INTRODUCTION
1. Walter Isaacson and Evan Thomas, The Wise Men: Six Friends and the World They Made (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1986).
2. David Fromkin, In the Time of the Americans (New York: Knopf, 1994), xii.
3. John Lukacs, Philadelphia: Patricians and Philistines, 1900–1950 (New York: Farrar, 1981), 216.
4. Beatrice Farnsworth, William C. Bullitt and the Soviet Union (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1967); Michael Casella-Blackburn, The Donkey, the Carrot, and the Club: William C. Bulllitt and Soviet-American Relations, 1917–1948 (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2004); Will Brownell and Richard Billings, So Close to Greatness: The Biography of William C. Bullitt (New York: Macmillan, 1988).
5. Office of Oral History of Columbia University, Reminiscences of H. A. Wallace, 2057.
6. Charles Bohlen, Witness to History, 1929–1969 (New York: Norton, 1973), 20.
7. George F. Kennan, “Introduction,” in Franklin D. Roosevelt and William C. Bullitt, For the President, Personal and Secret: Correspondence between Franklin D. Roosevelt and William C. Bullitt, ed. Orville Bullitt (Boston: Houghton, 1972), xv.
8. Kennan to Lukacs, December 11, 1976, and August 15, 1978, in Through the History of the Cold War: The Correspondence of George F. Kennan and John Lukacs (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2010), 63, 69.
9. Orville Bullitt, “Biographical Foreword,” in Roosevelt and Bullitt, For the President, xli.
10. Isaiah Berlin to Joseph Aslop, February 11, 1944, in Isaiah Berlin, Flourishing: Letters, 1928–1946 (London: Chatto, 2004), 488.
11. William Bullitt, “How We Won the War and Lost the Peace,” Life, September 6, 1948, 86.
12. Dean Acheson, Present at the Creation: My Years at the State Department (New York: Norton, 1969), 47. Bullitt personally attacked Acheson in his Cold War publications, such as William Bullitt, “Can Truman Avoid World War III?” American Mercury (June 1947).
13. Orville H. Bullitt, “Biographical Foreword,” in Roosevelt and Bullitt, For the President, xli.
14. William Bullitt, “A Report to the American People on China,” Life, October 13, 1935, 35.
15. William Bullitt, The Great Globe Itself (New York: Scribner’s, 1946), vii.
16. William Bullitt, “The Old Ills of Modern India,” Life, October 22, 1951.
CHAPTER 1. THE WORLD BEFORE THE WAR
1. William C. Bullitt, “The Shining Adventure,” box 112/III/141/103, Bullitt’s Archive, at Sterling Memorial Library, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut (hereafter cited in notes as WCB.SML).
2. Bullitt, “The Shining Adventure.”
3. Bullitt, “The Shining Adventure.”
4. Steven Watts, The People’s Tycoon: Henry Ford and the American Century (New York: Knopf, 2005), 228–40.
5. Michael Casella-Blackburn, The Donkey, the Carrot, and the Club: William C. Bullitt and Soviet-American Relations, 1917–1948 (Westport, CT.: Praeger, 2004), 13.
6. Ernesta Drinker Bullitt, An Uncensored Diary from the Central Empires (New York: Doubleday, 1917), 188–89, 163, 26.
7. William C. Bullitt, It’s Not Done (New York: Harcourt, 1926), 253–54.
CHAPTER 2. COLONEL HOUSE AND PUBLIC RELATIONS
1. William C. Bullitt, “Freedom of Seas: An American Proposal,” Philadelphia Ledger, February 22, 1917.
2. [House, Edward,] Philip Dru, Administrator: A Story of Tomorrow, 1920–1935 (New York: Huebsch, 1912), available at http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/6711/.
3. House published his novel anonymously but did not conceal his authorship from his friends, and Woodrow Wilson was one of them. For the history of this publication, see Charles E. Neu, Colonel House: A Biography of Woodrow Wilson’s Silent Partner (New York: Oxford University Press, 2015), 69–76.
4. House contrasted this situation to the Anglo-Boer war: England gave the defeated Boers a huge grant to help them restore order and prosperity in their country. With British consent a commander of the Boers, Louis Botha, became the prime minister of the new state.
5. Sigmund Freud and William C. Bullitt, Thomas Woodrow Wilson: A Psychological Study (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1966), 132.
6. George F. Kennan to Bullitt, June 9, 1936, box 112/I/44/1060 (WCB.SML).
7. George F. Kennan, “The Sources of the Soviet Conduct,” Foreign Affairs 25 (July 1947): 582.
8. William Dodd formulated the thesis that Wilson’s anti-imperialist stance and his idea of self-determination had their roots in his southern experience in two works, Wilson and His Work and The Old South. A southerner and friend of President Wilson, William Dodd later served as Roosevelt’s ambassador to Nazi Germany. See William E. Dodd, Wilson and His Work (New York: Doubleday, 1920), 60–64.
9. Freud and Bullitt, Woodrow Wilson, 191.
10. Susan Schulten, Mapping the Nation: History and Cartography in Nineteenth-Century America (Chicago: University of Chicago, 2012), 201.
11. James Srodes, On Dupont Circle: Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt and the Progressives Who Shaped Our World (Berkeley, CA: Counterpoint, 2012), 54.
12. Walter Lippmann and Charles Merz, “A Test of the News,” A Supplement to the New Republic, August 4, 1920, 3.
13. Ann Douglas, Terrible Honesty: Mongrel Manhattan in the 1920s (New York: Farrar, 1995).
14. Charles Seymour, ed., The Intimate Papers of Colonel House: Into the World War (Boston: Houghton, 1928), 387.
15. Seymour, Intimate Papers of Colonel House, 404.
16. Bullitt, memo, November 18, 1918, box 112/II/107/321 (WCB.SML).
17. Kenneth Durant, memo, December 1936, available at http://www.alexanderyakovlev.org/fond/issues-doc/71027/.
18. Bullitt to Moore, February 22, 1936, box 112/I/58/1430 (WCB.SML).
19. William C. Bullitt, “How We Won the War and Lost the Peace,” Life 25 (August 30, 1948).
CHAPTER 3. GLOBAL RESPONSIBILITY
1. George F. Kennan, Soviet-American Relations, 1917–1920, 2 vols. (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1956), 1:14.
2. George F. Kennan, Russia and the West under Lenin and Stalin (New York: Little, Brown, 1961), 122.
3. Wilson’s Speech in Joint Session, January 8, 1918, is available at http://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/President_Wilson’s_Fourteen_Points/.
4. Franklin D. Roosevelt and William C. Bullitt, For the President, Personal and Secret: Correspondence between Franklin D. Roosevelt and William C. Bullitt, ed. Orville Bullitt (Boston: Houghton, 1972), xl.
5. Steffens to Reed, February 25, 1918, in Justin Kaplan, Lincoln Steffens (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1964), 236.
6. Eastman was married to Elena Krylenko, the sister of Nikolai Krylenko, Trotsky’s enemy and the chief prosecutor of the Moscow show trials.
7. Bullitt, memo, November 25, 1918, box 112/II/107/321 (WCB.SML) (all quotations to the end of this chapter are from this memo).
CHAPTER 4. BETWEEN VERSAILLES AND THE KREMLIN
1. John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of the Peace (New York: Skyhorse, 2007), 12, 130.
2. Arthur Meier Schlesinger, The Coming of the New Deal, 1933–1935 (New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2003), 212.
3. William C. Bullitt, “Tragedy of Wilson,” manuscript in box 112/III/163/511 (WCB.SML).
4. Bullitt, “Tragedy of Wilson.”
5. V. I. Lenin, Polnoe sobranie sochineniy, 5th ed. (Moscow: Politizdat, 1970), 42:67.
6. Freud and Bullitt, Woodrow Wilson, 151.
7. Freud and Bullitt, Woodrow Wilson, 213–14.
8. Bullitt’s notes of the meeting, as he published them in William C. Bullitt, The Bullitt Mission to Russia: Testimony before the Committee on Foreign Relations United States Senate (New York: Huebsch, 1919), 8.
9. See, for example, John Ure, Beware the Rugged Russian Bear: British Adventurers Exposing the Bolsheviks (London: Old Street, 2015).
10. Bullitt, Mission to Russia, 20.
11. Bullitt to House, January 30, 1919, box 112/II/110/380 (WCB.SML).
12. Dodd, Wilson and His Work, 311–13.
13. Freud and Bullitt, Woodrow Wilson, 184.
14. Bullitt, Mission to Russia, 27.
15. Bullitt, telegram, box 112/II/107/330 (WCB.SML).
16. The Soviet government published this document in 1934, when Bullitt was the ambassador to the Soviet Union, and Litvinov the commissar for foreign affairs. Sovetsko-Amerikanskiye otnosheniya, ed. Maxim Litvinov (Moscow: NKID, 1934), 37–39.
17. Bullitt, telegram, box 112/II/107/330 (WCB.SML).
18. Bullitt, Mission to Russia, 39.
19. Freud and Bullitt, Woodrow Wilson 220.
20. George F. Kennan, Memoirs, 1925–1950, 2 vols. (New York: Pantheon, 1983), 1:80.
CHAPTER 5. RESIGNATION
1. Roland Chambers, The Last Englishman: The Double Life of Arthur Ransome (London: Faber, 2009).
2. Lincoln Steffens, The Autobiography (New York: Harcourt, 1931), 2:799.
3. Steffens, The Autobiography, 2:799.
4. Steffens, The Autobiography, 2:799–800.
5. Freud and Bullitt, Woodrow Wilson, 213.
6. Bullitt, letter to Wilson, April 6, 1919, box 112/II/107/333 (WCB.SML).
7. Freud and Bullitt, Woodrow Wilson.
8. Harold Nicolson, Peacemaking, 1919: Being Reminiscences of the Paris Peace Conference (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1933), 28, 197, 200.
9. Treadwell, report, May 2, 1919, box 112/II/112/342 (WCB.SML).
10. In contrast, historian William E. Dodd, the future US ambassador to Nazi Germany, blamed Lloyd George. He believed that if the Paris Peace Conference had accepted Bullitt’s proposal, it would have meant the immediate overthrow of Lloyd George. Dodd wrote that Bullitt “resigned in a spirit that revealed a rare mind. Every paper of significance published his vituperative letter,” and it signaled the start of the public “war” against Wilson. See Dodd, Wilson and His Work, 336.
11. Bullitt, letter to Pettit, April 18, 1919, box 112/II/107/334 (WCB.SML).
12. Wilson quoted in Bullitt, Mission to Russia, 11.
13. Freud and Bullitt, Woodrow Wilson, 227.
14. Robert Lansing, The Peace Negotiations (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1921), 112.
15. Freud and Bullitt, Woodrow Wilson, 220.
16. Lenin cited in Roosevelt and Bullitt, For the President, 9.
17. Bullitt, Mission to Russia, 72.
18. Freud and Bullitt, Woodrow Wilson, 220, 224.
19. Bullitt, Mission to Russia, 74; Bullitt republished this letter in Freud and Bullitt, Woodrow Wilson.
20. Bullitt, memo of conversation with Lansing, April 19, 1919, box 112/II/110/376 (WCB.SML).
21. Keynes, Economic Consequences of Peace, 3.
22. Keynes, Economic Consequences of Peace, 24.
23. Bullitt, “Review of Economic Consequences of the Peace,” The Freeman (1920): 1, in box 112/II/108/345 (WCB.SML).
24. Keynes, Economic Consequences of Peace, 24.
25. Bullitt, Mission to Russia, 79.
26. This was Philander C. Knox, senator from Pennsylvania and former secretary of state.
27. Bullitt, Mission to Russia, 80, 83.
28. Advertisement, box 112/II/107/333 (WCB.SML).
29. Colcord to Bullitt, September 16, 1920, box 112/II/20/438 (WCB.SML).
30. Henry Bernstein, Interview, box 112/II/107/327 (WCB.SML).
CHAPTER 6. IT’S NOT DONE
1. George F. Kennan, Introduction to Roosevelt and Bullitt, For the President, xv–xvi. Interestingly, Kennan compared Bullitt only to those of his peers whose achievements were high and ends tragic: the musician Cole Porter, the writer Ernest Hemingway, the journalist John Reed, the politician Jim Forrestal, and Jay Gatsby. Bullitt and Fitzgerald took exception to Kennan’s bitter overgeneralization. Their means were very different from Gatsby’s, and so were their ends—both died of natural causes.
2. Roosevelt and Bullitt, For the President, xvi.
3. Bullitt, It’s Not Done, 197. Further page references to this work will be given parenthetically in the text.
CHAPTER 7. WIVES
1. Bullitt to Astor, in Roosevelt and Bullitt, For the President, 12–13.
2. Orville quoted in Roosevelt and Bullitt, For the President, 12.
3. Orville quoted in Roosevelt and Bullitt, For the President, xxxviii.
4. Ralph G. Martin, Cissy: The Extraordinary Life of Eleanor Medill Patterson (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1979), 283.
5. In fact, these estates were Novoselitsa near Volyn and Yalanets in Podol’e, both in Ukraine.
6. Orville quoted in Roosevelt and Bullitt, For the President, 15.
7. Bertram Wolfe, Strange Communists I Have Known (New York: Stein, 1965), 23.
8. See Barbara Gelb, So Short a Time: A Biography of John Reed and Louise Bryant (New York: Norton, 1973); Mary V. Dearborn, Queen of Bohemia: The Life of Louise Bryant (Boston: Houghton, 1996).
9. Reed quoted from Abel I. Startsev, Russkie bloknoty Dzhona Rida (Moscow: Nauka, 1968), 265. A survivor of the Gulag, the Soviet historian Abel Startsev read John Reed’s archive at Harvard in the 1960s and documented his lively correspondence with Lenin and Lenin’s wife, Nadezhda Krupskaia.
10. For a fair account of these last months of Reed’s life, see Barbara Gelb, So Short a Time: A Biography of John Reed and Louise Bryant (New York: Norton, 1973), 275–83.
11. See Julie Fedor, Russia and the Cult of State Security: The Chekist Tradition, from Lenin to Putin (London: Routledge, 2011), 191.
12. Orville, from Roosevelt and Bullitt, For the President, xi.
13. Roosevelt and Bullitt, For the President, xv.
14. Stearns quoted in Mary V. Dearborn, Queen of Bohemia: The Life of Louise Bryant (Boston: Houghton, 1996), 227.
15. Biddle quoted in Virginia Gardner, Friend and Lover: The Life of Louise Bryant (New York: Horizon, 1982), 245.
16. Gardner, Friend and Lover, 247.
17. “The noted Philadelphia Bill is half kike anyway and so it is really a boon to humanity.” Ernest Hemingway, The Letters of Ernest Hemingway, vol. 3, 1926–1929 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2015), 462.
18. See George L. K. Morris, “A Brief Encounter with Matisse,” Life, 28 August 1970, 44.
19. Bulllitt, letter, in Dearborn, Queen of Bohemia, 241.
20. Max Eastman, Great Companions (New York: Farrar, 1942), 174.
21. Bullitt to Bryant, February 19, 1929, box 112/I/11/236 (WCB.SML).
22. Gardner, Friend and Lover, 245, 253.
23. Bullitt to Bryant, December 7, 1928, box 112/I/11/237 (WCB.SML).
24. Bullitt to Bryant, March 29, 1929, box 112/I/11/236 (WCB.SML).
25. Gardner, Friend and Lover, 257.
26. Bullitt to Bryant, January 30, 1930, box 112/I/11/240 (WCB.SML).
27. Hicks to Bryant, January 30, 1930, box 112/I/11/240 (WCB.SML); Granville Hicks, with John Stuart, The Making of a Revolutionary (New York: Macmillan, 1936).
CHAPTER 8. FREUD’S COAUTHOR AND SAVIOR
1. The manuscript is still in the archive: box 112/III/136/1–10 (WCB.SML).
2. Bullitt, “Foreword,” in Freud and Bullitt, Woodrow Wilson, viii.
3. Freud, Introduction, in Freud and Bullitt, Woodrow Wilson, xiii.
4. Freud, Introduction, in Freud and Bullitt, Woodrow Wilson, xiii.
5. Mark Solms, “Freud and Bullitt: An Unknown Manuscript,” Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 54 (2006): 1263–98.
6. Freud, Introduction, in Freud and Bullitt, Woodrow Wilson, xiii.
7. Solms, “Freud and Bullitt.”
8. This and other telegrams cited below were classified documents that Bullitt in Paris, Wiley in Vienna, and Hull in Washington sent each other through the channels of the US State Department. The copies are now in the Sigmund Freud Museum in Vienna, and I am grateful to its curator, Daniela Finzi, for sharing them with me.
9. The Nazi official Anton Sauerwald who was responsible for collecting ransom from Freud and liquidating his publishing house spent so much time with Freud and his books that he became seriously interested in psychoanalysis. He did not know that Wiley in Vienna, Bullitt in Paris, and Hull in Washington, were closely following his moves. See David Cohen, The Escape of Sigmund Freud (New York: Overlook Press, 2009).
10. Solms, “Freud and Bullitt.”
11. Paul Roazen, “Oedipus in Versailles,” Times Literary Supplement, April 22, 2005.
12. Freud and Bullitt, Woodrow Wilson, 224.
13. Freud and Bullitt, Woodrow Wilson, 53.
14. Freud and Bullitt, Woodrow Wilson, 37.
15. Bullitt, “Foreword,” in Freud and Bullitt, Woodrow Wilson, ix.
16. Max Weber, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, trans. Talcott Parsons (London: Routledge, 1992), 124.
17. Freud and Bullitt, Woodrow Wilson, 167.
18. Freud and Bullitt, Woodrow Wilson, 62
19. Nicolson, Peacemaking, 1919, 52, 197.
20. Keynes, Economic Consequences of Peace, 26.
21. Nicolson, Peacemaking, 1919, 37, 41–42, 52, 191, 195.
22. For balanced reevaluations of Wilson’s role in the Paris talks, see Margaret Macmillan, Paris 1919: Six Months that Changed the World (New York: Random House, 2003); Jay Winter, Dreams of Peace and Freedom: Utopian Moments in the Twentieth Century (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008), ch. 2.
23. I am greatly indebted to my discussions of these ideas with Jay Winter.
CHAPTER 9. HONEYMOON WITH STALIN
1. Bullitt’s companions on this mournful trip were George Andreychin, a Bulgarian Communist and Trotskyite who was working for the Intourist agency in Moscow, and Eugene Lyons, an American journalist of Jewish Belarusian extraction who recorded the event in Eugene Lyons, Assignment in Utopia (New York: Harcourt, 1937), 500.
2. Louis B. Wehle, Hidden Threats in History (New York: Macmillan, 1953), 113.
3. LeHand to Bullitt, April 21, 1935 (?), box 112/I/49/1189 (WCB.SML).
4. David Fromkin, In the Time of the Americans: FDR, Truman, Eisenhower, Marshall, McArthur—The Generation that Changed America’s Role in the World (New York: Knopf, 1994), 130.
5. Wehle, Hidden Threats, 115.
6. For example, see Roosevelt, letter from April 21, 1935, in Roosevelt and Bullitt, For the President, 113. For rest of this chapter, page references will be given parenthetically in the text.
7. Charles Bohlen, Witness to History, 1929–1969 (New York: Norton, 1973), 20.
8. Office of Oral History of Columbia University, Reminiscences of J. P. Warburg, 893, 429.
9. Schlesinger, New Deal, 212. On the Soviet Union’s early dependency on international trade, see Oscar Sanchez-Sibony, Red Globalization: The Political Economy of the Soviet Cold War from Stalin to Khrushchev (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014).
10. See Ephraim Sklyansky’s obituary, written by Trotsky, in Pravda, 217, September 23, 1925; http://www.revkom.com/index.htm?/biblioteka/marxism/trotckii/politsiluety/279revoluciya.htm/.
11. Cordell Hull, The Memoirs, 2 vols. (New York: Macmillan, 1948), 1:303.
12. Stalin, Interview with Walter Duranty, December 25, 1933, published in Stalin, Sochineniya (Moscow: Politizdat, 1951), 13:277.
13. Andreychin to Bullitt, December 3, 1933; Bullitt to Andreychin, December 14, 1933, box 112/I/2/41 (WCB.SML).
14. Steffens to Bullitt, November 25, 1933, in Lincoln Steffens, Letters of Lincoln Steffens, ed. Ella Winter and Granville Hicks, 2 vols. (New York: Harcourt, 1938), 2:967.
15. Bullitt probably knew about the experiments of the Soviet zoologist Ilia Ivanov, who developed the new methods of insemination in horticulture and tried to apply these methods for the crossing of humans and apes. The American newspapers publicized his experiments. In 1936 the American geneticist and future Noble Prize laureate, Hermann Joseph Muller, visited Moscow. He even wrote a letter to Stalin, in which he proposed the methods of positive eugenics for amelioration of human nature. See Alexander Etkind, “Beyond Eugenics: The Forgotten Scandal of Hybridizing Humans and Apes,” Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological & Biomedical Sciences 39 (2008): Special Issue “Eugenics, Sex, and the State,” 205–10.
16. Office of Oral History of Columbia University, Reminiscences of H. A. Wallace, 2057.
17. Allen Weinstein and Alexander Vassiliev, The Haunted Wood: Soviet Espionage in America—the Stalin Era (New York: Random House, 1999), 37.
18. Samuel Harper, The Russia I Believe In: The Memoirs (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1945), 210.
19. G. N. Savostianov, Moskva-Vashington: Diplomaticheskie otnosheniia, 1933–1936 (Moscow: Nauka, 2012), 14–16.
20. Savostianov, Moskva-Vashington, 16.
21. Grinko quote can be found at http://stalinism.ru/dokumentyi/stenogramma-buharinskogo-protsessa.html?start=43/.
22. Frank Costigliola, Roosevelt’s Lost Alliances: How Personal Politics Helped Start the Cold War (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2012), 268.
23. Peter Rand, Conspiracy of One: Tyler Kent’s Secret Plot against FDR, Churchill, and the Allied War Effort (New York: Lyons, 2013); Paul Willets, Rendezvous at the Russian Tea Rooms (London: Constable, 2015).
24. Reader Bullard, April 15, 1934, in Inside Stalin’s Russia: The Diaries of Reader Bullard, 1930–1934 (Charlbury, Oxfordshire: Day Books, 2000), 256.
25. Kennan, Memoirs, 1:79.
26. Kennan, Memoirs, 1:81.
27. John Lewis Gaddis, George F. Kennan: An American Life (New York: Penguin, 2011), 59.
28. Kennan, Memoirs, 1:60.
29. Kennan, Memoirs, 1:60.
30. George F. Kennan, The Kennan Diaries, ed. Frank Costigliola (New York: Norton, 2014), 93.
31. Kennan, Diaries, 93. The term “hoi polloi” refers to the masses, common people.
32. Kennan, Diaries, 174.
33. Berlin to Arcadi Nebolsine, February 23, 1959, in Isaiah Berlin, Enlightening: Letters, 1946–1960 (London: Chatto, 2009), 677.
34. Berlin to Arthur Schlesinger, November 5, 1956, in Berlin, Enlightening, 558.
35. Kennan, Memoirs, 1:67.
36. Gaddis, George F. Kennan, 91.
37. Kennan, Memoirs, 1:70.
38. Gaddis, George F. Kennan, 201, 211.
39. Gaddis, George F. Kennan, 214.
40. Kennan was present at some of these trials, which he interpreted for Ambassador Joseph Davies. While Kennan was writing his memoirs many years after the event, he mixed up his Bolshevik friends Bukharin and Radek; the quote about intellectual friendship actually belongs to Karl Radek, who used these words to characterize his friendship with Bukharin in January 1937 during “the trial of the anti-Soviet Trotskyite Center.” Kennan, Memoirs, 1:61–62.
CHAPTER 10. BLUFF
1. Roosevelt and Bullitt, For the President, 83.
2. Bullitt to Moore, March 29, 1934, box 112/I/58/1419 (WCB.SML).
3. Roosevelt and Bullitt, For the President, 83.
4. Bullitt to Moore, June 8, 1935, box 112/I/58/1419 (WCB.SML).
5. Bullitt to Roosevelt, April 1, 1935, in Roosevelt and Bullitt, For the President, 121.
6. William Dodd, Diary (New York: Harcourt, 1941), 77.
7. Bullitt to Hull, July 23, 1934, box 112/II/135/918 (WCB.SML).
8. Information for this paragraph is from http://irkipedia.ru/content/kitaysko_vostochnaya_zheleznaya_doroga_istoricheskaya_enciklopediya_sibiri_2009/.
9. Troyanovsky to Litvinov, in Sovetsko-Amerikanskie otnosheniia, 1933–1939, ed. B. Zhiliaev, G. Savchenko, and G. Sevostianov (Moscow: fond Demokratiia, 2004), 22, 37.
10. Bullitt to Roosevelt, July 23, 1934, box 112/II/135/918 (WCB.SML).
11. M. G. Galkovich to Troyanovsky, May 24, 1935, at http://www.alexanderyakovlev.org/fond/issues-doc/70421/.
12. Savostianov, Moskva-Vashington, 45.
13. Litvinov to Troyanovsky, April 10, 1934, Sovetsko-Amerikanskie otnosheniia (2004), 110.
14. Divilkovsky, memo, March 7, 1935, in Sovetsko-Amerikanskie otnosheniia (2004), 47.
15. Krestinsky, memo, March 13, 1934, in Sovetsko-Amerikanskie otnosheniia (2004), 55.
16. Divilkovsky, memo, at http://www.alexanderyakovlev.org/fond/issues-doc/70023/.
17. Litvinov to Troyanovsky, March 14, 1934, in Sovetsko-Amerikanskie otnosheniia (2004), 57.
18. Sokolnikovva, memo, March 26, 1934, in Sovetsko-Amerikanskie otnosheniia (2004), 83.
19. Bullitt to Moore, March 29, 1934, box 112/I/58/1419 (WCB.SML).
20. Divilkovsky, memo, March 11, 1934, at http://www.alexanderyakovlev.org/fond/issues-doc/70023/.
21. Roosevelt and Bullitt, For the President, 60.
22. Roosevelt and Bullitt, For the President, 83.
23. Bullitt to Moore, October 6, 1934, in Roosevelt and Bullitt, For the President, 99.
24. On February 8, 1934, Troyanovsky said that the Moscow City Council indicated that the contract of rent would be signed for ninety-nine years, for two thousand dollars a year. See http://www.alexanderyakovlev.org/fond/issues-doc/69989/.
25. Bullard, Inside Stalin’s Russia, 20.
26. For the date of Florinsky’s arrest, see the list of victims of the Terror, prepared by the Memorial Society in Moscow, at http://lists.memo.ru/index21.htm/.
27. Rubinin, memo, September 28, 1934, in Sovetsko-Amerikanskie otnosheniia (2004), 234.
28. Skvirsky, memo about meeting with Bullitt, September 10, 1934, at http://www.alexanderyakovlev.org/fond/issues-doc/70267/.
29. Boris Skvirsky, memo, January 6, 1935, at http://www.alexanderyakovlev.org/fond/issues-doc/70360/.
30. Troyanovsky to Litvinov, February 7, 1935, Sovetsko-Amerikanskie otnosheniia (2004), 298.
31. Rubinin, memo, October 9, 1934, in Sovetsko-Amerikanskie otnosheniia (2004), 243.
32. Roosevelt and Bullitt, For the President, 93, 99.
33. Bullitt, William C. “A Report to the American People on China.” Life, October 13, 1947, 36.
34. Litvinov to the Council of People’s Commissars, October 7, 1934, at http://www.alexanderyakovlev.org/fond/issues-doc/70300/.
35. “The Project of the Report of the Commissariat of Foreign Affairs about the Development of the Soviet-American Relations in 1935,” at http://www.alexanderyakovlev.org/fond/issues-doc/70524/.
36. Bullitt to Hull, telegram, in Roosevelt and Bullitt, For the President, 140.
37. Troyanovsky, memo about meeting Bullitt, November 22, 1935, at http://www.alexanderyakovlev.org/fond/issues-doc/70501/.
38. Weinstein and Vassiliev, The Haunted Wood, 53.
39. Bullitt to Hull, April 20, 1936, in Roosevelt and Bullitt, For the President, 155.
40. Bullitt to Roosevelt, December 7, 1937, in Roosevelt and Bullitt, For the President, 243.
41. Bullitt, William C. “How We Won the War and Lost the Peace.” Part One, Life, August 30, 1948, 83.
42. Sorge received an Iron Cross fighting for the Germans in the First World War and held a PhD in political science (1919). A convinced Communist, in 1937 he refused to obey Stalin’s orders and did not return to the Soviet Union where he would definitely have perished; the Japanese revealed him and executed him in 1941. Despite Sorge’s role as the only Soviet spy who correctly informed the Kremlin about the German invasion in 1941, not much is written about him; the fullest biography in Russia still is Mikhail Kolesnikov, Takim byl Richard Sorge (Moscow: Voenizdat, 1965).
43. Bullitt to Moore, November 9, 1935, box 112/I/58/1419 (WCB.SML).
44. Kennan, “Introduction,” in Roosevelt and Bullitt, For the President, xv.
45. Bullitt to Hull, April 20, 1936, in Roosevelt and Bullitt, For the President, 156.
46. Troyanovsky to Stalin, January 2, 1936, at http://www.alexanderyakovlev.org/fond/issues-doc/70525/.
47. Umansky to Litvinov, May 20, 1936, at http://www.alexanderyakovlev.org/fond/issues-doc/70945/.
48. Bullitt to Moore, February 22, 1936, box 112/I/58/1430 (WCB.SML).
49. Bullitt, “How We Won the War.”
50. Bullitt to Hull, April 20, 1936, in Roosevelt and Bullitt, For the President, 157.
CHAPTER 11. THE THEATER OF DIPLOMACY
1. Irene Baruch Wiley, Around the Globe in Twenty Years (New York, 1962), 6; at http://www.irenawiley.com/page3/files/page3-1000-full.html/.
2. Wiley, Around the Globe.
3. Roosevelt to Bullitt, January 7, 1934, in Roosevelt and Bullitt, For the President, 73.
4. Bullard, April 23, 1934, in Inside Stalin’s Russia, 259.
5. Nakoriakov to Stoliar, March 22, 1934, available at http://www.alexanderyakovlev.org/fond/issues-doc/70042/.
6. Litvinov to Stalin, March 27, 1934, in Sovetsko-Amerikanskie otnosheniia (2004), 86.
7. Charles W. Thayer, Bears in the Caviar (New York, 1950), 135.
8. Bullard, February 11, 1934, in Inside Stalin’s Russia, 237.
9. Litvinov to Bulganin, April 1, 1934, in Sovetsko-Amerikanskie otnosheniia (2004), 95.
10. Bullitt to Roosevelt, April 13, 1934, in Roosevelt and Bullitt, For the President, 82.
11. Bullitt to Roosevelt, March 4, 1936, in Roosevelt and Bullitt, For the President, 148. Initially Stalin liked Howard, and their interview was published in the official edition of Stalin’s works. But later, Howard published a detailed report about the NKVD terror in the New York World Telegram (March 29, 1939). Stalin read the Russian translation of this piece and ordered the NKVD to “kick out” Howard from Moscow; see http://kommari.livejournal.com/2837297.html/.
12. Bullitt to Roosevelt, April 13, 1934, in Roosevelt and Bullitt, For the President, 83.
13. Historians still dispute whether there was a sexual relationship between Roosevelt and LeHand; for evidence, see Costigliola, Roosevelt’s Lost Alliances, 69; Elliott Roosevelt and James Brough, An Untold Story: The Roosevelts of Hyde Park (London: Allen, 1974), 145, 187. David Fromkin believes that, in 1932, Bullitt intervened into the old but still lively affair between Roosevelt and LeHand, and the president was jealous. Fromkin, In the Time of the Americans, 324. Costigliola does not believe that Roosevelt and LeHand were lovers. Having no position in this controversy, I wish to note that the president certainly knew about LeHand’s developing relationship with Bullitt and seemed to support it.
14. Doris Kearns Goodwin, No Ordinary Time: Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt: The Home Front in World War II (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1995), 155.
15. Richard Moe, Roosevelt’s Second Act: The Election of 1940 and the Politics of War (New York: Oxford University Press, 2013), 173.
16. Bullitt to LeHand, September 21, 1933, box 112/I/49/1181 (WCB.SML).
17. LeHand to Bullitt, July 3, 1934, box 112/I/49/1186 (WCB.SML).
18. LeHand to Bullitt, April 1, 1934, box 112/I/49/1187 (WCB.SML).
19. Bullitt to LeHand, no date, box 112/I/49/1181 (WCB.SML).
20. Roosevelt to Bullitt, April 14, 1934, in Roosevelt and Bullitt, For the President, 87; LeHand to Bullitt, May 18, 1934, box 112/I/49/1187 (WCB.SML).
21. Rubinin, memo, May 15, 1934, available at http://www.alexanderyakovlev.org/fond/issues-doc/70184/.
22. Costigliola, Roosevelt’s Lost Alliances, 75.
23. Roosevelt to Bullitt, January 7, 1934, in Roosevelt and Bullitt, For the President, 73.
24. Bullitt to Moore, April 14, 1934, in box 112/I/58/1419 (WCB.SML).
25. Wiley, Around the Globe, 95.
26. Kennan, August 20, 1933, in Diaries, 86.
27. Costigliola, Roosevelt’s Lost Alliances, 273.
28. Charles W. Thayer, Diplomat (New York: Harper, 1959), 230.
29. Office of Oral History of Columbia University, Reminiscences of H. A. Wallace, 1677.
30. Moore to Bullitt, February 25, 1936, in box 112/I/58/1430 (WCB.SML). With a reference to the Native American usage, Urban Dictionary defines “snag” as a verb: “to go snagging, to go on the prowl, to look for attention from the opposite sex”; http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=snagging/.
31. Costigliola, Roosevelt’s Lost Alliances, 270.
32. Costigliola, Roosevelt’s Lost Alliances, 267.
33. Bohlen, Witness to History, 23.
34. Bohlen, Witness to History, 20.
35. Costigliola, Roosevelt’s Lost Alliances, 267.
36. William C. Bullitt, The Great Globe Itself (New York: Scribner’s, 1946), 64.
37. Costigliola, Roosevelt’s Lost Alliances, 271.
38. Bullitt to Andreychin, August 19, 1934, Andreychin to Bullitt, no date, both in box 112/I/2/41 (WCB.SML).
39. LeHand to Bullitt, June 4, 1934, in box 112/I/49/1181 (WCB.SML).
40. Roosevelt to Bullitt, June 3, 1935, box 112/I/71/1733 (WCB.SML).
41. Thayer, Bears in the Caviar, 154.
42. GPU was the Chief Political Administration, a predecessor of the KGB.
43. LeHand to Bullitt, April 21, 1934, box 112/I/49/1189 (WCB.SML).
44. LeHand to Bullitt, September 24, 1934, box 112/I/49/1190 (WCB.SML).
45. Wiley, Around the Globe, 31.
46. Bullitt to Roosevelt, April 1, 1935, Bullitt to Moore, April 26, 1935, in Roosevelt and Bullitt, For the President, 116, 121.
47. Wiley, Around the Globe, 31.
48. Dodd, Diary, 241.
49. Rubinin, memo, February 2, 1935, 297; Krestinsky, memo April 15, 1935, 316.
50. Elena Bulgakova, Dnevniki (Moskow: Izd-vo “Knizhnaia palata,” 1990), 48–49.
51. Bullitt to Roosevelt, May 1, 1935, in Roosevelt and Bullitt, For the President, 117.
52. Bullitt to Roosevelt, May 1, 1935, box 112/I/71/1783 (WCB.SML). Roosevelt and Bullitt, For the President, omits some parts of this letter.
53. Thayer, Bears in the Caviar, 156.
54. LeHand to Bullitt, April 7, 1935, box 112/I/49/1187 (WCB.SML).
55. Thayer, Bears in the Caviar, 162.
56. Wiley, Around the Globe, 35.
57. Promoted later in 1935 to the rank of marshal along with Egorov and Budennyi, in 1937 Tukhachevsky was accused in conspiracy, tortured, and executed.
58. Bulgakova, Dnevniki., April 24, 1935.
59. Mikhail Bulgakov, The Master and Margarita, trans. Michael Glenny (London: Vintage 2004), 299–306.
60. Bulgakov, Master and Margarita, 143, 147, 236. Eyes Wide Shut, the 1999 film by Stanley Kubrick, is based on the “Dream Story” (1926) by the Austrian writer Arthur Schnitzler, who was well known in Russia; it is quite possible that Bulgakov read his “Dream Story.”
61. Bulgakov, Master and Margarita, 312.
62. Wiley, Around the Globe, 30.
63. Bullitt to Roosevelt, May 28, 1937, in Roosevelt and Bullitt, For the President, 215. Orville Bullitt omitted the name of Grace Davidson from the text of this letter when he published it in Roosevelt and Bullitt, For the President; it is here reconstructed from the archival document in box 112/I/71/783 (WCB. SML).
64. On February 11, Elena Bulgakova wrote down in her diary that Intourist requested the text of the Turbins for Ambassador Bullitt; Bulgakov did not give the text and the courier came again to ask for it on April 13; on May 11 the Yale Theater Association requested the Russian text of the play (Bulgakova, Dnevniki, 55, 56, 57). Clearly, Bullitt finally got his text. Since the English translation had already been done and was easily available from its translator, Eugene Lyons, it is clear that Bullitt was specifically interested in the Russian copy. Probably he wanted to use it for his Russian lessons, or he had some other purpose.
65. Bulgakova, Dnevniki, 68.
66. Bohlen, Witness to History, 21.
67. In the book cowritten with Bullitt, Freud interpreted such a coincidence as meaningful; Freud and Wilson were born in the same year, and Freud brought up this fact as a reason for his interest in Wilson.
68. Bulgakova, Dnevniki, 113, 114, 118.
69. For the story of Bulgakov’s hypnosis treatment in Moscow, see Alexander Etkind, Eros of the Impossible: The History of Psychoanalysis in Russia, trans. Noah Rubens and Maria Rubens (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1996), 296–97.
70. Bulgakova, Dnevniki, 92.
71. Bulgakova, Dnevniki, 92.
72. Bulgakov, Master and Margarita, 290. The novel depicts even such detail as Bullitt’s “streptococci infection.” As the novel has it, “‘My friends maintain that it’s rheumatism,’ said Woland, continuing to stare at Margarita, ‘but I strongly suspect that the pain is a souvenir of an encounter with a most beautiful witch that I had in 1571.’”
73. Bullitt, Speech in Virginia, July 1935 Press Releases (US Governmental Printing Service, 1936), 15:41.
CHAPTER 12. DISENCHANTMENT
1. Thayer, Bears in the Caviar, 95.
2. Thayer, Bears in the Caviar, 56.
3. Bullitt to Moore, August 30, 1935, box 112/I/58/1424 (WCB.SML).
4. Bullitt to Roosevelt, June 3, 1935, in Roosevelt and Bullitt, For the President, 108.
5. Bullitt to Roosevelt, June 3, 1935, in Roosevelt and Bullitt, For the President, 108; Roosevelt to Bullitt, June 21, 1935, box 112/I/71/1783 (WCB.SML); The Nibelungenlied, translated as The Song of the Nibelungs, is a medieval epic poem with pre-Christian motifs, which served as source materials for Richard Wagner’s Ring Cycle.
6. Bullitt to Roosevelt, January 1, 1934, in Roosevelt and Bullitt, For the President, 62.
7. Report received March 4, 1936, in box 112/II/135/918 (WCB.SML).
8. Thayer, Bears in the Caviar, 165.
9. Bullitt to Roosevelt, April 1, 1935, in Roosevelt and Bullitt, For the President, 116.
10. Edward Page, memo, December 28, 1941, box 112/I/2/41 (WCB.SML).
11. Andreychin to Bullitt, April 30, September 2, 1942.
12. Bullitt to Hull, April 20, 1936, box 112/II/135/918 (WCB.SML). All the quotations in the next seven paragraphs will be from this letter.
13. Bullitt to Hull, April 20, 1936, box 112/II/135/918 (WCB.SML).
14. For analysis of the role of the Jews in the Soviet bureaucracy, see Yuri Slezkine, The Jewish Century (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2004).
15. Bullitt to Hull, April 20, 1936, box 112/II/135/918 (WCB.SML).
16. Wiley, Around the Globe, 38.
17. Harold L. Ickes, March 26, 1937, The Secret Diary of Harold L. Ickes (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1974), 2:103.
18. Bullitt, “How We Won the War.”
CHAPTER 13. SAVING PARIS
1. Bullitt to Roosevelt, December 20, 1936, in Roosevelt and Bullitt, For the President, 202.
2. Robert Murphy, Diplomat among Warriors (New York: Doubleday, 1964), 30–32. See also Roosevelt and Bullitt, For the President, 168–69.
3. Ickes, March 26, 1937, Secret Diary, 2:103.
4. Ickes, July 3, 1938, Secret Diary, 2:415.
5. Martin, Cissy, 371.
6. LeHand to Bullitt, September 28, 1939, box 112/I/49/1184 (WCB.SML).
7. Bullitt to Roosevelt, June 13, 1938, in Roosevelt and Bullitt, For the President, 267; Roosevelt to Bullitt, August 5, 1937, at https://research.archives.gov/id/16618443/.
8. Ickes, June 26, 1938, Secret Diary, 2:408.
9. Ickes, January 22, 1939, Secret Diary, 2:562.
10. Bullitt to Roosevelt, October 24, 1936, in Roosevelt and Bullitt, For the President, 173–74.
11. Bullitt to Roosevelt, October 24, 1936, in Roosevelt and Bullitt, For the President, 186.
12. Bullitt to Hull, May 14, 1940, at http://docs.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/psf/box2/a12aa01.html/.
13. Bullitt to Hull, May 31, 1940, at http://docs.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/psf/box2/t12xx01.html/.
14. Bullitt to Roosevelt, May 16, 1940, available at http://docs.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/psf/box2/t12dd01.html/.
15. Davis to Hull, April 13, 1937, in Irwin F. Gellman, Secret Affairs: Franklin Roosevelt, Cordell Hull, and Sumner Welles (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995), 123.
16. Bullitt to Roosevelt, January 10, 1937, in Roosevelt and Bullitt, For the President, 206.
17. Bullitt to Roosevelt, October 8, 1936, in Roosevelt and Bullitt, For the President, 180.
18. Bullitt to Roosevelt, November 23, 1937, in Roosevelt and Bullitt, For the President, 237.
19. Gaddis, George F. Kennan, 133.
20. Bullitt to Roosevelt, April 18, 1940, at https://research.archives.gov/id/16618452?q=bullitt/.
21. Gellman, Secret Affairs, 200.
22. Christopher Sullivan, Sumner Welles, Postwar Planning, and the Quest for a New World Order (New York: Columbia University Press, 2008), 38.
23. Bullitt to Roosevelt, December 20, 1936, in Roosevelt and Bullitt, For the President, 200.
24. Bullitt to Roosevelt, January 10, 1937, in Roosevelt and Bullitt, For the President, 205.
25. Bullitt to Moore, November 24, 1936, box 112/I/58/1431 (WCB.SML).
26. Bullitt to Roosevelt, July 23, 1937, in Roosevelt and Bullitt, For the President, 225.
27. Bullitt to Roosevelt, January 20, 1938, in Roosevelt and Bullitt, For the President, 253.
28. Bullitt to Roosevelt, May 28, 1937, in Roosevelt and Bullitt, For the President, 217.
29. Welles to Bullitt, August 24, 1937, in Roosevelt and Bullitt, For the President, 240.
30. Bullitt to Roosevelt, October 27, 1938, in Roosevelt and Bullitt, For the President, 293.
31. Bullitt to Hull, September 26, 1938, in Roosevelt and Bullitt, For the President, 291.
32. Ickes, June 17, 1939, in Secret Diary, 2:651.
33. David Reynolds, From Munich to Pearl Harbor: Roosevelt’s America and the Origins of the Second World War (Chicago: Ivan Dee, 2001), 42.
34. New Yorker, December 10, 1938.
35. Albert Connelly, interview with Francois Duchene, at http://archives.eui.eu/en/files/transcript/15859?d=inline/; also Eric Roussel, Jean Monnet (Paris: Fayard, 1996), 156–58.
36. On the role of Monnet’s American network in the creation of the European Union, see Pascaline Winand, Eisenhower, Kennedy, and the United States of Europe (New York: St. Martin, 1993). Interestingly, this book does not mention Bullitt.
37. Bullitt to Roosevelt, November 24, 1936, in Roosevelt and Bullitt, For the President, 186.
38. Kennett S. Davis, FDR: Into the Storm (New York: Random House, 1993), 349.
39. Bullitt to Roosevelt, September 28, 1938, in Roosevelt and Bullitt, For the President, 299.
40. Davis, FDR, 400.
41. Bullitt to Roosevelt, September 16, 1939, at https://research.archives.gov/id/16608708?q=bullitt/.
42. Bullitt to Roosevelt, September 13, 1939, at https://research.archives.gov/id/16608708?q=bullitt/.
43. John R. Gillingham, “The German Problem and the European Integration,” in Origins and the Evolution of the European Union, ed. Desmond Dinan (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006), 66.
44. Bullitt to Roosevelt, September 16, 1939, at https://research.archives.gov/id/16608708?q=bullitt/.
45. Ickes, March 22, 1939, Secret Diary, 2:602.
46. Arthur Schlesinger Jr., “What Made Them Turn Red,” Look, August 1, 1950; William C. Bullitt, “Ex-Ambassador Bullitt Clarifies His Part in ‘What Made Them Turn Red,’” Look, October 10, 1950.
47. LeHand to Bullitt, September 5, 1940, box 112/I/49/1193 (WCB.SML).
48. Bullitt to Roosevelt, December 11, 1939, at https://research.archives.gov/id/16608708?q=bullitt/.
49. Bullitt to Roosevelt, June 7, 1940, November 1, 1939, available at https://research.archives.gov/id/16618452?q=bullitt/, 57.
50. Ickes, February 7, 1940, Secret Diary, 2:132.
51. Ickes, March 10, 1940, Secret Diary, 2:146.
52. Bullitt to Roosevelt, June 11, 1940, in Roosevelt and Bullitt, For the President, 464.
53. Telegrams from June 3, 1940, at https://research.archives.gov/id/16618452?q=bullitt/.
54. Bullitt to Roosevelt, October 18, 1939, at https://research.archives.gov/id/16618452?q=bullitt/; Bullitt, telegram to Hull, June 11, 1940, in Roosevelt and Bullitt, For the President, 464.
55. Bullitt to Roosevelt, May 30, 1940, in Roosevelt and Bullitt, For the President, 440.
56. Bullitt to Roosevelt,, May 30, 1940, in Roosevelt and Bullitt, For the President, 441, and at https://research.archives.gov/id/16618452?q=bullitt/.
57. Roosevelt to Bullitt, June 11, Bullitt to Roosevelt, June 12, 1940, in Roosevelt and Bullitt, For the President, 465, 468.
58. Davis, FDR, 560; Andrea Bosco, June 1940: Great Britain and the First Attempt to Build a European Union (Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2016), 289.
59. Bullitt to Hull, July 1, 1940, in Roosevelt and Bullitt, For the President, 481–87.
60. Charles Glass, Americans in Paris (London: Harper, 2010), 100.
61. Bullitt to Hull, July 13, 1940, in Roosevelt and Bullitt, For the President, 490.
62. Bullitt, draft of speech, August 1940, Roosevelt and Bullitt, For the President, 499.
63. Isaiah Berlin to Marie and Mendel Berlin, August 20, 1940, in Isaiah Berlin, Flourishing: Letters, 1928–1946 (London: Chatto, 2004), 336.
64. Reynolds, From Munich to Pearl Harbor, 175.
CHAPTER 14. FRONTS OF WAR
1. Kennan, Memoirs, 1:85–86.
2. Bullard, Inside Stalin’s Russia, 174.
3. Bullitt to Roosevelt, November 3, 1937, box 112/I/58/1440 (WCB.SML).
4. Ickes, June 29, 1940, Secret Diary, 2:216.
5. Kennan, Memoirs, 1:85, 70.
6. Berlin to Anthony Rumbold, January 24, 1945, in Berlin, Flourishing, 521.
7. Bullitt, “How We Won the War and Lost the Peace.” Life, September 6, 1948, 94.
8. Ickes, October 7, 1940, Secret Diary, 2:342.
9. Bullitt, “What Next?” Life, April 21, 1941.
10. Bullitt, “How We Won the War,” 83.
11. Bullitt to Roosevelt, July 1, 1941, in Roosevelt and Bullitt, For the President, 522.
12. Bullitt, draft of the essay “Action, at Last” (1947), box 112/III/150/271 (WCB. SML); Orville Bullitt from Roosevelt and Bullitt, For the President, 554.
13. Ickes, June 28, 1941, Secret Diary, 3:548.
14. Bullitt, “How We Won the War,” 94.
15. Bullitt, memo, November 22, 1941, in Roosevelt and Bullitt, For the President, 528.
16. Roosevelt to Bullitt, November 22, 1941, at https://research.archives.gov/id/16618326/, page 1.
17. Bullitt, “Can Truman Avoid World War III?” American Mercury (June 1947): 645.
18. Bullitt to Roosevelt. January 29, 1943, Roosevelt and Bullitt, For the President, 580. Further page references to this third letter will be given parenthetically in the text.
19. Bullitt to Roosevelt, January 10, 1937, at https://research.archives.gov/id/16618443/.
20. James Forrestal, The Forrestal Diaries (New York: Viking, 1951), 121.
21. Berlin to Herbert Nicholas, November 26, 1942, in Berlin, Flourishing, 421.
22. Bullitt, memo, April 14, 1944, box 112/II/135/920 (WCB.SML).
23. Roosevelt and Bullitt, For the President, 604.
24. William Bullitt to Orville Bullitt, October 21, 1944, in Roosevelt and Bullitt, For the President, 606.
25. Bullitt’s notes, cited in Roosevelt and Bullitt, For the President, 605.
26. Charles de Gaulle, The War Memoirs, 3 vols. (New York: Viking 1955), 3:160.
27. “Le commandant William Bullitt, / Est le parrain du bataillon, / En Homme il comprit notre fuite, / De grand cœur nous l’en remercions, / En criant, en avant, en avant!” at https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/2e_bataillon_de_choc/.
28. Glass, Americans in Paris, 413.
29. Bullitt to Orville Bullitt, December 18, 1944, in Roosevelt and Bullitt, For the President, 610.
30. Bullitt, “How We Won the War,” Part II, Life, September 6, 1948, 90.
CHAPTER 15. HOMOSEXUALS
1. Bullitt, memo, April 23, 1941, and memo, May 5, 1943, in Roosevelt and Bullitt, For the President, 512–14, 514–16; Dean, Imperial Brotherhood, 72–73; Costigliola, Roosevelt’s Lost Alliances, 74–75.
2. Working for Hopkins, Bohlen made himself indispensable to the diplomacy of Lend-Lease. His job was challenging in many ways; Isaiah Berlin, who befriended him, wrote how Bohlen helped the British delegation in Moscow in the “almost impossible task” of translating Churchill into Russian. The interpreter was proving incapable, and Bohlen “was brought in instead—and then had to translate things like ‘the depth of sublime unwisdom’ into rapid Russian for Uncle Joe’s benefit.” Berlin, Flourishing, 488.
3. Bullitt, “How We Won the War,” Part Two, 90.
4. Bullitt, memo, April 14, 1944, box 112/II/135/920 (WCB.SML).
5. Bullitt, memo, February 1, 1944, Roosevelt and Bullitt, For the President, 602.
6. Kennan, who had known Offie over decades, called him “a Renaissance type.” George F. Kennan and John Lukacs, Through the History of the Cold War: The Correspondence of George F. Kennan and John Lukacs, (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2010), 63.
7. J. Edgar Hoover to Sherman Adams, Federal Bureau of Investigation, February 11, 1953, U.S. Declassified Documents Online, at tinyurl.galegroup.com/tinyurl/3y6R42/.
8. Freud and Bullitt, Woodrow Wilson, 56.
9. R. G. Waldeck, “Homosexual International,” Human Events 17, no. 39 (September 29, 1960); see also Michael S. Sherry, Gay Artists in Modern American Culture: An Imagined Conspiracy (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2007), 69–71.
10. Bullitt to Moore, April 11, 1935, box 112/I/58/1424 (WCB.SML).
11. Dean, Imperial Brotherhood, 143.
12. “Details of an in-depth investigation of Charles Eustis Bohlen, a State Department foreign service officer, as requested by Secretary of State John Foster Dulles.” Federal Bureau of Investigation, March 16, 1953. US Declassified Documents Online, at tinyurl.galegroup.com/tinyurl/3y8QC0/.
13. Dean, Imperial Brotherhood, 137.
14. Dean, Imperial Brotherhood, 141.
CHAPTER 16. UNITING EUROPE
1. Gellman, Secret Affairs, 350–51.
2. Bullitt to LeHand, November 7, 1943, box 112/I/49/1185 (WCB.SML).
3. Box 112/Oversize/243/15 (WCB.SML).
4. William C. Bullitt, “The Tragedy of Versailles.” Life, March 27, 1944, 114.
5. William C. Bullitt, “How We Won the War and Lost the Peace.” Life, Part Two, September 6, 1948, 83.
6. Bullitt, “How We Won the War,” 97, 102.
7. Kennan, Memoirs, 2:417.
8. Bullitt, “The Tragedy of Versailles,” 116.
9. Berlin, Flourishing, 622.
10. Kennan, “Long Telegram,” February 22, 1946, at http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/coldwar/documents/episode-1/kennan.htm/.
11. Kennan, October 24, 1949, in Kennan Diaries, 232.
12. Halford Mackinder, Democratic Ideals and Reality (1919; repr. New York: Norton, 1962), 150.
13. Gaddis, George F. Kennan, 189.
14. Interestingly, even Isaiah Berlin did not know the source of his friends’ inspiration; he believed that the program of the Non-Communist Left was created by Bohlen, Thayer, and himself “in the spirit of a joke which created a movement.” See Berlin to Schlesinger, October 21, 1949, in Berlin, Flourishing, 134.
15. Kennan to Lukacs, December 11, 1976, in Through the Cold War, 68–71.
16. William C. Bullitt, “France in Crisis: To Defeat Communism French Democracy Must Have U.S. Aid,” Life, June 2, 1947.
17. Forrestal, March 10, 1946, The Forrestal Diaries, 46.
18. Bullitt to Moore, March 30, 1936, box 112/I/58/1431 (WCB.SML).
19. Bullitt to Roosevelt, January 29, 1943, in Roosevelt and Bullitt, For the President, 585, and similar formulations in Bullitt’s 1948 essays in Life.
20. Kennan to Leahy, in Gaddis, George F. Kennan, 169.
21. Kennan, Diaries, 164.
22. Kennan, Diaries, 164.
23. Minutes of UK Delegation meeting, August 30, 1947, in Berlin, Enlightening, 39.
24. Bullitt, “France in Crisis,” 129.
25. Bullitt, “How We Won the War,” 83.
26. William C. Bullitt, “A Report to the American People on China,” Life, October 13, 1947, 143.
27. William C. Bullitt, “How We Won the War and Lost the Peace,” Part Two, September 6. Life, 1948, 103.
28. Gellman, Secret Affairs, 400.
29. Robert L. Beisner, Dean Acheson: A Life in the Cold War (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006), 117.
30. William C. Bullitt, “Can Truman Avoid World War III?” American Mercury (June 1947): 646.
31. Bullitt, draft of the essay “Action, at Last” (1947), box 112/III/150/271 (WCB. SML).
32. Bullitt, memo, October 1950, box 112/II/135/925 (WCB.SML).
33. Bullitt, draft, box 112/III/163/513 (WCB.SML).