A NOTE ON SOURCES
This book is based on William Bullitt’s personal documents, which are stored in his huge archive in Sterling Memorial Library at Yale University (cited throughout the endnotes as WCB.SML). Louise Bryant’s archive is also kept in the Sterling. I have used Bullitt’s publications, such as The Bullitt Mission to Russia; his novel, It’s Not Done; the biography of Woodrow Wilson that he cowrote with Freud, Thomas Woodrow Wilson: A Psychological Study; the political pamphlet, The Great Globe Itself; and a volume of Bullitt’s correspondence with Roosevelt. I have used a number of Bullitt’s essays; particularly important are his postwar articles in Life magazine. Also important were the superb collections of documents published in the Alexander Yakovlev Archive, available at http://www.alexanderyakovlev.org/; the US Declassified Documents of the United States, published by Gale; and the memories about Bullitt recorded by the Office of Oral History of Columbia University.
There are three book-length studies of Bullitt’s diplomatic work. Although I often disagree with them, I have used them all in this book. These are Beatrice Farnsworth, William C. Bullitt and the Soviet Union; Michael Casella-Blackburn, The Donkey, the Carrot, and the Club: William C. Bullitt and Soviet-American Relations, 1917–1948; and the most informative, Will Brownell and Richard Billings, So Close to Greatness: The Biography of William C. Bullitt. These books were written by historians of international relations, whereas I was mostly interested in Bullitt as a cultural and intellectual figure. For a better understanding of this aspect of his life, see a chapter on him in John Lukacs, Philadelphians: Patricians and Philistines. There is also interesting correspondence between Lukacs and Kennan about this book in Through the History of the Cold War: The Correspondence of George F. Kennan and John Lukacs. Bullitt is one of the central, though still underappreciated, figures of American politics after World War I in David Fromkin, In the Time of the Americans: FDR, Truman, Eisenhower, Marshall, McArthur—The Generation that Changed America’s Role in the World. There is an informative chapter on Bullitt in the Soviet Union in Dennis Dunn, Caught between Roosevelt and Stalin: America’s Ambassadors in Moscow. For information about Bullitt’s intellectual circle, see James Srodes, On Dupont Circle: Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt and the Progressives Who Shaped Our World.
Some members of the staff of the Moscow embassy wrote valuable memoirs. These include Charles W. Thayer, Bears in the Caviar; Irene Wiley, Around the Globe in Twenty Years; Charles Bohlen, Witness to History, 1929–1969; George Kennan, Memoirs, 1925–1950. The Kennan Diaries, edited by Frank Costigliola, were very helpful. Two recent books by Peter Rand and Paul Willets discuss a curious biography of Tyler Kent, Bullitt’s underling in Moscow who became a Soviet or German spy or even a double agent. See also biographies of Bullitt’s second wife, Queen of Bohemia: The Life of Louise Bryant by Mary Dearborn and Friends and Lovers by Virginia Gardner, and a biography of his good friend Cissy Patterson, Cissy: The Extraordinary Life of Eleanor Medill Patterson by Ralph G. Martin.
Two remarkable books—Frank Costigliola, Roosevelt’s Lost Alliances: How Personal Politics Helped Start the Cold War, and Robert Dean, Imperial Brotherhood: Gender and the Making of Cold War Foreign Policy—discuss the sexual mores of Bullitt’s high-ranking friends and enemies and the “lavender scare,” the accusations of homosexuality by Senator McCarthy and his supporters. Rich information on this subject is also contained in M. Stanton Evans, Blacklisted by History: The Untold Story of Senator Joe McCarthy.
On Freud and Bullitt, there is substantial but insufficient literature: Paul Roazen, “Oedipus in Versailles”; Mark Solms, “Freud and Bullitt: An Unknown Manuscript”; J. F. Campbell, “To Bury Freud on Wilson.”
I first wrote about Bullitt in my book Eros of the Impossible: The History of Psychoanalysis in Russia, which was published in Russian in 1993 and then translated by Noah and Maria Rubens and published in English in 1996. In one of the chapters I wrote about the friendship between Bullitt and Freud. Based on Elena Bulgakova’s diary, I wrote that Bullitt was one of the prototypes of Woland, the hero of Mikhail Bulgakov’s The Master and Margarita. Later, some works referred to this conjecture (Laura D. Weeks, The Master and Margarita: A Critical Companion; Boris Sokolov, Bulgakov: Encyclopedia; István Rév, Retroactive Justice: Prehistory of Post-Communism). Bullitt and Bulgakov’s relationship, the Spring Festival, and the Satan Ball, have been mentioned in the Spaso House’s official brochure. In October 2010 Ambassador John Beyrle reproduced Bullitt’s ball of 1935, calling the event the “Enchanted Ball” and dedicating it to Bullitt and Bulgakov.
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