p. 40
19PSS, vol.36, p. 100
20 Ibid., p. 111
21Vladimir Ilyich Lenin:Biograficheskaya khronika, vol.5, Moscow, 1970, p. 319
22 APRF, f.3, op;. 24, d.3o1, l.144
23 RTsKhIDNI, f.4, op. 2, d.3734, ll.2-3
24 RTsKhIDNI, f.2, op. 1, d.5542, l.1
25 RTsKhIDNI, f.4, op. 2, d.1927, l.7
26 RTsKhIDNI, f.2, op. 1, d.5497, l.2
27Novaya zhizn', No.2, 1918, pp. 3-4
28 APRF, f.33, op. 1, d.2, l.16
29 Ibid., ll.25-27.
30PSS, vol.36, p. 497
31 Solomon, G., Sredz krasnykh vozhdei, vol.1, Paris, 1930, p. 85
32 Wheeler-Bennett, Brest-Litovsk, op. cit., p. 327
33Biograficheskaya khronika, vol.5, op. cit., p. 459
34 Zeman, Z.A.B., Germany and the Revolution in Russia, op. cit., p. 129. citing a letter from State Secretary Kühlmann to Mirbach
35 Feltchinskii, Yu., ‘Iz istorii Brestskogo mira’, in Novyi zhurnal, no. 162, 1986, pp. 241, 243
36PSS, vol.50, p. 113
37PSS, vol.36, p. 525
38PSS, vol.37, p. 56
39 The terms of the treaty are reproduced in Wheeler-Bennett, Brest-Litovsk, op. cit., pp. 403-8
40 Lenin, V.I., Voennaya perepiska (1917-1920), Moscow, 1956, p. 36
41 TsGASA, f.33987, op. 3, d.13, ll.70-85; op. 1, d.572, ll.13-15
42 Sverdlov, Ya.M., Izbrannye proizvedeniya, vol.3, Moscow, 1960, pp. 28-9
43 Feltchinskii, Yu., ‘Iz istorii Brestskogo mira’, in Novyi zhurnal, No.182, 1986, p. 259
44 Merezhkovskii, D.S., Gippius, Z.N., et al., Tsarstvo Antikhista, Munich, 1921, pp. 55-6
45 TsGASA, f.33987, op. 2, d.41, l.63
46 Golovin, N.I., Rossiiskaya kontrrevolyutsiya, part I, Paris, 1937, pp. 89-90
47PSS, vol.30, p. 133
48PSS, vol.39, p. 343
49PSS, vol.35, p. 204
50PSS, Vol.37, pp. 40-1
51 RTsKhIDNI, f.2, op. 2, d.1338, ll.,1-2
52 Ibid., op. 1, d.1245, l.1.
53 Trotskii, O Lenine, op. cit., p. 106
54 TsGASA, f.33957, op. 1, d.11 l.11
55 TsGASA, f.4, op. 14, d.7, l.11
56 Olikov, S., Dezertirstvo v Krasnoy Armii i bor'ba s nim. Moscow, 1926, p.27
57 Ibid., pp. 29, 31, 32
58Direktivy Glavnogo kormandovaniya Krasnoy Armii (1917-1920). Moscow, 1963, pp. 18-19
59 RTsKhIDNI, f.325, op. 1, d.408, l.87a
60 Lenin, V.I., Voennaya perepiska, Moscow, 1956, pp. 39, 133, 137
61Leninskii sbornik, vol.18, Moscow, 1931, p. 209
62 Ibid., p. 189
63Leninskii sbornik, vol.34. Moscow 1942, p. 65
64 Ibid., p. 122
65 Trotskii, O Lenine, op. cit., pp. 117, 118
66Leninskii sbornik, vol.18, Moscow, 1931, p. 202
67 RTsKhIDNI, f.325, op. 1, d.403, l.84a
68 Lenin, V.I., Iz epokhi grazhdanskoy voiny, Moscow, 1934, p. 44
69 RTsKhIDNI, f.2, op. 2, d.109, l.1
70 Archives of NKVD-KGB, arkh. No.501, t. 3, l.616
71 Geller, M., Nekrich, A., Utopiya u vlasti, Frankfurt-am-Main, 1982, p. 90
72 Trotskii, O Lenine, op. cit., p. 121
73 TsGASA, f.33987, op. 2, d.32, l.311
74 RTsKhIDNI, f.2, op. 2, d.454, l.1
75 Ibid., d.717, l,1
76PSS, vol, 38, p. 242
77 Ibid., p. 298
78 Ibid., p. 372
79 Ibid., p. 325
80 Gippius-Merethkovskii, Z., Dmitrii Merezhkovskii, Paris, 1951, p. 241
81Biograficheskaya khronika, vol.5, op. cit., p. 242
82 RTsKhIDNI, f.19, op. I, d.159, l.1
83Biograficheskaya khronika, vol.5, op. cit., pp. 648-9
84 Bonch-Bruevich, V.D., Tridtsat'dnei, no. 1, 1934, pp. 15-19
85PSS, Vol.39, p. 183
86PSS, Vol.31, p. 310
87PSS, vol 32, pp. 32, 97, 186; vol.36, pp. 85, 215, 269, 362
88PSS, Vol.36, p. 268
89 RTsKhIDNI, f.2, op. 1, d.6601, l.1
90 Ibid., d.6606, l.1
91 Ibid., d.6623
92 Trotsky, Leon, Trotsky's Diary in Exile, London, 1959, p. 80
93Biograficheskaya khronika, vol.5, op. cit., pp. 165-6
94 RTsKhIDNI, f.19, op. 1, d.158, l.8
95Rabochaya revolyutsiya na Urale, Yekaterinburg, 1921, pp. 3-29
96 RTsKhIDNI, f.588, op. 3, d.12, l.30
97 APRF, f.31, op. 1, d.4, l.216
98 RTsKhIDNI, f.2, op. 2, d.463, l.2
99 APRF, f.3, op. 58, d.280, l.1
100 Ibid., l.12
101 Ibid., l.10
102 Ibid., ll.12-13
103 RTsKhIDNI, f.588, op. 3, d.12, ll.18, 19, 59
104 Ibid., d.14, ll.28, 29, 30, 41
105 Ibid., ll.52-4.
106 Ibid., ll.60, 61
107 Witte, S.Yu., Vospominaniya, vol.1, Moscow, 1969, p. 245
108 RTsKhIDNT, f.588, op. 3, d.12, l.48
109 Goloshchekin, F.I.,‘Vospominaniya uchastnikov Velikogo Oktyabrya’, in Istoricheskii arkhiv, 1957, no.5, Moscow, p. 198
110 TsGAOR, f.130, op. 1, d.58, l.130b
111 Platonov, O., ‘Tsareubiitsy’, in Literaturnaya Rossiya, no.38, Moscow, 21 September 1990, p. 19
112 RTsKhIDNI, f.588, op. 3, d.12. l.43
113 APRF, ‘Special file’, Minutes of the Politburo and Central Committee Secretariat. (The designation ‘Special file’ indicates that a file has not yet been allocated to a collection, or has not been catalogued. All such ‘Special files’ have been housed in the Politburo archives.)
114 Kerensky, A.F., Izdaleka, op. cit., p. 189
115 RTsKhIDNI, f.5, op. 1, d.1648, l.4
116PSS, vol.37, l.4
117 Ibid., pp.83-5
118 Central KGB Archives (TsAKGB and TsMBRF), d.4-200, l.7
119 RTsKhIDNI, f.4, op. 1, d.86, l.5
120Vospominaniya o Vladimire Ilyiche Lenine, Moscow, 1990, p. 309
121 RTsKhIDNI, f.4, op. 1, d.85, l.1
122Dekrety Sovetskoy vlasti, vol.3, Moscow, 1963, p. 266
123Vospominaniya o Vladimire Ilyiche Lenine, Moscow, 1990, p. 310
124 Trotskii, O Lenine, op. cit., 152, 157-8
125 Balabanoff, Impressions of Lenin, op. cit., p. 1-2
126 RTsKhIDNI, f.4, op. 2, d.453, ll.,1-2
127 Spiridonova, Maria, Izvospominanii o Nerchinskoy katorge, Moscow, 1926, pp. 82, 84
128 TsAKGB, d.4-200, ll.8-10
129 Ibid., ll.811
130 Central Archives of the Ministry of Security of the Russian Federation (TsAMB RF), 4-200, ll.22, 22ob
131 TsAMB RF, f.4, op. 10, d.2197, l.126
132 Ibid., 1.109
133 TsAMB RF, 4-200, l.12, 120b
134 Ibid., l.17
135 Vasiliev, Oleg, Nezavisimaya gazeta, 29 August 1992
136 Mal'kov, P., ‘Zapiski komendanta Kremlya’, in Moskva, No.11, 1958, pp. 123-61
137 Balabanoff, A., Lenin:Psychologische Beobachtung und Betrachtungen, Hanover, 1959, pp. 1-2
138 RTsKhIDNI, f.4, op. 2, d.3272, ll.1-2
139 RTsKhIDNI, f.86, op. 1, d.35, l.79
140Vladimir Ilyich Lenin:Biograficheskaya khronika, vol.6, Moscow, 1975, pp. 127, 129, 130, 147
141 TsAMB RF, f.4, op. 10, d.2197, l.101
142 Ibid., ll.185-6
143 Ibid., d.2197, ll.191-2
144PSS, vol.41, pp. 298-318
145 Shturman, Dora, V.I. Lenin, Paris, 1989, p. 75
146Pravda, 14 January 1925
147 Ulyanova, O Lenine i semie Ulyanovykh, op. cit., pp. 113-17
148PSS, vol.41, p. 19
149 RTsKhIDNI, f.2, op. 1, d.26388, l.1-2
150 APRF, f.3, op. 22, d.3o6, l.3
151 Ibid., l.1-10b
152 TsGASA, f.33987, op. 2, d.6o, l.15
153 APRF, f.3, op. 22, d.306, ll.8-9
154 Krassin, L., Leonid Krassin: His Life and Work by his wife. London, 1920, p. 97
155 Kobyakov, S., ‘Krasnyi sud’, in Arkhiv russkoy revolyutsii, vol.7, Berlin, 1922, p. 273
156 Trotskii, O Lenine, op. cit., pp. 121, 122
157Trotsky's Diary in Exile, op. cit. p.82
158PSS, vol.36, p. 196
159 GARF, f.130, op. 2, d.2, ll.241-2
160 Melgunov, S.P., Krarnyi terror v Rossii, Berlin, 1924, p. 6
161Utro Moskvy, November 1918
162Leninskii sbornik, vol.18, 1931, pp. 145-6
163 Ibid., pp. 186-7
164PSS, vol.50, p. 106
165PSS, vol.41, p. 369
166 Ibid., p. 376
167 Ibid., p. 380
168 Ibid., p. 383
169PSS, vol.54, p. 1
170 Ibid., p. 209
171 Ibid., p. 221
172 Ibid., p. 189
173 Ibid., p. 190
174 Ibid., pp. 189-90
175Ugolovnyi kodeks SSSR, Moscow, 1938, pp. 26-32
176PSS, vol.45, p. 549
177 RTsKhIDNI, f.l7, op. 3, d.164, l.2
178 Ibid., op. 4, d.194, ll.3-3ob
179 Ibid., op. 3, d.302. l.5
180PSS, vol.52,pp.222-3
181Leninskii sbornik, vol.37, 1970, p. 114
182 RTsKhIDNI, f.2, op. 2, d.83o, l.1
183Leninskii shornik, vol.24, 1933, p. 172
184 RTsKhIDNI, f.2, op. 2, d. 133, ll.1-2
185 Krylenko, N.V., Sudostroistvo RSFSR, Moscow, 1923, p. 97
186 RTsKhIDNI, f.76, op. 3, d.149, 11.8-80b
187 Ibid., ll.30-320b
188 Kobyakov, S., ‘Krasnyi sud’, in Arkhiv russkoy revolyutsii, vol.7, Berlin, 1922, p. 246
189 AMBRF, f.114728, t.82, ll.1-2, 436
190 TsGASA, f.33987, op. 2, d.141, l.179
191 RTsKhIDNI, f.17, op. 3, d.195, l.1
192 Ibid., op. 84, d.228, ll.,13-130b
193Lenin i VeCheKa, Moscow, 1975 p. 231-2
194 TsKhSD, f.4, op. 16, d.157, l1, 120-8
195 RTsKhIDNI, f.17, op. 3, d.239
196 Ibid., d.234, l.3
197Lenin i VeCheKa, Moscow, 1975, p. 544
198 RTsKhIDNI, f.17, op. 3, d.153, l.2-6
199 Ibid., d.190, l.2
200 Ibid., l.3
201 TsGASA, f.33987, op. 1, d.392, l.108
202 GARF, f.3316, op. 1, d.448, ll.71-2
203 Ibid., ll.72-3
204PSS, vol.36, pp. 255-7
205 Ibid., p. 193
Chapter 5
1 AMBRF N-13614, t. 1, l.100
2PSS, vol.45, pp. 34-6
3 Ibid., p. 345
4 AMBRF, R-33835, d.3257, ll.237-71
5 Trotskii, L.D., Dnevniki i pis'ma, Paris, 1986, p. 31
6 Zinoviev, Leninizm, op. cit., p. 150
7PSS, vOl.45, p. 345
8PSS, Vol.49, p. 390
9 RTsKhIDNI, f.325, op. 1, d.6, l.1
10PSS, vol.30, p. 270
11PSS, vol.31, p. 204
12 Ibid., p. 253
13 Ibid., pp. 268-9
14 Trotskii, L.D., ‘Terrorizm i kommunizm,’ Sochineniya, vol.12, Moscow, 1926, p. 59
15Trotsky's Diary in Exile, op. cit., pp. 53-4
16 In Novaya zhizn', RTsKhIDNI, f.325, op. 2, d.11, l.21
17 Shturman, Dora, ‘Samyi otkrovennyi amoralist’, in Posev, Munich, No.1, 1992, p. 100
18 RTsKhIDNI, f.325, op. 1, d.347, l.5
19 Ibid., l.6
20 Ibid., d.365, l.59
21 Ibid., d.282, ll.2-3
22PSS, Vol.47, pp. 187-188; vol.48, p. 11; vol.49, p. 387
23PSS, vol.34, p. 345
24 Trotskii, L.D., Stalinskaya shkola fal'sifikatsii, Berlin, 1932, p. 119
25 Trotsky, Leon, My Life, New York, 1930, pp. 468-9
26 Trotskii, L.D., Nemetskaya revolyutsiya i stalinskaya byurokratiya, Berlin, 1932, pp. 99-100
27 RTsKhIDNI, f.325, op. 1, d.365, l.7
28 Trotskii, O Lenine, op. cit., pp. 152, 154
29PSS, vol.44, p. 249
30PSS, vol.43, p. 52
31PSS, vol.54, p. 329
32 RTsKhIDNI, f.2, op. 1, d.17615, l.1
33 Ibid., d.18517, l.1
34 Ibid., d.23226, l.1
35 Ibid., d.25996, l.1
36 Ibid., op. 2, d.1239, l.1
37 TsGASA, f.33987, op. 2, d.41, l.5
38 Ibid., op. 1, d.23, l.18.
39 AMB RF, f.2, op. 4, d.133, l.10
40 APRF, f.64, op. 1,d.44, l.21
41 Trotskii, Lev, Dnevniki i pis'ma, New York, 1986, pp. 167-8
42 Ibid., p. 100
43 -Trotsky's Diary in Exile, op. cit., pp. 82-3
44 AMB RF, f.1, op. 4, d.133
45Leninskii sbornik, vol.35, 1945, pp. 55-6
46 APRF, f.3, op. 22, d.297, l.64
47 Ibid., l.71
48 Ibid., l.114
49 Ibid., d.298, l.71-2
50 Ibid., d, 297, l.166
51 APRF, Politburo minutes No.P13/144, 5 March 1940
52 APRF, f.45, op. 1, d.693, ll.100-1
53 Ibid., d.694, l.2
54Leninskii sbornik, vol.40, 1985, p. 100
55PSS, vol.48, p. 162
56Leninskii sbornik, vol.37, 1970, pp. 175-6
57 APRF, f.45, op. 1, d.694, l.31
58Leninskii sbornik, vol.38, 1975, p.417
59 APRF, f.45, op. 1, d.694, l.112
60 Ibid., l.109
61 Ibid., ll.101, 107-8
62 Stalin, I., Sochineniya, vol.4, Moscow, 1947. p. 314
63 Ibid.
64 APRF, f.45, op. 1, d.694, ll.3-4
65PSS, vol.49, pp. 101, 161
66PSS, vol.35, p. 369
67 See Schapiro, L., The Communist Party of the Soviet Union, London, 1970, p. 244
68 APRF, f.45, op. 1, d.694, l.36
69PSS, vol.52, p. 100
70 APRF, f.45, op. 1, d.694, l.119
71 Ulyanova, M., in Izvestiya TsK KPSS, No.4, 1991, p. 78
72 RTsKhIDNI, f.2, op. 2, d.1338, l.1
73Leninskii sbornik, vol.18, 1931, p. 193
74 Volkogonov, D., Trotskii: politicheskii portret, 2 volumes, Moscow, 1992, vol.2, p. 297
75 APRF, f.3, op. 24, d.163, l.179
76 Ibid., ll.222-5
77 APRF, f.45, op. 1, d.420, ll.8, 90b, 220b, 24, 250b, 64
78Leninskii sbornik, vol.18, 1931, pp. 146, 163, 166, 169, 180-1, 189, 202
79PSS, vol.54, pp. 32-3
80 Archives of MGB, d.7331, ll.50-3
81 Ibid., d.3208, t.42, ll.215-26
82PSS, vol.1, p. 456
83 RTsKhIDNI, f.2, op. 1, d.24278. l.1
84 APRF, f.45, op. 1, d.67-117
85 RTsKhIDNI, f.324, op. 1, d.254, l.3
86 Stalin, I., Sochineniya, vol.5, Moscow, 1947, pp. 134-6
87PSS, vol.45, p. 346
88PSS, vol.54, pp. 674-5
89 Ibid., pp. 329-30. and APRF, f.3, op. 22, d.3o7, l.26
90 APRF, f.3, op. 22, d.307, ll.27-9
91 Ibid., d.297, ll.64, 65
92 Ibid., l.68
93 APRF, f.3, op. 22, d.299, 1.87; published in Izvestiya Ts KPSS, No.12, 1989
94 AMBRF, archive no. R-33833, t.41, ll.49-68
95 Ibid., l.256
96 Ibid., pp. 256-7
97 Ibid., l.91
98 Ibid., l.112
99PSS, vol.34, p. 420
100PSS, vol.45, p. 345
101PSS, vol.22, p. 280
102 RTsKhIDNI, f.324, op. 1, d.452
103XIV s'ezd VKP(b), Stenograficheskii otchet, Moscow-Leningrad, 1926, pp. 274-5
104PSS, vol.47, pp. 188-9
105 Deich, G.M. Leninskie eskizy k portretam druzei i protivnikov, Leningrad, 1990, p. 125
106 Lunacharsky, A., Revolutionary Silhouettes, Translated by Michael Glenny, London, 1967, p. 76
107 Zinoviev, G.E., ‘O zhizni i deyatel’nosti V.I. Lenina', in Izvestiya TsK KPSS, No.7, 1989, p. 171
108 Ibid., pp. 172, 175
109 AMBRF, f.1, op. 4, d.133, l.7
110 Zinoviev, ‘O zhizni i deyatel’nosti V.I. Lenina', op. cit., pp. 173. 172, 178
111 Ibid., p. 173
112 RTsKhIDNI, f.324, d.246, l.2; d.267, ll.4, 5, 7
113 Ibid., op. 1,d.42, l.5
114Vladimir Ilyich Lenin:Biograficheskaya khronika, vol.12, Moscow, 1982, p. 407ff
115 Lunacharskii, A.Radek, K, Trotskii, L., Siluety, Moscow, 1991, p. 300
116PSS,vol.48, p. 175
117 Wheeler-Bennett, Brest-Litovsk, op. cit., pp. 284-5
118PSS,vol.51,p. 10
119Vladimir Ilyich Lenin:Biograficheskaya khronika, vol.11, Moscow, 1980, pp. 692-3
120PSS, vol.52, p. 166
121 RTsKhIDNI, f.323, op. 1, dd.37, 45, 47 et al
122 RTsKhIDNI, f.324, op. 1, d.9,
123 Ibid., d.12, l.17
124 Ibid., d.490, l.2
125 Ibid., d.489, l.12
126 RTsKhIDNI, f.324, op. 1, d.489, l.12
127 AMBRF, archive no. R-33834, t. 1, l.107
128 AMBRF, archive no. R-33833, t.59, l.38
129 AMBRF, archive no. R-33834, t. 1, ll.120-1, 122
130 AMBRF, archive no. R-33833, t.15, l.2
131 7 dnei, Paris, 19 January 1935
132 AMBRF, archive no. R-33833, t.12, ll.40-1
133 Ibid., t. 59, l.128; Hochschild, A., The Unquiet Ghost: Russians Remember Stalin, Viking/Penguin, London, 1994, pp. 84-92
134PSS, vol.45, p. 345
135 Bukharin, N., O mirovoy revolyutsii, nashei strane, kul'ture i prochem. Leningrad, 1924
136 Ibid., pp. 28, 32, 39, 43, 49, 52 et al
137 AMBRF, archive no. N-13614, t.5, l.15
138 Ibid., t. 15, l.19
139 Ibid., t. 5, ll.20-1
140Sed'moy s'ezd Rossiiskoy Kummunisticheskoy partii. Moscow Petrograd, 1923, pp. 31, 32
141 Ibid., p. 42
142 APRF, f.3, op. 24, d.301, l.144
143 RTsKhIDNI, f.2, op. 1, d.24789, ll.4 -40b
144 Bukharin, N., Izbrannye proizvedeniya, Moscow, 1988, pp. 1-17
145 Ibid., pp. 428-9
146 Ibid., p. 400
147 Feltchinskii, Y. (Ed.), Portrety revolyutsionerov (a compilation based on Trotsky's works), Vermont, 1988, p. 141
148 Ibid., pp 142-3
149 APRF, f.45, op. 1, d.710, l.48
150 TsGASA, f.33987, op. 3, d.891, ll.25-7
151 APRF, f.3, op. 24, d.262, l.29
152 Ibid., l.30
153 Ibid., op. 22, d.307, l.175
154 RTsKhIDNI, f.4, op. 1, d.142, l.476
155 APRF, f.3, op. 24, d.291, ll.18-19
156PSS, vol.51, p. 47
157 NPRF, f.3, op. 24, d.301, ll.135-56
158 Ibid., d.427, ll.1-5
159 TsGAOR, f.7523, op. 66, d.58, ll.1-4
160 AMBRF, archive no. N-1363, d.53, l.97
161 RTsKhIDNI, f.76, op. 3, d.345, ll.2-20b
162 Ibid., ll.1-2
163 RTsKhIDNI, f.17, op. 3, d.128, l.1
164 Ibid., d. 155, ll.2-3
165Chetyrnadtsatyi s'ezd VKP(b). Moscow-Leningrad, 1926, pp. 84-5
166PSS, vol.49, p. 194
167 APRF, f.3, op. 22, d.8, l.1
168 Ibid., d.23, l.2
169 Ibid., l.7
170 Ibid., d.9, ll.15-16
171 Ibid., d.8, l.78
172 Ibid., d.23, 1.28
173 Ibid., ll.37-8
174 Ibid., d.8, l.7
175 Ibid., d.9, ll.5 1-3
176 Ibid., ll.72-3
177 Ibid., ll.74-8
178 RTsKhIDNI, f.17, op. 3, d.9, ll.1-2
179 Ibid., d.13, l.5
180 Ibid., d.164, l.2
181 Ibid., d.259, l.1
182 Ibid., d.279, ll.1-2
183PSS, vol.45, pp. 88-9
184 RTsKhIDNI, f.17, op. 3, d.302, l.5
185 Ibid., d.152, ll.1-2
186 RTsKhIDNI, f.80, op. 19, d.1, ll.6-14
187PSS, vol.45, p. 89
188 RTsKhIDNI, f.17, op. 3, d.136, ll.1-2
189 Ibid., d.345, ll.5-6
190 RTsKhIDNI, f.17, op. 3 d.161, l.2
191PSS, vol.45, p. 53
192 RTsKhIDNI, f.17, op. 3, d.120, l.3
193 Ibid., d.305, l.6
194 Ibid., d.361, l.15
195 Ibid., d.69, l.2
196 Ibid., d.201, l.4
197 Ibid., d.132, 1.2
198 RTsKhIDNI, f.17, op. 3, d.322, l.1,
199 APRF, Politburo Minutes, 8 February 1947, No.P56/137
200 APRF, Politburo Minutes, 3 December 1934, No.P17/89
201Leninskii sbornik, vol.18, 1931, p. 189
202 APRF, Politburo Minutes, 5 July 1937,P51/144
203 TsGASA, f.33987, op. 2, d.41, l.63
204 APRF, f.3, op. 24, d.463, ll.33, 72
205 Redlich, S., Propaganda and Nationalism in Wartime Russia:The Jewish Antfascist Committee in the USSR, 1941-1948 (n.p.USA), 1982; RTsKhIDNI, f.17, op. 18, d.3o5, l.20
206 APRF, Politburo Minutes, 5 March 1940, No.P13/144
207 The ‘Special files’ of the Politburo relating to this issue, as to many others, have not yet been given archive numbers
208 APRF, f.2, op. 1, d.259
209 Ibid., l.9
210 Ibid., l.13
211 Ibid., l.24
212 APRF, ‘Special file’, KGB note of 25 March 1970, No.745-A/ob.
213 APRF, Politburo Minutes, 27 March 1970, No.P-158
214 APRF, ‘Special file’, Materials on the memoirs of N.S. Khrushchev
215 Centre for the Storage of Contemporary Documentation (TsKhSD, formerly Central Committee Archives), f.5, op. 61, ll.1-9
216 APRF, Politburo Minutes, 17 June 1971
217 APRF, Politburo Minutes, 7 January 1974
218 APRF, Politburo Minutes, 2 September 1983
219 APRF, Politburo Minutes, 28 July 1966, No.P12/XVII
220 APRF, Politburo Minutes, 24 March, 1983, No.P103/XII
221 APRF, Politburo Minutes, 2 October 1986, No.P30/64-OP
222 Ibid.
Chapter 6
1 Stalin, I., Socbineniya, vol.10, Moscow, 1949, pp. 189-90
2 ‘Doklad Khrushcheva, 1956’, in Izvestiya TsK KPSS, No.3, 1989, p. 134
3 RTsKhIDNI, f.17, op. 3, d.155, ll.2-3
4 ‘Doklad Khrushcheva, 1956’, op. cit., p. 159
5 APRF, Politburo Minutes, 15 October 1987, p. 156
6 RTsKhIDNI, f.44, op. 1, d.5, l.15
7 TsGAOR, f.9401, op. 2, d.176, t.II, l.360
8 Ibid., d.64, t. 1, l.263
9Dvenadtratyi s'ezd RKP(b), Moscow, 1923, pp. 2-3
10PSS, vol.33, pp. 26-7
11Lenin i XX vek, Moscow, 1991, p. iii
12PSS, vol.33, p. 109
13 Ibid., p. 100
14 Kautsky, K., Social Democracy versus Communism, New York, 1946
15 RTsKhIDNI, f.2, op. 2, d.86, ll.1-4
16 Lenin's evidence was published only in Vestnik Vremennogo Pravitel'stva, No.8/81, 16 June 1917, p. 3, and is cited in Pipes, R., The Russian Revolution, 1899-1919, London, 1990, pp. 374-5
17 Zinoviev, ‘O zhizni i deyatel'nosti V.I. Lenina’, op.cit., p. 201
18 RTsKhIDNI, f.17, op. 3, d.928, ll.48-9
19 RTsKhIDNI, f.85, op. 29, d.357, l.1
20 RTsKhIDNI, f.17, op. 3, d.999, ll.92-3
21PSS, vol.33, p. 102
22 Stalin, I., O nedostatkakh partiinoy raboty i merakh likvidatsii trotskistkikh i inykh dvurusbnikov, Moscow, 1937, p. 29
23PSS, vol.32, p. 374
24 Struve, P.B., Razmyshleniya o russkoy revolyutsii, Moscow, 1991, pp. 42-3
25Krasnoarmeiskii polituchebnik, part 1, Moscow, 1937, p. 293
26PSS, vol.45, p. 289
27 APRF, ‘Special file’ No.989, ll.1-5
28 APRF, ‘Special file’ No.1246, l.2
29 APRF, ‘Special file’ No.397, ll.1-3
30 Ibid.
31 APRF, ‘Special file’ No.583, l.1
32 APRF, ‘Special file’ No.21, ll.1-2
33 APRF, ‘Special file’ No.6403, l.1
34 GARF, f.9401, op. 2, d.68, t. V, l.383
35 Ibid., ll.334-41
36 APRF, ‘Special file’ No.433, ll.1-2
37PSS, vol.35, p. 24
38 Ibid., p. 2
39 Ibid., p. 264
40 Ibid.
41PSS, vol.45, pp.369-73
42Leninskii sbornik, vol.18, Moscow, 1931, p. 82
43 Ibid., p. 85
44PSS, vol.35, p. 265
45 Chernov, V., Rozhdenie revolyutsionnoy Rossii, Prague, 1934, p. 404
46Leninskii sbornik, vol.18, Moscow, 1931, 1. 141
47 Ibid., p. 87
48 TsGASA, 1.33388, op. 2, d.383, l.14
49 Ibid., l.171
50 Srechinskii, Yu., ‘Kompartiya i krestyanstvo’, in Novyi zhurnal, No.89, 1967, pp. 211-12
51 RTsKhIDNI, f.2, op. 1 d.21244, l.1
52 RTsKhIDNI, f.17, op. 3, d.325, ll.1-2
53 Berdyaev, N., Novoe Srednevekovye, Berlin, 1924, p. 89
54 APRF, Politburo Minutes No.68, 15 October 1921
55 RTsKhIDNI, f.495, op. 82, d.1, ll.10-100b
56 RTsKhIDNI, f.2, op. 1, d.21444, l.56
57 Ibid., l.1-4
58Chto dali bol'sheviki narodu? Moscow, 1921, p. 14-15
59 Stalin, I., Sochineniya, vol.13, Moscow, 1951, p. 189
60 Ibid., p. 191
61 Ibid.,p.231
62 Ibid., p. 233
63 APRF, f.3, op. 30, d.196, l.106
64 Ibid., ll.109-11
65 Ibid., ll.97, 104, 105, 114
66 Ibid., l.108
67 Ibid., ll.116-18
68 APRF, Politburo Minutes, 15 October 1987
69 Stalin, I., Sochinernya, vol.11, Moscow, 1949, p. 159
70Istoriya VKP(b), Kratkii kurs, Moscow, 1938, p. 291
71Leninskii sbornik, vol.18, Moscow, 1918, pp. 93-4
72 Stalin, I., Sochineniya, vol.12, Moscow, 1949, p. 168
73 APRF, Politburo Minutes No.116, 31 January 1930
74 Churchill, W.S., History of the Second World War, vol.4, London, 1951, pp. 447-8
75 APRF, Politburo Minutes No.123, 10 April 1930
76 RTsKhIDNI, f.17, op. 26, d.55, ll.71-2
77 APRF, Politburo Minutes No.143, 2 August 1933
78 Vyshinsky, A.Y. (Ed.), Spravochnik sovetskogo rabotnika, Moscow, 1939, p.89
79 Stalin, I., Sochineniya, vol.13, op. cit., p. 243
80 Ibid., p. 245
81 RTsKhIDNI, f.17, op. 42, d.82, ll.82-83
82PSS, vol.45, p. 376
83 APRF, ‘Special file’ No.743, ll.1-2
84Leninskii sbornik, vol.21, Moscow, 1933, p. 213
85 Cited in Krupskaya, N.K., Vospominaniya o Lenine, Moscow, 1989, p. 468
86 RTsKhIDNI, f.17, op. 3, d.253, l.2
87PSS, vol.54, p. 110
88PSS, vol.37, p. 402
89 RTsKhIDNI, f.17, op. 3, d.113, l.1
90 TsGASA, f.4, op. 14, d.3, l.27
91PSS, vol.12, pp. 100-01
92 RTsKhIDNI, f.17, Op. 3, d.296, 1.6
93 APRF, f.3, op. 58, d.175, ll.35-6
94 RTsKhIDNI, f.2, op. 2, d.1245, l.2
95 Ibid., l.3
96 APRF, f.3, op. 58, d.175, ll.37-56
97 RTsKhIDNI, f.2, op. 2, d.1343
98Biograficbeskaya khronika, vol.12, op. cit., p. 378
99 Kuskova, E.K., ‘Tragediya Maksima Gor'kogo’, in Novyi zhurnal, No.38, pp. 224-45
100 RTsKhIDNI, f.2, op. 1,d.11164, ll.7-8
101 Ibid., op. 2, d.1338, ll.1-2.
102 Machiavelli, Niccolo, Izbrannye sochineniya, Moscow, 1982, p. 353
103 RTsKhIDNI, f.2, op. 2, d.1344, l.1
104 APRF, f.3, op. 58, d.175, l.72
105PSS, vol.17, pp. 206-13
106 Ibid.
107 RTsKhIDNI, f.2, op. 1, d.11164, l.48
108 RTsKhIDNI, f.17, op. 3, d.329, l.2
109 Struve, G., Russkaya literatura v izgnanii, Paris, 1984, p. 7
110 RTsKhIDNI, f.17, op. 3, d.201, l.4
111 Ibid., d.370, l.13.
112 AMBRF, Archive No.32490, t. 1
113 APRF, f.3, op. 58, d.175, ll.5-5ob
114 Ibid., 1.6
115 Ibid., ll.6-16
116 RTsKhIDNI, f.17, op. 3, d.201, l.4
117 Ibid., d.132, l.1
118 Ibid., d.332, l.7
119Leninskii sbornik, vol.16, Moscow, 1931, pp. 24-36
120 RTsKhIDNI, f.17, op. 3, d.329, l.2
121Novyi grad, No.1, 1931, Paris, pp. 1-7
122 APRF, f.3, op. 34, d.188, ll.35-7
123 APRF, Zasedanie Sekretariata TsK KPSS 26.04.83, ll.1-7
124 Liberman, S.I., ‘Narodnyi komissar Krasin’, in Novyi zhurnal, no.7, 1944, p. 309
125 Krzhizhanovskii, G.M., Lenin: Tovarishch, chelovek, 6th edn., Moscow, 1987, p. 212
126 See Ulyanova, O V.I. Lenine i semye Ulyanovykh, op. cit.
127PSS, vol.12, p. 142
128 Ibid., p. 145
129 RTsKhIDNI, f.17, op. 3, d.261, ll.13-14
130 sKhIDNI, f.2, op. 1, d.20449, l.1
131 RTsKhIDNI, f.17, op. 3, d.195, l.1
132 APRF, f.3, op. 60, d.23, ll.7-8
133 RTsKhIDNI, f.2, d.1166, ll.1-2
134 RTsKhIDNI, f.17, op. 3, d.284, l.9
135 APRF, f.3, op. 60, d.25, l.5
136Biograficheskaya khronika, vol.12, op. cit., p. 244
137PSS, vol.45, pp. 666-7
138 RTsKhIDNI, f.2, op. 1, d.22947
139 APRF, f.3, op. 60, d.10, l.87
140 RTsKhIDNI, f.2, op. 1, d.22947
141 RTsKhIDNI, f.17, op. 3, d.283, ll.6-7
142 RTsKhIDNI, f.2, op. 2, d.1166, l.5
143 RTsKhIDNI, f.3, op. 6, d.22, l.32
144 APRF, f.3, op. 60, d.22, ll.35-7
145 Ibid., l.53
146 Ibid., d.23, ll.76-7
147 Ibid., ll.57-8
148 Ibid., ll.80-1
149 APRF, f.3, op. 60, d.25, l.5
150 Ibid., l.49
151 Ibid., d.12, l.37
152 RTsKhIDNI, f.17, op. 3, d.360, l.9
153Izvestiya, 27 June, 1923
154 APRF, f.3, op. 60, d.25, l.58
155 Ibid., ll.59-60
156 RTsKhIDNI, f.89, op. 4, d.115, l.24
157 APRF, Politburo Minutes No. 116, 30 January 1930
158 APRF, f.3, op. 60, d.23, ll.97-9
159 Ibid., d.23, ll.100-2
160 Ibid., d.9, l.49
161 Ibid., ll.60-3
162 Ibid., d.10, ll.23, 58
163 Ibid., d.10, l.88
164 GARF, f.5446, op. 55, d.735, ll.51-4
165 RTsKhIDNI, f.2, op. 1, d.14802
166PSS, vol.36, p. 472
167 RTsKhIDNI, f.2, op. 2, d.348, l.1
168 Trotskii, O Lenine, op. cit., p. 87
169 RTsKhIDNI, f.44, op. 1, d.5, ll.9-36
170 Ibid., ll.127-32
171 RTsKhIDNI, f.2, op. 2, d.1003, ll.1-2
172PSS, vol.33, p. 102
173PSS, vol.38, p. 325
174PSS, vol.41, p. 318
175PSS, vol.14, pp. 378-9
176PSS, vol.33, p. 117
177PSS, vol.34, p. 116
178 APRF, f.3, op. 20, d.53, ll.55-9
179PSS, vol.40, pp. 209, 211
180 APRF, f.3, op. 20, d.53, l.1
181PSS, vol.38, pp. 302-3
182 APRF, f.31, op. 1, d.4, l.211
183 APRF, f.3, op. 20, d.52, ll.3, 4
184 RTsKhIDNI, f.2, op. 2, d.5, l.1
185 Ibid., d.448, l.1
186 Ibid., d. 1299, l.1
187 Ibid.
188 APRF, f.3, op. 20, d.64, ll.171 -6
189 RTsKhIDNI, f.2, op. 2, d.1318, ll.1-3
190 Trotskii, L.D., Pyat' let Kominterna, Moscow-Leningrad, 1925, pp. 73-99
191 TsGASA, f.4, op. 14, d.32, ll.190-9
192PSS, vol-38, p. 186
193 Ibid., p. 321
194 Trotskii, L.D., Pyat' let Kominterna, Moscow-Leningrad, 1925, p. 90
195 Balabanoff, Impressions of Lenin, op. cit., pp. 29-30
196PSS, vol.38, p. 217
197PSS, vol.8, pp. 384, 388
198 GARF, f.130, op. 1, d.19, l.13
199 Ibid., ll.126-30, 96-8
200 Trotskii, Pyat' let Kominterna, op. cit., p. 98
201 TsGASA, f.33987, op. 2, d.32, ll.279-2790b
202 Ibid., l.528
203 RTsKhIDNI, f.2, op. 2, d.293, ll.1-3
204 Ibid., d.329, ll.1-2
205 Ibid., d.183, ll.1
206 Ibid., op. 1, d.24832, l.1
207 Ibid., op. 2, d.653, l.1
208 Ibid., d.1019, l.1
209 APRF, f.3, op. 20, d.64, ll.34-9
210 APRF, ‘Special file’, Packet No.5
211 RTsKhIDNI, f.2, op. 2, d.235, ll.4-5
212 APRF, f.3, op. 20, d.64
213 Ibid., l.45
214 Ibid.
215 Ibid., ll.67-9
216 RTsKhIDNI, f.495, op. 19, d.15, l.24
217 Ibid., d. 18, l.8
218 Ibid., d.15, l.24
219PSS, vol.44, p. 226
220 RTsKhIDNI, f.2, op. 2, d.380, l.1
221 APRF, f.3, op. 20, d.73, l.123
222 Ibid., d.66, l.8
223PSS, vol.44, p. 405
224 NKVD Archives, f.K-1, op. 1, d. 17671
225 Ibid.
226 APRF, f.3, op. 20, d.58, l.91
227 Ibid., l.122
228 Ibid., d.66, l.19
229 Ibid., d.54, l.102
230 Ibid., l.114
231 APRF, f.45, op. 1, d.319, l.31
232 Trotskii, L.D., Dnevniki i pis'ma, New York, 1986, p. 165
Chapter 7
1 TsGAOR, f.5459, op. 5, d.2, l.262
2 Martov, Iu.O., Bor'ba s osadnym polozheniem v Rossiiskoy sotsial-demokraticheskoy bochei pertii, Geneva, 1904
3 APRF, f.3, op. 22, d.307, l.135
4 TsGAOR, f.5459, op. 5, d.2, l.254
5PSS, vol.55, p. 368
6 RTsKhIDNI, f.2, op. 1, d.385, l.1
7PSS, vol.11, pp. 339-3
8 APRF, f.3, op. 22, d.307, l.136
9 RTsKhIDNI, f.2, op. 2, d.1343
10 APRF, f.3, op. 22, d.307, l.137
11 Ulyanova, M.I., ‘O Vladimire Ilyiche’, in Izvestiya TsK KPSS, No.3, 1991, p. 189
12 RTsKhIDNI, f.17, op. 3, d.314, l.6
13 APRF, f.3, op. 22, d.307, l.16
14 Ibid., l.17
15 Ibid., l.18
16 Ibid., l.19
17PSS, vol.52, p. 100
18 Voitinskii, V., Gody pobeg i porazhenii, Book 2, Berlin, 1924, p. 100
19 Ulyanova, ‘O Vladimire Ilyiche’, op. cit., p. 185
20 RTsKhIDNI, f.16, op. 3, d.6, l.7
21PSS, vol.45, pp. 278-94
22 RTsKhIDNI, f.16, op. 2, d.13, ll.180-90
23 APRF, f.3, op. 22, d.307, l.23
24 RTsKhIDNI, f.16, op. 2, d.13, l.189
25PSS, vol.45, p. 348
26PSS, vol.54, pp. 674-5
27PSS, vol.45, pp. 345, 346
28 Bukharin, N.I., Politicheskoe zaveshchanie Lenina, Moscow, 1929
29PSS, vol.45, p. 376
30 Ibid., p. 403
31 APRF, f.3, op. 22, d.307, l.139
32 Ibid., l.138
33PSS, vol.54, p. 329
34 Ibid.
35PSS, vol.54, p. 330
36 RTsKhIDNI, f.14, op. 1, d.398, ll.4-5
37PSS, vol.54, pp. 329-30
38 APRF, f.3, op. 22, d.307, l.138
39 Ibid., ll.27-9.
40 Ulyanova, ‘O Vladimire Ilyiche’, op. cit., p. 169
41 RTsKhIDNI, f.4, op. 1, d.142, l.240
42 APRF, f.3, op. 22, d.307, ll.133-9
43 Ibid., l.98
44 Ibid., l.50
45 Ibid., l.172
46 Ibid., l.55
47 Ibid., l.77
48 Ibid., l.73
49 Ibid., l.62
50 RTsKhIDNI, f.14, op. 1, d.398, ll.3-6
51 APRF, f.3, op. 22, d.307, ll.1-2
52 Ibid., ll.1-2
53 The story of Lenin's request for poison was related by Trotsky in 1939. but in a garbled and dubious form. See Deutscher, I., The Prophet Outcast: Trotsky—192.9- 1940. Oxford, 1963, p. 446
54 APRF, f.3, op. 22, d.307, ll.7, 11
55 Ibid., d.308, l.61
56 Trotskii, O Lenine, op. cit., pp. 159, 160
57 RTsKhIDNI, f.16, op. 2, d.13
58 APRF, f.3, op. 22, d.307, l.140
59 RTsKhIDNI, f.4, op. 1, d.142, ll.310-46
60 Ravdin, B., in Znanie—sila, No.4, 1990
61 Annenkov, Yu., ‘Vospominaniya o Lenine’, in Novyi zhurnal, no. 65, 1961, pp. 149, 141, 142
62 Ravdin, op. cit., p. 22
63 Ibid.
64 RTsKhIDNI, f.16, op. 2, d.13
65Biograficheskaya khronika, vol.12, op. cit., p. 621
66 APRF, f.3, op. 22, d.307, l.140
67 Ibid., d.306, ll.127-8
68 RTsKhIDNI, f.4 op. 1, d.142, ll.406-7
69 Cited in Fischer, The Life of Lenin, op. cit., p. 672
70 Annenkov, Yu, ‘Vospominaniya o Lenine’, in Novyi zhurnal, no. 65, 1961, p. 144
71 RTsKhIDNI, f.17, op. 2, d.86, ll.5-50b
72 APRF, f.3, op. 22, d.307, l.175
73 TsGASA, F.4, D.17, L.290
74 APRF, f.3, op. 22, d.307, l.174, see Ulyanova, ‘O Vladimire Ilyiche’, op. cit.
75Biograficheskaya khronika, vol.12, op. cit., p. 653
76 RTsKhIDNI, f.12, op. 2, d.254, ll.2, 3, 4, 9, 10
77 APRF, f.3, op. 22, d.308, l.141
78 Ulyanova, ‘O Vladimire Ilyiche’, op. cit.
79 APRF, f.3, op. 22, d.307, l.176
80Pravda, 24 January 1924
81 The editor is grateful to Dr Peter Greenhall of the Neurology Department at the Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford, for his opinion. The autopsy is cited in full in Payne, R., The Life and Death of Lenin, London, 1964, pp. 637-40.
82 APRF, f.3, op. 22, d.309, ll.1-2
83 Ibid., l.2
84 Ibid., l.5
85 TsGASA, f 33987, op. 3, d.80, l.587
86 APRF, f.3, op. 22, d.309, ll.15, 16, 21
87 Ibid., l.15
88Biograficheskaya khronika, vol. 12, op. cit., pp. 672-3
89 Ibid., p. 675
90 Archives of Security Ministry (Arkhiv MB), f.1, op. 4, No.133, l.10
91Pravda, 27 January 1924
92 Ibid.
93Pravda, 30 January 1924
94 Ibid.
95 APRF, f.3, op. 77, l.526
96 Churchill, W. S., The World Crisis, Vol.5, op. cit., p. 76
97 Stalin, I., Sochineniya, vol.10, op. cit., pp. 41, 56
98Pravda, 27 July 1924
99 APRF, f.3, op. 22, d.309, l.38
100 Ibid., d.307, l.156
101 APRF, f.3, op. 22, d.307, l.49
102 See Zbarskii, B.I., Mavzolei Lenina, Moscow, 1944
103 APRF, f.3, op. 22, d.311, l.3
104 Ibid., l.5
105 Ibid., ll.5-6
106 Ibid., l.24
107 Ibid., l.31
108 Ibid., l.103
109 Ibid., l.120
110 Ibid., d.523, ll.1-11
111 Ibid., d.311, l.121
112 Ibid., d.310, l.53
113 Ibid., ll.54-64
114The Times, 19 January 1994
115 APRF, f.3, op. 22, d.36, l.23
116PSS, vol.12, p. 320
117 Brezhnev, L.I., Leninskim kursom, vol.6, p. 533
118 APRF, ‘Special file’ No.576, ll.2, 3, 5
119 APRF,‘Special file’, Politburo Minutes, 20 June 1968, p. 6
120 APRF, ‘Special file’, Politburo Minutes No.244, 15 October 1959, pp. 36-8
121 Medvedev, R., All Stalin's Men, Blackwell, Oxford, 1989, p. 139
122 APRF, Politburo Minutes, 27 December 1973, pp. 1-7
123 Khrushchev, N.S., Rechi na sobraniyakh izbirateki Moskvy, Moscow, 1937, pp. 3-21
124 APRF, ‘Special file’, Notes of Khrushchev's talks in Peking, 2 October 1959, pp. 1-33
125 APRF, ‘Special file’, Central Committee Plenum Report of 14 October 1964, p. 59
126 Ibid., p. 4
127 Brezhnev, L.I., O kommunisticheskom vospitanii trudyashchikhsya, Moscow, 1974, pp. 286-7
128Dnevniki imperatora Nikolaya II, Moscow, 1991, p. 309
129 APRF, f.80, op. 11519
130 APRF, ‘Special file’, Meeting of L.I. Brezhnev and leaders of the fraternal parties in Budapest, 18 March 1975
131 APRF, ‘Special file’, Minutes of Politburo, 18 November 1982, pp. 464-5
132 APRF, f.82
133 APRF, ‘Special file’, Minutes of Politburo, 7 January 1974, pp. 19-34
134 Andropov, Y.V., Izbrannye rechi i stat'i, Moscow, 1983, p. 126
135 APRF, ‘Special file’, Note from Y.V. Andropov to L.I. Brezhnev, 29 October 1973, pp. 1-5
136 RTsKhIDNI, f.2, op. 2, d.1119, ll.1-2
137 APRF, ‘Special file’, Minutes of Politburo, 4 August 1983, p. 66
138 APRF, ‘Special file’, Minutes of Politburo, 20 October 1983, pp. 241-6
139 APRF, ‘Special file’, Minutes of Politburo, 10 February 1984, pp. 11-126
140 APRF, f.83
141 APRF, ‘Special file’, Minutes of Politburo, 23 February 1984
142 RTsKhIDNI, f.2, op. 1, d.20706, l.1
143 APRF, ‘Special file’, Minutes of Politburo, 11 March 1985
144 APRF, ‘Special file’, Minutes of Politburo, 4 April 1985, pp. 248-51
145 Gorbachev, M.S., Izbrannye rechi i stat'i, Moscow, 1985, p. 9
146 APRF, ‘Special file’, Minutes of Politburo, 4 April 1985, p. 212
147 APRF, ‘Special file’, Minutes of Politburo, 2 September 1983, p. 6
148Volya Rossii, Paris, No.3, 1924
149PSS, vol. 51
150 Central Defence Ministry Archives (TsAMO), f.3, op. 1156, d.2, l.252
151 Archives of the Ministry of State Security (AMB), f.1, op. 4, No. 133, l.7
152 Trotskii, O Lenine, op. cit., pp. 87, 88
153 RTsKhIDNI, f.2, op. 2, d.1166, ll.1-2
154 APRF, ‘Special file’, Minutes of Politburo, 20 June 1968, pp. 1-8
155 APRF, ‘Special file’, Minutes of Politburo, 17 April 1970, pp. 1-2
156 APRF, Minutes of the Central Committee Secretariat, 2 June 1981, p. 2
157 APRF, ‘Special file’, KGB Report No.456-‘Ch’, pp. 162-4
Epilogue
1 TsGAOR, f.5459, op. 5, d.2, l.232
2 APRF, Minutes of Politburo, 15 October 1987, p. 156
3PSS, vol.39, p. 408
4Leninskii sbornik, vol.18, Moscow, 1931, p. 187
5 AMBRF, f.1, op. 4, d.133, l.10
6Leninskii sbornik, vol.2, Moscow, 1924, p. 271
7 APRF, f.31, op. 1, d.4, ll.25, 213
8 Ibid., l.27
9 RTsKhIDNI, f.2, op. 2, d.380, l.1
10 APRF, f.3, op. 24, d.463, ll.148-9
11 RTsKhIDNI, f.2, op. 2, d.492, l.1
12 APRF, ‘Special file’, Note to CPSU Central Committee 682‘op’, 28 August 1980, l.1
13 APRF, ‘Special file’, Notes of Khrushchev's conversation in Warsaw, May 1960, No.233
14 RTsKhIDNI, f.2, op. 2, d.447, l.1
15 Ibid., d.231, l.1.
16 APRF, Defence Ministry Note 04311, ll.1-4
17 Berdyaev, Istoki i smysl russkogo kommunizma, op. cit., p. 131