PROLOGUE: LEGENDS OF SPRING
1. A. R. Boteler, “Stonewall Jackson in Campaign of 1862,” Southern Historical Society Papers, September 1915, vol. 40, p. 176.
2. Ibid., p. 177.
3. Ibid., p. 176.
4. Gary Ecelbarger, Three Days in the Shenandoah, p. 3; he notes that the army was the largest in the Western Hemisphere.
5. Douglas Southall Freeman, R. E. Lee: A Biography.
6. James McPherson, Crossroads of Freedom: Antietam (Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), p. 32.
7. Allan Nevins, War for the Union: 1862–1863, vol. 2, p. 108.
8. Ibid., p. 32.
9. Ibid., p. 39.
10. Ibid.
11. Boteler, “Stonewall Jackson in Campaign of 1862,” p. 177.
12. Henry A. Chambers diary, June 19, 1862, North Carolina Department of Archives and History. Cited in James I. Robertson, Stonewall Jackson: The Man, the Legend, the Soldier, p. 459.
13. Biographical Sketch in Alexander Robinson Boteler Papers, Duke University.
14. Boteler, “Stonewall Jackson in Campaign of 1862,” p. 177.
15. Ibid.
16. Chambers diary.
17. Ibid.
18. Letter from Jackson to Thomas Taylor Munford, June 17, 1862. Manuscript in Huntington Library, Pasadena, CA.
19. J. William Jones, “Reminiscences of the Army of Northern Virginia,” Southern Historical Society Papers, vol. 9, p. 364.
20. Letter from Edwin Stanton to George McClellan, June 25, 1861; cited in Jubal A. Early, War Memoirs, p. 75; Stanton had reports placing Jackson at four locations, one of which was Gordonsville with forty thousand men.
21. Jedediah Hotchkiss Papers, Library of Congress, Washington, DC. Anecdote by J. William Jones, former chaplain in Jackson’s army.
22. Hunter McGuire, “1897 Address to R. E. Lee Camp,” Southern Historical Society Papers, June 23, 1897.
23. Drew Gilpin Faust, This Republic of Suffering, p. 3.
24. Richmond Whig, June 11, 1862, and June 12, 1862.
25. “A Great General,” Richmond Daily Dispatch, June 18, 1862.
26. Douglas Southall Freeman, Lee’s Lieutenants, vol. 1, p. 303.
27. Allen C. Redwood, “With Stonewall Jackson,” Scribner’s Monthly 18, no. 2 (June 1879).
CHAPTER ONE: AWAY TO RICHMOND
1. Lenoir Chambers, Stonewall Jackson, p. 22.
2. Napier Bartlett, A Soldier’s Story of the War, p. 16.
3. G. H. M. Cloverlick Recollection, February 16, 1880, Southern Historical Society Papers, vol. 9, 1881, pp. 44–45.
4. Ibid.
5. Dabney Herndon Maury, “General T. J. Jackson: Incidents in the Remarkable Career of the Great Soldier,” Richmond Times, January 23, 1898.
6. Board of Visitors Minutes, VMI Archive.
7. Raleigh Colston, Reminiscences, Raleigh Edward Colston Papers, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina.
8. Colonel William Couper, One Hundred Years at V.M.I., vol. 2, p. 98.
9. “Recollections of Charles Copland Wight, 1841–1897,” manuscript, Wight Papers, Virginia Historical Society.
10. Sherman, on hearing that South Carolina had seceded in December 1860, remarked to a Southern friend: “You people of the South don’t know what you are doing. This country will be drenched in blood, and God only knows how it will end. . . . You people speak so lightly of war; you don’t know what you’re talking about. War is a terrible thing!”
11. Mary Anna Jackson, Memoirs of Stonewall Jackson, p. 143.
12. Thomas Jackson Arnold, Early Life and Letters of General Thomas J. Jackson (London and Edinburgh: Fleming H. Revell Company, 1916), p. 294.
13. Jackson, Memoirs of Stonewall Jackson, p. 141.
14. Ibid.
15. Margaret J. Preston, “Reminiscences of Stonewall Jackson,” Century Magazine, October 1886, pp. 927–936.
16. Robert L. Dabney, Life and Campaigns of Lieutenant-General Thomas J. Stonewall Jackson, p. 154.
17. Ibid.
18. Jackson, Memoirs of Stonewall Jackson, p. 144.
19. January 26, 1861, letter from Thomas J. Jackson to Thomas Jackson Arnold, in Thomas Jackson Arnold, The Early Life and Letters of General Thomas J. Jackson, p. 294; Jackson papers, West Virginia University.
20. Ibid.
CHAPTER TWO: THE IMPERFECT LOGIC OF WAR
1. The acquisitions stack up as follows: the Louisiana Purchase—828,000 square miles; the Mexican Cession—525,000 square miles; the annexation of the Oregon Territory—260,000-plus square miles.
2. Mary Anna Jackson, Memoirs of Stonewall Jackson, pp. 139–140. Anna wrote of Jackson, “In politics he had always been a Democrat, but he was never a very strong partisan, and took no part in the political contest of 1860 except to cast his vote for John C. Breckenridge. . . .”; Robertson, Stonewall Jackson, p. 197. Here Robertson makes the point that “Jackson was aware of the growing schism between North and South. He was a Democrat with inherent respect for states’ rights. . . . That is probably as much thought as Jackson gave to the national picture. Marriage, the loss of another child, a new home, persistent illnesses, business ventures, renewed church activities—these were matters of greater concern to the major.”
3. Allan Nevins, The War for the Union, vol. 1, The Improvised War, 1861–1862, p. 10.
4. Jackson’s view of this was expressed in his January 26, 1861, letter to his nephew Thomas Jackson Arnold. “If the free states . . . should endeavor to subjugate us, and thus excite our slaves to servile insurrection in which our Families will be murdered without quarter or mercy . . .” (italics mine). The reference is to Brown’s raid. Like many Southerners, this was how Jackson saw it.
5. U.S. Census shows 490,865 slaves in Virginia in 1860, and a free population of 1,105,453.
6. William Couper, One Hundred Years at V.M.I., vol. 2, p. 17.
7. Ibid., p. 11.
8. Dispatch from Charleston of November 26, 1859, Richmond Daily Dispatch.
9. Letter from Thomas Jonathan Jackson to Mary Anna Jackson, November 28, 1859, in Jackson, Memoirs of Stonewall Jackson, p. 130.
10. Couper, One Hundred Years at V.M.I., vol. 2, p. 15.
11. Letter from Jackson to his wife, December 2, 1861, in Jackson, Memoirs of Stonewall Jackson, p. 131.
12. For an excellent treatment of the John Brown material, see Robert E. McGlone, John Brown’s War Against Slavery.
13. James M. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, p. 208.
14. New York Herald Tribune, November 3, 1859; report of Brown’s courtroom speech.
15. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, p. 210, citing other sources.
16. Robert Lewis Dabney, The Life and Campaigns of Lieutenant-General Thomas J. Stonewall Jackson, p. 144.
17. Henry Kyd Douglas, I Rode with Stonewall, p. 3.
18. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, p. 211.
19. Susan Leigh Blackford and Charles Minor Blackford, Letters from Lee’s Army, or Memoirs of Life In and Out of the Army in Virginia During the War Between the States, pp. 2–3.
20. Couper, One Hundred Years at V.M.I., vol. 2, pp. 78–79; James I. Robertson, Stonewall Jackson: The Man, the Legend, the Soldier, p. 208.
21. Robertson, Stonewall Jackson, p. 213, citing David X. Junkin, The Reverend George Junkin, pp. 518–526.
22. Recollections of Charles Copland Wight, 1841–1897. Manuscript at the Virginia Historical Society, Wight Papers, Richmond, VA.
23. Couper, One Hundred Years at V.M.I., vol. 2, p. 79.
24. In his 1939 history of VMI, Couper cites a story in the Valley Star newspaper of April 18, 1861, that lists “Maj. Colston,” “J.W. [sic] Brockenbrough,” and “J.W. Massie” as speakers. Colston taught French at VMI, Massie taught math at VMI, and Brockenbrough was a state judge.
25. Couper, One Hundred Years at V.M.I., vol. 2, p. 81. As Couper points out in his voluminous note on this subject, there are so many accounts of the cadet riot that it is difficult to tell what actually happened. Charles Copland Wight, who was there (see his manuscript at the Virginia Historical Society, Wight Papers), left a fair account; Couper did by far the best research. It remains a bit confusing.
26. Wight Recollections, manuscript.
27. William S. White, Rev. William S. White, D.D., and His Times, p. 173.
28. Randolph Barton, “Stonewall Jackson,” Southern Historical Society Papers, vol. 38, p. 273.
29. Official Records, Series 3, vol. 1, pp. 67–78.
30. Letter from Thomas B. Webber to his mother, June 15, 1861; also cited by Shelby Foote in The Civil War, p. 65, and by James McPherson in Battle Cry of Freedom, p. 311.
31. William Thomas Poague, Gunner with Stonewall, p. 4.
CHAPTER THREE: FATE INTERVENES
1. G.F.R. Henderson, Stonewall Jackson and the American Civil War, p. 105; for a good general description of the early recruits at Richmond, see also Bell Irvin Wiley, The Life of Johnny Reb, pp. 110–111.
2. Robert Lewis Dabney, Life and Campaigns of Lieutenant-General Thomas J. Stonewall Jackson, p. 179.
3. Colonel William Couper, One Hundred Years at V.M.I., vol. 2, p. 101.
4. Ibid., p. 105.
5. Henderson, Stonewall Jackson and the American Civil War, p. 104.
6. Dabney, Life and Campaigns of Lieutenant-General Thomas J. Stonewall Jackson, p. 183–184.
7. James I. Robertson, Stonewall Jackson: The Man, the Soldier, the Legend, p. 218.
8. Couper, One Hundred Years at V.M.I., vol. 2, p. 101.
9. Charles W. Turner, A Reminiscence of John Newton Lyle of the Liberty Hall Volunteers, Roanoke, Virginia, Lithograph and Graphics, 1987 (in VMI archives).
10. Henry Kyd Douglas, I Rode with Stonewall, p. 21.
11. Letter to Mary Anna Jackson, April 25, 1861, in Jackson, Memoirs of Stonewall Jackson, p. 149.
12. Ibid., p. 150.
13. Ibid.
14. Mrs. Jackson’s comment was that he was upset “because he felt that he could not render as much service in it [the engineers] as by more active service in the field,” ibid.
15. Official Records, Series 1, vol. 2, pp. 784–785.
16. Jackson’s comment in a letter he wrote to Anna after reaching Harpers Ferry was: “I am very gratified with my command, and would rather have this post than any other in the state.” Jackson, Memoirs of Stonewall Jackson, p. 151.
17. Official Records, Series 1, vol. 2, pp. 784–785.
CHAPTER FOUR: DISCIPLINE AND OTHER NOVEL IDEAS
1. Henry Kyd Douglas, I Rode with Stonewall, p. 6.
2. James I. Robertson, Stonewall Jackson: The Man, the Legend, the Soldier, p. 222. Robertson also cites Charles Grattan’s excellent account of the state of affairs at Harpers Ferry when Jackson arrived.
3. William C. Chase, Story of Stonewall Jackson, p. 222.
4. John D. Imboden, “Jackson at Harper’s Ferry in 1861,” in Robert Underwood Johnson and Clarence Clough Buel, eds., Battles and Leaders, vol. 1, pp. 111–125.
5. Ibid.
6. Douglas Southall Freeman, Lee’s Lieutenants, vol. 1, p. xxiii.
7. Robert Lewis Dabney, Life and Campaigns of Lieutenant-General Thomas J. Stonewall Jackson, p. 189.
8. John G. Gittings, Personal Recollections of Stonewall Jackson, p. 22.
9. Robertson, p. 222, citing Charles Grattan’s account.
10. Imboden, “Jackson at Harper’s Ferry in 1861.”
11. Dennis Frye, “Stonewall Jackson at Harper’s Ferry.”
12. Ibid.
13. G.F.R. Henderson, Stonewall Jackson and the American Civil War, vol. 1, p. 122.
14. Reference to “elegant mansion” in letter to Anna dated May 8, 1861; Jackson, Memoirs of Stonewall Jackson, p. 151.
15. Official Records, Series 1, vol. 2, p. 822.
16. Official Records, Series 1, vol. 2, p. 861, report of Inspector Lieutenant Colonel General George Deas, dated May 21, 1861, and May 23, 1861.
17. Kirby Smith Papers, University of North Carolina.
18. Official Records, Series 1, vol. 2, pp. 976–977.
19. Deas’s report dated May 21, 1861.
20. Jackson, Memoirs of Stonewall Jackson, p. 158.
21. Letter to Anna dated May 8, 1861; Jackson, Memoirs of Stonewall Jackson, p. 152.
22. Official Records, Series 1, vol. 2, p. 809.
23. Lee’s letter to Jackson dated May 9, 1861, Official Records, Series 1, vol. 2, p. 822.
24. Frye, “Stonewall Jackson at Harper’s Ferry,” p. 3.
25. Letter to Lee dated May 7, 1861, Official Records, Series 1, vol. 2, p. 814.
26. Ibid., p. 825.
27. The Daily South Carolinian, February 6, 1864. Letcher remembered that Jackson “had urged on him the policy of flying the black flag, proposing to set the example himself.”
28. Dabney, Life and Campaigns of Lieutenant-General Thomas J. Stonewall Jackson, p. 192.
29. For an excellent, book-length treatment of these ideas, see Charles Royster’s The Destructive War.
CHAPTER FIVE: A BRILLIANT RETREAT
1. Official Records, Series 1, vol. 2, p. 907.
2. Richard Taylor, Destruction and Reconstruction, p. 41.
3. Official Records, Series 1, vol. 2, p. 185.
4. Ibid., p. 186.
5. Ibid.
6. Byron Farwell, Stonewall: A Biography of Thomas J. Jackson, p. 169.
7. Letter to Anna dated July 4, 1861; Mary Anna Jackson, Memoirs of Stonewall Jackson, p. 166.
8. Official Records, Series 1, vol. 2, p. 186.
9. Ibid.
10. Letter to Anna; Jackson, Memoirs of Stonewall Jackson, p. 167.
11. William C. Oates, War Between the Union and the Confederacy, pp. 186–187.
CHAPTER SIX: MANEUVERS, LARGE AND SMALL
1. William W. Blackford, War Years with Jeb Stuart, p. 15.
2. Report of the Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War, Part II, Bull Run and Ball’s Bluff, p. 122.
3. G.F.R. Henderson, Stonewall Jackson and the American Civil War, p. 130.
4. Drew Gilpin Faust, This Republic of Suffering, p. 4.
5. The 10 percent number comes from Chimborazo Hospital, the largest in the city.
6. Cited in James I. Robertson, Stonewall Jackson: The Man, the Legend, the Soldier, p. 247. The soldier is Captain James J. White.
7. Mary Anna Jackson, Memoirs of Stonewall Jackson, p. 170.
8. Ibid., p. 168.
9. Alfred Roman, The Military Operations of General Beauregard, vol. 1, pp. 52ff.
10. John Esten Cooke, The Wearing of the Gray, pp. 83ff.
11. James Barnet Fry, McDowell and Tyler in the Campaign of Bull Run, 1861, p. 62.
12. James Harrison Wilson, Under the Old Flag, vol. 1, p. 66.
13. Jackson, who knew Scott in Mexico, found that he was engaging when it came to talking strictly military affairs, but that in casual conversation he was vain and conceited.
14. Edward Porter Alexander, July 5, 1861, letter to his wife, Bessie, E. P. Alexander Papers, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina.
15. William C. Davis, Battle at Bull Run, p. 41.
16. Commissioner of Public Buildings in Interior Department Report, November 30, 1861.
17. Report of the Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War, Part II, Bull Run and Ball’s Bluff, p. 81.
18. Ibid., p. 82.
19. Official Records, Series 1, vol. 2, pp. 168–169.
20. Ibid., p. 172.
21. Robertson, Stonewall Jackson, p. 254.
22. Official Records, Series 1, vol. 2, p. 172.
23. Jackson, Memoirs of Stonewall Jackson, p. 175.
24. John Overton Casler, Four Years in the Stonewall Brigade, p. 22.
CHAPTER SEVEN: ALL GREEN ALIKE
1. Daniel Burr Conrad, History of the First Fight and Organization of the Stonewall Brigade, p. 471.
2. When Union brigadier general Samuel Heintzelman first saw the 33rd Virginia, on Jackson’s left on the top of Henry Hill during the battle of First Manassas, he described them as dressed entirely in civilian clothes. That was his impression, which suggests at least a large component of civilian dress in that regiment.
3. John Hennessy, The First Battle of Manassas: An End to Innocence, p. 3.
4. Joseph E. Johnston, Narrative of Military Operations, p. 38.
5. Jubal Anderson Early, War Memoirs: Autobiographical Sketches and Narrative of the War Between the States, pp. 10–11.
6. Ibid.
7. Ibid., p. 11.
8. The plan is nicely summarized in a letter from Beauregard’s aide-de-camp James Chestnut to Beauregard, dated July 16, 1861, and reprinted in Alfred Roman, The Military Operations of General Beauregard, pp. 85–87.
9. Report of the Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War, Part II, Bull Run and Ball’s Bluff, McDowell’s testimony, p. 38.
10. Hennessy, The First Battle of Manassas, p. 7.
11. McDowell gives an interesting account of these problems in testimony before the Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War, Part II, Bull Run and Ball’s Bluff, p. 39.
12. Martin D. Hayes, History of the Second Regiment New Hampshire Volunteers in the War of the Rebellion, p. 21; cited in Hennessy, The First Battle of Manassas, p. 8.
13. William C. Davis, Battle at Bull Run, pp. 157–158.
CHAPTER EIGHT: THE BULLET’S SONG
1. Edward Porter Alexander, Fighting for the Confederacy: The Personal Recollections of General Edward Porter Alexander, p. 124.
2. Alfred Roman, Military Operations of General Beauregard, p. 98. Beauregard had based this partly on Union troop movements, partly on the Blackburn’s Ford fight. Roman wrote, “As General Beauregard believed that the repulse of the 18th would deter the Federal general from another attack on the centre, these facts, in his opinion, pointed to a movement against the left flank.”
3. Ibid. Though the words are technically Roman’s, the book amounts to a personal memoir by Beauregard himself. It was closely edited and supervised by the Creole, who approved every word written.
4. Douglas Southall Freeman, Lee’s Lieutenants, vol. 1, p. 50. Freeman’s account of Beauregard’s problematic orders is the best I have read.
5. Roman, Military Operations of General Beauregard, vol. 1, appendix, pp. 447–448.
6. Jackson letter to Colonel J. M. Bennett, July 28, 1861, in John Esten Cook, Stonewall Jackson: A Military Biography, p. 30; in it, he summarized the confusing orders. See also Robertson, Stonewall Jackson, p. 260.
7. Through most of the war, the wigwag system used a binary code, forming letters by using combinations of the numerals 1 and 2 (2122 might be “B,” 2211 “D,” and so on). The number 1 was made by moving the flag from the vertical to the sender’s left, for example.
8. John Hennessy, The First Battle of Manassas, p. 40.
9. Alexander, Fighting for the Confederacy, p. 50.
10. Ibid. Alexander’s comment was: “I had heard stories about reconnoitering officers seeing a little & reporting a great deal so I determined to be very exact in my reports.”
11. Edward Porter Alexander, “The Battle of Bull Run,” Scribner’s Magazine 41 (1907), pp. 87–88.
12. Mary Anna Jackson, Memoirs of Stonewall Jackson, pp. 166–167.
13. This idea of a struggle within Jackson was first articulated by his brother-in-law D. H. Hill, whose analysis of Jackson was always perceptive. Jackson was a profoundly ambitious man, and it collided with his ideas of humility.
14. To those readers for whom the notion that “God is on our side” has a hollow or self-serving ring, I would point out how common this belief has been in American history. It is fair to say that in World War II, to take one recent example, most Americans believed that God was on their side against the Germans, Italians, and Japanese and therefore that He looked favorably on the killing or wounding of millions of American enemies. Many Christian sermons and prayers petitioned God for help in gaining victory. Franklin D. Roosevelt, the president of the country, routinely invoked God in his public speeches on the war. In a lengthy prayer written by Roosevelt and read to the nation on radio on the evening of D-Day, June 6, 1944, he affirmed his belief that God favored the American side: “We know that by Thy grace, and by the righteousness of our cause, our sons will triumph.” Leaders on both sides of the American Civil War, including, most famously, Lincoln, firmly believed that God was on their side. This may seem obvious enough, but much has been made of Jackson’s belief that God was on the side of the Confederacy, and it has been suggested that this was part of his religious “fanaticism.” There is nothing necessarily fanatical about such a belief.
15. The Bible, English Standard Version, Psalm 118, verses 6 and 7.
16. Charles W. Squires, The Last of Lee’s Battle Line: The Autobiography of Charles W. Squires of the Confederate States Army and of the National Guard of Missouri, Manuscript in Library of Congress.
17. C. A. Fonderden, A Brief History of the Military Career of Carpenter’s Battery, p. 7.
18. John Lyle, Sketches Found in a Confederate’s Desk, p. 202.
19. DeWitt Boyd Stone, Wandering to Glory, p. 6.
20. Letter from an unknown member of the 4th Alabama to his brother, dated July 23; source: “Bullrunnings” website.
21. William C. Davis, Battle at Bull Run, p. 194. Davis has unusually good coverage of the actions of Hampton’s Legion.
CHAPTER NINE: SCREAM OF THE FURIES
1. John Lyle, Sketches from a Confederate’s Desk, p. 202.
2. Charles Copland Wight, The Recollections of Charles Copland White, 1841–1897, manuscript at the Virginia Historical Society, Wight Papers.
3. One of Wade Hampton’s men, arriving at the field near noon, said of the Federals on Matthews Hill, “Their bayonets flashed like silver in the bright sunshine.” John Coxe, “The Battle of First Manassas,” Confederate Veteran, cited in John Hennessy, The First Battle of Manassas, p. 65.
4. John D. Imboden, “Incidents of the First Bull Run,” in Robert Underwood Johnson and Clarence Clough Buel, eds., Battles and Leaders, vol. 1, pp. 229–239. Imboden spoke of Union infantry “massing” near the Stone House.
5. Ibid.
6. Ibid.
7. Ibid.
8. Both Johnston and Beauregard would praise Jackson’s choice of terrain in their battle reports.
9. Lyle, Sketches from a Confederate’s Desk.
10. Wight, The Recollections of Charles Copland Wight.
11. Pierre Beauregard, “The First Battle of Bull Run,” in Johnson and Buel, Battles and Leaders, vol. 1, p. 210.
12. Tedford Barclay, letter to his mother dated July 27, 1861, Barclay papers, Library of Virginia.
13. Captain Randolph C. Barton, “Stonewall Jackson,” Southern Historical Society Papers, vol. 38, p. 280.
14. Imboden, “Incidents of the First Bull Run,” p. 236.
15. William W. Blackford, War Years with Jeb Stuart, p. 30.
16. There are four and only four eyewitness accounts to Bee’s use of the term “stone wall” to describe Jackson, and they all corroborate the fact that it happened later in the afternoon and not, as most historical accounts have it, around the time of Bee’s retreat in the late morning. The usual description situates Bee’s “They are driving us” comment close to his “stone wall” comment and thus close to his own death. Based on the course of the battle, such a sequence makes no sense at all. His first comment came just as the two-hour “lull” went into effect. The correct sequence of events disproves once and for all the theory that Bee had used the term “stone wall” to criticize Jackson for not coming to his aid on Matthews Hill. That could not possibly have happened. At the time Bee said it, Jackson was wounded and at the very center of the white-hot fight on Henry Hill. For by far the best analysis of what happened and the sequence of events, see John Hennessy’s excellent and definitive “Stonewall Jackson’s Nickname” in The Civil War: Magazine of the Civil War Society 7, no. 2 (April 1990). As Hennessy points out, all four eyewitnesses place the movement forward of Bee with his one hundred men at the same moment that Jackson is moving his artillery back, an event that happened quite late in the battle.
17. Jack Coggins, Arms and Equipment of the Civil War, p. 62.
18. James M. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, p. 345.
19. For many decades, historians considered that the rebel yell, one of the most important sounds of the war, was lost forever. Reenactors and other enthusiasts invariably tried it, but the sound they produced never equaled the blood-curdling qualities that Union soldiers ascribed to it. But recent research by the Museum of the Confederacy in Richmond has led to the rediscovery of the sound itself. Starting with the recording of a single member of the 37th North Carolina Infantry giving the yell, the museum then used a modern sound studio to replicate and layer the sound to create the effect of large numbers of men doing it simultaneously. The yell consists of a three-part cadence: a short, high-pitched yelp that sounds something like the bark of a fox; a short, lower-pitched yelp; and then a long, high-pitched yelp. The product of the sound-studio work is astounding. The noise produced is indeed feral, nightmarish, unearthly—everything the Yankee soldiers said it was. The museum confirmed its discovery by finding another recording of a single Confederate soldier from another state, recorded at a different time, giving a nearly identical yell. In 2009 a group of four hundred reenactors, trained to do the three-part yell, themselves reproduced a sound that was nearly identical to the studio version. This material is available from the Museum of the Confederacy on a CD entitled “The Rebel Yell Lives.”
20. William Thomas Poague, Gunner with Stonewall, p. 11.
21. John Overton Casler, Four Years in the Stonewall Brigade, p. 29.
22. Beauregard, “The First Battle of Bull Run,” in Johnson and Buel, Battles and Leaders, vol. 1, p. 212.
23. The observation is from Roman, but it comports with other accounts of the breadth of the Federal battle line. Alfred Roman, Military Operations of General Beauregard, p. 108.
24. Irvin McDowell, official report on the Battle of Bull Run, August 4, 1861.
25. Congressman Albert Riddle, quoted in Samuel S. Cox, Three Decades of Federal Legislation 1855–1885, p. 158.
26. Hunter McGuire,, “Address to the Robert E. Lee Camp Veterans,” Southern Historical Society Papers, vol. 25, June 23, 1897.
CHAPTER TEN: GLORY AND DARKNESS
1. Both citations from Allan Nevins, War for the Union: 1861–1862, pp. 221–222.
2. Cited in James McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, p. 346.
3. Civil War casualty estimates vary widely due to faulty or incomplete reporting, especially of mortal wounds. These estimates are from McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, p. 347.
4. Robert Manson Myers, ed., Children of Pride: The True Story of Georgia and the Civil War, pp. 720–721.
5. Letter from Greeley to Lincoln, July 29, 1861, Library of Congress, Washington, DC.
6. “Victory at Bull’s Run—Sumter Avenged,” New York Times, July 22, 1861, in Harold Holzer and Craig Symonds, eds., The New York Times Complete Civil War 1861–1865. On July 26, the benighted Times was still saying that it was impossible to tell who really won the battle.
7. Douglas Southall Freeman, Lee’s Lieutenants, vol. 1, p. 81.
8. Official Records, Series 1, vol. 2, p. 500.
9. The section containing praise of Jackson sits in a very long catalog of officer evaluations in Beauregard’s battle report, just after Bee.
10. Mary Anna Jackson, Memoirs of Stonewall Jackson, letter dated July 22, 1861, pp. 177–178.
11. Ibid., p. 180.
12. Mary Boykin Chestnut, A Diary from Dixie, p. 89.
13. Charleston Mercury, July 25, 1861.
14. John D. Imboden, “Incidents of the First Bull Run,” in Robert Underwood Johnson and Clarence Clough Buel, eds., Battles and Leaders, vol. 1, p. 238.
15. Ulysses S. Grant, Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant, vol. 1, p. 41.
16. Daniel H. Hill, “The Real Stonewall Jackson,” Century Magazine 47, February 1894, p. 623.
17. Ibid.
18. Ibid.
19. Cited in James I. Robertson, Stonewall Jackson: The Man, the Myth, the Soldier, p. 54.
20. Lenoir Chambers, Stonewall Jackson and the Virginia Military Institute, p. 90.
21. Cited in Roberston, Stonewall Jackson, p. 63.
22. Hunter McGuire and George L. Christian, The Confederate Cause and Conduct in the War Between the States, p. 207.
23. Letter to Laura dated October 26, 1847, in Thomas Jackson Arnold, The Early Life and Letters of General Thomas J. Jackson, pp. 128–129.
24. Ibid., p. 130.
25. Robertson, Stonewall Jackson, pp. 68–69; this sequence of events is covered in all the major biographies of Jackson, starting with Robert Lewis Dabney, Life and Campaigns of Lieutenant-General Thomas J. Stonewall Jackson. The Colston Reminiscences, cited widely in Robertson, give it added depth.
26. Margaret Junkin Preston, “Personal Reminiscences of Stonewall Jackson,” Century Magazine 32 (1886), p. 929.
CHAPTER ELEVEN: A VERY SMALL, VERY BITTER FIGHT
1. Letters from Jackson to Laura Arnold, July 2, 1849, and March 8, 1850, in Thomas Jackson Arnold, The Early Life and Letters of General Thomas J. Jackson, pp. 154–160.
2. His comment to his sister, Laura, was “I like scouting very much as it gives me a relish for everything; but it would be still more desirable if I could have an occasional encounter with Indian parties.” Ibid., p. 170.
3. Letter from French to Everett, February 26, 1851, Selected Letters Received, Department of Florida, Relating to Majors T. J. Jackson and W. H. French, 1851, Records of the War Department, U.S. Army Commands, National Archives (hereafter Jackson-French Papers).
4. French to Captain J. M. Brannan, April 16, 1851, Jackson-French Papers.
5. Jackson to Everett, March 23 and March 26, 1851, Jackson-French Papers.
6. Everett to Jackson, March 29, 1851, Jackson-French Papers.
7. D. H. Hill, “The Real Stonewall Jackson,” Century Magazine 47 (1893–1894), pp. 624–625.
8. He had not yet adopted his practice of refusing to write, read, or post letters on Sunday.
9. French to Brannan, April 14, 1851, Jackson-French Papers, National Archives.
10. Twiggs to Secretary of War Charles M. Conrad, March 6, 1852, National Archives.
11. James I. Robertson, Stonewall Jackson: The Man, the Legend, the Soldier, p. 103.
12. Robert Lewis Dabney, Life and Campaigns of Lieutenant-General Thomas J. Stonewall Jackson, p. 62.
CHAPTER TWELVE: A HIGHLY UNUSUAL MAN
1. Robert Lewis Dabney, Life and Campaigns of Lieutenant-General Thomas J. Stonewall Jackson, p. 79.
2. Thomas Munford, How I Came to Know Major Thomas J. Jackson, memoir at Duke University, Munford Papers.
3. William S. White and H. M. White, eds., Rev. William S. White, D.D., and His Times: An Autobiography, p. 160.
4. Megan Haley, “The African American Experience in Thomas ‘Stonewall’ Jackson’s Lexington,” paper for graduate fellowship, Stonewall Jackson House, Lexington, Virginia, p. 10.
5. D. X. Junkin, Biography of Dr. George Junkin, p. 493.
6. Elizabeth Preston Allan, The Life and Letters of Margaret Junkin Preston, p. 49. In a letter written in 1850, Maggie Junkin (later Preston) noted that “sociality . . . is the atmosphere in which Southern people live, move and have their being” and called her new neighbors “the visiting Virginians” (italics hers).
7. Margaret J. Preston, “Reminiscences of Stonewall Jackson,” Century Magazine (October 1886), p. 929.
8. Ibid., p. 928.
9. Ibid., p. 929.
10. Ibid.
11. Elizabeth Preston Allan, Life and Letters, p. 83.
12. George Winfred Hervey, The Principles of Courtesy. This book, published in 1852, was among the most heavily underlined in Jackson’s personal, 122-volume library.
13. James I. Robertson, Stonewall Jackson: The Man, the Legend, the Soldier, pp. 154–156.
14. Dabney, Life and Campaigns of Lieutenant-General Thomas J. Stonewall Jackson, p. 73.
15. D. H. Hill, “The Real Stonewall Jackson,” Century Magazine 47 (1893–1894), p. 625.
16. Mary Anna Jackson, Memoirs of Stonewall Jackson, p. 61. This is her reconstruction of these events, many years later.
17. Ibid., p. 62.
18. Elizabeth Preston Allan, Life and Letters, p. 82.
19. Ibid.
20. Hill, “The Real Stonewall Jackson,” p. 625.
21. His brother-in-law D. H. Hill considered him to be a hypochondriac.
22. Jackson letter to Laura Arnold, April 4, 1855, in Thomas Jackson Arnold, The Early Life and Letters of General Thomas J. Jackson, p. 223.
23. Henry Kyd Douglas, I Rode with Stonewall, p. 122.
24. Jackson letter to Laura Arnold, June 19, 1858, in Arnold, Early Life and Letters, p. 264.
25. Jackson letter to Laura Arnold, February 1853, in ibid., p. 195.
26. Jackson letter to Laura Arnold, August 10, 1850, in ibid., p. 164.
27. Dabney Herndon Maury, Recollections of a Virginian in the Mexican, Indian, and Civil Wars, p. 71.
28. James H. Lane, General James H. Lane’s Reminiscences of Gen. Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson, ca. December 1888, manuscript in Auburn University Archives and Manuscripts Department.
CHAPTER THIRTEEN: THE EMBATTLED PROFESSOR
1. G.F.R. Henderson, Stonewall Jackson and the American Civil War, vol. 1, p. 58.
2. Rev. J. C. Hiden, “Stonewall Jackson: Reminiscences of Him as a Professor in the Virginia Military Institute,” Montgomery (Alabama) Advertiser, November 27, 1892.
3. James H. Lane, Reminiscences re: Stonewall Jackson, ca. December 1888, Auburn University Archives and Manuscripts Department.
4. Cited in James I. Robertson, Stonewall Jackson: The Man, the Legend, the Soldier, p. 120.
5. Lane, Reminiscences re: Stonewall Jackson.
6. Raleigh Colston, Reminiscences, Raleigh Edward Colston Papers, University of North Carolina, Southern Historical Collection.
7. John G. Gittings, Personal Recollections of Stonewall Jackson, p. 19.
8. Ibid., p. 18.
9. John Esten Cooke, Stonewall Jackson: A Military Biography, p. 25.
10. William Couper, One Hundred Years at V.M.I., p. 168.
11. Lane, Reminiscences re: Stonewall Jackson, p. 11.
12. Willie Walker Caldwell, Stonewall Jim, p. 3.
13. Lenoir Chambers, Stonewall Jackson and the Virginia Military Institute: The Lexington Years, p. 61.
14. Hiden, “Stonewall Jackson: Reminiscences of Him.”
15. D. H. Hill, “The Real Stonewall Jackson,” Century Magazine 47 (February 1894), p. 627.
16. Couper, One Hundred Years at V.M.I., vol. 3, p. 187.
17. Cadet James McCabe, cited in Robertson, Stonewall Jackson, p. 123.
18. Chambers, Stonewall Jackson and the Virginia Military Institute: The Lexington Years, p. 59.
19. Robertson, Stonewall Jackson, p. 122, citing Thomas Boyd.
20. Lane, Reminiscences re: Stonewall Jackson, p. 15.
21. Jennings Cropper Wise, The Military History of the Virginia Military Academy, 1839–1865, p. 89. Wise does not mention the specific incident that Lane talks about, but the two accounts would appear to coincide.
22. Couper, One Hundred Years at V.M.I., vol. 3, p. 179.
23. Caldwell, Stonewall Jim, p. 83.
24. Ibid., p. 3.
25. Robertson, Stonewall Jackson, p. 170. Robertson gives an excellent and detailed version of this event, the best in any Jackson biography.
26. Mary Anna Jackson, Memoirs of Stonewall Jackson, p. 57.
CHAPTER FOURTEEN: DELIBERATELY AND INGENIOUSLY CLOAKED
1. James I. Robertson, Stonewall Jackson: The Man, the Legend, the Soldier, p. 6.
2. The material for this brief section on Jackson’s childhood is drawn from several different sources: G.F.R. Henderson, Thomas Jackson Arnold, Roy Bird Cook, Robert Lewis Dabney, Mary Anna Jackson, Lenoir Chambers, and James I. Robertson. As with many other aspects of Jackson’s life, the Robertson material is the most comprehensive. A significant part of the research in this short section is from secondary sources. Because of the brevity of the treatment, I have not provided exhaustive notes.
3. Roy Bird Cook, The Family and Early Life of Stonewall Jackson, p. 21.
4. Ibid., p. 49. Many of Jackson’s biographers seem to strain to make his childhood more exceptional than it really was. Cook’s comment was: “For twelve years the boyhood of the future general was spent at the Jackson homestead, an existence not unlike that of many others of the same period.”
5. Her obviously hurt feelings surfaced when she was not told of or invited to his first wedding, and later when Jackson and his second wife did not visit her the summer they were married. See Jackson’s letter to Laura, November 30, 1853, regarding her silence after his wedding; see Anna’s letter to Laura, September 27, 1857, acknowledging that she and Thomas were “sorry to learn from your letters that you feel so hurt . . .” (letter cited in Cook, Family and Early Life of Stonewall Jackson, pp. 146–147).
6. Jackson letter to Laura, February 1, 1853, in Thomas Jackson Arnold, The Early Life and Letters of General Thomas J. Jackson, pp. 194–196.
7. Jackson letter to Laura, April 1, 1853, in ibid., p. 197.
8. Jackson letter to Laura, April 15, 1853, in ibid., p. 199.
9. After the war, Robert E. Lee became president of the college, which later changed its name to Washington and Lee.
10. D. X. Junkin, George Junkin, D.D., LL.D.: A Historical Biography, p. 494.
11. Ibid., p. 504.
12. Ibid., p. 492.
13. D. H. Hill, “The Real Stonewall Jackson,” Century Magazine 47 (February 1894), p. 625.
14. Mary P. Coulling, Margaret Junkin Preston, p. 66.
15. Elizabeth Preston Allan, Margaret Junkin Preston: Life and Letters, p. 60.
16. Ibid., p. 61.
17. Coulling, Margaret Junkin Preston, pp. 168ff.
18. Letter written by an unnamed Dickey cousin, cited in ibid., p. 66.
19. Hill, “The Real Stonewall Jackson,” p. 627.
20. Poem by Margaret Junkin, “To my Sister,” undated, typed copy in Thomas J. Jackson Papers, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina.
21. Letter from Maggie to Ellie, undated, Margaret Preston Junkin Papers, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina.
22. Margaret Junkin Preston, “Personal Reminiscences of Stonewall Jackson,” Century Magazine 32 (1886) p. 932.
23. Ibid.
24. Junkin, George Junkin, p. 504.
25. Elizabeth Preston Allan,, Margaret Junkin Preston: Life and Letters, p. 62.
26. Jackson letter to Laura, March 4, 1854, in Arnold, Early Life and Letters, pp. 208–10.
27. James Power Smith, “The Religious Character of Stonewall Jackson,” Address at the VMI, Union Seminary Review, vol. 25, 1898.
28. Mary Anna Jackson, Memoirs of Stonewall Jackson, pp. 72–73.
29. Robertson, Stonewall Jackson, p. 157, citing a previously unpublished letter from Jackson to William E. “Grumble” Jones, March 24, 1855.
30. Raleigh Colston, Reminiscences, manuscript in Raleigh Edward Colston Papers, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina.
31. Robertson, Stonewall Jackson, p. 158, citing a previously unpublished letter from Jackson to Laura, October 23, 1854, at Jackson archives, USMA.
32. Letter from Jackson to Maggie, February 14, 1855, cited in Allan, Margaret Junkin Preston, p. 74.
33. Hill, “The Real Stonewall Jackson,” p. 625.
34. Letter from Jackson to Laura, June 1, 1855: “Had I one request on earth to ask in accordance with my own feelings and apart from duty, it would be that I might join her before the close of another day.” In Arnold, Early Life and Letters, p. 224.
35. Letter from Jackson dated February 6, 1855, cited in Allan, Margaret Junkin Preston, p. 72.
36. Manuscript letter from Jackson to Maggie, February 14, 1855, in Margaret Junkin Preston papers, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina.
37. Letter from Jackson to Maggie, August 16, 1855, in ibid.
38. Preston, “Personal Reminiscences of Stonewall Jackson,” Century Magazine, p. 932.
39. Ibid., p. 933.
40. Ibid., p. 927.
41. Letter from Jackson to Maggie dated May 31, 1856, Preston Papers, University of North Carolina.
CHAPTER FIFTEEN: AN UPRIGHT CITIZEN
1. Jackson had planned such a trip five years earlier, but his job offer at VMI precluded it.
2. Mary Anna Jackson, Memoirs of Stonewall Jackson, pp. 85–86; she used the term “rapturous” to describe his reaction.
3. Ibid., p. 99.
4. Mary P. Coulling, Margaret Junkin Preston: A Biography, p. 97.
5. Jackson, Memoirs of Stonewall Jackson, p. 110; the account of Jackson’s daily routine comes from her, pp. 109ff.
6. Ibid., pp. 109, 121.
7. Ibid., p. 128.
8. Ibid., p. 122.
9. James I. Robertson, Stonewall Jackson: The Man, the Legend, the Soldier, p. 193.
10. William S. White and H. M. White, eds., Rev. William S. White, D.D., and His Times, p. 139.
11. Letter from Robert I. White to Jackson, dated January 27, 1863; Thomas J. Jackson Papers, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina.
12. Mark A. Snell, “Bankers, Businessmen and Benevolence: An Analysis of the Antebellum Finances of Thomas J. Jackson,” typed manuscript, Stonewall Jackson House Graduate Student Fellow, 1989, Virginia Historical Society.
13. Ibid.
14. Jackson, Memoirs of Stonewall Jackson, p. 115.
15. Ibid., p. 116.
16. After describing her slaves, Anna’s precise words were: “The other animate possessions of the family were a good-looking horse (named for his color, Bay), two splendid milch cows, and a lot of chickens.” Jackson, Memoirs of Stonewall Jackson, p. 119.
17. White, Rev. William S. White, p. 158.
18. Letter from Jackson to John Lyle Campbell, June 7, 1858 (no. 2); Stonewall Jackson Archives, VMI; in the letter Jackson outlines in great detail exactly how the school works and what its procedures are.
19. Letter from J. D. Davidson, Esq., to the Lexington Gazette, August 16, 1876, in Southern Historical Society Papers, vol. 9, pp. 46–47.
20. White, Rev. William S. White, p. 159.
21. White Narrative, Box 20, Dabney Papers, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina.
CHAPTER SIXTEEN: WHERE IS THE THUNDER OF WAR?
1. François d’Orleans, Prince de Joinville, a French nobleman and former vice admiral, was quoted in the Philadelphia Press of November 23, 1861, saying that he “never saw anything that compared to it in the Old World.”
2. The review took place at Bailey’s Crossroads, a place that retains its name today but has been swallowed by suburban sprawl. The Baileys achieved notoriety for putting on circuses, and became famous as part of the Barnum and Bailey Circus and later the Ringling Brothers and Barnum and Bailey Circus.
3. Letter from Sergeant Oren M. Stephens, November 24, 1861.
4. The quote comes from Bayard Taylor’s letter in the New York Weekly Tribune after an army review in September, September 24, 1861; the description of the cavalry escort and band is from the Washington Evening Star, November 21, 1861.
5. New York Times, November 21, 1861.
6. Philadelphia Press, November 21, 1861.
7. The reference is to the so-called Battle of Lewinsville in McClean, Virginia, on September 11. There were three Union casualties, four Union captured; the Confederates, under Jeb Stuart, took no casualties. Source: “All Not So Quiet on the Civil War,” DC Lawyer on the Civil War blog; also Douglas S. Freeman, Lee’s Lieutenants, p. 111.
8. On October 15, McClellan’s rolls showed 152,501 soldiers, of whom realistically only 100,000 or so were available to actively campaign. The 41,000 or so under Johnston at Manassas were subject to the same deductions for sick, absent, confined, etc.
9. General James A. Wadsworth at Centreville used a sensible intelligence-gathering system based on Confederate fugitives and slave and freedmen spies. He estimated the Confederate forces at fifty thousand, which, including Jackson’s and Hill’s forces in the west, was remarkably accurate, and he begged McClellan to attack. Allan Nevins, The War for the Union, p. 301.
10. At Second Manassas, McClellan effectively withheld the main part of his army from General John Pope, famously suggesting that Lincoln “leave Pope to get out of his own scrape.” See my later chapter on this.
11. William Howard Russell, My Diary North and South, p. 240.
12. McClellan letter to Samuel L. M. Barlow, November 8, 1861, in Stephen Sears, ed., The Civil War Papers of George B. McClellan, pp. 127–128.
13. McClellan to his wife, Mary Ellen McClellan, July 27, 1861, in ibid., p. 70.
14. McClellan to his wife, July 30, 1861, in ibid., p. 71.
15. McClellan letters to his wife, October 2, 7, 10; November 2, 17, 1861; selection of quotes comes from James McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, p. 364.
16. Letter from McClellan to his wife, November 2, 1861, in Sears, Civil War Papers.
17. Ethan Rafuse, McClellan’s War: The Failure of Moderation in the Struggle for the Union, p. 390.
18. Peter Cozzens, Shenandoah 1862: Stonewall Jackson’s Valley Campaign, p. 50.
19. James A. Morgan, “The Accidental Battle of Ball’s Bluff,” Hallowed Ground Magazine, Fall 2011.
20. Russell, My Diary North and South, p. 398.
CHAPTER SEVENTEEN: A PRETERNATURAL CALM
1. G.F.R. Henderson, Stonewall Jackson and the American Civil War, p. 174.
2. W. J. Wood, Civil War Generalship: The Art of Command, p. 12; Wood wrote, “American generals of 1861 studied Jomini [Précis de l’Art de la Guerre] in the misguided faith that they were studying Napoleon. They marched against strategic points—Corinth, Richmond, Atlanta—content to let Confederate armies escape to fight again, so long as they could occupy real estate.”
3. Henry Kyd Douglas, I Rode with Stonewall, p. 30.
4. Douglas Southall Freeman, Lee’s Lieutenants, vol. 1, p. 104.
5. Jackson letter to Anna, October 1, 1861, in Anna Jackson, Memoirs of Stonewall Jackson, p. 194.
6. Ibid.
7. James I. Robertson, Stonewall Jackson: The Man, the Legend, the Soldier, p. 278. Robertson makes the case for Davis’s impression of Jackson as a “fanatic.” The future event referred to is Davis overriding Jackson’s orders and recalling General William W. Loring from Romney in January 1862.
8. G. W. Smith gave this account to early Jackson biographer G.F.R. Henderson; see Henderson, Stonewall Jackson and the American Civil War, pp. 174–175.
9. Sheridan’s army spent the last week of September and the first week of October 1864 burning buildings, farms, mills, houses, and any public buildings that had survived the previous valley campaigns. “Such as cannot be consumed, destroy” were his orders.
10. Ibid., p. 176.
11. Douglas, I Rode with Stonewall, p. 30.
12. Bell Irvin Wiley, The Life of Johnny Reb: The Common Soldier of the Confederacy, pp. 248–250.
13. Mary Anna Jackson, Memoirs of Stonewall Jackson, pp. 188–189.
14. The material concerning Anna’s visit comes from her own descriptions; ibid., pp. 188–191.
15. Ibid., p. 206.
16. Douglas, I Rode with Stonewall, p. 14.
17. Ibid.
CHAPTER EIGHTEEN: A SEASON OF STORMS
1. The Virginia Central Railroad ran from Staunton in the southern valley through Rockfish Gap to Charlottesville, Gordonsville, and Richmond beyond.
2. Peter Cozzens, Shenandoah 1862: Stonewall Jackson’s Valley Campaign, p. 51.
3. Cited in William Allan, History of the Campaign of Gen. T. J. (Stonewall) Jackson in the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia, p. 16.
4. James I. Robertson, Stonewall Jackson: The Man, the Legend, the Soldier, p. 841, note 30.
5. Mary Anna Jackson, Memoirs of Stonewall Jackson, pp. 218ff.
6. Jedediah Hotchkiss, letter to Fitzhugh Lee, October 22, 1891, Hotchkiss Papers, Library of Congress.
7. William B. Taliaferro, “Some Personal Reminiscences of Lt.-Gen. Thos J. (Stonewall) Jackson,” in Jackson, Memoirs of Stonewall Jackson, p. 510.
8. Letter from W. L. Jackson to Thomas J. Jackson, November 23, 1861; Thomas J. Jackson Papers, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina.
9. Letter from John Preston to Maggie, December 5, 1861, in Elizabeth Preston Allan, Margaret Junkin Preston: Life and Letters, p. 123.
10. Robertson, Stonewall Jackson, p. 306.
11. Charges and specifications against Gilham can be found in Thomas J. Jackson Papers, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina.
12. Letter from William Gilham to Jedediah Hotchkiss, November 25, 1866, Hotchkiss Papers, Library of Congress.
13. Harman cited in Cozzens, Shenandoah 1862, pp. 84–85.
14. John H. Worsham, One of Jackson’s Foot Cavalry, p. 63.
15. Henry Kyd Douglas, I Rode with Stonewall, p. 24.
16. William Thomas Poague, Gunner with Stonewall, p. 17.
17. John Overton Casler, Four Years in the Stonewall Brigade, p. 63.
18. Letter from Jackson to Benjamin, January 20, 1862, cited in Allan, History of the Campaign of Gen. T. J. (Stonewall) Jackson in the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia, p. 28.
19. Taliaferro, “Some Personal Reminiscences of Lt.-Gen. Thos. J. (Stonewall) Jackson,” in Jackson, Memoirs of Stonewall Jackson, p. 511.
20. Jackson letter to Boteler, January 29, 1862, Alexander R. Boteler, “Stonewall Jackson’s Discontent,” Philadelphia Weekly Times, June 2, 1877, in Robert Underwood Johnson and Clarence Cough Buel, eds., Battles and Leaders, vol. 6, pp. 102ff.
21. Cozzens, Shenandoah 1862, p. 103. Cozzens does a superb job of sorting out the Union side of the Romney fiasco, including Lander’s aborted advance.
22. Hunter McGuire to Jedediah Hotchkiss, November 8, 1897, Hotchkiss Papers, Library of Congress.
23. Official Records, Series 1, vol. 5, pp. 1041–1042.
24. Alexander R. Boteler, “Stonewall Jackson’s Discontent,” Philadelphia Weekly Times, June 2, 1877, in Johnson and Buel, Battles and Leaders, vol. 6, pp. 102ff.
25. Ibid., p. 106.
26. Letter from Taliaferro to Loring, January 29, 1862, Roy Bird Cook Papers, West Virginia University.
27. Douglas Southall Freeman, Lee’s Lieutenants, vol. 1, p. 116.
28. Ibid.
29. Joseph E. Johnston, Narrative of Military Operations, p. 89.
30. Robertson, Stonewall Jackson, p. 314; draft of report on the winter campaign, Dabney Papers, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina.
31. Boteler, “Stonewall Jackson’s Discontent,” p. 107.
32. Ibid., pp. 107–108.
33. Letter from Rev. Francis McFarland to Jackson, February 5, 1862, Dabney-Jackson Collection, Library of Virginia, Series II.
34. Col. S. Bassett French, cited in Robertson, Stonewall Jackson, p. 320.
35. Rev. James R. Graham, “Reminiscences of Gen. T.J. (“Stonewall”) Jackson,” in Jackson, Memoirs of Stonewall Jackson, pp. 496–497.
36. Boteler, “Stonewall Jackson’s Discontent,” p. 108.
37. Charges and specifications against Loring in Dabney Papers, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina.
38. McClellan’s troop estimates were, as usual, well in excess of everyone else’s. Around this time Pinkerton reported that Johnston had seventy-five thousand fresh troops, ready to attack Washington, which was a wholesale fabrication.
39. The local Union commanders, as it turned out, had been anxious to attack Jackson. In mid-November, General Nathaniel Banks, in possession of remarkably accurate information about the Confederate forces facing him, had asked McClellan for permission “to make the expedition to Winchester.” McClellan had refused, ordering Banks into winter headquarters. On December 19, Banks had put forth another proposal, this time to move in force across the Potomac and take Martinsburg, a mere fifteen miles north of Winchester. McClellan had again turned him down flat. In January, Brigadier General Frederick Lander, in Hancock, just across the Potomac from Bath, had asked for permission to cross the river and pursue Jackson. He, too, was turned down. Finally, Lander, sputtering with anger and frustration, was ordered by McClellan to go to Romney and retreat northward with the Union army to the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. Jackson’s boldness may not have frightened Nathaniel Banks, but it had absolutely scared the timorous George McClellan. The rest did not matter.
40. H. W. Brands, The Man Who Saved the Union: Ulysses S. Grant in War and Peace, pp. 167–169.
CHAPTER NINETEEN: A LOOMING PERIL
1. Peter Cozzens, Shenandoah 1862: Stonewall Jackson’s Valley Campaign, p. 115.
2. David Hunter Strother, A Virginia Yankee in the Civil War, pp. 10ff.
3. Richard R. Duncan, Beleaguered Winchester: A Virginia Community at War, 1861–1865, p. 40.
4. Richmond Whig, February 15, 1862.
5. James McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, p. 428, citing various published sources.
6. Elizabeth Preston Allan, The Life and Letters of Margaret Junkin Preston, pp. 134–135.
7. John Harman, letter to David Harman, February 18, 1862, in Hotchkiss Papers, Box 38, Library of Congress.
8. Gary Ecelbarger, “We are in for it!” The First Battle of Kernstown, p. 38.
9. John Harman, letter to David Harman, March 7, 1862, Hotchkiss Papers, Library of Congress.
10. The aggregate Union forces number comes from Ecelbarger, “We are in for it!,” p. 38; the number for Banks alone is from Cozzens, Shenandoah 1862, p. 121.
11. Ecelbarger, “We are in for it!,” p. 45; the information about weaponry came from a Private Jacob Poisel, a Confederate deserter whose information confirmed what other spies, slaves, and deserters had told Banks.
12. Letter from Jackson to Letcher, March 1862; Thomas T. Munford Papers, Duke University.
13. LTC (ret.) Joe Griffin, “Joe Brown’s Pikes: Southern Cold Steel in Close Quarters,” Journal of the Historical Society of the Georgia National Guard 8, no. 2, Fall 2000.
14. Jackson’s own estimates were not as accurate at Banks’s. He thought Banks had somewhat more troops than he actually had. It was a mismatch either way.
15. Official Records, Series 1, vol. 5, pp. 1083–1084; Cozzens, Shenandoah 1862, p. 115.
16. John Harman letter to David Harman, February 26, 1862, Hotchkiss Papers, Library of Congress.
17. Michael Fellman, “Sherman’s Demons,” New York Times, November 11, 2011.
18. Mary Anna Jackson, Memoirs of Stonewall Jackson, p. 210.
19. Rev. James R. Graham, “Reminiscences of General T. J. ‘Stonewall’ Jackson,” in Jackson, Memoirs of Stonewall Jackson, pp. 488–490.
20. Jackson, Memoirs of Stonewall Jackson, pp. 214–215.
21. Ibid., p. 159. Jackson first reports his good health to Anna in April 1861; she observes it in the Winchester winter, and after her departure he confirms it again in a letter to her.
22. James G. Hollandsworth, Pretense of Glory: The Life of General Nathaniel P. Banks, p. 19.
23. Ibid., p. 3.
24. W. J. Wood, Civil War Generalship: The Art of Command, pp. 46ff.
25. Ecelbarger, “We are in for it!,” pp. 44–45.
26. Cited in ibid., p. 47.
27. Joseph E. Johnston, Narrative of Military Operations, p. 106.
28. Hunter McGuire, “General T. J. (“Stonewall”) Jackson: His Career and Character,” an address; Southern Historical Society Papers, vol. 25, p. 97.
29. Bayard Taylor, New York Tribune, March 13, 1862.
30. Lincoln to McClellan, April 9, 1862, Official Records, Series 1, vol. 5, p. 74.
CHAPTER TWENTY: THE REALM OF THE POSSIBLE
1. Clarence Thomas, General Turner Ashby: Centaur of the South, p. 68.
2. Letter from McClellan to Banks, March 16, 1862; Official Records, Series 1, vol. 5, p. 56.
3. Peter Cozzens, Shenandoah 1862: Stonewall Jackson’s Valley Campaign, pp. 134–136.
4. Gary L. Ecelbarge, “We are in for it!” The First Battle of Kernstown, p. 52.
5. David Hunter Strother, A Virginia Yankee in the Civil War, p. 18.
6. Ibid., p. 16.
7. Ibid., p. 17; “ridiculous distance” was his comment.
8. Ecelbarger, “We are in for it!,” p. 66.
9. Jack Coggins, Arms and Equipment of the Civil War, pp. 47ff.
10. Dee Brown, “War On Horseback,” The Image of War 1861–1865, vol. 4, Fighting for Time, National Historical Society.
11. Ibid.
12. P. S. Carmichael, “Turner Ashby’s Appeal,” essay in Gary W. Gallagher, ed., The Shenandoah Campaign of 1862, pp. 145ff.
13. Henry Kyd Douglas, I Rode with Stonewall, p. 82.
14. Carmichael, “Turner Ashby’s Appeal,” p. 151, citing quote from Brigadier General John W. Geary.
15. Letter from Ashby to Dorothea Farrar (Ashby) Moncure, September 6, 1861; cited in Carmichael, “Turner Ashby’s Appeal,” p. 152.
16. Dabney Herndon Maury, Recollections of a Virginian in Mexican, Indian, and Civil Wars, p. 49.
17. Nominally the advantage was three to one, but thanks to Gary Ecelbarger’s statistical work, we know that Union effectives were far less than the paper force. Two to one is not precise, but a good guideline.
CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE: A JAGGED LINE OF BLOOD
1. George Neese, part of Preston Chew’s battery under Ashby, cited in Gary L. Ecelbarger, “We are in for it!” The First Battle of Kernstown.
2. Official Records, Series 1, vol. 12, pt. 1, p. 340.
3. Testimony of General J. C. Sullivan, May 22, 1862, before the Report of the Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War, p. 408.
4. Official Records, Series 1, vol. 12, pt. 3, p. 836.
5. Peter Cozzens, Shenandoah 1862: Stonewall Jackson’s Valley Campaign, p. 161.
6. Letter from Jackson to Anna, April 11, 1862; Mary Anna Jackson, Memoirs of Stonewall Jackson, p. 249.
7. Ecelbarger, “We are in for it!,” p. 95.
8. Ibid., p. 110.
9. Ibid., p. 107.
10. Jack Coggins, Arms and Equipment of the Civil War, pp. 61ff.
11. Ibid., p. 63. He makes the point that both sides misused artillery tactically; until 1863 “both the confederacy and the western armies of the Union assigned a battery to each infantry brigade.” The advantages gained by massing, on the other hand, were “painfully evident at Malvern Hill when an almost continuous battery of 60 pieces directed by Gen. Henry J. Hunt beat down every Confederate attack and smashed one southern battery after another.”
12. Cozzens makes this astute observation in Shenandoah 1862, p. 177.
13. Virgil Smalley of the 7th Ohio, cited in Cozzens, Shenandoah 1862, p. 179.
14. Letter from Jackson to A. W. Harman, March 28, 1862, Southern Historical Society Papers, vol. 19 (1891), p. 318.
15. William S. Young, “Shenandoah Valley: Criticizing General Capehart’s Article on That Campaign,” National Tribune, April 18, 1889.
16. While it is true that at a range of one hundred yards or less smoothbores lost many of their disadvantages, part of this battle took place at ranges of up to two hundred yards or more. There is no question that the Federal weaponry was superior.
17. Ecelbarger, “We are in for it!,” p. 249.
18. Cited in ibid., p. 149.
19. Private letter from Alexander R. Boteler Jr., dated March 26, 1862, published in the Richmond Daily Dispatch, April 3, 1862.
20. John Overton Casler, Four Years in the Stonewall Brigade, p. 67.
21. William Thomas Poague, Gunner with Stonewall, p. 20.
22. Private letter from Alexander R. Boteler Jr., dated March 26, 1862, published in the Richmond Daily Dispatch, April 3, 1862.
23. John H. Worsham, One of Jackson’s Foot Cavalry, His Experiences and What He Saw During the War, p. 69. Many Confederate soldiers blamed the retreat on lack of ammunition. In his battle report, Lieutenant Colonel Andrew Grigsby wrote: “The position was held until the Reg’t was ordered to retire, which order was received after the men had fired their last round of cartridge.”
24. “The Battle of Kernstown: An Interesting Narrative,” Richmond Dispatch, March 28, 1862.
25. Jedediah Hotchkiss, note appended in Casler, Four Years in the Stonewall Brigade, p. 68.
26. Letter from Jackson to Anna, March 28, 1862; Jackson, Memoirs of Stonewall Jackson, p. 247.
27. Cozzens, Shenandoah 1862, p. 214.
28. Sergeant John C. Marsh, of the 29th Ohio, cited in ibid., p. 211.
29. Ecelbarger, “We are in for it!,” p. 249.
30. Letter from James Shields to Assistant Adjutant General, Army of the Potomac, May 25, 1862; Official Records, Series 1, vol. 12, ch. 24, pt. 1; Shields also cites this same number in his March 27 correspondence (“The rebels admitted they had 11,000 in the field”).
31. William J. Miller, “Such Men as Shields, Banks, and Frémont,” essay in Gallagher, The Shenandoah Valley Campaign of 1862, p. 50.
32. Cozzens, Shenandoah 1862, p. 228.
CHAPTER TWENTY-TWO: THE SHOOTING WAR
1. Ulysses S. Grant, Memoirs and Selected Letters, p. 66.
2. “The Rifle-Musket and the Minie Ball,” Civil War Times, June 12, 2006.
3. Bevin Alexander, Lost Victories: The Military Genius of Stonewall Jackson, p. 3.
4. Jack Coggins, Arms and Equipment of the Civil War, p. 23.
5. Mark Grimsley, “How to Read a Civil War Battlefield,” www.cohums.ohio-state.edu/history/people/grimsley.1/tour/default.htm.
6. Ibid.
7. Pat Leonard, “The Bullet That Changed History,” New York Times, August 31, 2012.
8. Bruce Catton, Mr. Lincoln’s War, p. 198.
9. John Worsham, One of Jackson’s Foot Cavalry, p. 106.
10. Ibid., p. 60.
11. Edward Porter Alexander, Fighting for the Confederacy, p. 122.
12. Keith S. Bohannon, “Placed on the Pages of History in Letters of Blood: Reporting on and Remembering the 12th Georgia Infantry in the 1862 Valley Campaign,” essay in Gary W. Gallagher, ed., The Shenandoah Valley Campaign of 1862, p. 120.
13. Bell Irvin Wiley, The Life of Johnny Reb, p. 290.
14. It is worth noting that the bullet that hit him at Chancellorsville from a Confederate musket was a smoothbore round.
CHAPTER TWENTY-THREE: A FOOL’S PARADISE
1. McClellan’s orders to Banks were, “If [Jackson] be in force, drive him from the Valley.”
2. We do not have Laura’s letters to her brother; his letters to her stop on April 6.
3. Letter from Jackson to Laura, April 6, 1861, in Thomas Jackson Arnold, The Early Life and Letters of General Thomas J. Jackson, pp. 295–297.
4. James I. Robertson, Stonewall Jackson: The Man, the Legend, the Soldier, p. 690.
5. Ibid., p. 691.
6. David Hunter Strother, A Virginia Yankee in the Civil War: The Diaries of David Hunter Strother, p. 21.
7. Ibid., p. 9.
8. Ibid., p. 22.
9. Jonathan M. Berkey, “In the Very Midst of the War Track: The Valley’s Civilians and the Shenandoah Campaign,” essay in Gary W. Gallagher, ed., The Shenandoah Valley Campaign of 1862, p. 91.
10. Ibid.
11. Ibid., p. 92.
12. Ibid.
13. Ibid., p. 94.
14. Jackson letter to Anna, May 5, 1862; on April 16, describing a slightly more northern part of the valley, he had written: “This country is one of the most beautiful that I ever beheld.”
15. Robertson, Stonewall Jackson, p. 363.
16. Jackson’s army would increase somewhat from this level during this period, at least on paper.
17. Though the conscription law would not be passed by the Confederate legislature until April 16, Virginia governor John Letcher, in anticipation of it, had called up active militia into the volunteer army.
18. Jedediah Hotchkiss, Make Me a Map of the Valley, pp. 19ff; both sides obviously had to deal with the same weather.
19. William J. Miller, “Such Men as Shields, Banks, and Frémont,” essay in Gallagher, The Shenandoah Valley Campaign of 1862, p. 52.
20. Peter Cozzens, Shenandoah 1862: Stonewall Jackson’s Valley Campaign, p. 242. He quotes General Alpheus Williams saying, “It was a splendid spectacle, the finest military show I have seen in America.”
21. Hotchkiss, Make Me a Map of the Valley, pp. 26ff.
22. Robert G. Tanner, Stonewall in the Valley, p. 156.
23. Official Records, Series 1, vol. 12, pp. 446ff.
24. Cozzens, Shenandoah 1862, p. 255. Not all of Banks’s officers seem to have believed that Jackson had fled the valley. His division commander, Alpheus Williams, wrote his sister on April 29 that Jackson was “fifteen to twenty miles distant on the slopes of the Blue Ridge,” which was substantially correct. It is unclear whether Williams was outvoted by other officers, or whether he kept his own counsel. In any case, the Union commanders had to sift and sort through many different types of intelligence.
25. Official Records, Banks to Stanton, April 30, 1862.
26. Cozzens, Shenandoah 1862, p. 254.
27. Official Records, Stanton to Banks, May 1, 1862.
28. Official Records, Series 1, vol. 12, pt. 3, pp. 859ff.
29. Ibid.
30. Jackson’s force left Elk Run Valley for Port Republic on April 30; Lee’s wire saying he had reviewed the three plans and was leaving the choice to Jackson was dated May 1 (Official Records).
31. Jackson’s report, Official Records, Series 1, vol. 12, pt. 1, p. 470: “The positions of these armies were such that left unmolested they could readily form a junction on the [Harrisonburg and Warm Springs Turnpike] and move with their force against Staunton.”
32. Cited in Robertson, Stonewall Jackson, p. 367.
33. Richard Taylor, Destruction and Reconstruction, p. 34; the description is probably a bit extreme, but the substance of it seems right based on other accounts.
34. John Brown Gordon, Reminiscences of the Civil War, p. 38.
35. William Allan, interview with Robert E. Lee, March 3, 1868, William Allan Papers, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina.
36. The description of the valley as seen by Ewell’s troops on April 30 comes from Taylor, Destruction and Reconstruction, p. 43.
37. Henry Kyd Douglas, I Rode with Stonewall, p. 47.
38. Robertson, Stonewall Jackson, p. 369.
39. Civilwaracademy.com.
40. John D. Imboden, “Stonewall Jackson in the Shenandoah,” in Robert Underwood Johnson and Clarence Clough Buel, eds., Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, vol. 2, pp. 282ff.
41. John Overton Casler, Four Years in the Stonewall Brigade, p. 73.
42. Imboden, “Stonewall Jackson in the Shenandoah,” pp. 282ff.
43. The preceding dispatches concerning Jackson’s whereabouts are all found in Official Records, Series 1, vol. 12, pt. 3.
44. Hotchkiss, Make Me a Map of the Valley, p. 36.
45. Robertson, Stonewall Jackson, p. 370, citing Official Records.
46. Official Records, Banks to Stanton, May 5, 1862, from New Market: “Yesterday the forces were withdrawn from Harrisonburg to this place.”
47. Jackson letter to Colonel Francis H. Smith, April 30, 1862, Sara (Henderson) Smith Papers, Virginia Historical Society.
48. Milroy to Schenck, May 7, Official Records, Series 1, vol. 12, pt. 3.
49. Robert C. Schenck, “Notes on the Battle of McDowell,” in Johnson and Buel, Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, vol. 2, p. 298.
50. Ibid.
51. Ibid.
52. Cozzens, Shenandoah 1862, p. 265.
53. Keith S. Bohannon, “Placed on the Pages of History in Letters of Blood,” essay in Gallagher, The Shenandoah Valley Campaign of 1862, p. 120.
54. Ibid.
55. Letter from S. G. Pryor to his wife, May 18, 1862, cited in Bell Irvin Wiley, The Life of Johnny Reb, p. 32.
56. Jackson’s battle report, Official Records, Series 1, vol. 12, pt. 1, pp. 471ff.
57. Ibid.
58. Cited in Robertson, Stonewall Jackson, p. 375.
59. Jackson’s battle report, Official Records, Series 1, vol. 12, pt. 1, pp. 471ff.
60. Imboden, “Stonewall Jackson in the Shenandoah,” pp. 282ff.
CHAPTER TWENTY-FOUR: HAZARDS OF COMMAND
1. Jedediah Hotchkiss, Make Me a Map of the Valley, p. 21.
2. Henry Kyd Douglas, I Rode with Stonewall, p. 40.
3. Hotchkiss, Make Me a Map of the Valley, p. 20.
4. Jackson letter to Anna, April 11, 1862, Mary Anna Jackson, Memoirs of Stonewall Jackson, p. 249.
5. A. Cash Koeniger, “Prejudices and Partialities: The Garnett Controversy Revisited,” essay in Gary W. Gallagher, ed., The Shenandoah Valley Campaign of 1862, p. 220.
6. Charges and specifications in Thomas J. “Stonewall” Jackson Collection, Eleanor S. Brockenbrough Archives, Museum of the Confederacy.
7. Douglas, I Rode with Stonewall, p. 37.
8. Letter from Richard B. Garnett to Hon. R.M.T. Hunter, April 1862, Thomas J. “Stonewall” Jackson Collection, Eleanor S. Brockenbrough Archives, Museum of the Confederacy.
9. Cited in Peter Cozzens, Shenandoah 1862: Stonewall Jackson’s Valley Campaign, p. 221.
10. John Worsham, One of Jackson’s Foot Cavalry, p. 91.
11. Peter S. Carmichael, “Turner Ashby’s Appeal,” essay in Gallagher, The Shenandoah Valley Campaign of 1862, pp. 154ff.
12. Douglas, I Rode with Stonewall, pp. 40–41.
13. Ibid.
14. D. H. Hill, “The Real Stonewall Jackson,” Century Magazine (February 1894), pp. 623–627.
15. Quote from William McDonald, cited in Cozzens, Shenandoah 1862, p. 253.
16. Letter from John Harman to W. A. Harman, April 25, 1862, Hotchkiss Papers, Box 38, Library of Congress, Washington, DC.
17. Jackson to Harman, April 14, 1862, Hotchkiss Papers, Library of Congress, Washington, DC.
18. Harman to his brother, May 15 and May 18, 1862, Hotchkiss Papers, Library of Congress, Washington, DC.
19. Robert L. Dabney, The Life and Campaigns of Lieutenant-General Thomas J. Stonewall Jackson, p. 354.
20. Douglas, I Rode with Stonewall, pp. 42ff.
21. Gary Ecelbarger, Three Days in the Shenandoah: Stonewall Jackson at Front Royal and Winchester, p. 33.
22. Hotchkiss, Make Me a Map of the Valley, p. 10.
CHAPTER TWENTY-FIVE: HUNTER AS PREY
1. J. William Jones, “Reminiscences of the Army of Northern Virginia,” Southern Historical Society Papers, vol. 9, p. 364.
2. Thomas T. Munford, “Reminiscences of Jackson’s Valley Campaign,” Southern Historical Society Papers, vol. 7, pp. 523ff; there is another version of this story, similar in substance, in Willie Walker Caldwell, Stonewall Jim, pp. 38–40; and yet another in Douglas Southall Freeman, Lee’s Lieutenants.
3. Munford, “Reminiscences of Jackson’s Valley Campaign,” pp. 523ff.
4. Ibid.
5. Cited in Lenoir Chambers, Stonewall Jackson: The Legend and the Man, vol. 1, p. 509.
6. Dispatch from Taylor (for Lee) to Jackson, May 14, Official Records, Series 1, vol. 12, pt. 3, p. 887.
7. William Allan, History of the Campaign of General T. J. (Stonewall) Jackson; Jedediah Hotchkiss, Campaign of Jackson in the Shenandoah Valley, p. 87.
8. Letter from Johnston to Ewell dated May 13, 1862, Official Records, Series 1, vol. 12, pt. 3, p. 888.
9. Peter Cozzens, Shenandoah 1862: Stonewall Jackson’s Valley Campaign, pp. 276ff. Cozzens offers an excellent account and analysis of this game of dispatches, which I have largely followed here.
10. Ewell to Jackson and Jackson to Ewell, May 18, 1862, Official Records, Series 1, vol. 12, pt. 3, p. 897.
11. Henry Kyd Douglas, I Rode with Stonewall, p. 93.
12. Jackson to Lee, May 20, 1862, Official Records, Series 1, vol. 12, pt. 3, p. 898.
13. James I. Robertson, Stonewall Jackson: The Man, the Legend, the Soldier, p. 388.
14. Williams to his daughter, May 17, 1862; cited in Cozzens, Shenandoah 1862, p. 279.
15. J. William Miller, “Such Men as Shields, Banks, and Frémont,” essay in Gary W. Gallagher, ed., The Shenandoah Campaign of 1862, p. 54.
16. Banks to Stanton, May 22, 1862, Official Records, Series 1, vol. 12, pt. 1, p. 524.
17. This description comes in part from David Hunter Strother’s account of a May 18 meeting with Banks. Strother, A Virginia Yankee in the Civil War, p. 36.
18. Lanty Blackford to his mother, cited in Cozzens, Shenandoah 1862, p. 289.
19. Official Records, Series 1, vol. 12, pt. 1, p. 701.
CHAPTER TWENTY-SIX: THE PROFESSOR’S TIME/SPEED/DISTANCE EQUATION
1. Peter Cozzens, Shenandoah 1862: Stonewall Jackson’s Valley Campaign, p. 278. As Cozzens points out, there were mixed feelings among the troops, but the prevailing sentiment seemed to be that the war would end without them.
2. George H. Gordon, Brook Farm to Cedar Mountain, p. 190.
3. David Hunter Strother, A Virginia Yankee in the Civil War, pp. 38–40.
4. Official Records, Series 1, vol. 12, pt. 1, p. 546.
5. Strother, A Virginia Yankee in the Civil War, p. 39.
6. Ibid.
7. Official Records, Series 1, vol. 12, pt. 1, p. 546.
8. Jedediah Hotchkiss, History of the Campaign of Stonewall Jackson in the Shenandoah Valley, p. 109.
9. Fulkerson to his sister, May 16, 1862, Fulkerson Papers, VMI, cited in Gary Ecelbarger, Three Days in the Shenandoah, p. 35.
10. Ecelbarger, Three Days in the Shenandoah, p. 34.
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid., p. 58.
13. Ibid., pp. 86–88; Ecelbarger gives an excellent account of the final cavalry attack.
14. Donald Pfanz, Richard S. Ewell: A Soldier’s Life, pp. 185–186.
CHAPTER TWENTY-SEVEN: A LETHAL FOOTRACE
1. Banks’s report; Official Records, Series 1, vol. 12, pt. 1, p. 546.
2. Cited in Peter Cozzens, Shenandoah 1862: Stonewall Jackson’s Valley Campaign, p. 316.
3. Banks to his wife, May 24, 1862, cited in Gary Ecelbarger, Three Days in the Shenandoah, p. 103.
4. Cited in Ecelbarger, Three Days in the Shenandoah, p. 123.
5. Official Records, Series 1, vol. 12, pt. 1, pp. 575–577.
6. Robert L. Dabney, The Life and Campaigns of Lieutenant-General Thomas J. Stonewall Jackson, p. 372.
7. Jackson’s comment in his official report was that Ashby’s men “deserted their colors and abandoned themselves to pillage to such an extent as to make it necessary for that gallant officer to discontinue further pursuit.” Official Records, Series 1, vol. 12, pt. 1, p. 704.
8. Henry Kyd Douglas, I Rode with Stonewall, p. 57.
9. Ecelbarger, Three Days in the Shenandoah, p. 155.
10. McDowell to Lincoln, May 24, 1862; Report of the Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War, 1863, p. 274.
11. Stephen W. Sears, ed., The Civil War Papers of George B. McClellan: Selected Correspondence 1860–1865, p. 275.
CHAPTER TWENTY-EIGHT: THE TAKING OF WINCHESTER
1. Banks to Lincoln, May 24, Official Records, Series 1, vol. 12, pt. 1, p. 527.
2. Peter Cozzens, Shenandoah 1862: Stonewall Jackson’s Valley Campaign, p. 360.
3. Gary Ecelbarger, Three Days in the Shenandoah, p. 185.
4. J. William Jones, “Reminiscences of the Army of Northern Virginia,” Southern Historical Society Papers, vol. 9, p. 235.
5. Richard Taylor, Destruction and Reconstruction, p. 60.
6. Ibid., p. 61.
7. Alpheus S. Williams, From the Cannon’s Mouth: The Civil War Letters of General Alpheus S. Williams, p. 81.
8. Jedediah Hotchkiss, “Memoranda—Valley Campaign of 1861,” unpublished ms. At the New-York Historical Society, cited in James I. Robertson, Stonewall Jackson: The Man, the Legend, the Soldier, p. 407.
9. Henry Kyd Douglas, I Rode with Stonewall, p. 59.
10. Cozzens, Shenandoah 1862, p. 369.
11. David Hunter Strother, A Virginia Yankee in the Civil War, p. 42.
12. Robert L. Dabney, The Life and Campaigns of Lieutenant-General Thomas J. Stonewall Jackson, p. 380.
13. Letter from Jackson to Anna, May 26, 1862; Mary Anna Jackson, Memoirs of Stonewall Jackson, p. 265.
14. Cited in Robertson, Stonewall Jackson, p. 410.
15. Ecelbarger, Three Days in the Shenandoah, p. 215.
16. Robertson, Stonewall Jackson, p. 410.
17. Williams, From the Cannon’s Mouth, p. 84.
18. Ibid., p. 85.
19. Banks’s report to Stanton, Official Records, Series 1, vol. 12, pt. 1, pp. 551ff.
CHAPTER TWENTY-NINE: LINCOLN’S PERFECT TRAP
1. Gary W. Gallagher, “You Must Either Attack Richmond or Give Up the Job and Come to the Defence of Washington: Lincoln and the 1862 Shenandoah Valley Campaign,” essay in Gary W. Gallagher, ed., The Shenandoah Campaign of 1862, p. 8.
2. Ibid. Gallagher makes a solid case that Lincoln, instead of panicking, sought to use Jackson to help persuade McClellan to act. He also saw Jackson’s position north of Winchester as a golden opportunity to destroy him, and gave orders accordingly.
3. Exchange of wires between Lincoln and McClellan, May 25, 1862; George Brinton McClellan, Report Upon the Organization of the Army of the Potomac and Its Campaigns: From July 26, 1861, to November 7, 1862, p. 65.
4. Peter Cozzens, Shenandoah 1862: Stonewall Jackson’s Valley Campaign, p. 398.
5. Letters from John Harman to W. A. Harman, May 9 and May 27, 1862, Hotchkiss Papers, Box 38, Library of Congress, Washington, DC.
6. Cited in Cozzens, Shenandoah 1862, p. 393.
7. Richmond Dispatch, May 27, 1862.
8. Southern Literary Messenger 34 (May 1862), p. 327.
9. Henry Kyd Douglas, I Rode with Stonewall, p. 66.
10. In one account of Jackson’s meeting with Winder, he was said to have deeply insulted Brigadier General Arnold Elzey. The story goes as follows: Jackson had been chatting with Winder and Elzey, a hero of Manassas. Winder reported that the enemy had been heavily reinforced, and Elzey, agreeing with Winder, stated that the Union had “heavy guns on Maryland Heights.” Jackson then asked him: “General Elzey, are you afraid of heavy guns?” Elzey blushed but said nothing. This, of course, was a serious breach of etiquette, uncommon during the war (though James Longstreet did it at least twice). The account comes from a memoir by McHenry Howard (Recollections of a Maryland Confederate Soldier and Staff Officer Under Johnston, Jackson, and Lee, pp. 114–115). Because this seems to be the only source of the story, and because it is so utterly out of character for Jackson to have so gratuitously embarrassed a fellow general in public, I have not placed the incident in the main narration but in the notes instead. Jackson was very tough on generals, but never in that particular way.
11. Alexander R. Boteler, “Stonewall Jackson in Campaign of 1862,” Southern Historical Society Papers, New Series, vol. 2, Richmond, September 1915.
12. Ibid.
13. Ibid.
14. This account was pieced together from both Boteler’s narrative (per above) and that of Jedediah Hotchkiss in his Make Me a Map of the Valley, pp. 49–50.
15. This comes from two different accounts of the story, one from Hotchkiss (Make Me a Map of the Valley, p. 50) and the other from Wells J. Hawks’s letter to Hotchkiss of January 17, 1866.
16. Boteler, “Stonewall Jackson in Campaign of 1862.”
17. William J. Miller, “Such Men as Shields, Banks, and Frémont,” essay in Gallagher, The Shenandoah Valley Campaign of 1862, p. 66.
18. Hotchkiss, Make Me a Map of the Valley, p. 44.
19. Letter from Henry Kyd Douglas to Tippie Boteler, July 24, 1862, Douglas Papers, Duke University.
20. Boteler, “Stonewall Jackson in Campaign of 1862.”
21. Miller, “Such Men as Shields, Banks, and Frémont,” p. 74.
22. Official Records, Series 1, vol. 12, pt. 3, pp. 290–306, correspondence to and from Stanton, Lincoln, McDowell, Shields, Geary, and McCall.
23. Cozzens, Shenandoah 1862, p. 408.
24. Shields to Secretary of War Stanton, June 2, 1862, Official Records, Series 1, vol. 12, pt. 3, p. 322; there is also a good account of this in Miller, “Such Men as Shields, Banks, and Frémont,” p. 74.
25. Official Records, Series 1, vol. 12, pt. 3, p. 322.
26. Miller, “Such Men as Shields, Banks and Fremont,” essay in Gallagher, The Shenandoah Valley Campaign of 1862, p. 69.
27. McHenry Howard, Recollections of a Maryland Confederate Soldier and Staff Officer Under Johnston, Jackson, and Lee, p. 117.
28. Douglas, I Rode with Stonewall, p. 70.
29. Randolph H. McKim, A Soldier’s Recollections: Leaves from the Diary of a Young Confederate, p. 108.
30. Cited in Cozzens, Shenandoah 1862, p. 412.
CHAPTER THIRTY: A STRANGE FONDNESS FOR TRAPS
1. Shields to Carroll, June 1, 1862, Official Records, Series 1, vol. 12, pt. 3, pp. 316–317.
2. Shields’s note to Carroll was sent at 8 p.m. on June 1, ordering him to leave at 4 a.m. on June 2 (Official Records, Series 1, vol. 12, pt. 3, p. 316) on a fifty-mile trip that was expected to take two days. Though Shields ordered Carroll to impress horses if necessary, he also encumbered him with four pieces of artillery. Jackson gave orders on June 1 to Coyne and his cavalry to burn the bridges, and they reached them by dawn on June 2. Jackson not only thought of the idea first, but by dispatching cavalry he made it impossible for Carroll to win the race.
3. Jackson was casually brilliant at choosing defensive terrain, starting with the backside of Henry Hill at First Manassas, and continuing through Port Republic and Second Manassas.
4. James I. Robertson, Stonewall Jackson: The Man, the Legend, the Soldier, p. 428.
5. James Dinwiddie of the Charlottesville Artillery, cited in Cozzens, Shenandoah 1862, p. 426.
6. Samuel V. Fulkerson to unknown addressee, June 14, 1862; cited in Robertson, Stonewall Jackson, pp. 451–452.
7. Henry Kyd Douglas, I Rode with Stonewall, p. 75.
8. A. S. Pendleton to his mother, June 7, 1862, in W. G. Bean, Stonewall’s Man: Sandie Pen-dleton, p. 364.
9. Robert K. Krick, Conquering the Valley: Stonewall Jackson at Port Republic, pp. 69–71.
10. Robert K. Krick gives an insightful, detailed account of the question of the burning of the bridge, which became the subject of a huge controversy in which Carroll was pilloried for what looked like pure stupidity. A number of eyewitnesses said later that Union soldiers had attempted to burn the bridge. The truth, as Krick sorts it out, was that “The considerable, if conflicting, testimony suggests that the Truth About The Bridge is that: Shields ordered Carroll to save it; in case destruction became necessary, a detachment ready to attempt that went along; in the frenzied excitement as events unfolded, no one had much chance to think about burning, and surely no time to accomplish it.”Conquering the Valley, p. 62.
11. Peter Cozzens, Shenandoah 1862: Stonewall Jackson’s Valley Campaign, p. 444.
12. Ibid., p. 445, citing Kimball’s postwar letter.
13. C. W. Rossiter, “Orders Disobeyed: Had the bridge been burned, Stonewall Jackson would have been annihilated,” National Tribune, September 2, 1915; Cozzens, Shenandoah 1862, p. 445.
14. James McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, p. 330.
15. Peter S. Carmichael, “Turner Ashby’s Appeal,” essay in Gary W. Gallagher, ed., The Shenandoah Campaign of 1862, pp. 155ff.
16. Krick, Conquering the Valley, p. 25, citing Parmeter diary.
17. Jackson’s battle report; Official Records, Series 1, vol. 12, pt. 1, p. 712.
18. Cozzens, Shenandoah 1862, p. 467.
19. Bruce Catton, Mr. Lincoln’s War, p. 201; Catton has a nice meditation on this idea of how Civil War battles were won or lost on the front lines. Overwhelming firepower will almost always produce a retreat. But what happens with a single regiment against a single regiment, facing each other across 250 yards of open meadow? How does one side “win” the engagement? It’s a provocative question, not always easy to answer.
20. Robert L. Dabney, The Life and Campaigns of Lieutenant-General Thomas J. Stonewall Jackson, p. 415.
21. Douglas, I Rode with Stonewall, p. 89.
CHAPTER THIRTY-ONE: SLAUGHTER IN A SMALL PLACE
1. Jackson’s Official Report, Official Records, Series 1, vol. 12, pt. 1, p. 714.
2. Jackson stated to Colonel John M. Patton that “I hope to be back [at Cross Keys] by ten o’clock.” He clearly believed he would be fully engaged in battle with Frémont before noon.
3. The story combines two accounts, both from Munford. One is from the Thomas T. Munford manuscript in the Munford-Ellis Papers at Duke University; the other is from General T. T. Munford, “Reminiscences of Jackson’s Valley Campaign,” Southern Historical Society Papers, vol. 7, p. 530.
4. In addition to describing Jackson’s eyes, “Old Blue Light” may also have been a reference to “Blue Light Presbyterians,” notable as conservatives in the church.
5. Peter Cozzens, Shenandoah 1862: Stonewall Jackson’s Valley Campaign, p. 488.
6. Robert K. Krick, Conquering the Valley, p. 407; see also Jackson’s battle report (Official Records, Series 1, vol. 9, p. 293); one of the best primary source accounts of this battle is Henry B. Kelly, Port Republic (New York: J. B. Lippincott, 1886).
7. Richard Taylor, Destruction and Reconstruction, p. 81.
8. Cited from Cozzens, Shenandoah 1862, p. 493.
9. Taylor, Destruction and Reconstruction, p. 81.
10. J. William Jones, “Reminiscences of the Army of Northern Virginia,” Southern Historical Society Papers, vol. 9, p. 362.
11. Cited in William J. Miller, “Such Men as Shields, Banks, and Frémont,” essay in Gary W. Gallagher, ed., The Shenandoah Valley Campaign of 1862, p. 79.
12. Jedediah Hotchkiss, Make Me a Map of the Valley, p. 57.
CHAPTER THIRTY-TWO: ACCLAIM, AND A NEW MISSION
1. Gary Ecelbarger notes that even the nickname Stonewall was not much known before Kernstown, and that one Northern soldier wrote home that he had fought “members of the famous Stone Fence Brigade.” Presented at the Valley Campaign Conference, March 3, 2012, in Winchester, Virginia; Robert G. Tanner in his book Stonewall in the Valley also cites a story of a drunk who asked the general, “Are you the stone, stone, the stone, are you Stone Fence Jackson?” (p. 39).
2. “A Great General,” Richmond Dispatch, June 13, 1862.
3. “The Achievements of Stonewall Jackson,” Richmond Whig, June 18, 1862 (story also appeared in the Charleston Mercury); it is noteworthy that at least one Southern general, Lafayette McLaws, believed that Richmond papers reserved most of their praise for Virginians, and only grudgingly wrote nice things about people from other states (Charles Royster, The Destructive War, p. 69).
4. New Era, June 4, 1862.
5. “What Is Thought in Washington,” New York Times, May 27, 1862; and “What Stonewall Jackson has done for the Union,” New York Times, May 30, 1862, in Harold Holzer and Craig Symonds, eds., The New York Times Complete Civil War, 1861–1865, pp. 160–161.
6. Robert K. Krick, “The Metamorphosis of Stonewall Jackson’s Public Image,” essay in Gary W. Gallagher, ed., Shenandoah Valley Campaign of 1862, p. 24.
7. Ibid., pp. 28–30; Robert K. Krick analyzed extensive correspondence from Northern and Southern soldiers, cited here.
8. Edward Porter Alexander, Fighting for the Confederacy, p. 94.
9. The estimate of one-third of the force gone comes from Peter Cozzens, Shenandoah 1862: Stonewall Jackson’s Valley Campaign, p. 508.
10. D. H. Hill, “The Real Stonewall Jackson,” Century Magazine (February 1894), pp. 623–627.
11. William S. White Statement, Dabney Papers, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina.
12. Robert L. Dabney, Life and Campaigns of Lieutenant-General Thomas J. Stonewall Jackson, p. 739.
13. Hunter McGuire, “Career and Character of General T. J. ‘Stonewall’ Jackson,” Southern Historical Society Papers, vol. 25, p. 91.
14. William B. Taliaferro, “Some Personal Reminiscences of Lt.-Gen. Thos. J. (Stonewall) Jackson,” essay in Mary Anna Jackson, Memoirs of Stonewall Jackson, p. 513.
15. Allan Nevins, The War for the Union, vol. 2, 1862–1863, p. 132.
16. D. H. Hill, “Lee’s Attacks North of the Chickahominy,” in Robert Underwood Johnson and Clarence Clough Buel, eds., Battles and Leaders, vol. 2, pp. 347–362.
17. Armistead Lindsay Long and Marcus Joseph Wright, Memoirs of Robert E. Lee, p. 283.
CHAPTER THIRTY-THREE: THE HILLJACK AND THE SOCIETY BOY
1. Though the idea of fame is a highly relativistic concept, especially as it applies to Civil War generals, at this point in the war the better-known generals had fought in the eastern theater. Grant’s star was certainly rising in the west and his “unconditional surrender” demand at Fort Donelson had made him that theater’s first big hero. But his stock had fallen somewhat after Shiloh, when he was criticized for the heavy Union casualties. (See Allan Nevins, War for the Union, 1862–1863, vol. 2, pp. 109–111.) David Farragut, in a daring maneuver for which he was promoted to rear admiral, had taken New Orleans, but his larger fame was yet to come. In any case, it would take some time before the western battles began to rival the likes of First and Second Manassas, Seven Days, Antietam, etc., in the public imagination. As noted earlier, Beauregard, the biggest star of the early war, was already in eclipse. Joe Johnston, now wounded, and having won no victories since July 1861, was not nearly the hero, at this moment, that Jackson was. Lee had just been given command of the Army of Northern Virginia.
2. Dabney Herndon Maury, Recollections of a Virginian in the Mexican, Indian, and Civil Wars, pp. 22–23.
3. Dabney Herndon Maury, “General T. J. ‘Stonewall’ Jackson: Incidents in the Remarkable Career of a Great Soldier,” Southern Historical Society Papers, vol. 25, pp. 309–310.
4. Stephen W. Sears, George B. McClellan: The Young Napoleon, p. 2.
5. Ibid., p. 4.
6. Ibid., p. 3.
7. Maury, Recollections of a Virginian, p. 22.
8. James I. Robertson, Stonewall Jackson: The Man, the Legend, the Soldier, p. 32.
9. Thomas Jackson Arnold, The Early Life and Letters of General Thomas J. Jackson, p. 66.
10. Ulysses S. Grant, Memoirs and Selected Letters, pp. 166–167.
11. John C. Waugh, Class of 1846, p. 65; Robertson, Stonewall Jackson, pp. 42–43.
12. G.F.R. Henderson, Stonewall Jackson and the American Civil War, vol. 1, p. 20.
13. Eugene C. Tidball, No Disgrace to My Country: The Life of John C. Tidball, pp. 29–30.
14. Ibid.
15. Robertson, Stonewall Jackson, p. 37.
16. Waugh, The Class of 1846, p. 35.
17. Robertson, Stonewall Jackson, p. 44, citing Maury and others.
18. Maury, “General T. J. ‘Stonewall’ Jackson,” p. 310.
19. Henderson, Stonewall Jackson and the American Civil War, vol. 1, p. 19.
20. Sears, George B. McClellan, p. 8.
21. Ibid.
22. Ibid., p. 7.
23. Robertson, Stonewall Jackson, p. 92.
24. Letter from Jackson to Laura, January 28, 1844; Arnold, The Early Life and Letters of General Thomas J. Jackson, p. 64.
25. John Gibbon, “Stonewall Jackson,” manuscript in Hotchkiss Papers at the Library of Congress, letter to Hotchkiss dated November 10, 1893.
26. Waugh, The Class of 1846, p. 46.
27. Ibid., p. 50.
28. Cited in ibid., p. 67.
29. Ibid., p. 54.
CHAPTER THIRTY-FOUR: THE DEFENSE OF RICHMOND
1. Alexander Hunter, Johnny Reb and Billy Yank, p. 170; the moment comes from the afternoon at Gaines’s Mill, when word came that Jackson had arrived. Kyd Douglas describes it thus: “A staff officer dashed along Longstreet’s wearied lines, crying out ‘Stonewall’s at them!’ and was answered with yell after yell of joy, which added a strange sound to the din of battle.” (I Rode with Stonewall, p. 103); I have taken this slightly out of sequence here but the sentiments are all correct.
2. Brian K. Burton, Extraordinary Circumstances: The Seven Days Battles, p. 31.
3. This simple but revealing notion comes from William J. Miller’s 2013 essay in Civil War Trust, “The Seven Days Battles.”
4. Clifford Dowdey, The Seven Days: The Emergence of Robert E. Lee, p. 77.
5. Allan Nevins, The War for the Union, vol. 2, 1862–1863, p. 119.
6. Robert L. Dabney, The Life and Campaigns of Lieutenant-General Thomas J. Stonewall Jackson, p. 436; Nevins, The War for the Union, vol. 2, pp. 118–199.
7. This included a division under General George McCall that had been detached from Irvin McDowell.
8. Edward Porter Alexander, Fighting for the Confederacy, p. 95.
9. Letter from McClellan to Stanton, June 25; Stephen W. Sears, ed., The Civil War Papers of George B. McClellan, p. 309.
10. Burton, Extraordinary Circumstances, pp. 15 and 56.
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid., p. 51.
13. Letter from George McClellan to Mary Ellen McClellan, Sears, The Civil War Papers, p. 306.
14. Lee to Jackson, June 25, cited in James I. Robertson, Stonewall Jackson: The Man, the Legend, the Soldier, p. 469.
15. Robert Dabney to Jedediah Hotchkiss, September 12, 1896, Hotchkiss Papers, Library of Congress.
16. Dabney, Life and Campaigns of Lieutenant-General Thomas J. Stonewall Jackson, p. 440.
17. After the Battle of Malvern Hill, Jackson wrote Anna: “During the past week I have not been well, have suffered from fever and debility, but through the blessing of an ever kind Providence am better today.” Thus he was ill, though we don’t know exactly which day he first fell sick. It could well have been as early as June 26, when he was already clearly in a state of exhaustion; his physical condition had everything to do with the events of the week; Mary Anna Jackson, Memoirs of Stonewall Jackson, p. 302.
18. McClellan to Stanton, June 25, 1862, Sears, The Civil War Papers, p. 312.
19. Stephen W. Sears, To the Gates of Richmond, p. 199.
20. Alexander, Fighting for the Confederacy, p. 99.
21. Allen C. Redwood, “The Confederate in the Field,” chapter in The Photographic History of the Civil War in Ten Volumes, vol. 8, p. 155.
22. Alexander, Fighting for the Confederacy, p. 100.
23. Judkin Browning, The Seven Days’ Battles, p. 53; Burton, Extraordinary Circumstances, p. 74.
24. McClellan to Stanton, June 26, 1862; Sears, The Civil War Papers, p. 317.
25. Richard Taylor, Destruction and Reconstruction, p. 93.
26. The definitive study of Jackson’s role in the Seven Days is to be found in Brian K. Burton’s superb 2001 book Extraordinary Circumstances: The Seven Days Battles. His analysis of Jackson’s actions has largely been adopted as my framework here. James I. Robertson Jr. also offers a well-researched and highly readable analysis in his 1997 biography, Stonewall Jackson: The Man, the Soldier, the Legend. Its conclusions comport largely with those in Burton’s book.
27. Sears, To the Gates of Richmond, p. 210.
28. Ibid.
CHAPTER THIRTY-FIVE: VICTORY BY ANY OTHER NAME
1. Stephen W. Sears, To the Gates of Richmond, p. 214.
2. Robert L. Dabney, The Life and Campaigns of Lieutenant-General Thomas J. Stonewall Jackson, p. 443.
3. Ibid., p. 444.
4. Cited in Sears, To the Gates of Richmond, p. 233.
5. Chasseur is French for “hunter.”
6. John Esten Cooke, Outlines from the Outpost, pp. 50–51.
7. Interview with Bobby Krick, “The Battle of Gaines’s Mill: Then and Now,” Civil War Trust.
8. Cited in Brian K. Burton, Extraordinary Circumstances, p. 154.
9. Cited in Judkin Browning, The Seven Days’ Battles: The War Begins Anew, p. 78.
10. Heros Von Borcke, Memoirs of the Confederate War for Independence, vol. 1, p. 60.
11. Edwin K. Gould, Major-General Hiram Berry: His career as a contractor, bank president, politician, and major-general of volunteers in the Civil War, p. 172.
12. Browning, The Seven Days’ Battles, p. 86.
13. McClellan to Stanton, June 28, 1862, 12:20 a.m., Stephen W. Sears,, ed., The Civil War Papers of George B. McClellan, p. 323.
14. Burton, Extraordinay Circumstances, pp. 206–207.
15. James I. Robertson, Stonewall Jackson: The Man, the Legend, the Soldier, p. 488; Robertson first uncovered the communiqué, which changed historians’ views of Jackson’s behavior.
16. D. H. Hill, “McClellan’s Change of Base and Malvern Hill,” in Robert Underwood Johnson and Clarence Clough Buel, eds., Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, vol. 2, pp. 383–395.
17. Dabney, The Life and Campaigns of Lieutenant-General Thomas J. Stonewall Jackson, p. 460.
18. John Overton Casler, Four Years in the Stonewall Brigade, p. 94.
19. Letter to Anna, June 30, “Near White Oak Swamp Bridge,” Mary Anna Jackson, Memoirs of Stonewall Jackson, p. 297.
20. W. W. Blackford MS. Memoir cited in Douglas Southall Freeman, Lee’s Lieutenants, vol. 1, p. 656.
21. Sears, To the Gates of Richmond, p. 280.
22. Testimony of Samuel Heintzelman before the Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War, cited in William Swinton, ed., The “Times” Review of McClellan: His Military Career Reviewed and Exposed, p. 24.
23. Robert Stiles, Address at the Dedication of the Monument of Confederate Dead, University of Virginia, June 7, 1893.
24. Ibid.; the other account was from John Wallace McCreery, one of Jackson’s couriers; Burton, Extraordinary Circumstances, p. 231.
25. Note that Jackson biographer James I. Robertson believes that Stiles’s account is a fabrication, for various reasons, including that Jackson’s uniform would have been rain-drenched and not dusty, that there would have been no dust on the ground to mark on, etc. Brian K. Burton says that the McCreery account corroborates the Stiles account except in the identification of the drawer of the diagram.
26. Edward Porter Alexander, Fighting for the Confederacy, p. 109.
27. Jackson, Memoirs of Stonewall Jackson, p. 297.
28. Ibid.
29. Cited in Browning, The Seven Days’ Battles, p. 112.
30. Robertson, Stonewall Jackson, p. 495.
31. General William B. Franklin, “Rear Guard Fighting During the Change of Base,” in Underwood and Buel, Battles and Leaders, vol. 2, pp. 377–382; General A. R. Wright, whom Lee sent to join Jackson, actually found this ford, though he did not manage to inform Jackson of that. Still, the charge is valid; the evidence is clear Jackson was not aggressively searching out fords and crossings that day.
32. Alexander, Fighting for the Confederacy, p. 96.
33. Robertson, Stonewall Jackson, p. 499.
34. Hill, “McClellan’s Change of Base and Malvern Hill.”
35. Jackson’s report on Seven Days, February 20, 1863; Official Records, Series 1, vol. 11, ch. 2.
36. Hill, “McClellan’s Change of Base and Malvern Hill.”
37. Henry Kyd Douglas, I Rode with Stonewall, p. 108.
38. William Thomas Poague, Gunner with Stonewall, p. 29.
39. Robertson, Stonewall Jackson, p. 501.
40. Burton, Extraordinary Circumstances, p. 330.
41. Hunter McGuire, “General T. J. (“Stonewall”) Jackson, Confederate States Army: His Career and Character, an Address by Hunter McGuire, M.D., LL.D.,” Southern Historical Society Papers, vol. 25, p. 91.
42. James M. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, p. 470.
CHAPTER THIRTY-SIX: IN WHICH EVERYTHING CHANGES
1. James M. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, pp. 494–495.
2. Ibid., p. 496; Allan Nevins, War for the Union, vol. 2, 1862–1863, pp. 137–138.
3. McClellan to Lincoln, July 7, 1862, Stephen W. Sears, ed., The Civil War Papers of George B. McClellan, pp. 344–345.
4. Brian K. Burton, Extraordinary Circumstances: The Seven Days Battles, pp. 397–398.
5. Clifford Dowdey, The Seven Days: The Emergence of Robert E. Lee, p. 14.
6. Shelby Foote, The Civil War: A Narrative, p. 524.
7. James I. Robertson, Stonewall Jackson: The Man, the Legend, the Soldier, p. 505, citing William W. Blackford, War Years with Jeb Stuart.
8. Letter from Hunter McGuire to Jedediah Hotchkiss, May 28, 1896, Hotchkiss Collection, Library of Congress.
9. Dr. Hunter McGuire, “General Thomas J. Jackson: Reminiscences of the Famous Leader by Dr. Hunter McGuire,” originally in Richmond Dispatch, July 19, 1891; also Southern Historical Society Papers, vol. 19, p. 298.
10. Alexander Boteler, “Stonewall Jackson’s Campaign of 1862,” account in Philadephia Weekly Times, February 11, 1892; also in Southern Historical Society Papers, vol. 40, pp. 180–181.
11. Susan Leigh Blackford and Charles Minor Blackford, Letters From Lee’s Army, p. 89.
12. Ibid.
13. Allen C. Redwood, “With Stonewall Jackson,” Scribner’s Monthly 18, no. 2 (June 1879).
14. Charles Royster, The Destructive War, pp. 43–45.
15. Kenneth Hall, Stonewall Jackson and Religious Faith in Military Command, p. 56.
16. Ibid.
17. Henry Kyd Douglas, I Rode with Stonewall, p. 114.
18. Ibid., pp. 113–114.
19. One win—Gaines’s Mill; two losses—Mechanicsville and Malvern Hill; three draws—Oak Grove, Savage’s Station, Glendale.
20. William Thomas Poague, Gunner with Stonewall, p. 32.
21. John Worsham, One of Jackson’s Foot Cavalry, p. 60.
22. Letter from Jackson to Ewell, July 12, 1862; manuscript in Huntington Library.
23. Douglas, I Rode with Stonewall, p. 119.
24. McGuire, “General Thomas J. Jackson: Reminiscences”; this story is a blend of the accounts of Hunter McGuire and Henry Kyd Douglas.
25. Douglas, I Rode with Stonewall, p. 119.
26. Blackford, Letters from Lee’s Army, p. 86.
27. Douglas Southall Freeman, Lee’s Lieutenants, vol. 1, pp. 610–613.
CHAPTER THIRTY-SEVEN: NO BACKING OUT THIS DAY
1. Frémont resigned rather than serve under McDowell.
2. Louis-Philippe-Albert D’Orleans, Comte de Paris, History of the Civil War in America, p. 245.
3. Official Records, Series 1, vol. 12, pt. 3, pp. 473–474.
4. Richard Taylor, Destruction and Reconstruction, p. 105.
5. Letter from Fitz John Porter to J.C.G. Kennedy, July 17, 1862; Porter Papers, Massachusetts Historical Society.
6. Quote from Cornhill Magazine, cited in Robert K. Krick, Stonewall Jackson at Cedar Mountain, p. 4.
7. Eliza Amelia Dwight, Life and Letters of Wilder Dwight, Lieut. Col., Second Massachusetts Infantry Volunteers, p. 233.
8. John Hennessy, Return to Bull Run, pp. 21–22.
9. James I. Robertson, Stonewall Jackson: The Man, the Legend, the Soldier, p. 514.
10. The Richmond Dispatch of August 5, 1862, quoted a letter to the Philadelphia Inquirer, in which the writer said: “The men are in the best of spirits and the issuing of the recent orders by Gen. Pope have cheered up the drooping hearts of many a weary and foot sore patriot, who . . . has been compelled to mount guard over rebel commissary stores, while Jackson’s crew were refreshing themselves with sleep. . . . ”
11. Hennessy, Return to Bull Run, p. 15. In Return to Bull Run, his definitive book on Second Manassas, Hennessy provides an excellent analysis of Pope’s front-man role.
12. Ed Bonekemper, “General Disobedience: ‘Little Mac’ Let John Pope Twist in the Wind,” Civil War Times, December 2010.
13. Official Records, Series 1, vol. 12, pt. 3, p. 527.
14. Jedediah Hotchkiss, Make Me a Map of the Valley, p. 62.
15. Letter from Anna to Dr. McGuire, August 4, 1862, McGuire Papers, Virginia Historical Society.
16. Letter from Jackson to Anna, sent from Gordonsville, July 28, 1862, Mary Anna Jackson, Memoirs of Stonewall Jackson, p. 310.
17. Robertson, Stonewall Jackson, p. 519.
18. Robert K. Krick, Stonewall Jackson at Cedar Mountain, p. 48.
19. John Pope, The Military Memoirs of John Pope, Notes, p. 271; Pope and his courier (Lee’s nephew) both challenged Banks’s version, saying that Pope never intended for Banks to attack Jackson’s entire army single-handedly.
20. Testimony of Nathaniel Banks before the Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War, Dec. 14, 1864, in Report of the Joint Committee, Second Session, 38th Congress, Washington, 1865.
21. Krick, Stonewall Jackson at Cedar Mountain, p. 45. This is Krick’s estimate of the men who actually fought on August 9, not the total number of effectives present.
22. Ibid., p. 106, citing John Blue’s memoir, Hanging Rock Rebel, p. 119; also cited in Robertson, Stonewall Jackson, p. 528.
23. Sam Smith, “Jackson Is With You! The Battle of Cedar Mountain,” Civil War Trust website.
24. Blue, Hanging Rock Rebel, p. 121.
25. The best evidence for this is the absence of any follow-up to Crawford’s attack. No regiments came up behind him; no effort was made to consolidate his gains; he was more or less left alone on the field, and he was bitter about it.
26. George Henry Gordon, Brook Farm to Cedar Mountain, 1861–2, p. 294.
27. John Worsham, One of Jackson’s Foot Cavalry, p. 112.
28. Gordon, Brook Farm to Cedar Mountain, p. 295.
29. Krick, Stonewall Jackson at Cedar Mountain, p. 186, citing Susan Leigh Blackford and Charles Minor Blackford, Letters from Lee’s Army.
30. Krick, Stonewall Jackson at Cedar Mountain, p. 204.
31. Blackford and Blackford, Letters From Lee’s Army, p. 105.
32. William B. Taliaferro, “Some Personal Reminiscences of Lt.-Gen. Thos. J. (Stonewall) Jackson,” essay in Jackson, Memoirs of Stonewall Jackson, pp. 517–518.
33. Ibid., p. 105.
34. Hotchkiss, Make Me a Map of the Valley, p. 67.
35. S. W. Crawford, quoted in Robert Underwood Johnson and Clarence Clough Buel, eds., Battles and Leaders, vol. 2, p. 459.
36. Krick, Stonewall Jackson at Cedar Mountain, pp. 367–376.
37. Ibid., p. 328.
38. Lee to Jackson, August 12, 1862; Official Records, Series 1, vol. 12, pt. 2, p. 185.
39. Letter from Jackson to Anna, August 11, 1862, Jackson, Memoirs of Stonewall Jackson, p. 312.
40. Blackford and Blackford, Letters from Lee’s Army, entry for August 17, 1862, p. 108.
CHAPTER THIRTY-EIGHT: THE HUM OF A BEEHIVE
1. Description of plunder of local farms, “From the Rappahannock Lines,” Richmond Dispatch, August 25, 1862: “Many a family has been left in a condition verging upon absolute want and starvation.”
2. Peter S. Carmichael, “So Far From God and So Close To Stonewall Jackson,” Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 111, no. 1 (2003), pp. 33–66.
3. Ibid.
4. Ibid.
5. John Overton Casler, Four Years in the Stonewall Brigade, pp. 100–101.
6. Samuel Basset French, Centennial Tale, pp. 15ff; see also James I. Robertson, Stonewall Jackson: The Man, the Legend, the Soldier, pp. 542–544; and Carmichael, “So Far From God.”
7. Carmichael, “So Far From God.”
8. William C. Oates, The War Between the Union and the Confederacy, p. 131.
9. John Hennessy, Return to Bull Run, pp. 28–29; Hennessy points out what most historians do not, that Cedar Mountain produced an immediate shift in Union attitudes.
10. Official Records, Series 1, vol. 12, pt. 3, p. 132; Hennessy has a good summary of this change of heart; see his Return to Bull Run, pp. 29, 40.
11. Official Records, Series 1, vol. 12, pt. 3, pp. 560ff.
12. Robertson, Stonewall Jackson, p. 546.
13. Hennessy, Return to Bull Run, p. 92.
14. Henry Kyd Douglas, I Rode with Stonewall, p. 132.
15. G.F.R. Henderson, Stonewall Jackson and the American Civil War, vol. 2, pp. 123–124. McGuire said he recalled seeing the two “the day before we started to march,” which would have been Sunday the 24th, and thus presumably the same meeting—there was only one as far as we know—that ended with Jackson saying, per Douglas, “I will be moving within an hour.” McGuire’s account varies a bit from Douglas’s, but this would seem to be a function of the passage of time: McGuire was remembering events of thirty-five years before.
16. Douglas, I Rode with Stonewall, p. 133. Jackson, in fact, got his troops moving out of their positions along the river that evening. But he would not be able to leave until morning.
17. Hennessy, Return to Bull Run, p. 94.
18. William B. Taliaferro, “Jackson’s Raid Around Pope,” in Robert Underwood Johnson and Clarence Clough Buel, eds., Battles and Leaders, vol. 2, p. 501.
19. Casler, Four Years in the Stonewall Brigade, p. 107; “We had started with three days’ rations, and if we had failed to make those captures we would have been in a barren country without rations.”
20. Taliaferro, “Jackson’s Raid Around Pope,” p. 501.
21. Oates, The War Between the Union and the Confederacy, p. 133.
22. Gen. James H. Lane, Reminiscences re: General Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson, p. 28.
23. William Thomas Poague, Gunner with Stonewall, pp. 34–35.
24. Official Report of General Thomas J. Jackson on operations from August 15, 1862, to September 3, 1862, Official Records, Series 1, vol. 12, pt. 2, p. 643.
25. Robert L. Dabney, Life and Campaigns of Lieutenant-General Thomas J. Stonewall Jackson, pp. 516–517; Samuel D. Buck, With the Old Confeds, p. 51.
26. Allen C. Redwood, “With Stonewall Jackson,” Scribner’s Monthly 18, no. 2 (June 1879).
27. Hennessy, Return to Bull Run, p. 103.
28. Ibid.
29. I have chosen not to repeat here what seems to be an apocryphal story of Stuart and Jackson meeting and having a jolly exchange about Stuart’s theft of Pope’s overcoat. Jeffry D. Wert, Cavalryman of the Lost Cause: A Biography of J. E. B. Stuart, p. 131.
30. William W. Blackford, War Years with Jeb Stuart, pp. 112–113.
31. Hennessy, Return to Bull Run, p. 117.
32. Ibid., p. 118.
33. Jedediah Hotchkiss, Make Me a Map of the Valley, p. 130, journal entry for April 15, 1863.
34. “Official Report of Thomas Jackson,” Official Records, Series 1, vol. 12, pt. 2, p. 643.
35. Oates, The War Between the Union and the Confederacy, p. 135.
36. Hennessy, Return to Bull Run, p. 130.
37. William W. Blackford, War Years with Jeb Stuart, pp. 116–118.
CHAPTER THIRTY-NINE: AT BAY ON HIS BAPTISMAL SOIL
1. John Hennessy, Return to Bull Run, p. 162.
2. Kearny was so put out by it that he delayed his march against Jackson the next morning, assuming it was yet another of Pope’s wild-goose chases.
3. William W. Blackford, War Years with Jeb Stuart, p. 118.
4. William J. K. Beaudot and Lance J. Hergeden, eds., An Irishman in the Iron Brigade: The Civil War Memoirs of James P. Sullivan.
5. Ibid., p. 44.
6. Allen C. Redwood, “With Stonewall Jackson,” Scribner’s Monthly 18, no. 2 (June 1879).
7. Doubleday is often mistakenly credited with inventing the game of baseball.
8. From Campbell Brown’s Civil War, cited in Hennessy, Return to Bull Run, p. 182.
9. William B. Taliaferro, “Jackson’s Raid Around Pope,” in Robert Underwood Johnson and Clarence Clough Buel, eds., Battles and Leaders, vol. 2, p. 510.
10. Like many hard-fighting brigades in the war the Stonewall Brigade’s numbers had been almost shockingly depleted. By the end of Second Manassas, it was the size of a single, modest regiment.
11. Hennessy, Return to Bull Run, p. 188.
12. George F. Noyes, The Bivouac and the Battlefield: Campaign Sketches in Virginia and Maryland, p. 119.
13. John Gibbon, Personal Recollections of the Civil War, p. 56.
14. Official Records, Series 1, vol. 12, pt. 1.
15. Hennessy, Return to Bull Run, p. 196; the author offers a cogent analysis of the idea that Pope was drawn into a battle he did not need to fight.
16. Carl Schurz, The Reminiscences of Carl Schurz, vol. 2, 1852–1863, pp. 364–365.
17. Jeffry Wert, “Union Major General John Pope Was No Match for Robert E. Lee,” America’s Civil War Magazine, November 1997.
18. Hennessy, Return to Bull Run, p. 272.
19. Ibid., p. 273.
20. Henry Kyd Douglas, I Rode with Stonewall, p. 138.
21. Ibid.
22. Hennessy, Return to Bull Run, p. 283.
23. For more on this see Curt Anders, Injustice on Trial.
24. John Pope, “The Second Battle of Bull Run,” Johnson and Buel, Battles and Leaders, vol. 2, pp. 449–494.
25. Hunter McGuire, “General T. J. ‘Stonewall’ Jackson, Confederate States Army, His Career and Character,” Southern Historical Society Papers, vol. 25, p. 91.
26. Stephen W. Sears, ed., The Civil War Papers of George B. McClellan: Selected Correspondence 1860–1865, p. 368.
27. Ibid., p. 389.
28. Peter Cozzens, General John Pope: A Life for the Nation, pp. 107–134; Cozzens makes a persuasive argument that Halleck shared considerable blame for the failure of Franklin and/or Sumner to advance to Pope’s aid. Most historians have hung it squarely on McClellan.
29. Ibid., pp. 159–163; I am following Cozzens’s arguments closely here on the subject of McClellan’s supposed treachery.
30. James Longstreet, “Our March Against Pope,” in Johnson and Buel, Battles and Leaders, vol. 2., p. 520; in the full quote Longstreet refers to the “Confederate left” as the location of the battle. He obviously meant the Confederate right.
31. Jackson’s report of operations from August 15 to September 5, 1862, Official Records, Series 1, vol. 12, pt. 2, pp. 641ff.
32. Hennessy, Return to Bull Run, p. 351; Hennessy provides the best analysis I have found of the Confederate use of artillery in Porter’s attack.
33. Jackson’s battle report, Official Records, Series 1, vol. 12, pt. 2, p. 643.
34. Schurz, The Reminiscences of Carl Schurz, p. 372.
35. James Longstreet, From Manassas to Appomattox: Memoirs of the Civil War in America, p. 188.
36. Scott C. Patchan, Second Manassas: Longstreet’s Attack and the Struggle for Chinn Ridge, p. 125.
37. Charles Walcott of the 21st Massachusetts, cited in Hennessy, Return to Bull Run, p. 437.
38. William Thomas Poague, Gunner with Stonewall, p. 40.
39. Bruce Catton, Mr. Lincoln’s Army, p. 49.
40. Hennessy, Return to Bull Run, p. 451.
41. Stephen W. Sears, George B. McClellan: The Young Napoleon, p. 262, citing Jacob D. Cox, Military Reminiscences of the Civil War.
CHAPTER FORTY: THE MONGREL, BAREFOOTED CREW
1. Gary W. Gallagher, “The Most Propitious Time . . . for the Confederacy to Enter Maryland,” Civil War Trust (online).
2. Ibid.
3. Major General John G. Walker, “Jackson’s Capture of Harper’s Ferry,” in Robert Underwood Johnson and Clarence Clough Buel, eds., Battles and Leaders, vol. 2, p. 605.
4. The Lee/Jackson relationship prefigures in some ways the Grant/Sherman partnership that would have such a large effect on the latter part of the war.
5. “Jackson Wounded,” Richmond Whig, May 9, 1863, editorial.
6. Jedediah Hotchkiss, Make Me a Map of the Valley, p. 80; James I. Robertson, Stonewall Jackson: The Man, the Legend, the Soldier, p. 597, citing John Newton Lyle, Sketches Found in a Confederate Veteran’s Desk, manuscript, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, Virginia.
7. Henry Kyd Douglas, I Rode with Stonewall, p. 149, also Henry Kyd Douglas, “Stonewall Jackson in Maryland,” in Johnson and Buel, Battles and Leaders, vol. 2, p. 621.
8. Heros Von Borcke, Memoirs of the Confederate War, p. 190.
9. Robertson, Stonewall Jackson, p. 605.
10. James M. McPherson, Crossroads of Freedom: Antietam, p. 94.
11. My translation of “Demandez au gouvernement anglais s’il ne croit pas le moment venu de reconnaître le sud.”
12. James M. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, p. 554.
13. Richard Wheeler, ed., Lee’s Terrible Swift Sword: From Antietam to Chancellorsville, pp. 54–55.
14. Bell Irvin Wiley, The Life of Johnny Reb: The Common Soldier of the Confederacy, p. 118.
15. Keith S. Bohannon, “Confederate Logistical Problems,” in Gary W. Gallagher, ed., The Antietam Campaign, p. 102.
16. Ibid., p. 103.
17. Ibid.
18. Gary W. Gallagher, Antietam: Essays on the 1862 Maryland Campaign, p. 10.
19. Ibid., p. 11.
20. Walker, “Jackson’s Capture of Harper’s Ferry,” p. 605 (footnote).
21. Cited in Jack Coggins, Arms and Equipment of the Civil War, p. 10.
22. John Worsham, One of Jackson’s Foot Cavalry, p. 82.
23. Douglas Southall Freeman, Lee’s Lieutenants, vol. 2, p. 154.
24. William A. Blair, “Maryland Our Maryland: Or How Lincoln and His Army Helped to Define the Confederacy,” essay in Gallagher, The Antietam Campaign, pp. 74–75.
25. James Longstreet, “The Invasion of Maryland,” in Johnson and Buel, Battles and Leaders, vol. 2, p. 606.
26. John Gibbon, Recollections of the Civil War, p. 73.
27. Jeffry D. Wert, Cavalryman of the Lost Cause: A Biography of J. E. B. Stuart, pp. 146–148.
28. Walker, “Jackson’s Capture of Harper’s Ferry,” p. 606.
29. D. H. Hill, “The Battle of South Mountain,” in Johnson and Buel, Battles and Leaders, vol. 2, p. 560.
30. Official Records, Series 1, vol. 19, pt. 2, pp. 289 and 294–295.
31. Walker, “Jackson’s Capture of Harper’s Ferry,” p. 609.
32. Stephen W. Sears, Landscape Turned Red, p. 144.
33. Walker, “Jackson’s Capture of Harper’s Ferry,” p. 611.
34. Official Records, Series 1, vol. 19, pt. 1, p. 951.
35. Robertson, Stonewall Jackson, p. 606.
36. Ibid.
37. Sears, Landscape Turned Red, p. 166.
38. Von Borcke, Memoirs of the Confederate War, p. 221.
39. Freeman, Lee’s Lieutenants, vol. 2, p. 200.
40. William W. Blackford, War Years with Jeb Stuart, p. 144.
41. Ibid., p. 145.
CHAPTER FORTY-ONE: THE BLOOD-WASHED GROUND
1. Edward Porter Alexander, Fighting for the Confederacy, p. 146.
2. Ibid.
3. Ibid.
4. Stephen T. Whitman, Antietam 1862, p. 101.
5. Stephen W. Sears, Landscape Turned Red, p. 173.
6. Richard Slotkin, The Long Road to Antietam: How the Civil War Became a Revolution, p. 226.
7. William Thomas Poague, Gunner with Stonewall, p. 44.
8. Henry Kyd Douglas, I Rode with Stonewall, pp. 146–147. Douglas’s comment was that on several occasions “Hill had exhibited a provoking want of promptness in spite of orders and it became necessary for the General to teach him one lesson at least.”
9. Douglas, I Rode with Stonewall, p. 167.
10. Slotkin, The Long Road to Antietam, p. 225.
11. Sears, Landscape Turned Red, p. 141.
12. This involved knocking the powder cartridge off against the hub of a wheel, and placing that cylinder in the barrel after the charged one. The effect was like discharging both barrels of a double-barreled shotgun. John Gibbon, Recollections of the Civil War, p. 83.
13. Ibid., p. 81.
14. Sears, Landscape Turned Red, p. 200.
15. Slotkin, The Long Road to Antietam, p. 266. Here I have followed Richard Slotkin’s excellent analysis of this phenomenon, which was not limited to the Battle of Antietam.
16. Sears, Landscape Turned Red, p. 202.
17. Official Records, Series 1, vol. 19, pt. 1, p. 218.
18. Sears, Landscape Turned Red, p. 213; Slotkin, The Long Road to Antietam, p. 277; movement of Stuart’s artillery from Jackson’s official report of the battle.
19. Early was his other reserve, but was occupied in the early morning in support of Stuart’s artillery on Nicodemus Hill; Jackson later moved him into the West Woods.
20. This offers a classic example of the value of “interior lines.” Sedgwick’s division had to take “the long way around” from its position behind Antietam Creek. Lee’s troops could move in straight lines, over shorter distances.
21. In his 2002 book Disaster in the West Woods, Marion Armstrong argues that Sumner’s decision to march for the Confederate flank was supported by his own reconnaissance, and not necessarily the foolish decision it is often portrayed to be. He thought he knew where Jackson’s men were; he did not. His choice of marching order is less defensible, as was his decision to have a single untested regiment protect his left.
22. Francis Winthrop Palfrey, The Antietam and Fredericksburg, p. 83.
23. Sears, Landscape Turned Red, p. 224.
24. Gibbon, Recollections of the Civil War, p. 88.
25. Sears, Landscape Turned Red, pp. 230, 248–249.
26. Jackson’s official report of the battles of Harpers Ferry and Antietam.
27. James I. Robertson, Stonewall Jackson: The Man, the Legend, the Soldier, p. 616.
28. Ibid., p. 614.
29. Douglas Southall Freeman, Lee’s Lieutenants, p. 202; Freeman’s assessment of Jackson’s performance was “shrewd, vigorous and free of mistakes,” p. 240.
30. “Jackson and Ewell: The Latter’s Opinion of His Chief—Interview with Col. Benjamin Ewell,” Southern Historical Society Papers, vol. 20, p. 30.
31. Hunter McGuire to Jedediah Hotchkiss, March 30, 1896; cited in Robertson, Stonewall Jackson, p. 617.
32. George F. Noyes, Bivouac and the Battlefield, p. 196.
33. Ibid.
34. Stephen W. Sears, Chancellorsville, p. 326.
35. Slotkin, The Long Road to Antietam, p. 310.
36. Ibid., pp. 319–320.
37. Freeman, Lee’s Lieutenants, p. 221.
38. Sears, Landscape Turned Red, p. 292.
39. James I. Robertson Jr., Stonewall Jackson, pp. 290–291.
40. Ibid., p. 155.
41. Douglas, I Rode with Stonewall, p. 179.
42. Official Records, Series 1, vol. 19, pt. 1, pp. 32, 65.
43. McClellan to his wife, September 20, 1862; Stephen W. Sears, The Civil War Papers of George B. McClellan, p. 473.
44. Report of Lieutenant General Jackson of operations September 5–27, 1862, Official Records, Series 1, vol. 9, p. 580.
45. James M. McPherson, Crossroads of Freedom: Antietam, pp. 136–137.
46. Ralph Waldo Emerson, “The President’s Proclamation,” Atlantic, November 1862.
47. Official Records, Series 1, vol. 24, pt. 3, p. 157.
CHAPTER FORTY-TWO: STONEWALL JACKSON’S WAY
1. Lenoir Chambers, Stonewall Jackson, vol. 2, p. 314; in camp, Jackson was generally in the habit of “receiving, each morning, for reports and plans, his quartermaster, commissary, ordnance, and medical officers.”
2. Colonel Garnet Wolseley, “A Month’s Visit to the Confederate Headquarters,” Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine, January 1863.
3. Chambers, Stonewall Jackson, p. 338.
4. James I. Robertson, Stonewall Jackson: The Man, the Legend, the Soldier, p. 633.
5. Wolseley, “A Month’s Visit to the Confederate Headquarters.”
6. Mary Anna Jackson, Memoirs of Stonewall Jackson, p. 358.
7. Ibid., p. 411.
8. Chambers, Stonewall Jackson, p. 311. Chambers states that the only other known illness during the war was an ear problem of some sort in December 1862 after the battle at Fredericksburg; he mentions his eyes once and his ears once in letters to Anna but these did not seem to be significant problems and in any case nothing like what he experienced before the war.
9. Robertson, Stonewall Jackson, p. 628, citing David Ballenger letter, October 24, 1862.
10. Henry Kyd Douglas, I Rode with Stonewall, pp. 197–198.
11. Ibid.
12. Jackson, Memoirs of Stonewall Jackson, p. 349.
13. Robertson, Stonewall Jackson, p. 629.
14. Ibid., p. 635.
15. Susan Leigh Blackford and Charles Minor Blackford, Letters from Lee’s Army, pp. 130–131.
16. Douglas, I Rode with Stonewall, p. 196.
17. Heros Von Borcke, Memoirs of the Confederate War, vol. 1, pp. 295–296; G.F.R. Henderson, Stonewall Jackson and the American Civil War, vol. 2, pp. 282–283.
18. Von Borcke, Memoirs of the Confederate War, vol. 1, pp. 295–296; Robertson, Stonewall Jackson, p. 630, citing September 30, 1862, Jackson letter to Stuart, J. E. B. Stuart Papers, Huntington; Jeffry Wert, Cavalryman of the Lost Cause, p. 165.
19. Douglas, I Rode with Stonewall, p. 186.
20. Ibid.
21. Official Records, Series 1, vol. 19, pt. 1, Report of Major General Henry W. Halleck of operations September 3–October 24, 1862.
22. Stephen W. Sears, ed., The Civil War Papers of George B. McClellan, p. 500.
23. John Hay and John G. Nicolay, Abraham Lincoln: A History, vol. 7, p. 363.
24. Sears, The Civil War Papers, pp. 481, 514, 515.
25. Ibid., p. 521, McClellan to Mary B. Burnside, November 8, 1862.
26. George C. Rable, Fredericksburg! Fredericksburg!, p. 90.
27. Letter from Sandie Pendleton to “Mary,” November 9, 1862; Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina.
28. Jackson, Memoirs of Stonewall Jackson, p. 352.
29. Wolseley, “A Month’s Visit to the Confederate Headquarters.”
30. Jackson, Memoirs of Stonewall Jackson, pp. 360–361.
31. Ibid., p. 361.
32. Ibid., pp. 361–362.
33. Ibid., p. 377.
34. Blackford and Blackford, Letters from Lee’s Army, p. 146.
35. Alan T. Nolan, “Confederate Leadership,” essay in Gary W. Gallagher, ed., The Fredericksburg Campaign: Decision on the Rappahannock, pp. 37–38.
36. Rable, Fredericksburg! Fredericksburg!, 162.
37. Edward Porter Alexander, Fighting for the Confederacy, p. 170.
38. Rable, Fredericksburg! Fredericksburg!, p. 164.
39. Alexander, Fighting for the Confederacy, p. 171.
40. Douglas, I Rode with Stonewall, p. 205.
41. Von Borcke, Memoirs of the Confederate War, vol. 2, p. 213.
42. Henderson, Stonewall Jackson and the American Civil War, vol. 2, p. 313.
43. Jackson made it clear in his battle report that the gap, a small piece of his two-mile front that he likely was not aware of, was Hill’s responsibility. Jackson refers to “the interval which he [Hill] had left between Archer and Lane.” Nolan, “Confederate Leadership,” p. 40.
44. Rable, Fredericksburg! Fredericksburg!, p. 206.
45. Ibid., p. 253.
46. Eric J. Wittenberg, David J. Petruzzi, and Michael F. Nugent, One Continuous Fight.
47. Alexander, Fighting for the Confederacy, p. 185.
48. Nolan, “Confederate Leadership,” p. 42.
49. William Marvel, “The Making of a Myth,” essay in Gallagher, The Fredericksburg Campaign, p. 23.
50. Rable, Fredericksburg! Fredericksburg!, p. 324.
51. Ibid., p. 387.
52. Alexander, Fighting for the Confederacy, p. 158.
53. Alexander Robinson Boteler, “At Fredericksburg With Stonewall,” Philadelphia Weekly Times, August 6, 1881.
54. There are several different accounts of this nighttime visit to Gregg, including two versions by McGuire himself. Boteler also has an account from his perspective, as a guest in Jackson’s tent that night. Boteler, “At Fredericksburg With Stonewall”; for a listing of the other accounts, see Robertson’s note 148 on p. 906 of Stonewall Jackson.
55. Stephen W. Sears, Chancellorsville, p. 24.
CHAPTER FORTY-THREE: WINTER OF DREAMS
1. Drew Gilpin Faust, This Republic of Suffering, pp. 23ff.
2. Stephen W. Sears, Chancellorsville, p. 36.
3. James M. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, p. 638.
4. Ibid., p. 617.
5. Edward Porter Alexander, Fighting for the Confederacy, p. 188.
6. Robert K. Krick, “Janie Corbin, Stonewall Jackson, and the Famous Gold Braid,” privately published booklet, 2007.
7. Lenoir Chambers, Stonewall Jackson, p. 334.
8. James Power Smith, “Stonewall Jackson in Winter Quarters at Moss Neck,” speech given at Winchester, VA, January 19, 1898, manuscript, in Hotchkiss Papers, Library of Congress; Robert Lewis Dabney, Life and Campaigns of Lieutenant-General Thomas J. Stonewall Jackson, p. 638.
9. Sears, Chancellorsville, pp. 47–48.
10. Krick, “Janie Corbin, Stonewall Jackson, and the Famous Gold Braid.”
11. Mrs. Roberta Cary Corbin Kinsolving, “Stonewall Jackson in Winter Quarters: Memories of Moss Neck in the Winter of 1862-3,” Confederate Veteran, vol. 20, January 1912.
12. Sears, Chancellorsville, p. 76.
13. James Power Smith, “The Religious Character of Stonewall Jackson: Delivered at the Inauguration of the Stonewall Jackson Memorial Building, VMI, June 23, 1897.”
14. Dabney, Life and Campaigns of Lieutenant-General Thomas J. Stonewall Jackson, p. 639.
15. Krick, “Janie Corbin, Stonewall Jackson, and the Famous Gold Braid,” citing Hunter McGuire letter to Lieutenant William McWillie.
16. Mary Anna Jackson, Memoirs of Stonewall Jackson, p. 396.
17. Smith, 1897 address.
18. Jackson, Memoirs of Stonewall Jackson, p. 401.
19. Henry Kyd Douglas, I Rode with Stonewall, p. 209.
20. James I. Robertson, Stonewall Jackson: The Man, the Legend, the Soldier, p. 682, citing Hotchkiss letter to Sara Hotchkiss, January 23, 1863.
21. Smith, 1898 address.
22. John Overton Casler, Four Years in the Stonewall Brigade, pp. 202ff.
23. Bell Irvin Wiley, The Life of Johnny Reb: The Common Soldier of the Confederacy, p. 60.
24. Ibid., p. 53, citing letter from W. C. McClellan to his sister, March 1863.
25. Casler, Four Years in the Stonewall Brigade, pp. 202ff; see also Chambers, Stonewall Jackson, p. 333.
26. Sears, Chancellorsville, p. 39.
27. Bruce Catton, Mr. Lincoln’s Army, pp. 181–182.
28. Jackson, Memoirs of Stonewall Jackson, p. 395.
29. Jackson to White, March 9, 1863, in Dabney, Life and Campaigns of Lieutenant-General Thomas J. Stonewall Jackson, pp. 645–646.
30. “Beverly Tucker Lacy’s Narrative of His War Experiences,” Dabney Collection, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina.
31. Ibid.
32. Chambers, Stonewall Jackson, p. 353.
33. Ibid., p. 352.
34. Lacy narrative.
35. Jedediah Hotchkiss, Make Me a Map of the Valley, p. 123.
36. Dabney, Life and Campaigns of Lieutenant-General Thomas J. Stonewall Jackson, p. 649.
37. Ibid., p. 644.
38. Hotchkiss, Make Me a Map of the Valley, p. 124; Douglas goes into some detail about the poor quality of the battle reports, and resentment that Sandie Pendleton was both passed over for chief of staff and not allowed to write the reports. Douglas, I Rode with Stonewall, p. 210.
39. Hotchkiss, Make Me a Map of the Valley, p. 126.
40. Jackson’s Charges and Specifications against A. P. Hill, Thomas J. Jackson Papers, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina.
41. Douglas Southall Freeman, Lee’s Lieutenants, vol. 2, p. 514.
42. Hotchkiss memo on A. P. Hill in Hotchkiss Papers, Library of Congress, Reel 49.
43. Jackson, Memoirs of Stonewall Jackson, p. 397.
44. Ibid., pp. 397–398.
45. Jackson letters to Anna of February 7 and 14, 1863, Jackson, Memoirs of Stonewall Jackson, pp. 26–28.
46. Jackson letter to Anna, February 7, 1863, Jackson, Memoirs of Stonewall Jackson, p. 402.
47. Jackson, Memoirs of Stonewall Jackson, p. 409.
48. Douglas, I Rode with Stonewall, p. 218.
49. Jackson, Memoirs of Stonewall Jackson, p. 411.
50. Ibid., p. 413.
51. Ibid., p. 416.
CHAPTER FORTY-FOUR: COMETH THE HOUR, COMETH THE MAN
1. Soon to be known as “Lee’s Hill.” But in 1862 it was known by its original name. Park Service notes, Fredericksburg and Spotsylvania National Military Park.
2. Edward Porter Alexander, Fighting for the Confederacy, p. 302.
3. Fitzhugh Lee, “Address at the 9th Annual Reunion of the Virginia Division of the Army of Virginia Association” (1879), in T.M.R. Talcott, “General Lee’s Strategy at Chancellorsville,” Southern Historical Society Papers, vol. 34, 1906, p. 13.
4. John Hennessy, “We Shall Make Richmond Howl,” essay in Gary W. Gallagher, ed., Chancellorsville: The Battle and Its Aftermath, p. 7.
5. Ibid., pp. 10–11.
6. Stephen W. Sears, Chancellorsville, pp. 132, 151.
7. Ibid., p. 168.
8. Ibid., p. 189.
9. W. G. Bean, Stonewall’s Man: Sandie Pendleton, p. 109.
10. Sears, Chancellorsville, p. 192.
11. Posey would be promoted to brigadier general that spring, with date of rank November 1, 1862.
12. James Power Smith, “Stonewall’s Last Battle,” Century Magazine 32, no. 6 (1886).
13. Sears, Chancellorsville, p. 210.
14. Ibid., p. 212.
15. Ibid., p. 211.
16. Edward Longacre, The Commanders of Chancellorsville, p. 173.
17. R. T. Bennett, “With Glowing Apostrophe to General T. J. Jackson,” An Address Before the Ladies Memorial Association, Charlotte, North Carolina, May 10, 1906, in Southern Historical Society Papers, vol. 34, p. 55.
18. John Esten Cooke, The Life of Stonewall Jackson, p. 7.
19. Edward Porter Alexander, Fighting for the Confederacy, p. 196.
20. Lee, “Address at the 9th Annual Reunion of the Virginia Division of the Army of Virginia Association.”
21. Sears, Chancellorsville, p. 233.
22. Much has been written of this conference, specifically focusing on whose idea the flanking march was. Lee and Jackson were always intensely collaborative, and this meeting was no exception. By his own later description, Lee had first proposed this movement to Jackson, and Jackson had heartily agreed. What remained was to work out the details of the march, the Union position, and so forth, and this was presumably what they spent so much time doing that evening and then later the following morning. Lee gave a good accounting in a January 25, 1866, letter to Anna Jackson after he had read a draft of Dabney’s biography giving credit to Jackson for the idea. “I am misrepresented at the Battle of Chancellorsville in proposing an attack in front,” Lee wrote. “. . . On the contrary, I decided against it, and stated to General Jackson, we must attack on our left as soon as practicable; and the necessary movement of the troops began immediately. In consequence of a report received about that time from General Fitzhugh Lee describing the position of the federal army, and the roads which he held with his army leading to its rear, General Jackson, after some inquiry concerning the roads leading to the furnace, undertook to throw his command entirely in Hooker’s rear, which he accomplished with equal skill and boldness.” The usually reliable Jed Hotchkiss concluded that the marching orders had not been given until near dawn on May 2, when in fact Lee gave them the preceding evening. See the account of this historical dispute in T.M.R. Talcott, “General Lee’s Strategy at Chancellorsville,” Southern Historical Society Papers, vol. 34, 1906.
23. “Beverly Tucker Lacy’s Narrative of His War Experiences,” Dabney Collection, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina.
24. G.F.R. Henderson, Stonewall Jackson and the American Civil War, vol. 2, pp. 431ff.
25. James I. Robertson, Stonewall Jackson: The Man, the Legend, the Soldier, p. 717.
26. Alexander, Fighting for the Confederacy, p. 201.
27. Sears, Chancellorsville, p. 228.
28. Fitzhugh Lee, General Lee, p. 248.
29. Ibid.
30. Jackson dispatch to Lee, May 2, 1862, 3 p.m. (original in Virginia Historical Society, Henry Brainerd McClellan Papers).
31. James Power Smith, “Stonewall’s Last Battle.”
32. David Gregg McIntosh, The Campaign of Chancellorsville, p. 76.
33. Sears, Chancellorsville, p. 286.
34. Captain Richard Eggleston Wilbourn, letter to Charles J. Faulkner, May 1863, Virginia Historical Society, Faulkner Papers.
35. Robert K. Krick, “The Smoothbore Volley That Doomed the Confederacy,” essay in Gallagher, Chancellorsville: The Battle and Its Aftermath, p. 108.
36. Sears, Chancellorsville, p. 284.
CHAPTER FORTY-FIVE: “AN IRON SABRE VOWED TO AN IRON LORD”
1. From the description of Stonewall Jackson in Stephen Vincent Benet’s epic poem “John Brown’s Body.”
2. Stephen W. Sears, Chancellorsville, p. 290.
3. Robert K. Krick, “The Smoothbore Volley That Doomed the Confederacy,” essay in Gary W. Gallagher, ed., Chancellorsville: The Battle and Its Aftermath, p. 111.
4. Ibid., p. 113.
5. Ibid. Though much historical ink has been used up trying to figure out what happened and who was to blame, Krick’s meticulous 1996 account of these events is the best I have read and I am largely following his analysis here.
6. Letter from Richard Eggleston Wilbourn to Colonel Charles Faulkner, May 1863, Virginia Historical Society.
7. Krick, “The Smoothbore Volley That Doomed the Confederacy,” pp. 129–130.
8. Hunter McGuire, “The Death of Stonewall Jackson,” in Southern Historical Society Papers, vol. 14, p. 155.
9. James Power Smith, “Stonewall’s Last Battle,” Century Magazine 32, no. 6 (1886).
10. Ibid.
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid.
13. McGuire, “The Death of Stonewall Jackson.”
14. “Beverly Tucker Lacy’s Narrative of His War Experiences,” Dabney Collection, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina.
15. Ibid.
16. Mary Anna Jackson, Memoirs of Stonewall Jackson, pp. 443–444.
17. McGuire, “The Death of Stonewall Jackson.”
18. Lacy narrative.
19. James I. Robertson, Stonewall Jackson: The Man, the Legend, the Soldier, p. 739.
20. Lacy narrative.
21. Robert Lewis Dabney, Life and Campaigns of Lieutenant-General Thomas J. Stonewall Jackson, pp. 714–715.
22. Jackson, Memoirs of Stonewall Jackson, p. 446; Lacy narrative.
23. McGuire, “The Death of Stonewall Jackson.”
24. “Surgeon: Pneumonia Likely Killed ‘Stonewall’ Jackson,” Associated Press, May 10, 2013.
25. Source: CivilWarAcademy.com
26. Jackson, Memoirs of Stonewall Jackson, p. 449.
27. Hetty had been given along with two other slaves to the Jacksons as a wedding gift from Anna’s father. She had then accompanied Anna to North Carolina after the war started.
28. Jackson, Memoirs of Stonewall Jackson, p. 450.
29. Ibid., p. 451.
30. Ibid., p. 452.
31. McGuire, “The Death of Stonewall Jackson.”
32. “Translated” in Christian terms means “passing on” or “entering paradise.” The sentence means, simply, that he will be much better off in the presence of God.
33. Ibid.
34. Jackson, Memoirs of Stonewall Jackson, p. 456.
35. Lacy narrative.
CHAPTER FORTY-SIX: IMMORTALITY
1. Davis to Lee, May 11, 1863, Official Records, Series 1, vol. 25, pt. 2.
2. Raleigh Colston, “Address of General R. E. Colston Before the Ladies’ Memorial Assoc. at Wilmington, NC, May 10, 1870,” Southern Historical Society Papers, vol. 21, p. 45.
3. Mary Anna Jackson, Memoirs of Stonewall Jackson, p. 458; Jackson’s death mask, at the Valentine Museum in Richmond, shows how thin his face had become, especially when contrasted with the photograph taken of him a few months before.
4. Ibid., p. 459.
5. Cited in James I. Robertson, Stonewall Jackson: The Man, the Legend, the Soldier, p. 755.
6. Lee to Seddon, May 10, 1863, Official Records, Series 1, vol. 25, pt. 2, p. 791.
7. Drew Gilpin Faust, This Republic of Suffering, p. 155.
8. Cited in Lenoir Chambers, Stonewall Jackson, vol. 2, pp. 451–452.
9. Henry Kyd Douglas, I Rode with Stonewall, p. 38.
10. Chambers, Stonewall Jackson, vol. 2, p. 453.
11. There are various versions of this list of generals serving as pallbearers. This one, from Robertson, seems to be the most reasonable.
12. Little Sorrel had bolted through Union lines and was a captive. He would later be returned.
13. “Funeral procession of Lieut. Gen. Thos. J. Jackson,” Richmond Dispatch, May 13, 1863; “The death of General Jackson and Funeral ceremonies,” Richmond Dispatch, May 12, 1863. Note that I have left off Longstreet as a pallbearer, as did the Dispatch in its several articles that listed in detail the participants in the procession.Though some books have included Longstreet in the list, it would seem impossible for the leading local paper to have missed the presence as pallbearer of the second most prominent soldier in the Confederacy.
14. Jackson, Memoirs of Stonewall Jackson, p. 461; Robert Lewis Dabney, Life and Campaigns of Lieutenant-General Thomas J. Stonewall Jackson, p. 731.
15. James Longstreet, From Manassas to Appomattox: A Memoir of the Civil War in America, p. 332.
16. Robertson, Stonewall Jackson, p. 756.
17. Elizabeth Preston Allan, The Life and Letters of Margaret Junkin Preston, p. 165.
18. Dabney, Life and Campaigns of Lieutenant-General Thomas J. Stonewall Jackson, p. 731.
19. Faust, This Republic of Suffering, p. 156. Faust makes some of these points in regard to Lincoln’s death. I am extending her point to include Jackson since the two are so obviously similar. The comparison is mine, not hers.
20. Ibid.
21. Thomas Reed Turner, Beware the People Weeping: Public Opinion and the Assassination of Abraham Lincoln, p. 91.
22. Charles Royster, The Destructive War, p. 45.
23. Robert K. Krick, “The Smoothbore Round That Doomed the Confederacy,” essay in Gary W. Gallagher, ed., Chancellorsville: The Battle and Its Aftermath, p. 133.
24. Chronicle, May 13, 1863.
25. Chambers, Stonewall Jackson, vol. 2, p. 459.
26. D. X. Junkin, George Junkin, D.D., LL.D.: A Historical Biography, pp. 551–552.
27. Royster, The Destructive War, p. 213.
28. Ibid., pp. 227–228.
29. Jackson, Memoirs of Stonewall Jackson, p. 463.
30. Ibid.
31. “The Funeral of Stonewall Jackson,” Lexington Gazette, May 20, 1863; VMI archives online.
32. Chambers, Stonewall Jackson, vol. 2, p. 457.
33. Letter from Jackson to his sister, Laura, March 4, 1854, commenting on his mother-in-law’s passing: “Her death was no leaping into the dark. She died with the bright hope of an unending immortality of happiness.”