BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE
In writing this book I have not attempted to be comprehensive in reporting the details of Jackson’s life. I leave that to such admirable biographers as Lenoir Chambers, James I. Robertson Jr., and G.F.R. Henderson. Instead of putting in everything known about Jackson, my approach has been to include facts and analysis that I feel best illuminate my subject. Thus, if there are twelve recorded incidents of Jackson raising his hand in prayer during battle, the reader will see only three or four of them, with an explanation that this is what he generally does. Jackson mentions his relationship with God frequently in letters to his wife, Anna, and his sister, Laura, but here the reader will find only a fraction of those cited, with the idea that they are representative of his behavior. The book is thus highly selective, and I will leave it to the reader to decide if I have chosen the facts that best bring the man into focus. I offer Rebel Yell as a biographical work, but not as a full-scale, A-to-Z biography.
I have consulted a variety of sources. My main reliance has been on the truly astounding quantity of published primary sources available on the Civil War and on Jackson’s life, including much material that is now available online from various collections. I have tried to base my own analysis and conclusions as much as possible on documents of the era, from the Official Records and the Report of the Committee on the Conduct of the War to letters, memoirs, diaries, battle reports, and other contemporaneous observations. I have also made use of various library collections of manuscripts and other materials, as noted below. Another hallmark of Civil War research is the tremendous amount of secondary material, including eight significant biographies of Jackson since 1864. One of the burdens of this sort of research is that one has to be familiar with the work that has gone before, and there is a fair amount of it.
I have relied on some very fine monographs or microhistories—detailed, well-researched books focused on single battles or campaigns. I would like to acknowledge my debt to Peter Cozzens for his definitive work on the valley campaign, Shenandoah 1862: Stonewall Jackson’s Valley Campaign; John Hennessy for his two equally definitive works on the Manassas battles: First Battle of Manassas: An End to Innocence and Return to Bull Run: The Campaign and Battle of Second Manassas; Robert K. Krick for his excellent analysis of two valley battles, Conquering the Valley: Stonewall Jackson at Port Republic and Stonewall Jackson at Cedar Mountain, plus a number of good essays, including the definitive studies of Jackson’s death and his time at Moss Neck plus his generally encyclopedic knowledge of Stonewall Jackson; Gary Ecelbarger’s solid research in Three Days in the Shenandoah: Stonewall Jackson at Front Royal and Winchester and We Are in for It! The First Battle of Kernstown; Brian K. Burton for his exhaustiveExtraordinary Circumstances: The Seven Days Battles; and finally Stephen W. Sears for his superb works on two battles, Chancellorsville and Landscape Turned Red: The Battle of Antietam. Though I cannot possibly match the depth of their research (without writing a five-thousand-page biography), I can use them as one might use a wise and experienced guide through dense forest. They have my gratitude.
COLLECTIONS/MANUSCRIPTS
(as cited in the text)
Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
Duke University/Rubinstein Library, Durham, North Carolina
Henry E. Huntington Library, Pasadena, California
Library of Congress, Washington, DC
Library of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia
Museum of the Confederacy/Eleanor S. Brockenbrough Collection, Richmond, Virginia
National Archives, Washington, DC
North Carolina Office of Archives and History, Raleigh, North Carolina
Stonewall Jackson House, Lexington, Virginia
Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
University of North Carolina/Southern Historical Collection, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
Valentine Museum, Richmond, Virginia
Virginia Historical Society, Richmond, Virginia
Virginia Military Institute, Lexington, Virginia
Washington and Lee University, Lexington, Virginia
West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
NEWSPAPERS
Berkshire Eagle (Pittsfield, Mass.)
Charleston Mercury
Clarksburg News
Daily Evening Bulletin (Philadelphia)
Daily South Carolinian
London Times
Courier-Journal (Louisville, KY)
Macon Daily Telegraph
Montgomery Advertiser (Alabama)
National Tribune
New York Herald Tribune
New York Times
New York Weekly Tribune
Philadelphia Inquirer
Philadelphia Press
Philadelphia Weekly Times
Richmond Dispatch
Richmond Enquirer
Richmond Examiner
Richmond Times
Richmond Whig
Washington Evening Star
Washington Post
MAGAZINES
America’s Civil War Magazine
Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine
Blue and Gray
Century Magazine
Civil War: Magazine of the Civil War Society
Civil War Times
Confederate Veteran
Cornhill Magazine
Hallowed Ground Magazine
Harper’s
Land That We Love
Scribner’s Monthly
Southern Literary Messenger
The Independent (New York)
Union Seminary Review
GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTS
U.S. Senate, 37th Congress, Report of the Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War, 10 volumes.
U.S. War Department, The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, 128 volumes, Washington, DC, 1880–1901 (referred to throughout as Official Records).
GENERAL CONTEMPORANEOUS SOURCES
Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, volumes 1–3.
Confederate Veteran, 40 volumes.
Southern Historical Society Papers, 52 volumes; DVD published by Eastern Digital Resource.
MISCELLANEOUS SOURCES
Boteler, Alexander R. Speech to House of Representatives, January 25, 1860, West Virginia State Archives, Boyd F. Stutler Collection, John Brown Pamphlets, vol. 12.
Brown, Dee. “War on Horseback,” The Image of War 1861–1865, Volume 4; Fighting for Time, National Historical Society.
Haley, Megan. “The African American Experience in Thomas ‘Stonewall’ Jackson’s Lexington,” paper for graduate fellowship, Stonewall Jackson House, Lexington, Virginia.
McGuire, Dr. Hunter. Career and Character of Stonewall Jackson, Address on June 23, 1897, at the dedication of the Jackson Memorial Hall in Lexington, Virginia, and later to the R. E. Lee Camp Confederate Veterans, Richmond, July 2, 1897.
Smith, James Power. “The Religious Character of Stonewall Jackson: Delivered at the Inauguration of the Stonewall Jackson Memorial Building, VMI, June 23, 1897,” Lynchburg, Virginia, J. P. Bell, 1897.
———. Stonewall Jackson and Chancellorsville: A Paper read before the Military Historical Society of Massachusetts on the First of March, 1904. Published by R. E. Lee Camp, no. 1, Confederate Veterans, Richmond, Virginia.
Snell, Mark A. “Bankers, Businessmen and Benevolence: An Analysis of the Antebellum Finances of Thomas J. Jackson,” typed manuscript. Stonewall Jackson House Graduate Student Fellow, 1989, Virginia Historical Society.
INTERNET SOURCES
CivilWarAcademy.com
Frye, Dennis, “Stonewall Jackson at Harper’s Ferry,” Historynet.com
Grimsley, Mark, “How to Read a Civil War Battlefield,” www.cohums.ohio-state.edu/history/people/grimsley.1/tour/default.htm
Krick, Bobby, interview with, “The Battle of Gaines’s Mill: Then and Now,” Civil War Trust
Miller, William J., “The Seven Days Battles,” 2013 essay in Civil War Trust.
Pittman, Rickey E., “Stonewall Jackson’s Black Sunday School,” reviewed in Black History Month magazine, February 24, 2010.
“The Rifle-Musket and the Minié Ball,” History.net, June 12, 2006.
Smith, Sam, “Jackson Is With You! The Battle of Cedar Mountain,” Civil War Trust website.
Taylor, Lonn, “Blue Light Presbyterians,” online posting, Texas History Forum, August 15, 1998.
“War on Horseback,” civilwarhome.com
Wilbourn, Captain Richard Eggleston, letter to Charles J. Faulkner, May 1863, Virginia Historical Society, Faulkner Papers (online).
BOOKS
Alexander, Bevin. Lost Victories and the Military Genius of Stonewall Jackson. New York: Henry Holt, 1992.
Alexander, Edward Porter. Fighting for the Confederacy: The Personal Recollections of General Edward Porter Alexander. Edited by Gary Gallagher. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1989.
Allan, Elizabeth Preston. The Life and Letters of Margaret Junkin Preston. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin and Company, 1903.
Allan, William. History of the Campaign of Gen. T. J. (Stonewall) Jackson in the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia from November 4, 1861, to June 17, 1862. Dayton, Ohio: Morningside House, 1987.
Allen, Ujanirtus. Campaigning with “Old Stonewall”: Confederate Captain Ujanirtus Allen’s Letters to His Wife. Edited by Randall Allen and Keith Bohannon. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1998.
Armstrong, Marion. Disaster in the West Woods: General Edwin V. Sumner and the II Corps at Antietam. Sharpsburg, Md.: Western Independent Interpretive Assn., 2002.
Arnold, Thomas Jackson. Early Life and Letters of General Thomas J. Jackson. New York: Fleming H. Revell Company, 1914.
Austin, Aurelia. Georgia Boys with “Stonewall” Jackson: James Thomas Thompson and the Walton Infantry. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1967.
Bartlett, Napier. A Soldier’s Story of the War, Including the Marches and Battles of the Washington Artillery. New Orleans, 1874.
Bean, W. G. Stonewall’s Man: Sandie Pendleton. Wilmington, N.C.: Broadfoot Publishing Co., 1987 (originally published 1959).
Beaudot, William J. K., and Lance J. Herdegen, eds. An Irishman in the Iron Brigade: The Civil War Memoirs of James P. Sullivan, Sergt., Company K, 6th Wisconsin Volunteers. New York: Fordham University Press, 1993.
Benet, Steven Vincent. Selected Works of Steven Vincent Benet. New York: Farrar and Rinehart, 1942.
Bennett, William. A Narrative of the Great Revival which Prevailed in the Southern Armies. Philadelphia: Claxton, Remsen, and Haffelfinger, 1877.
Bierce, Ambrose. The Collected Works of Ambrose Bierce. New York: The Neale Publishing Co., 1909.
Blackford, Susan Leigh, and Charles Minor Blackford. Letters from Lee’s Army, or Memoirs of Life in and out of the Army in Virginia During the War Between the States. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1947.
Blackford, William W. War Years with Jeb Stuart. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1945.
Blue, John. Hanging Rock Rebel: Lt. John Blue’s War in West Virginia and the Shenandoah Valley. Shippensburg, Pa.: Burd Street Press, 1994.
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Browning, Judkin. The Seven Days’ Battles: The War Begins Anew. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Praeger, 2012.
Buck, Samuel D. With the Old Confeds: Actual experiences of a captain in the line. Gaithersburg, Md.: Butternut Press, 1983.
Burton, Brian K. Extraordinary Circumstances: The Seven Days Battles. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2001.
Caldwell, Willie Walker. Stonewall Jim: A Biography of General James A. Walker, CSA. Elliston, Va.: Northcross House, 1990.
Casler, John Overton. Four Years in the Stonewall Brigade, 2nd ed. Revised, corrected, and improved by Major Jed Hotchkiss. Girard, Kans.: Appeal Publishing Company, 1906; Guthrie, Okla.: State Capital Printing Co., 1893.
Catton, Bruce. Civil War Trilogy: “The Coming Fury,” “Terrible Swift Sword,” and “Never Call Retreat.” London: Phoenix Press, 1963.
———. Mr. Lincoln’s War. New York: Pocket Books, 1964.
———. A Stillness at Appomattox. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1953.
———. This Hallowed Ground: The Story of the Union Side in the Civil War. New York: Doubleday, 1956.
Chambers, Lenoir. Stonewall Jackson, 2 vols. New York: William Morrow, 1959.
———. Stonewall Jackson and the Virginia Military Institute: The Lexington Years. Lexington, Va.: Garland Gray Memorial Research Center, Stonewall Jackson House, 1959.
Chase, William C. Story of Stonewall Jackson. Atlanta: D. E. Luther, 1913.
Chestnut, Mary Boykin. A Diary From Dixie, as Written by Mary Boykin Chestnut, Wife of James Chestnut, Jr., U.S. Senator from South Carolina, 1859–61, and afterward an Aide to Jefferson Davis and a Brigadier-General in the Confederate Army. Edited by Isabella D. Martin and Myrta Lockett Avary. New York: D. Appleton and Co., 1905.
———. Mary Chestnut’s Civil War. Edited by C. Vann Woodward. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1981.
Cockrell, Monroe F., ed. Gunner with Stonewall: Reminiscences of William Thomas Poague. Jackson, Tenn.: McCowat-Mercer Press, 1957.
Coggins, Jack. Arms and Equipment of the Civil War. Garden City N.Y.: Dover Press, 2004 (originally published by Doubleday, 1962).
Conrad, Daniel Burr. History of the First Fight and Organization of the Stonewall Brigade. The United Service, 1892.
Cook, Roy Bird. The Family and Early Life of Stonewall Jackson. Richmond, Va.: Old Dominion Press, 1924.
Cooke, John Esten. Life of Stonewall Jackson from Official Papers, Contemporary Narratives, and Personal Acquaintance, by a Virginian. Richmond, Va.: Ayres and Wade Presses, 1863; later republished as Stonewall Jackson: A Military Biography. New York: D. Appleton and Co., 1866.
———. Outlines from the Outpost. Chicago: Lakeside Press, 1961.
———. The Wearing of the Gray. Gaithersburg, Md.: Old Soldier Books, 1988.
Coulling, Mary Price. Margaret Junkin Preston: A Biography. Winston-Salem, N.C.: John F. Blair, Publisher, 1993.
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Cozzens, Peter. General John Pope: A Life for the Nation. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2000.
———. Shenandoah 1862: Stonewall Jackson’s Valley Campaign. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2008.
Dabney, Robert Lewis. Life and Campaigns of Lieutenant-General Thomas J. Stonewall Jackson. New York: Blalock and Co., 1866.
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Doubleday, Abner. Chancellorsville and Gettysburg. New York: Da Capo Press, 1994 (first published in 1882).
———. My Life in the Old Army: The Reminiscences of Abner Doubleday from the Collections of the New-York Historical Society. Fort Worth: Texas Christian University Press, 1998.
Douglas, Henry Kyd. I Rode with Stonewall. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1940.
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Eby, Cecil D., Jr. A Virginia Yankee in the Civil War: The Diaries of David Hunter Strother. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1961.
Ecelbarger, Gary L. Frederick W. Lander: The Great Natural American Soldier. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2001.
———. Three Days in the Shenandoah: Stonewall Jackson at Front Royal and Winchester. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2008.
———. “We are in for it!”—The First Battle of Kernstown. Shippensburg, Pa.: White Man Publishing Co., 1997.
Farwell, Byron. Stonewall: A Biography of Thomas J. Jackson. New York: W. W. Norton and Co., 1992.
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Fields, Barbara Jean. Slavery and Freedom on the Middle Ground: Maryland During the Nineteenth Century. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1985.
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Freeman, Douglas Southall, ed. Lee’s Dispatches: Unpublished letters of General Robert E. Lee to Jefferson Davis and the War Department of the Confederate States of America. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1994 (originally published by G. P. Putnam’s Sons in 1957).
———. Lee’s Lieutenants, 3 volumes. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1942–1944.
———. R. E. Lee, 4 volumes. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1935.
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———. The Confederate War. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1997.
———. Lee and His Army in Confederate History. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001.
———. Lee and His Generals in War and Memory. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1998.
———, ed., The Antietam Campaign. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999.
———, ed. Chancellorsville: The Battle and Its Aftermath. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996.
———, ed., The Fredericksburg Campaign: Decision on the Rappahannock. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995.
———, ed., The Shenandoah Campaign of 1862. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003.
———. The Union War. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2011.
Gibbon, John. Personal Recollections of the Civil War. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1928.
Gittings, John G. Personal Recollections of Stonewall Jackson. Cincinnati: The Editor Publishing Company, 1899 (Huntington Library collection).
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Gordon, George Henry. Brook Farm to Cedar Mountain: In the War of the Great Rebellion 1861–2. Boston: Houghton Mifflin and Company, 1885.
Gordon, John Brown. Reminiscences of the Civil War. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1904.
Gould, Edwin K. Major-General Hiram Berry: His career as a contractor, bank president, politician, and major-general of volunteers in the Civil War. Rockland, Maine: Press of the Courier-Gazette, 1899.
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———, eds. Abraham Lincoln, Complete Works. New York:, The Century Co., 1920.
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Henderson, G.F.R. Stonewall Jackson and the American Civil War, two volumes. London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1898.
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———. Return to Bull Run: The Campaign and Battle of Second Manassas. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1993.
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Hotchkiss, Jedediah. Make Me a Map of the Valley: The Civil War Journal of Stonewall Jackson’s Topographer. Dallas: Southern Methodist University Press, 1973.
Howard, McHenry. Recollections of a Maryland Confederate Soldier and Staff Officer Under Johnston, Jackson, and Lee. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1914.
Hunter, Alexander. Johnny Reb and Billy Yank. New York: Konecky and Konecky, 1904.
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———. Janie Corbin, Stonewall Jackson, and the Famous Gold Braid, privately published booklet, 2007.
———. The Smoothbore Volley That Doomed the Confederacy: The Death of Stonewall Jackson and Other Chapters on the Army of Northern Virginia. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2002.
———. Stonewall Jackson at Cedar Mountain. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1990.
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———, eds. The U.S. Army War College Guide to the Battles of Chancellorsville and Fredericksburg. Carlisle, Pa.: South Mountain Press, 1988.
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———. Crossroads of Freedom: Antietam. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002.
———, ed. The Most Fearful Ordeal: Original Coverage of the Civil War. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2004.
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———. The War for the Union, 4 volumes, New York: Scribner’s, 1959.
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———. McClellan’s War: The Failure of Moderation in the Struggle for the Union. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2005.
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———. History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850 to the Restoration of Home Rule at the South, 7 volumes. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1892–1906.
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———. Stonewall Jackson: The Man, the Legend, the Soldier. New York: Macmillan, 1997.
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———. To the Gates of Richmond: The Peninsula Campaign. New York: Ticknor and Fields, 1992.
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———. Four Years Under Marse Robert. New York: The Neale Publishing Co., 1903.
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