* Unless otherwise noted all Theodore Roosevelt letters cited are at the Library of Congress and Harvard University. All will soon be available online courtesy of Dickinson State University’s Theodore Roosevelt Center in North Dakota.
PROLOGUE: “I So DECLARE IT”
1. Theodore Roosevelt’s America: Selections from the Writings of the Oyster Bay Naturalist (Greenwich, Conn.: Devin-Adair, 1955), p. xviii.
2. T.R. to Frank M. Chapman (March 22, 1899), quoted in Frank M. Chapman, Autobiography of a Bird Lover (New York: Appleton-Century, 1933).
3. Frank M. Chapman, “Birds and Bonnets,” Forest and Stream, Vol. 26, No. 5 (February 25, 1886), p. 84. (Letter to the editor.)
4. John T. Zimmer, “Frank Michler Chapman,” American Naturalist, Vol. 80, No. 793 (1945), p. 476.
5. For an explanation of early ornithologists’ museum strategies see Nancy Pick and Mark Sloan, The Rarest of the Rare: Stories Behind the Treasures at the Harvard Museum of Natural History (New York: HarperCollins, 2004).
6. Oliver H. Orr, Jr., Saving American Birds: T. Gilbert Pearson and the Founding of the Audubon Movement (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1992), p. 74.
7. Williams R. Adams, “Florida Live Oak Farm of John Quincy Adams,” Florida Historical Quarterly, Vol. 51 (1972), pp. 129–147. Adams’s preserve is now called the Naval Live Oaks–Gulf Islands National Seashore.
8. John F. Reiger, American Sportsmen and the Origins of Conservation, 3rd ed. (Corvallis: Oregon State University Press, 2001), pp. 5–7.
9. George Catlin, North American Indians: Being Letters and Notes on their Manners, Customs, and Conditions, Written during Eight Years’ Travel Amongst the Wildest Tribes of Indians in North America, 1832–1839 (Philadelphia, Pa.: Leary, Stuart, 1913), pp. 294–295. Orig. published 1844.
10. Kathryn Hall Proby, Audubon in Florida (Coral Gables: University of Miami Press, 1974), p. 51.
11. Frank Graham, Jr., The Audubon Ark: A History of the National Audubon Society (New York: Knopf, 1990), p. 10.
12. Henry David Thoreau, “Chesun-cook,” Atlantic Monthly, Vol. 2 (August 1858). Also see Thoreau, The Maine Woods (Boston: Ticknor and Fields, 1864), p. 160.
13. Doug Stewart, “How Conservation Grew from a Whisper to a Roar,” National Wildlife (December–January 1999).
14. “The Bisby Club’s Resort.” New York Times (June 8, 1890), p. 12. Also see, Ken Sprague, “History and Heritage Remembering 19th amd 20th Century Life,” Adirondack Express (July 25, 2006), p. 4.
15. William T. Hornaday, Our Vanishing Wild Life (New York: New York Zoological Society, 1913), p. 248.
16. Gifford Pinchot, The Fight for Conservation (New York: Doubleday, 1910), p. 48.
17. T.R. to William Adolph Baillie-Grohman (June 12, 1900).
18. John Burroughs, Signs and Seasons (Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin, 1886), p. 213.
19. George Laycock, Wild Refuge (Garden City, N.Y.: American Museum of Natural History Press, 1969), pp. 12–20.
20. Jonathan Weiner, “Darwin’s Delay,” Slate (May 3, 2007).
21. John M. Blum, “Theodore Roosevelt: The Years of Decision,” in Elting E. Morrison (ed.), The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt, Vol. 2 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1951), Vol. 4, p. 1486.
22. Orr, Saving American Birds, p. 1.
23. Hornaday, Our Vanishing Wild Life, p. 15.
24. Erick Gill, “Pelican Island: 10 Years in the Making,” Vero Beach Magazine (February 2003), pp. 7–14.
25. Thomas Gilbert Pearson, Adventures in Bird Protection, p. 52. Also see, Robin W. Doughty, Feather Fashions and Bird Preservation: A Study in Nature Protection (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1975), p. 11.
26. Doughty, Feather Fashions and Bird Preservation, pp. 10–11, 23. Also see Mary Van Kleeck, A Seasoned Industry: A Study on the Millinery Trade in New York (Philadelphia, Pa.: Russell Sage Foundation, 1917), pp. 10–23.
27. Doughty, Feather Fashions and Bird Preservation, p. 3. Also see Stuart B. McIver, Death in the Everglades: The Murder of Guy Bradley: America’s First Martyr of the Environment (Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 2007), p. 4.
28. Doughty, Feather Fashions and Bird Preservations, p. 15.
29. “Maxim’s New Machine Gun,” New York Times (December 5, 1884), p. 3. New weapons such as the LeFever semiautomatic hammerless shotgun (1883) and the Maxim machine gun (1884) began replacing the outdated Civil War Gatling gun. Relatively easy to carry, these guns occasionally made their way into the hunting scene. Most of the time, however, plume hunters used shotguns.
30. Doughty, Feather Fashions and Bird Preservation, p. 12.
31. Frank Graham, Jr., The Audubon Ark: A History of the National Audubon Society (New York: Knopf, 1990), p. 18.
32. Florida Audubon Society, “Who We Are: History of Audubon of Florida” (1999). Pamphlet.
33. Orr, Saving American Birds, p. 74.
34. “Audubon of Florida Timeline,” National Audubon Society (2009).
35. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Yearbook 1902 (Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1903).
36. “Society at Home and Abroad,” New York Times (October 20, 1901), p. 7. T.R. renamed the Executive Mansion the White House on October 12, 1901.
37. William Allen White quoted in Hermann Hagedorn and Sidney Wallach, A Theodore Roosevelt Round-Up (New York: Theodore Roosevelt Association, 1958), pp. 159–160.
38. “William Alford Richards: Cadastral Survey” (Cheyenne: Bureau of Land Management, Wyoming Archive).
39. William Reffalt, “Prologue to Pelican Island” (February 2003). Unpublished, Pelican Island National Wildlife Refuge Archive, Vero Beach, Fla.
40. There are numerous versions of the “I So Declare It” story all with slight variations, including Patricia O’Toole, When Trumpets Call (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2005), pp. 32–33, Lewis L. Gould, The Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt(Lawrence: The University of Kansas Press, 1991), p. 111, and William H. Harbaugh, The Life and Times of Theodore Roosevelt (New York: Collier Books, 1967), p. 315. I combined these with information gathered by Paul Tritaik of U.S. Fish and Wildlife from his Florida files.
41. T.R., “My Life as a Naturalist,” American Museum Fournal, Vol. 18 (May 1918), p. 321. See also Hermann Hagedorn (ed.), The Works of Theodore Roosevelt, Memorial Edition (New York: Scribner, 1923), p. 443.
42. Frank Chapman to T.R. ([n.d.] 1908). Chapman Papers, American Museum of Natural History, New York.
43. Frank M. Chapman, Camps and Cruises of an Ornithologist (New York: Appleton, 1908), pp. 85–95.
44. Paul Russell Cutright, Theodore Roosevelt: The Naturalist (New York: Harper, 1956), p. 144.
45. Kathleen Dalton, Theodore Roosevelt: The Strenuous Life (New York: Knopf, 2002), p. 16.
46. Reffalt, “Prologue to Pelican Island.”
47. Pelican Island Federal Bird Reservation Declaration (March 14, 1903). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Archive, Vero Beach, Fla.
48. Charles Alexander, “A Life with Birds,” Birder’s World (April 2003), p. 42. The figure changes annually.
49. Sidney P. Johnston, A History of Indian River County (Vero Beach, Fla.: Indian River County Historical Society, 2000), p. 39.
50. T.R., An Autobiography (New York: Macmillan, 1913), p. 436.
51. “Passage Key and the American Wildlife Conservation Movement” [n.d.] (Crystal River, Fla.: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Services Archives).
52. Bill McKibben (ed.), American Earth: Environmental Writing Since Thoreau (New York: Library of America, 2008).
53. T.R., A Book-Lover’s Holidays in the Open (New York: Scribner, 1916), pp. 316–317.
54. John L. Eliot, “Roosevelt Country: T.R.’s Wilderness Legacy,” National Geographic, Vol. 162, No. 3 (September 1982), pp. 340–362.
55. Aida D. Donald, Lion in the White House: A Life of Theodore Roosevelt (New York: Basic Books, 2007), p. 193.
56. “The President Helps Lay a Cornerstone,” New York Times, April 25, 1903, p. 1.
57. “Conservation as National Duty,” President Theodore Roosevelt’s Opening Address in Proceedings of a Conference of National Governors (May 13, 1909).
58. T.R., Outdoor Pastimes of an American Hunter (New York: Scribner, 1905), p. 317.
1: THE EDUCATION OF A DARWINIAN NATURALIST
1. Oliver H. Orr, Jr., Saving American Birds: T. Gilbert Pearson and the Founding of the Audubon Movement (Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1992), p. 18.
2. David McCullough, Mornings on Horseback (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1981), p. 114.
3. Paul Russell Cutright, Theodore Roosevelt: The Naturalist (New York: Harper, 1956), p. xiii.
4. T.R. to Edward Sanford Martin (November 26, 1900).
5. T.R., African Game Trails (New York: Scribner, 1910), p. xi.
6. The Works of Ralph Waldo Emerson, Vol. 1 (London: Macmillan, 1884), p. 6.
7. Janet Browne, Darwin’s Origin of Species (New York: Grove, 2006), pp. 1–5.
8. T.R., “The Pigskin Library” in Literary Essays, National Edition, Vol. 2, pp. 337–346. This originally appeared in Outlook, Vol. 94, Issue 18 (April 30, 1910).
9. Edmund Morris, The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt (New York: Coward, McCann, 1979), p. 23.
10. T.R. to James Joseph Walsh (February 23, 1909).
11. Christian Fichthorne Reisner, Roosevelt’s Religion (New York: Abingdon, 1922), p. 32.
12. Jacob A. Riis, Theodore Roosevelt: The Citizen (New York: Grosset and Dunlap, 1904), pp. 7–8.
13. Darwin, The Descent of Man (Akron, Ohio: Werner, 1874).
14. T.R., “My Life as a Naturalist,” American Museum Journal, Vol. 18 (May 1918), p. 321.
15. Richard W. Etulain, Telling Western Stories: From Buffalo Bill to Larry McMurtry (Albuquerque: The University of New Mexico Press, 1999), p. 5–30.
16. Mayne Reid, The Scalp Hunters; Or, Romantic Adventures in Northern Mexico, Vol. I (London: Charles J. Skeet, 1851), p. 2.
17. Mayne Reid, The Land Pirates; or The League of Devil’s Island (New York: Beadle’s Half-Dime Library, 1879), pp. 4–14.
18. Mayne Reid, The Boy Hunters, Or Adventures in Search of a White Buffalo (London: David Bogue, Fleet Street, 1852), p. 17.
19. Ibid., pp. 27–28.
20. Ibid.
21. Joan Steele, Captain Mayne Reid (Boston, Mass.: Twayne, 1978), pp. 104—106.
22. T.R., The Rough Riders (New York: Scribner, 1899), pp. 104–112.
23. Reid, The Boy Hunters, p. 424.
24. Mayne Reid, The White Chief: A Legend of Northern Mexico, Vol. 2 (London: David Bogue, Fleet Street, 1855), p. 145.
25. Steele, Captain Mayne Reid, pp. 66–67.
26. Edgar Allan Poe quoted in The Hand-book of Texas (Austin: Texas State Historical Association, 1997–2002).
27. Kathleen Dalton, Theodore Roosevelt: A Strenuous Life (New York: Knopf, 2002), p. 43.
28. T.R., An Autobiography (New York: Macmillan, 1913), p. 16. (In 1899 the New York Times ranked the fifteen greatest “Books for Boys” of the nineteenth century; in first place was Reid’s Ran Away to Sea of 1858—which dealt with the slave trade—followed by The Swiss Family Robinson.)
29. J. G. Wood, The Common Objects of the Country (London: G. Rutledge, 1858), p. 33.
30. Reverend J. G. Wood, Home Without Hands: Being a Description of the Habitations of Animals, Classed According to Their Principle of Construction (New York: Appleton, 1866), pp. 362–369.
31. Corrine Roosevelt Robinson, My Brother, Theodore Roosevelt (New York: Scribner, 1921), p. 2.
32. T.R., An Autobiography, p. 6.
33. Carl Safina, Song for the Blue Ocean: Encounters along the World’s Coasts and Beneath the Seas (New York: Holt, 1997), pp. 399–400.
34. Paul Russell Cutright, Theodore Roosevelt: The Making of a Conservationist (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1985), p. 2.
35. T.R., An Autobiography, pp. 14–16.
36. Theodore Roosevelt Museum Inventory List for 1867. Also published in Cutright, Theodore Roosevelt: The Naturalist, p. 3.
37. T.R., “My Life as a Naturalist,” pp. 321–325.
38. David McCullough, Mornings on Horseback (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1981), p. 119.
39. Jonathan Rosen, The Life of the Skies: Birding at the End of Nature (New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 2008), p. 128.
40. T.R., “My Life as a Naturalist,” pp. 321–324.
41. T.R. to Martha Bulloch Roosevelt (April 28, 1868).
42. T.R. to Theodore Roosevelt, Sr. (April 30, 1868).
43. T.R. Childhood Drawings. Houghton Library, Harvard Universiy.
44. Deborah Solomon, “Inspiration on the Hudson,” New York Times (August 21, 1988).
45. T.R. Boyhood Diaries, “My Life: Three Weeks of My Life, Age Nine Years, August 1868” (August 10 to September 5, 1868).
46. T.R., An Autobiography, pp. 4–5.
47. Robert E. Bieder, Bear (London: Reaktion, 2005), pp. 74–101.
48. Paul Schullery, American Bears: Selections from the Writings of Theodore Roosevelt (Boulder, Col.: Robert Rinehart, 1997), p. 59.
49. T.R. Boyhood Diaries, “Journal of Theodore Roosevelt of U.S.A.” (May 12 to September 9, 1869).
50. Ibid., “My Journal in Switzerland” (August 15, 1869).
51. Ibid., diary entry (August 6, 1869).
52. Ibid., “My Journal of Northern Italy” (September 9 to October 20, 1869), diary entry (September 13, 1869).
53. Ibid., “My Journal of Northern Italy” (September 9 to October 20, 1869).
54. “Leopold and Rudolf Blaschka, Design Museums Touring Exhibition,” Dresden National History Museum Catalog. Dresden Historical Center, Germany. The museum was torn down in 1944 (online: no author).
55. T.R. Boyhood Diaries, “My Journal in Prussia” (October 21 to October 28, 1869).
56. Ibid. (October 26, 1869).
57. Ibid. (December 3 to December 31, 1869).
58. Ibid.
59. Ibid., “My Journal in Italy” (December 14 to March 9, 1870), entry (December 21, 1869).
60. Ibid., “My Journal in Italy,” entries (January 17, 18, 19, 1870).
61. Ibid. (December 14 to March 9, 1870), entry (March 1, 1870).
62. Cutright, Theodore Roosevelt: The Making of a Conservationist, p. 20.
63. T.R. Boyhood Diaries, “My Journal in England” (May 25 to September 10, 1870).
64. Cutright, Theodore Roosevelt: The Naturalist, p. 4.
65. T.R. Boyhood Diaries, “Now My Journal in the United States” (May 25 to September 10, 1870), entry (June 6, 1871, Spuyten Duyvil, New York).
66. W. H. H. Murray, Adventures in the Wilderness; Or Camp-Life in the Adirondacks (Boston, Mass.: Fields, Osgood, 1869).
67. Philip G. Terrie, Forever Wild: A Cultural History of the Adirondacks (Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1994), pp. 68–71.
68. Thomas Jefferson quoted ibid., p. 22.
69. T.R. Boyhood Diaries, “In the Adirondacks and the White Mountains” (August 1 to August 31, 1871), entry (August 4, 1871, Plattsburgh, New York).
70. T.R. to Josephine Dodge Daskam (May 7, 1901).
71. James Fenimore Cooper, The Pioneer (Riverside, Cambridge: D. Appleton & Company, 1876), p. 247. Also see Hugh C. MacDougall, “James Fenimore Cooper: Pioneer of the Environmental Movement,” James Fenimore Cooper Society Archives (online). This talk was first written in April 1990 for a program on Earth Day; since then it has been given, with minor changes, before a number of audiences in the Cooperstown area. The version cited here was given in 1999 to the Adirondack Club in Oneonta.
72. T.R. Boyhood Diaries, “In the Adirondacks and White Mountains” (August 1 to August 31, 1871), entry (August 18, 1871).
73. David W. Blight, Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2001), p. 2.
74. T.R., An Autobiography, p. 9.
75. Emlen Roosevelt quoted in Edmund Morris, The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt (New York: Coward, McCann, and Geoghegan, 1979), p. 35.
76. T.R., An Autobiography, pp. 7–8.
77. David McCullough, Mornings on Horseback, pp. 29–30.
78. History of American Museum of Natural History, New York, Founding Documents. (File.)
79. “New York’s New Museum,” New York Times (December 23, 1877), p. 1.
80. Carter B. Horsley, “The Museum of Natural History,” in The Upper West Side Book (City Review, 2007).
81. “Natural History Museum: Costly Building in Central Park,” New York Times (December 20, 1877), p. 2.
82. “New York’s New Museum.”
83. Joseph Wallace, A Gathering of Wonders: Behind the Scenes at the American Museum of Natural History (New York: St. Martin’s, 2000), p. 142.
84. McCullough, Mornings on Horseback, p. 118.
85. American Museum of Natural History, Founding Documents.
86. For an interpretation of racism, imperialism, and sexism in the American Museum of Natural History’s Roosevelt memorial, see Donna Haraway, “Teddy Bear Patriarchy: Taxidermy in the Garden of Eden, New York City, 1908–1936,” Social Text, No. 11 (Winter 1984–1985), pp. 20–64.
2: ANIMAL RIGHTS AND EVOLUTION
1. Stephen Zawistowski, “Companion Animal Population—Historical Context and Future Directions,” SPAY USA Conference (July 7, 2000). (Transcript.)
2. Edmund Morris, The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt (New York: Coward, McCann, 1979), p. 98.
3. Steve Zawistowski, Companion Animals in Society (Clifton Park, N.Y.: Thomas Delmar Learning, 2008), pp. 53–55.
4. T.R. to Mark Sullivan (September 9, 1908).
5. T.R., An Autobiography (New York: Macmillan, 1913), pp. 434–35. The quotation first appeared in Outlook (January 25, 1913).
6. Ibid.
7. Gary Francione, Rain without Thunder: The Ideology of the Animal Rights Movement (Philadelphia, Pa.: Temple University Press, 1996), p. 6.
8. T.R. to Philip Bathell Stewart (July 16, 1901).
9. Donald G. McNeil, Jr., “When Human Rights Extend to Non Humans,” New York Times (July 13, 2008), p. 3.
10. Henry Bergh Clipping File, American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Archives, New York.
11. Mildred Mastin Pace, Friend of Animals: The Story of Henry Bergh (New York: Scribner, 1942), pp. 25–27.
12. Thomas Paine, The Age of Reason (New York: Eckler Edition, 1915), pp. 67–68.
13. Stephen Zawistowski to Douglas Brinkley, May 7, 2008.
14. Henry Bergh Clipping File, ASPCA Archives, New York.
15. Bergh quoted in Pace, Friend of Animals, p. 31.
16. William C. Spragens (ed.), Popular Images of American Presidents (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1988), p. 187.
17. ASPCA Chapter Archive, New York. See also Letters to the Editor, New York Times (July 23, 1868), p. 2.
18. Murat Halstead, The Life of Theodore Roosevelt: The Twenty-Fifth President of the United States (Akron, Ohio: Saalfield, 1902), pp. 28–29.
19. Roswell Cheney McCrea, The Humane Movement (New York: Columbia University Press, 1910), p. 150.
20. A. H. Saxon, P. T. Barnum: The Legend and the Man (New York: Columbia University Press, 1989), pp. 233–238. Also see Lane and Zawistowski, Heritage of Care, pp. 24–25.
21. Pace, Friend of Animals, pp. 34–118. Also see Henry Bergh Clipping Files, ASPCA Archive.
22. Ibid., pp. 41–48.
23. “The Real Story of Mary Ellen Wilson” (October 2008), American Humane Archive, Englewood, Col. (Online pamphlet.)
24. “Protection for Children,” New York Times (December 17, 1874), p. 3.
25. Halstead, The Life of Theodore Roosevelt, p. 30.
26. Morris, The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt, pp. 39–40.
27. T.R. Boyhood Diaries, “Journal of Travels to Europe, Including Egypt and Holy Land” (October 16, 1872 to May 12, 1873), diary entries (October 15 to October 25, 1872), Ship.
28. Joel Ellis Holloway, Dictionary of Birds of the United States: Scientific and Common Names (Portland, Ore.: Timber, 2003), p. 25.
29. T.R., “My Life as a Naturalist,” American Museum Journal, Vol. 18 (May 1918), pp. 321–329.
30. Paul Russell Cutright, Theodore Roosevelt: The Making of a Conservationist (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1985), p. 32.
31. T.R. Boyhood Diaries, “Journal of Travels to Europe, Including Egypt and Holy Land” (October 16, 1872, to May 12, 1873) entry (October 25, 1872), Liverpool.
32. Paul Russell Cutright, Theodore Roosevelt: The Naturalist (New York: Harper, 1956), p. 7.
33. “On the Return of the Arab Courier,” Carnegie Museum of Natural History (Clipping File), Pittsburgh, Pa.
34. Ibid.
35. T.R. Boyhood Diaries, “Journal of Travels to Europe, Including Egypt and Holy Land” (October 16, 1872, to May 12, 1873), entry (November 1, 1872), Liverpool.
36. Ibid. (November 28, 1872), Alexandria.
37. Ibid. (November 30, 1872), Cairo.
38. Ibid. (December 1, 1872), Cairo.
39. T.R., An Autobiography, pp. 19–20.
40. T.R., My Life as a Naturalist, pp. 321–333.
41. Ibid., pp. 321–325.
42. T.R. Boyhood Diaries, “Journal of Travels to Europe, Including Egypt and Holy Land” (October 16, 1872, to May 12, 1873), entry (December 29, 1872).
43. Ibid. (February 24, 1873), Jerusalem.
44. Ibid. (March 4, 1873), Mart Saba.
45. Ibid. (March 17, 1873), Damascus.
46. Ibid. (March 6, 1873), several miles from Hebron.
47. Morris, The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt, p. 69.
48. Mayne Reid, The Boy Hunters (London: David Bogue, Fleet Street, 1852), pp. 63–67.
49. T.R. Boyhood Diaries, “Journal of Travels to Europe, Including Egypt and Holy Land” (October 16, 1872 to May 12, 1873), April.
50. Ibid. (April 28, 1873), Vienna.
51. Corinne Roosevelt Robinson, My Brother Theodore Roosevelt (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1921). pp. 77–78.
52. Henry James, Madonna of the Future (London: Macmillan, 1883), p. 38.
53. Janet Browne, Darwin’s Origin of Species (New York: Grove, 2008), pp. 99–100.
54. Ernst Mayr, “Darwin’s Influence on Modern Thought,” Scientific Review (July 2000), pp. 79–83.
55. T.R. to Oliver Wendell Holmes (October 21, 1904).
56. T.R. to George Otto Trevelyan (January 23, 1904).
57. Charles Darwin, On the Origin of Species (1859 edition), pp. 665–666. Original first edition published in November 1859.
58. T.R., “My Life as a Naturalist.”
59. Reverend Alfred Charles Smith, The Attractions of the Nile and Its Banks, a Journal of Travel in Egypt and Nubia (London: John Murray, Albemarle Sheet, 1900).
60. Charles Darwin, On the Origins of Species, 1st ed. (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1964), pp. 62–81. (Facsimile reprint.)
61. Browne, Darwin’s Origin of Species, p. 14.
62. T.R. to Philip Bathell Stewart (July 16, 1901).
63. T.R. to Martha Bulloch Roosevelt (October 5, 1873), and Theodore Roosevelt’s Diaries of Boyhood and Youth (New York: Scribner’s Sons, 1928).
64. Edward J. Larson, Evolution: The Remarkable History of a Scientific Theory (New York: Modern Library, 2004), p. 88.
65. Ibid.
3: OF SCIENCE, FISH, AND ROBERT B. ROOSEVELT
1. T.R. to Martha Bulloch Roosevelt (July 13, 1873).
2. Paul Russell Cutright, Theodore Roosevelt: The Making of a Conservationist (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1985), p. 70; and Edmund Morris, The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt (New York: Coward, McCann, 1979), p. 75.
3. T.R., An Autobiography (New York: Macmillan, 1913), pp. 19–20.
4. Steve Zawistowski, Companion Animals in Society (Clifton Park, N.Y.: Thomas Delmar Learning, 2008), p. 54.
5. Nancy Pick, The Rarest of the Rare: Stories behind the Treasures at the Harvard Museum of Natural History (New York: HarperCollins, 2004), p. 17.
6. Roosevelt Museum Minutes (December 26, 1873). Also quoted in Cutright, Theodore Roosevelt: The Making of a Conservationist, pp. 6–81.
7. Roosevelt Museum Minutes (April 6, 1874).
8. Morris, The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt, p. 75.
9. T.R., An Autobiography, pp. 23–25.
10. Aaron Sachs, The Humboldt Current: Nineteenth-Century Exploration and the Roots of American Environmentalism (New York: Viking Adult, 2006).
11. T.R., “My Life as a Naturalist,” American Museum Journal, Vol. 18 (May 1918).
12. Morris, The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt, p. 65.
13. Pick, The Rarest of the Rare, p. 8.
14. Morris, The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt, pp. 75–76.
15. Jesse Merritt, “A Brief History of the Town of Oyster Bay,” Oyster Bay Historical Society (July 2003).
16. John Hammond, “The Early Settlement of Oyster Bay,” Freeholder: The Oyster Bay Historical Society (September 2003).
17. John Rather, “Notable ‘Firsts,’” New York Times (September 28, 1997).
18. T.R. Boyhood Diaries (1874–1876), Houghton Library, Harvard University.
19. T.R., “My Life as a Naturalist.”
20. Roderick Frazier Nash, Wilderness and the American Mind, 4th ed. (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2001), pp. 1–3.
21. Aldo Leopold, “The Wilderness and Its Place in Forest Recreational Policy,” Journal of Forestry, Vol. 19 (1921), p. 719.
22. Patricia Nelson Limerick, Something in the Soil (New York: Norton, 2000), p. 277.
23. Wilderness Act of 1964 (16 U.S.C. 1131–1136, 78 Stat. 890)—Public Law 88–577 (approved September 3, 1964), U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Archives.
24. “Roosevelt’s Boyhood Life in Adirondacks Is Recalled by Guide,” Adirondack Enterprise (January 28, 1930). Special thanks to Michele Tucker, Curator of the Adirondack Research Room in the Saranac Lake Free Library, Saranac Lake, N.Y.
25. T.R., “Journal of a Trip to the Adirondacks.”
26. T.R., “My Life as a Naturalist.”
27. T.R., “Notes on the Fauna of the Adirondack Mountains.”
28. Paul W. B. Joslin, “Movements and Home Sites of Timber Wolves in Algonquin Park,” American Zoologist (1969), pp. 279–288.
29. Charles Darwin, On the Origin of Species, 1st ed. (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1964), p. 490. (Facsimile.)
30. Anthony DePalma, “A Rising Number of Birds at Risk,” New York Times (December 1, 2007).
31. Fred J. Alsop, Birds of North America—Eastern Region (New York: Dorling Kindersley, 2001), pp. 545–550.
32. Mayne Reid, The Boy Hunters, Or Adventures in Search of a White Buffalo (London: David Bogue, Fleet Street, 1852), pp. 8–9.
33. Janet E. Buerger, “Ultima Thule: American Myth, Frontier, and the Artist-Priest in Early American Photography,” American Art, Vol. 6, No. 1 (Winter 1992), pp. 82–103.
34. Robert M. Utley, A Life Wild and Perilous: Mountain Men and the Paths to the Pacific (New York: Holt, 1997), pp. 156–285.
35. Institute for Government Research, The U.S. Geological Survey: Its History, Activities, and Organization (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins Press, 1919), p. 9.
36. Clarence King, U.S. Geological Survey 1st Annual Report (1880), p. 4. Also quoted in “The Four Great Surveys of the West,” United States Geological Survey, C1050 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Geological Survey, Department of Interior, 2000).
37. William H. Goetzmann, Exploration and Empire: The Explorer and the Scientist in the Winning of the American West (New York: Knopf, 1966), pp. xiii—xiv.
38. Ibid. Also “History of Yosemite” Files, Yosemite National Park Archive, California.
39. Lary M. Dilsaver, America’s National Park System: The Critical Documents (Lanham, Maryland: Rowman and Littlefield, 1994), p. 28.
40. Stacey Bredhoff, American Originals (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2001), p. 58.
41. Ira N. Gabrielson, Wildlife Refuges (New York: Macmillan, 1943), pp. 74–81.
42. Text of Benjamin Harrison’s Official Chugach Proclamation, Chugach National Forest. U.S. Forest Service Archives, Washington, D.C.
43. “The National Wildlife Refuge System: Promises for a New Century” (Shepherdstown, W. Va.: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Archive, 2003).
44. Scott Weidensaul, Return to Wild America (New York: North Point, 2005), pp. 321–345.
45. David McCullough, Mornings on Horseback (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1981), pp. 20–21.
46. Bill Bleyer, “The Forgotten Roosevelt,” Newsday (October 6, 1985).
47. Ibid., p. 11.
48. McCullough, Mornings on Horseback, p. 22.
49. Nathan Miller, The Roosevelt Chronicles: A Story of a Great American Family (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1979), p. 142.
50. William S. Spragens, Popular Images of American Presidents (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1988).
51. John A. Gable, “Robert B. Roosevelt,” Theodore Roosevelt Association Journal, Vol. 9, No. 4 (Fall 1983), p. 13. Dr. Gable, former executive director of the Theodore Roosevelt Association (TRA) in Oyster Bay, N.Y., gave me access to two blue-bound “House of Roosevelt” volumes filled with R.B.R.’s letters and diaries. When I cite R.B.R. Papers, TRA, this is what I am referring to.
52. Robert B. Roosevelt, Five Acres Too Much (New York: Harper, 1869), pp. 19–20.
53. Horace Greeley to R.B.R. (April 5, 1871), R.B.R. Papers, TRA.
54. “President’s Uncle, R.B. Roosevelt, Dead,” New York Times (June 15, 1906), p. 9.
55. Bill Bleyer, “The Forgotten Roosevelt,” Newsday (October 6, 1985), p. 27.
56. Miller, The Roosevelt Chronicles, p. 147.
57. Bleyer, “The Forgotten Roosevelt,” p. 11. Also see Robert B. Roosevelt to Rutherford B. Hayes (April 4, 1880), R.B.R. Papers, TRA.
58. M. Fortescue Pickard, “The House of Roosevelt” (unpublished, October 12, 1936). (Given to author by John A. Gable.) [n.d.] pp. 120–124.
59. Robert B. Roosevelt, “Is the Turtle a Fish?” Diary Entry (or Notes), R.B.R. [n.d.] Papers, TRA.
60. Survey of Historic Sites and Buildings,” Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site, New York, N.Y.
61. Author interview, P. J. Roosevelt, New York, N.Y. (June 1995).
62. McCullough, Mornings on Horseback, p. 21.
63. T.R., An Autobiography, p. 12.
64. John F. Reiger, American Sportsmen and the Origins of Conservation, 3rd ed. (Corvallis: Oregon State University Press, 2001).
65. Frank Forester, The Warwick Woodlands (Philadelphia, Pa.: G. B. Zieber, 1845).
66. Henry William Herbert, Frank Forester’s Field Sports of the United States, Vol. 1 (New York: Stringer and Townsend, 1848), p. 12.
67. James A. Tober, Who Owns the Wild-life? The Political Economy of Conservation in Nineteenth Century America (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1981), pp. 48–54. Also see George Bird Grinnell, “American Game Protection: A Sketch” in George Bird Grinnell and Charles Sheldon (eds.), Hunting and Conservation: The Book of the Boone and Crockett Club (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1925), pp. 221–224.
68. Bigelow quoted in Pickard, “The House of Roosevelt.”
69. Paul Schullery, “Hope for the Hook and Bullet Press,” New York Times (September 22, 1985), sec. 7, page 1.
70. Charles Hallock, Vacation Rambles in Michigan (Grand Rapids and Indiana Railroad, 1877).
71. George Bird Grinnell and T.R., Trail and Camp-Fire: The Book of the Boone and Crockett Club (New York: Forest and Stream, 1897), p. 332.
72. Robert Barnwell Roosevelt, Game Fish of the Northern States of America, and British Provinces (New York: Carleton, 1862).
73. Pickard, “The House of Roosevelt,” p. 101.
74. Parker Gillmore to R.B.R. (1862), R.B.R. Papers, TRA.
75. Pickard, “The House of Roosevelt,” p. 102.
76. Robert Barnwell Roosevelt, Game Fish of the Northern States of America and British Provinces, p. 36.
77. John F. Reiger, American Sportsmen and The Origins of Conservation, pp. 150–151.
78. Richard P. Harmond, “Robert Barnwell Roosevelt and the Early Conservation Movement,” Theodore Roosevelt Association Journal, Vol. 14 (Summer 1988), pp. 2–11.
79. “The Reed Draper Collection of Angling Books,” Central Michigan University Archives, Mount Pleasant.
80. Sylvia R. Black, “Seth Green, Father of Fish Culture,” Rochester History Vol. 6, No. 3 (July 1944); and Pickard, “The House of Roosevelt,” pp. 102–103.
81. “The Legacy of Seth Green” (Arlington, Va.: Trout Unlimited Archive, 2007).
82. Ibid.
83. Clinton E. Atkinson, “Feeding Habits of Adult Shad (Alosa sapidissima) in Fresh Water” Ecology, Vol. 32, No. 3 (July 1951), pp. 556–557.
84. Seth Green, Trout Culture (Caledonia, N.Y.: Green and Collins, 1870).
85. Arthur D. Welander, “Notes on the Dissemination of Shad, Alosa sapidissima, along the Pacific Coast of North America” (Wilson), Copeia, Vol. 1940, No. 4 (December 27, 1940), pp. 221–223.
86. R.B.R. quoted in Pickard, “The House of Roosevelt,” pp. 104–106.
87. Robert Barnwell Roosevelt, Florida and the Game Water Birds of the Atlantic Coast and the Lakes of the United States (New York: Orange Judd, 1884), p. 24.
88. Ibid., p. 12.
89. Ibid., p. 10.
90. Seth Green to Robert B. Roosevelt (November 10, 1884), R.B.R. Papers, TRA.
91. Suffolk County News (June 15, 1906).
92. Richard Hammond and Donald H. Weinhardt, “Robert Barnwell Roosevelt on the Great South Bay,” Long Island Forum (August–September 1987), p. 167.
93. Spencer F. Baird to Robert B. Roosevelt (May 16, 1874), R.B.R. Papers, TRA.
94. Pickard, “The House of Roosevelt.”
95. Robert B. Roosevelt, “The Roosevelt Coat-of-Arms,” R.B.R. Papers, TRA.
96. Robert B. Roosevelt, “Frog Notes” (n.d.), R.B.R. Papers, TRA.
97. Hammond and Weinhardt, “Robert Barnwell Roosevelt on the Great South Bay,” p. 161.
98. Robert B. Roosevelt quotes this slogan in “Notes on the Old New York of His Day” (unpublished), R.B.R. Papers, TRA.
99. Bleyer, “The Forgotten Roosevelt,” p. 11.
100. Ernest Schwiebert, Introduction, in Superior Fishing: Or, the Striped Bass, Trout, and Black Bass of the Northern States (St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society, 1985), pp. xii—xiii. (Reprint edition.)
1. T.R., An Autobiography (New York, Macmillan, 1913), pp. 29–30.
2. Everett Parker, “A Historical Perspective of the Moosehead Lake Region,” Moosehead Historical Society (2007).
3. T.R., An Autobiography, pp. 29–32.
4. T.R., “My Life As a Naturalist,” The American Museum Journal, Vol. XVII (May, 1918), No. 5.
5. Jonathan Rosen, The Life and Skies: Birding at the End of Nature (New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 2008), p. 126.
6. T.R., “My Life As a Naturalist,” The American Museum Journal.
7. T.R. to Anna Bulloch Grace (July 7, 1872).
8. Paul Russell Cutright and Michael. J. Brodhead, Elliott Coues: Naturalist and Frontier Historian (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1981).
9. “Dr. Arthur H. Cutler, School Founder, Dies,” New York Times (June 22, 1918), p. 9. T.R. became the first graduate of the Cutler School of New York.
10. Arthur Cutler, “Reminiscences,” in Stefan Lorant, The Life and Times of Theodore Roosevelt (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1959), p. 136.
11. T.R., “Remarks on the Zoology of Oyster Bay (1874–76),” T.R. Collection, Harvard University.
12. Robert B. Roosevelt, “Notes on the Old New York” (unpublished), R.B.R. Scrapbook, TRA.
13. Kathleen Dalton, Theodore Roosevelt: A Strenuous Life (New York: Knopf, 2002), pp. 59–60.
14. Edward J. Renehan, Jr., The Lion’s Pride: Theodore Roosevelt and His Family in Peace and War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), p. 42.
15. T.R. quoted in Lorant, The Life and Times of Theodore Roosevelt (New York: Doubleday, 1959), pp. 135–136.
16. T.R. Boyhood Diaries, “Notes on Natural History” (July 24–30, 1874).
17. T.R., An Autobiography, p. 25.
18. Public Broadcasting Service, “People and Events: The Centennial Exposition of 1876,” The American Experience. Transcription on website from 2002; and “Centennial Exposition of 1876,” Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission Files, State Museum Building, Harrisburg.
19. David Starr Jordan, Manual of the Vertebrates of the Northern United States (Chicago: Jansen, McClurg, 1876).
20. Paul Russell Cutright, Theodore Roosevelt: The Making of a Conservationist (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1985), p. 97.
21. Anna Roosevelt Cowles (ed.), Letters from Theodore to Anna Roosevelt Cowles, 1870–1918 (New York: Scribner, 1924), p. 12.
22. R. W. G. Vail, “Your Loving Friend, T.R.,” Collier’s (December 20, 1924).
23. Ralph Waldo Emerson, “The Superlative,” in Lectures and Biographical Sketches (Cambridge, Mass.: Edward W. Emerson, 1883), p. 139.
24. David McCullough, Mornings on Horseback (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1981), pp. 200–201.
25. Nancy Pick and Mark Sloan, The Rarest of Rare (New York: HarperCollins, 2004), p. 16.
26. Carleton Putnam, Theodore Roosevelt: The Formative Years (New York: Scribner, 1958), pp. 137–138.
27. Robert Barnwell Roosevelt, Five Acres Too Much (New York: Harper, 1869), p. xi.
28. Jim Reis, “Pieces of the Past,” Northern Kentucky University Archives, Vol. 2, pp. 56–59. Also see Nathaniel Shaler, The First Book of Geology (Boston, Mass.: Ginn, Heath, 1884).
29. “Obituary: Nathaniel S. Shaler,” Bulletin of the American Geographical Society, Vol. 38, No. 5 (1906), p. 336.
30. Donald Wilhelm, Theodore Roosevelt as an Undergraduate (Boston, Mass.: J. W. Luce, 1910), p. 35.
31. “Theodore Roosevelt, Student,” New York Times (June 12, 1907), p. 8.
32. T.R. quoted in Joshua David Hawley, Theodore Roosevelt: Preacher of Righteousness (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2008), pp. 35–36.
33. McCullough, Mornings on Horseback, pp. 213–214.
34. T.R. to Gifford Pinchot (March 14, 1907). Library of Congress (microfilm), Series 2, Vol. 71, Real 345, p. 335.
35. Richard Welling, “My Classmate Theodore Roosevelt,” American Legion Monthly (January 1929), pp. 9–11.
36. T.R. letter quoted in Cutright, Theodore Roosevelt: The Making of a Conservationist, p. 100. T.R.’s other ornithologist friend at Harvard was Frederic Gardiner, a graduate of the class of 1880. He later became a minister, and the love of birds became part of his sermons.
37. Edmund Morris, The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt (New York: Coward, McCann, 1979), p. 90.
38. T.R., Letters from T.R. to Anna Roosevelt Cowles, 1870 to 1918 (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1924), pp. 22–23. Letter to Father and Mother, April, 1879.
39. “Review of Minot’s The Land and
Game Birds of New England,” Harper’s New Monthly Magazine (April 1877), p. 772.
40. T.R. journal (June 23, 1877). Also see Morris, The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt, pp. 90–91.
41. T.R., Outdoor Pastimes of an American Hunter (New York: Scribner, 1905), p. 339.
42. C. Hart Merriam writing in Bulletin of the Nuttall Ornithological Society (April 1878). Quoted in Paul Russell Cutright, Theodore Roosevelt: The Naturalist (New York: Harper, 1956), p. 18.
43. For biogaphical information on C. Hart Merriam see Keir B. Sterling, Last of the Naturalists: The Career of C. Hart Merriam (New York: Arno Press, 1977), and “Dr. Merriam, Hamed Natural Scientist, D.C.S,” Washington Post, March 21, 1942, p. 9.
44. Cutright, Theodore Roosevelt: The Making of a Conservationist, pp. 102–103.
45. T.R., “Small Country Neighbors,” Scribner’s Magazine (October 1907) Vol. XLII, No. 4.
46. “Senator Hill’s Condition,” New York Times (July 28, 1882), p. 1.
47. Putnam, Theodore Roosevelt, pp. 147–148.
48. T.R. Boyhood Diaries (December 25, 1877).
49. Nathan Miller, Theodore Roosevelt: A Life (New York: Morrow, 1992), p. 81.
50. T.R., An Autobiography, p. 26.
51. Roderick Nash, Wilderness and the American Mind (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1967), pp. 88–90.
52. T.R., Outdoor Pastimes of an American Hunter, p. 322.
53. McCullough, Mornings on Horseback, p. 205.
54. Morris, The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt, p. 109.
55. “Deer and Caribou in Maine: From the Bangor Commercial, Jan. 20,” New York Times (January 29, 1888). The Bangor Commercial reported that Mr. H. O. Stanley, one of the fish commissioners, said that deer and caribou were so plentiful in Maine that hunting permits should be allowed.
56. T.R., “My Debt to Maine,” in Maine, My State (Lewiston, Maine: Journal Printshop, 1919), p. 17. Also see “Deer and Caribou in Maine: From the Bangor Commercial, Jan. 20,” New York Times (January 29, 1888). The Bangor Commercialreported that Mr. H. O. Stanley, one of the fish commissioners, said that deer and caribou were so plentiful in Maine that hunting permits should be allowed.
57. Ibid., p. 19.
58. Ibid., p. 21.
59. William Wingate Sewall, Bill Sewall’s Story of Theodore Roosevelt (T.R.) (New York: Harper, 1919), p. 5.
60. T.R., “My Debt to Maine,” p. 19.
61. Sewall, Bill Sewall’s Story of Theodore Roosevelt, p. 5.
62. Ibid., p. 4.
63. Charles G. Washburn, Theodore Roosevelt: The Logic of His Career (Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin, 1916), p. 5.
64. Cutright, Theodore Roosevelt: The Making of a Conservationist, pp. 79–83. Coues had signed Birds of the Colorado Valley to: “Theodore Roosevelt (from the author), Jan. 1879.”
65. Sewall, Bill Sewall’s Story of Theodore Roosevelt, p. 6.
66. T.R., “My Debt to Maine,” p. 20.
67. T.R., Outlook (July 27, 1912); and address at Saint Louis, Mo. (May 31, 1916), Mem. Ed. 24, p. 483.
68. T.R. to Martha Bulloch Roosevelt (September 14, 1879).
69. Ibid.
70. Thoreau, The Maine Woods, p. 120.
71. Steven M. Cox and Kris Fulsaas, Mountaineering: The Freedom of the Hills (Seattle, Wash.: Mountaineers, 2003), pp. 16–17. First printed 1960.
72. Yagyu Munenori, “Martial Arts: The Book of Family Traditions” in Thomas Cleary (ed.) Soul of the Samurai (North Clarendon, VT: Tuttle Publishing, 2005), pp. 78–79.
73. Lewis Carroll, The Hunting of the Snark: An Agony in Eight Fits (New York: Pantheon, 1966), p. 26. (Originally published 1876; Alice through the Looking-Glass was earlier, 1872.)
74. Carleton Putnam, Theodore Roosevelt, p. 163, Also see John Watterson, The Games Presidents Play (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006), p. 68.
75. T.R., “My Debt to Maine,” p. 17.
4: HARVARD AND THE NORTH WOODS OF MAINE
1. T.R., An Autobiography (New York, Macmillan, 1913), pp. 29–30.
2. Everett Parker, “A Historical Perspective of the Moosehead Lake Region,” Moosehead Historical Society (2007).
3. T.R., An Autobiography, pp. 29–32.
4. T.R., “My Life As a Naturalist,” The American Museum Journal, Vol. XVII (May, 1918), No. 5.
5. Jonathan Rosen, The Life and Skies: Birding at the End of Nature (New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 2008), p. 126.
6. T.R., “My Life As a Naturalist,” The American Museum Journal.
7. T.R. to Anna Bulloch Grace (July 7, 1872).
8. Paul Russell Cutright and Michael. J. Brodhead, Elliott Coues: Naturalist and Frontier Historian (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1981).
9. “Dr. Arthur H. Cutler, School Founder, Dies,” New York Times (June 22, 1918), p. 9. T.R. became the first graduate of the Cutler School of New York.
10. Arthur Cutler, “Reminiscences,” in Stefan Lorant, The Life and Times of Theodore Roosevelt (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1959), p. 136.
11. T.R., “Remarks on the Zoology of Oyster Bay (1874–76),” T.R. Collection, Harvard University.
12. Robert B. Roosevelt, “Notes on the Old New York” (unpublished), R.B.R. Scrapbook, TRA.
13. Kathleen Dalton, Theodore Roosevelt: A Strenuous Life (New York: Knopf, 2002), pp. 59–60.
14. Edward J. Renehan, Jr., The Lion’s Pride: Theodore Roosevelt and His Family in Peace and War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), p. 42.
15. T.R. quoted in Lorant, The Life and Times of Theodore Roosevelt (New York: Doubleday, 1959), pp. 135–136.
16. T.R. Boyhood Diaries, “Notes on Natural History” (July 24–30, 1874).
17. T.R., An Autobiography, p. 25.
18. Public Broadcasting Service, “People and Events: The Centennial Exposition of 1876,” The American Experience. Transcription on website from 2002; and “Centennial Exposition of 1876,” Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission Files, State Museum Building, Harrisburg.
19. David Starr Jordan, Manual of the Vertebrates of the Northern United States (Chicago: Jansen, McClurg, 1876).
20. Paul Russell Cutright, Theodore Roosevelt: The Making of a Conservationist (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1985), p. 97.
21. Anna Roosevelt Cowles (ed.), Letters from Theodore to Anna Roosevelt Cowles, 1870–1918 (New York: Scribner, 1924), p. 12.
22. R. W. G. Vail, “Your Loving Friend, T.R.,” Collier’s (December 20, 1924).
23. Ralph Waldo Emerson, “The Superlative,” in Lectures and Biographical Sketches (Cambridge, Mass.: Edward W. Emerson, 1883), p. 139.
24. David McCullough, Mornings on Horseback (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1981), pp. 200–201.
25. Nancy Pick and Mark Sloan, The Rarest of Rare (New York: HarperCollins, 2004), p. 16.
26. Carleton Putnam, Theodore Roosevelt: The Formative Years (New York: Scribner, 1958), pp. 137–138.
27. Robert Barnwell Roosevelt, Five Acres Too Much (New York: Harper, 1869), p. xi.
28. Jim Reis, “Pieces of the Past,” Northern Kentucky University Archives, Vol. 2, pp. 56–59. Also see Nathaniel Shaler, The First Book of Geology (Boston, Mass.: Ginn, Heath, 1884).
29. “Obituary: Nathaniel S. Shaler,” Bulletin of the American Geographical Society, Vol. 38, No. 5 (1906), p. 336.
30. Donald Wilhelm, Theodore Roosevelt as an Undergraduate (Boston, Mass.: J. W. Luce, 1910), p. 35.
31. “Theodore Roosevelt, Student,” New York Times (June 12, 1907), p. 8.
32. T.R. quoted in Joshua David Hawley, Theodore Roosevelt: Preacher of Righteousness (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2008), pp. 35–36.
33. McCullough, Mornings on Horseback, pp. 213–214.
34. T.R. to Gifford Pinchot (March 14, 1907). Library of Congress (microfilm), Series 2, Vol. 71, Real 345, p. 335.
35. Richard Welling, “My Classmate Theodore Roosevelt,” American Legion Monthly (January 1929), pp. 9–11.
36. T.R. letter quoted in Cutright, Theodore Roosevelt: The Making of a Conservationist, p. 100. T.R.’s other ornithologist friend at Harvard was Frederic Gardiner, a graduate of the class of 1880. He later became a minister, and the love of birds became part of his sermons.
37. Edmund Morris, The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt (New York: Coward, McCann, 1979), p. 90.
38. T.R., Letters from T.R. to Anna Roosevelt Cowles, 1870 to 1918 (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1924), pp. 22–23. Letter to Father and Mother, April, 1879.
39. “Review of Minot’s The Land and
Game Birds of New England,” Harper’s New Monthly Magazine (April 1877), p. 772.
40. T.R. journal (June 23, 1877). Also see Morris, The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt, pp. 90–91.
41. T.R., Outdoor Pastimes of an American Hunter (New York: Scribner, 1905), p. 339.
42. C. Hart Merriam writing in Bulletin of the Nuttall Ornithological Society (April 1878). Quoted in Paul Russell Cutright, Theodore Roosevelt: The Naturalist (New York: Harper, 1956), p. 18.
43. For biogaphical information on C. Hart Merriam see Keir B. Sterling, Last of the Naturalists: The Career of C. Hart Merriam (New York: Arno Press, 1977), and “Dr. Merriam, Hamed Natural Scientist, D.C.S,” Washington Post, March 21, 1942, p. 9.
44. Cutright, Theodore Roosevelt: The Making of a Conservationist, pp. 102–103.
45. T.R., “Small Country Neighbors,” Scribner’s Magazine (October 1907) Vol. XLII, No. 4.
46. “Senator Hill’s Condition,” New York Times (July 28, 1882), p. 1.
47. Putnam, Theodore Roosevelt, pp. 147–148.
48. T.R. Boyhood Diaries (December 25, 1877).
49. Nathan Miller, Theodore Roosevelt: A Life (New York: Morrow, 1992), p. 81.
50. T.R., An Autobiography, p. 26.
51. Roderick Nash, Wilderness and the American Mind (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1967), pp. 88–90.
52. T.R., Outdoor Pastimes of an American Hunter, p. 322.
53. McCullough, Mornings on Horseback, p. 205.
54. Morris, The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt, p. 109.
55. “Deer and Caribou in Maine: From the Bangor Commercial, Jan. 20,” New York Times (January 29, 1888). The Bangor Commercial reported that Mr. H. O. Stanley, one of the fish commissioners, said that deer and caribou were so plentiful in Maine that hunting permits should be allowed.
56. T.R., “My Debt to Maine,” in Maine, My State (Lewiston, Maine: Journal Printshop, 1919), p. 17. Also see “Deer and Caribou in Maine: From the Bangor Commercial, Jan. 20,” New York Times (January 29, 1888). The Bangor Commercialreported that Mr. H. O. Stanley, one of the fish commissioners, said that deer and caribou were so plentiful in Maine that hunting permits should be allowed.
57. Ibid., p. 19.
58. Ibid., p. 21.
59. William Wingate Sewall, Bill Sewall’s Story of Theodore Roosevelt (T.R.) (New York: Harper, 1919), p. 5.
60. T.R., “My Debt to Maine,” p. 19.
61. Sewall, Bill Sewall’s Story of Theodore Roosevelt, p. 5.
62. Ibid., p. 4.
63. Charles G. Washburn, Theodore Roosevelt: The Logic of His Career (Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin, 1916), p. 5.
64. Cutright, Theodore Roosevelt: The Making of a Conservationist, pp. 79–83. Coues had signed Birds of the Colorado Valley to: “Theodore Roosevelt (from the author), Jan. 1879.”
65. Sewall, Bill Sewall’s Story of Theodore Roosevelt, p. 6.
66. T.R., “My Debt to Maine,” p. 20.
67. T.R., Outlook (July 27, 1912); and address at Saint Louis, Mo. (May 31, 1916), Mem. Ed. 24, p. 483.
68. T.R. to Martha Bulloch Roosevelt (September 14, 1879).
69. Ibid.
70. Thoreau, The Maine Woods, p. 120.
71. Steven M. Cox and Kris Fulsaas, Mountaineering: The Freedom of the Hills (Seattle, Wash.: Mountaineers, 2003), pp. 16–17. First printed 1960.
72. Yagyu Munenori, “Martial Arts: The Book of Family Traditions” in Thomas Cleary (ed.) Soul of the Samurai (North Clarendon, VT: Tuttle Publishing, 2005), pp. 78–79.
73. Lewis Carroll, The Hunting of the Snark: An Agony in Eight Fits (New York: Pantheon, 1966), p. 26. (Originally published 1876; Alice through the Looking-Glass was earlier, 1872.)
74. Carleton Putnam, Theodore Roosevelt, p. 163, Also see John Watterson, The Games Presidents Play (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006), p. 68.
75. T.R., “My Debt to Maine,” p. 17.
5: MIDWEST TRAMPING AND THE CONQUERING OF THE MATTERHORN
1. Edmund Morris, The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt (New York: Coward, McCann, 1979), p. 112.
2. Castle Freeman, Jr., “Owen Wister: Brief Life of a Western Mythmaker, 1860–1938,” Harvard Magazine (July—August 2002), p. 42.
3. Owen Wister, Roosevelt: The Story of a Friendship 1880–1919 (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1930), pp. 4–8.
4. David McCullough, Mornings on Horseback (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1981), pp. 210–211. McCullough believes very strongly that Wister was playing Parson Weems when writing up the boxing story in his memoir.
5. Wister, Roosevelt: The Story of a Friendship 1880–1919, pp. 4–7.
6. Carleton Putnam, Theodore Roosevelt: The Formative Years (New York: Scribner, 1958), p. 178.
7. Ibid., p. 179.
8. Morris, The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt, p. 122.
9. Kay Redfield Jamison, Exuberance: The Passion for Life (New York: Random House, 2004), pp. 8–21.
10. Ibid., pp. 131–132.
11. Winthrop Chandler, Roman Springs: Memoirs (Boston, Mass.: Little, Brown, 1934), p. 195.
12. T.R., An Autobiography (New York, Macmillan, 1913), p. 7.
13. Putnam, Theodore Roosevelt: The Formative Years, p. 134.
14. “Theodore Roosevelt, Student,” New York Times (June 12, 1907), p. 8.
15. T.R. College Diary (May 5, 1880).
16. Louis Hawes, “A Sketchbook by Thomas Cole,” Record of the Art Museum, Princeton University, Vol. 15, No. 1 (1956), pp. 2–23. The diaries of Thomas Cole have been underappreciated by environmental historians. Take, for example, his eloquent entry about the significance of trees in his life: “Treading the mosses of the forest, my attention has often been attracted by the appearance of action and expression in trees. I have been led to reflect upon the fine effects they produce, and to look into the causes. They spring from some resemblance to man…. Exposed to adversity and agitations, they battle for existence or supremacy. On the mountain, exposed to the blasts, trees grasp the crags with their gnarled roots, and struggle with the elements with wild contortions.” In Rev. Louis L. Noble, The Life and Works of Thomas Cole (New York: Cornish, Lamport, 1853), pp. 125–126.
17. T.R. to Corinne Roosevelt (July 24, 1880).
18. Anna Eleanor Roosevelt (ed.), Hunting Big Game in the Eighties: The Letters of Elliott Roosevelt (New York: Scribner, 1933), pp. ix–x.
19. Eleanor Roosevelt, The Autobiography of Eleanor Roosevelt (New York: Da Capo, 1992), p. 5.
20. Elliott Roosevelt to Theodore Roosevelt Senior (February 20, 1876) in Anna Eleanor Roosevelt (ed.), Hunting Big Game in the Eighties, p. 20.
21. Kathleen Dalton, Theodore Roosevelt: A Strenuous Life (New York: Knopf, 2002), pp. 58–61.
22. Francis Parkman, Oregon Trail (New York: Charles E. Merrill, 1910). Originally published in 1849 as The California and Oregon Trail, though Parkman had never visited California. Later he denounced that title as a “publisher’s trick” designed to increase sales.
23. T.R. quoted in Independent (November 24, 1892), Mem. Ed. 14, p. 286.
24. T.R., “Midwest Tramp Diary” (August 17, 1880).
25. William Cronon, Nature’s Metropolis Chicago and the Great West (New York: Norton, 1991), p. 19.
26. Washington Irving, A Tour on the Prairies (Norman: University of Oklahoma, 1956). Originally published as part of The Crayon Miscellany, 3 vols. (Philadelphia, Pa.: Carey, Lea, and Blanchard, 1835).
27. T.R. to Anna Roosevelt (August 22, 1880).
28. T.R., “Midwest Tramp Diary” (August 19, 1880).
29. T.R., The Wilderness Hunter (New York and London: Putnam, 1893), p. 450.
30. T.R. to Anna Roosevelt (August 22, 1880).
31. T.R. to Martha Bulloch Roosevelt (August 25, 1880).
32. Ibid.
33. T.R., “Midwest Tramp Diary” (August 24, 1880).
34. T.R. to Corinne Roosevelt (September 12, 1880).
35. T.R., “Midwest Tramp Diary” (August 27, 1880).
36. Vachel Lindsay, “Abraham Lincoln Walks at Midnight,” in The Congo and Other Poems (New York: Macmillan, 1914).
37. History of Western Iowa: Its Settlement and Growth (Sioux City, Iowa: Western, 1882), p. 505.
38. T.R., “Midwest Tramp Diary” (September 5, 1880).
39. History of Western Iowa, p. 534.
40. T.R., “Midwest Tramp Diary” (September 8, 1880).
41. Emily Dickinson, “A Narrow Fellow in the Grass” (number 986, “The Snake”), Springfield Republican (February 14, 1866).
42. T.R. to Liberty Hyde Bailey (August 10, 1908),
43. T.R. to Corinne Roosevelt (September 12, 1880) in Letters, Vol. 1, p. 46. Also in Corinne Roosevelt, My Brother, Theodore Roosevelt (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1921), p. 114.
44. “Residential Notes” (Visitors’ Center, Fargo-Morehead Convention and Visitors’ Bureau, 2008).
45. Bruce Watson, “World’s Unlikeliest Bestseller,” Smithsonian (August 2005).
46. “Red River State Park” (Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, 2008). (Pamphlet.)
47. T.R., “Midwest Tramp Diary” (September 14, 1880).
48. Ibid. (September 24, 1880).
49. Ibid. (September 21, 1880).
50. Ibid. (September 22 and 23, 1880).
51. Thomas L. Altherr and John F. Reiger, “Academic Historians and Hunting: A Call for More and Better Scholarship,” Environmental History Review, Vol. 19, No. 3 (Autumn 1995), pp. 39–56.
52. “Hunting Trips of a Ranchman: Part II,” in The Works of Theodore Roosevelt: Hunting Trips on the Prairie and in the Mountains (New York and London: Putnam, 1902), p. 121. (Originally printed by Putnam, 1885.)
53. “History of Cattle Ranching: Cattle Industry,” Bill Lane Center for the Study of the North American West, Stanford University.
54. T.R., “Midwest Tramping Diary” (September 30, 1880).
55. H. W. Brands, T.R.: The Romantic (New York: Basic Books, 1997), pp. 108–09.
56. T.R. Private Diaries, 1878–1885 (October 27, 1880).
57. Ibid. (March 24, 1881).
58. T.R., “Sou’-Sou’-Southerly,” Introduction by John Rousmaniere, pp. 70–75. Also see D. J. Philippon, “Theodore Roosevelt’s ‘Sou-Sou’-Southerly’: An Unappreciated Nature Essay,” North Dakota Quarterly, Vol. 64, No. 1 (Winter 1997), pp. 83–92.
59. T.R., “Sou’-Sou’-Southerly,” Gray’s Sporting Journal, Vol. 13, Issue 3 (Fall 1988), p. 75. (Originally written in March 1881, the article in Gray’s includes, as noted above, a brief introduction by John Rousmaniere.)
60. Ibid.
61. Putnam, Theodore Roosevelt, p. 224.
62. T.R. Honeymoon Diary (July 5, 1881).
63. T.R. to Bill Sewall (September 5, 1881).
64. T.R. to Anna Roosevelt (September 5, 1881).
65. Edward Whymper, The Ascent of the Matterhorn (London: John Murray, Albemarle Street, 1880).
66. T.R. to Anna Roosevelt (August 5, 1881).
67. Louis S. Warren, The Hunter’s Game: Poachers and Conservationists in the Twentieth Century (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1997), p. 180.
68. T.R. to Bill Sewall (September, 1881).
69. Isaac Hunt, Oral History, Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace, N.Y. Also see Lisa Slaski, “Hon. Isaac L. Newton: From Salisbury, New York, to Jefferson County, New York” (Herkimer County Historical Society). (June 2008, online.)
70. Morris, The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt, p. 162.
71. Nathan Miller, Theodore Roosevelt: A Life (New York: HarperCollins, 1994), p. 124.
72. Elting E. Morison and John Blum (eds.), The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1951–1954), Vol. I, p. 1450.
73. T.R., An Autobiography, pp. 67–68.
74. William Healey Dall, Spencer Fullerton Baird: A Biography (Philadelphia, Pa.: Lippincott, 1915), pp. 396–419.
75. Elmer Charles Herber, Correspondence between Spencer Fullerton Baird and Louis Agassiz: Two Pioneer American Naturalists (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, 1963), pp. 6–9.
76. Dall, Spencer Fullerton Baird, pp. 416–432.
77. E. F. Rivinus and E. M. Youssef, Spencer Baird of the Smithsonian (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1992), p. 1.
78. Spencer F. Baird to T.R. (April 25, 1882), quoted in Paul Russell Cutright, Theodore Roosevelt: The Making of a Conservationist (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1985), p. 136. Cutright claims that these letters were housed with the Baird Collection at the Smithsonian Institution, but the Smithsonian simply doesn’t have them in its archive.
79. T.R. to Spencer F. Baird (April 27, 1882), ibid., p. 136.
80. Spencer F. Baird to T.R. (April 28, 1882), ibid.
81. Brands, T.R.: The Last Romantic, pp. 119–120.
82. Spencer F. Baird to T.R. (May 26, 1882), ibid., p. 137.
83. Ibid., pp. 138–139.
6: CHASING BUFFALO IN THE BADLANDS AND GRIZZLIES IN THE BIGHORNS
1. T.R., Hunting Trips of a Ranchman: Sketches of Sport in the Northern Cattle Plains (New York and London: Putnam, 1885), pp. 240–269.
2. Frances Theodora Parsons, Perchance Some Day (New York: Privately published, 1951). Also Nathan Miller, Theodore Roosevelt (New York: William Morrow, 1992), p. 146.
3. T.R. Private Diaries (January 3, 1883).
4. Hermann Hagedorn, The Roosevelt Family of Sagamore Hill (New York: Macmillan, 1954), pp. 5–10.
5. Sagamore Hill National Historic Site, House History (Archives), Oyster Bay, New York. Also see “Theodore Roosevelt at Home,” American Monthly Review of Reviews, Vol. 18 (July–December 1898), pp. 594–595.
6. Henry F. Pringle, Theodore Roosevelt: A Biography (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1931), pp. 54–55.
7. “The Northern Pacific,” New York Times (September 9, 1883), p. 2.
8. Eugene V. Smalley, History of the Northern Pacific Railroad (New York: Putnam, 1883), p. v.
9. Hiram Rogers, Exploring the Black Hills and the Badlands (Boulder, Col.: Johnson, 1999), p. 179.
10. John Roach, “Dinosaur Mummy Found; Has Intact Skin, Tissue,” National Geographic News (December 3, 2007).
11. John P. Bluemle, “North Dakota’s Petrified Forest,” North Dakota Notes Number 3 (North Dakota Geological Survey, 2002). (Online.)
12. “Henry H. Gorringe Dead,” New York Times (July 7, 1885), p. 5.
13. T.R. quoted in Edmund Morris, The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt (New York: Coward, McCann, 1979), p. 198.
14. Chester L. Brooks and Ray H. Mattison, Theodore Roosevelt and the Dakota Badlands (Washington, D.C.: National Park Service, 1958), p. 3.
15. Tom McHugh, The Time of the Buffalo (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1972), p. 278.
16. T.R. to Martha Bulloch Roosevelt (February 20, 1883).
17. T.R., Ranch Life and the Hunting-Trail (New York: Century, 1888).
18. Carleton Putnam, Theodore Roosevelt: The Formative Years (New York: Scribner, 1958), pp. 309–310.
19. T.R., Hunting Trips of a Ranchman, pp. 32–33.
20. T.R. to Martha Bulloch Roosevelt (September 4, 1883).
21. Robert M. Utley, The Lance and the Shield: The Life and Times of Sitting Bull (New York: Holt, 1993).
22. T.R., An Autobiography (New York: Macmillan, 1913), p. 54.
23. James S. Brisbin, The Beef Bonanza; or, How to Get Rich on the Plains (Philadelphia, Pa.: James Lippencott, 1881), p. 90. Also see David Dary, Cowboy Culture: A Saga of Five Centuries (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1989), pp. 308–331.
24. Hermann Hagedorn, Roosevelt in the Bad Lands (Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin, 1921), p. 40.
25. Dary, Cowboy Culture, pp. xi—xiii, and p. 83.
26. Harold E. Briggs, “The Development and Decline of Open Range Ranching in the Northwest,” Mississippi Valley Historical Review, Vol. 20, No. 4 (March 1934), pp. 521–536.
27. Peter Applebome, “Wrangling over Where Rodeo Began,” New York Times (June 18, 1989).
28. Morris, The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt, p. 206.
29. David A. Dary, The Buffalo Book: The Full Saga of the American Animal, rev. ed. (Athens: Swallow/Ohio University Press, 1989), p. 42.
30. Henry Remsen Tilton, “After the Nez Perces,” Forest and Stream, Vol. 9, No. 21 (December 27, 1877), pp. 403–404. Cited in Dary, The Buffalo Book.
31. Hagedorn, Roosevelt in the Badlands, p. 10.
32. Champ Clark, The Badlands (New York: Time-Life Books, 1974), pp. 112–113.
33. Lincoln Lang, Ranching with Roosevelt (Philadelphia and London: Lippincott, 1926), p. 31.
34. Joel Berger and Carol Cunningham, Bison: Mating and Conservation in Small Populations (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994), p. 45.
35. J. A. Allen, “The Little Missouri ‘Bad Lands,’” American Naturalist, Vol. 10, No. 4 (April 1876), pp. 207–216.
36. Ibid., p. 135.
37. Lewis F. Crawford, Badlands and Bronco Trails (Bismarck, N.D.: Capital, 1922), pp. 11–12.
38. T.R., A Book-Lover’s Holidays in the Open (New York: Scribner, 1916), pp. 31–32.
39. T.R., Hunting Trips of a Ranchman, pp. 10–12.
40. T.R., An Autobiography, p. 100.
41. Hagedorn, Roosevelt in the Bad Lands, p. 14.
42. T.R., Hunting Trips of a Ranchman, p. 230.
43. Thomas Berger, Little Big Man (New York: Delacorte/Seymour Lawrence, 1964), p. 47.
44. T.R., Hunting Trips of a Ranchman, pp. 249–250
45. T.R. Diary (August 24, 1884).
46. T.R., Hunting Trips of a Ranchman, pp. 13–16.
47. Brooks and Mattison, Theodore Roosevelt and the Dakota Badlands, p. 18.
48. Lang, Ranching with Roosevelt, pp. 101–102.
49. Putnam, Theodore Roosevelt, p. 330.
50. Hagedorn, Roosevelt in the Bad Lands, p. 24.
51. Lang, Ranching with Roosevelt, pp. 366–367.
52. Ibid., p. 105.
53. T.R. to Casper Whitney (January 31, 1908, a form statement about hunting).
54. T.R., Hunting Trips of a Ranchman, p. 263.
55. Hagedorn, Roosevelt in the Bad Lands, p. 36.
56. Ibid., p. 37.
57. T.R., Hunting Trips of a Ranchman, p. 268.
58. Hagedorn, Roosevelt in the Bed Lands, p. 45.
59. Putnam, Theodore Roosevelt, p. 345.
60. Gail Bederman, Manliness and Civilization: A Cultural History of Gender and Race in the United States 1880–1917 (Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press, 1995), pp. 170–184.
61. Ibid., p. 61.
62. Lang, Ranching with Roosevelt, p. 364.
63. Larry Barsness and Ron Tyler, Heads, Hides, and Horns: The Compleat Buffalo Book (Fort Worth: Texas Christian University Press, 1985), p. 132.
64. Dary, The Buffalo Book, pp. 196–197.
65. T.R. to Jonas S. Van Duzer (November 20, 1883).
66. T.R., An Autobiography, p. 87.
67. T.R. to Alice Lee Roosevelt (February 6, 1884).
68. Quoted in Stefan Lorant, The Life and Times of Theodore Roosevelt (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1959), p. 196.
69. Steven J. Peitzman, “From Dropsy to Bright’s Disease to End-Stage Renal Disorder” Milbank Quarterly, Vol. 67, Suppl. 1, Framing Disease: The Creation Negotiation of Explanatory Schemes (1989), pp. 16–32.
70. Morris, Rise of Theodore Roosevelt, p. 241.
71. Putnam, Theodore Roosevelt, pp. 386–388.
72. New York Sun and New York Times (February 17, 1884).
73. T.R. Private Diaries (February 14 and 16, 1884).
74. William Sewall, Bill Sewall’s Story of Theodore Roosevelt (New York: Harper, 1919), p. 11.
75. Quoted in Putnam, Theodore Roosevelt, pp. 390–393.
76. T.R. Private Diaries (June 9, 1884).
77. Putnam, Theodore Roosevelt, p. 452.
78. T.R., Ranch Life and the Hunting-Trial, p. 81.
79. H. W. Brands, T.R.: The Last Romantic (New York: Basic Books, 1997), p. 182.
80. T.R. to Bill Sewall (July 6, 1884), in Sewall, Bill Sewall’s Story of Theodore Roosevelt, p. 14.
81. New York Tribune (July 28, 1884).
82. T.R. to Anna Roosevelt Cowles, Chimney Butte Ranch (August 12, 1884).
83. Bill Sewall quoted in David McCullough, Brave Companions: Portraits in History (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1992), p. 62.
84. Elers Koch, “Big Game in Montana from Early Historical Records,” Journal of Wildlife Management, Vol. 5, No. 4 (October 1941), pp. 357–369.
85. Don G. Despain, “Vegetation of the Big Horn Mountains, Wyoming, in Relation to Substrate and Climate,” Ecological Monographs, Vol. 43, No. 3 (Summer 1973), pp. 329–355.
86. T. R. Bighorns Diary (August 21, 1884).
87. Merrifield quoted in Putnam, Theodore Roosevelt, p. 67.
88. T. R., Hunting Trips of a Ranchman, pp. 119–120.
89. T. R., The Wilderness Hunter (New York: Putnam, 1893), p. 146.
90. T. R., Hunting Trips of a Ranchman, p. 294.
91. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Archive, “Grizzly Bears” Files, Shepherdstown, W. Va. Special thanks to the Grizzly Bear Outreach Project for biological and behavioral information on grizzlies.
92. T. R., Hunting Trips of a Ranchman, p. 313.
93. Bessie Doak Haynes and Edgar Haynes, The Grizzly Bear: Portraits of Life (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1966).
94. T. R., Hunting Trips of a Ranchman, pp. 158–160.
95. “The Occidental Hotel History,” Archive, Buffalo, Wyo. (June 2009).
96. T. R., Bighorns Diary (September 18–19, 1884). Fort McKinney had been established in 1878, after the Indian wars had ceased.
97. Putnam, Theodore Roosevelt, p. 487.
98. Clark, The Badlands, p. 39.
99. T. R. Bighorns Diary (October 1, 1884).
100. Elizabeth Royte, “Night Moves,”
New York Times Book Review (June 22, 2008), p. 9.
101. T. R., Hunting Trips of a Ranchman, p. 125.
7: CRADLE OF CONSERVATION: THE ELKHORN RANCH OF NORTH DAKOTA
1. Roderick Frazier Nash, Wilderness and the American Mind, 4th ed. (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2003), pp. 152–153.
2. New York Sun (October 11, 1884). T.R. said that if it became “necessary” to make comments on Cleveland’s lapsed morals, he would “not hesitate to express them.”
3. “Cleveland’s Electoral Vote,” New York Times (November 7, 1884), p. 1.
4. T.R. to Henry Cabot Lodge (November 7, 1884).
5. Jack London, The Call of the Wild (New York: Regent, 1903), p. 67.
6. T.R., Hunting Trips of a Ranchman, p. 84.
7. T.R., The Wilderness Hunter, p. 386; T.R. Private Diaries (November 1884); and Carleton Putnam, Theodore Roosevelt: The Formative Years (New York: Scribner, 1958), p. 508.
8. T.R., Hunting Trips of a Ranchman, pp. 75–76.
9. H. W. Brands, T.R.: The Last Romantic (New York: Basic Books, 1997), p. 181. Also see T.R., An Autobiography (New York: Macmillan, 1913), p. 98. Edmund Morris, The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt (New York: Coward, McCann, 1979), p. 287; Hermann Hagedorn, Roosevelt in the Bad Lands (Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin, 1921).
10. John Burroughs, Locusts and Wild Honey (Boston, Mass.: Houghton, Osgood, 1879), p. 80.
11. T.R., Ranch Life and the Hunting-Trail (New York: Century, 1888), p. 73.
12. T.R., Hunting Trips of a Ranchman, pp. 223–224.
13. Becky Lomax, “Tracking the Bighorns,” Smithsonian (March 2008), pp. 21–22.
14. T.R., Hunting Trips of a Ranchman, pp. 226–227.
15. Ibid., p. 113.
16. T.R. to Anna Roosevelt (December 14, 1884).
17. Paul Grondahl, I Rose Like a Rocket: The Political Education of Theodore Roosevelt (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2007), pp. 158–159.
18. T.R. to Bamie Roosevelt (April 29, 1885). Also see Morris, The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt, p. 300.
19. T.R., Hunting Trips of a Ranchman, p. iii.
20. Unlike most of T.R.’s books Hunting Trips of a Ranchman wasn’t serialized; it was published first in book form. Over the years, however, it was frequently reprinted in various fashions. It appeared in Big-Game Hunting (1898) and as the first part of Hunting Tales of the West, a four-volume set (1907). Individual chapters have been reprinted in more than a dozen periodicals.
21. T.R., Hunting Trips of a Ranchman, p. 19.
22. Ibid., p. 140.
23. Ibid., p. 147.
24. Ibid., p. 140.
25. T.R., The Wilderness Hunter (New York: Putnam, 1893, 1909), pp. 381–382.
26. “The Game of the West,” New York Times (July 13, 1885), p. 3. (Review.) Also see London Spectator (January 16, 1886) and New York Tribune (September 7, 1885).
27. T.R., The Wilderness Hunter, p. xiii.
28. Morris, The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt, p. 299.
29. Quoted in John F. Reiger, American Sportsmen and the Origins of Conservation, 3rd ed. (Corvallis: Oregon State University Press, 2001), p. 115.
30. Ibid., p. 116.
31. George Bird Grinnell, “Introduction,” in The Works of Theodore Roosevelt, Memorial ed., Vol. 1 (New York: Scribner, 1923), p. xv.
32. Michael Punke, Last Stand: George Bird Grinnell and the Battle to Save the Buffalo, and the Birth of the New West (New York: HarperCollins, 2007), pp. 164–167.
33. Grinnell, “Introduction,” p. xvi.
34. “Dr. G. B. Grinnell, Naturalist, Dead,” New York Times (April 12, 1938), p. 23.
35. John F. Reiger, The Passing of the Great West: Selected Papers of George Bird Grinnell, updated ed. (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1985), pp. 6–7.
36. George Bird Grinnell, “Recollections of Audubon Park,” Auk, Vol. 37 (July 1920). See also Witmer Stone (ed.), The Auk: A Quarterly Journal of Ornithology, Vol. 37 (Lancaster, Pa.: American Ornithologists Union, 1920), p. 373.
37. Richard Rhodes, John James Audubon: The Making of An American (New York: Knopf, 2006), p. 416.
38. George Bird Grinnell, “Memoirs” (unpublished). Written between November 26, 1915, and December 4, 1915, these memoirs recount his life to 1883. They are housed at Birdcraft Museum of the Connecticut Audubon Society, Fairfield. (Thanks to John F. Reiger for bringing this to my attention.)
39. Maria R. Audubon (ed.), Audubon and His Journals (New York: Scribner, 1897), p. 107.
40. Ibid., p. 131.
41. Grinnell, “Memoirs,” p. 37.
42. George B. Ward and Richard E. McCabe, “Trail Blazers in Conservation: The Boone and Crockett Club’s First Century,” in Records of North American Big Game, 4th ed. (New York: Scribner, 1980), p. 9.
43. See George Bird Grinnell, American Duck Shooting (New York: Forest and Stream, 1901); George Bird Grinnell, American Game-Bird Shooting (New York: Forest and Stream, 1910).
44. “True Indians Stories,” New York Times (March 27, 1893), p. 3.
45. Reiger, The Passing of the Great West, p. 2.
46. Margaret Mead and Ruth Bunzel, The Golden Age of American Anthropology (New York: George Braziller, 1960), pp. 113–114.
47. George Bird Grinnell, By Cheyenne Campfires (Hartford, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1926).
48. Mari Sandoz (ed.), The Cheyenne Indians: Their History and Ways of Life (New York: Buffalo-Head Press, 1962), p. v.
49. Grinnell, “Introduction,” p. xvii.
50. Reiger, The Passing of the Great West, p. 3.
51. Mike Thompson, The Travels and Tribulations of Theodore Roosevelt’s Cabin (San Angelo, Tex.: Laughing Horse Enterprises, 2004), pp. 22–25.
52. T.R., Ranch Life and the Hunting-Trail, p. 25.
53. Donald Dresden, The Marquis de Mores: Emperor of the Badlands (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1970), pp. 111–112.
54. Sylvia Jukes Morris, Edith Kermit Roosevelt: Portrait of a First Lady (New York: Coward, McCann, and Geoghegan, 1980), p. 79.
55. Morris, The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt, pp. 319–320.
56. “Literary Notes,” New York Times (September 20, 1886), p. 10.
57. T.R. to Corinne Roosevelt (March 20, 1885).
58. Morris, The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt, p. 329.
59. Ibid., p. 330.
60. T.R. to Bamie (June 19, 1886).
61. T.R. to Anna Roosevelt (May 15, 1886).
62. “Review of The Life of Thomas Hart Benton,” Zion’s Herald (February 16, 1887) Vol. 64, Issue 7. Also see James Freeman Clarke, “Benton and his Times” The Independent, December 15, 1887, Vol. 39, Issue 2037.
63. T.R., Thomas Hart Benton (Boston, Mass., and New York: Houghton, Mifflin, 1886), p. 225.
64. Ibid., p. 268.
65. Lowell E. Baier, “The Cradle of Conservation: Theodore Roosevelt’s Elkhorn Ranch, an Icon of America’s National Identity,” Theodore Roosevelt Association Journal, Vol. 28, No. 1 (2007), pp. 15–22.
66. Hagedorn, Roosevelt in the Bad Lands, pp. 407–411.
67. All six articles for Outing were collected under the title Ranch Life and Game-ing in the West in The Works of Theodore Roosevelt (Memorial ed., Vol. 1).
68. A. R. Crook, “Misrepresentation of Nature in Popular Magazines,” Science, New Series, Vol. 23, No. 593 (May 11, 1906), p. 748.
69. Ben Merchant Vorpahl, Frederic Remington and the West: With the Eye of the Mind (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1978), p. 51.
70. T.R., “Water-Fowl and Prairie Fowl,” Outing (August 1886).
71. T.R., “The Ranch,” Outing (March 1886).
72. T.R., “A Tame White Goat,” Harper’s Round Table (July 27, 1897). This essay was later reprinted in an omnibus of T.R.’s Harper’s Round Table articles: Good Hunting in Pursuit of Big Game in the West (New York: Harper, 1907). The book was published while T.R. was president.
73. Hagedorn, Roosevelt in the Bad Lands, pp. 419–420.
74. Grinnell, “Introduction,” p. xxi.
75. Putnam, Theodore Roosevelt, pp. 590–591.
76. Lincoln Lang, Ranching with Roosevelt (Philadelphia and London: Lippincott, 1926), pp. 241–243.
77. Brands, T.R., p. 208.
78. Morris, The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt, pp. 363–366.
79. T.R., Ranch Life and the Hunting-Trail, p. 79.
80. T.R. to Anna Roosevelt, Medora, Dakota (April 16, 1887), in Elting Morison (ed.), The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt, Vol. 1 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1951). For his net loss see Hagedorn, Roosevelt in the Bad Lands, p. 482.
81. T.R., Hunting Trips of a Ranchman, pp. 211, 47.
82. Quoted in Putnam, Theodore Roosevelt, p. 596.
83. Frederick Wood, Roosevelt as We Knew Him (Philadelphia, Pa.: John C. Winston, 1927), p. 12.
84. T.R., The Winning of the West, Vol. 3 (New York: Putnam, 1894), pp. 45–46.
85. Brands, T.R., p. 215.
86. T.R., The Winning of the West, Vol. 1 (New York: Putnam, 1889), p. xxii. (Presidential Edition.)
87. Clay S. Jenkinson, Theodore Roosevelt in the Badlands: An Historical Guide (Dickinson, N.D.: Dickinson State University, 2006), pp. 104–105.
8: WILDLIFE PROTECTION BUSINESS
1. Paul Russell Cutright, Theodore Roosevelt: The Naturalist (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1956), p. 69.
2. Nelson Bryant, “Unveiling a White-tail Buck, in the Spirit of Boone and Crockett,” New York Times (February 25, 1996).
3. George Bird Grinnell, American Big Game in Its Haunts (New York: Forest and Stream, 1904), p. 495.
4. George B. Ward and Richard E. McCabe, Records of North American Big Game (New York: Scribners, 1952), pp. 62–63.
5. “Snap Shots,” Forest and Stream (February 16, 1888), Vol, 30, Issue 4.
6. Founding documents, in Charles Sheldon, “A History of the Boone and Crockett Club: Milestone in Wildlife Conservation” (unpublished), Boone and Crockett Club Archive, Missoula, Mont.
7. Thomas L. Altherr and John F. Reiger, “Academic Historians and Hunting: A Call for More and Better Scholarship,” Environmental History Review, Vol. 19, No. 3 (Autumn 1995), pp. 39–56.
8. Lowell Baier, “Note to Reader,” in “Boone and Crockett Club: Past and Present Roles 1887–1992” (unpublished), Archive, Missoula, Mont.
9. George Bird Grinnell (ed.), Hunting at High Altitudes (New York: Harper, 1913), pp. 435–439. Also see Michael Punke, Last Stand (New York: HarperCollins, 2007), p. 166.
10. H. Duane Hampton, How the U.S. Cavalry Saved Our National Parks (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1971).
11. Paul Russell Cutright, Theodore Roosevelt: The Making of a Conservationist (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1985), pp. 73–74.
12. James B. Trefethen, An American Crusade for Wildlife (New York: Winchester Press, 1975), pp. 81–82.
13. Ward and McCabe, “Trail Blazers in Conservation: The Boone and Crockett Club’s First Century,” in Records of North American Big Game, p. 49.
14. Ibid.
15. T.R. to the Editor, Forest and Stream (December 3, 1892), reproduced in “A Standing Menace: Cooke City vs. the National Park.” (Pamphlet. There is a copy in Yellowstone National Park Library.) Also Rocky Barker, Scorched Earth: How the Fires of Yellowstone Changed America (Washington, D.C.: Island, 2005), pp. 77–78.
16. George Bird Grinnell, “Editor’s Note,” Forest and Stream (January 17, 1889).
17. “Snap Shots,” Forest and Stream (February 16, 1888), p. 8.
18. Estelle Jussim, Frederic Remington, the Camera, and the Old West (Fort Worth, Tex.: Amon Carter Museum, 1987), pp. 19–21.
19. Joseph G. Rosa and Robin May, Buffalo Bill and His Wild West: A Pictorial Biography (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1989), pp. 102–137.
20. Roscoe L. Buckland, Frederic Remington: The Writer (New York: Twayne, 2000), p. 5.
21. Peggy and Harold Samuels, Frederic Remington: A Biography (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1982), pp. 72–75.
22. T.R., The Wilderness Hunter (New York and London: Putnam, 1893), p. 131.
23. Olin D. Wheeler, 6,000 Miles through Wonderland: Being a Description of the Marvelous Region Traversed by the Northern Pacific Railroad (Saint Paul, Minn.: Chas S. Fee, General Passenger and Ticket Agent, Northern Pacific Railroad, 1893), pp. 34–40.
24. T.R., The Wilderness Hunter, pp. 135–136.
25. T.R., The Winning of the West, Vol. 2 (New York: Putnam, 1894), p. 71. T.R. was intrigued at being called “Boston Man” because, he claimed, Indians around the upper Ohio used to call frontiersmen “Virginians.”
26. T.R., The Wilderness Hunter, p. 136.
27. Ibid., p. 145.
28. Ibid., pp. 120–142.
29. John Allen Gable (ed.), “President Theodore Roosevelt’s Record on Conservation,” Theodore Roosevelt Association Journal, Vol. 10 (Fall 1984), pp. 2–11.
30. T.R. to J. P. Morgan (September 18, 1899).
31. H. W. Brands, T.R.: The Last Romantic (New York: HarperCollins, 1997), p. 448.
32. T.R. to Henry Cabot Lodge (October 19, 1888).
33. T.R. to Cecil Arthur Spring Rice (November 18, 1888).
34. Joseph Bucklin Bishop, Theodore Roosevelt and His Time: Shown in His Own Letters, Vol. 1 (New York: Scribner, 1920), pp. 43–52.
35. T.R., Ranch Life and the Hunting-Trail (New York: Century, 1888), p. 6.
36. Remington quoted in John Gabriel Hunt, “Foreword,” Ranch Life and the Hunting-Trail (New York: Gramercy, 1995), p. vi.
37. T.R., Ranch Life and the Hunting-Trail, pp. 147, 131.
38. Ibid., p. 134.
39. Ibid., p. 186.
40. “History and Organization of the Biological Survey Unit,” United States Geological Survey Archives, Washington, D.C. Also see Jenks Cameron, The Bureau of Biological Survey: Its History, Activities, and Organizations (Baltimore, Maryland: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1929), pp. 21–27.
41. W. W. Cooke, “Bird Migration in the Mississippi Valley,” Bulletin 2, Biological Survey (1889). Walter B. Barrows, “The English Sparrow in America,” Bulletin 1, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Division of Economic Ornithology and Mammalogy (1889).
42. Wilfred H. Osgood, “Clinton Hart Merriam,” Journal of Mammalogy, Vol. 24, No. 4 (November 17, 1943), pp. 421–436. Also C. Hart Merriam, “Two New Shrews,” Proceedings of the Biology Society of Washington, Vol. 15 (March 22, 1902), pp. 75–76.
43. “Officers of the Biological Society,” Washington Post, (January 11, 1991), p. 6.
44. Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture 1909 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1910), pp. 115–119.
9: LAYING THE GROUNDWORK WITH JOHN BURROUGHS AND BENJAMIN HARRISON
1. Clifford Johnson (eds.) John Burroughs Talks: His Reminiscences and Comments (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1922).
2. Ed Renehan, Jr., John Burroughs: An American Naturalist (Hensonville, N.Y.: Chelsea Green, 1992), p. 178
3. Elizabeth Custer, “Boots and Saddles” or Life in Dakota with General Custer (New York: Harper, 1885); Tenting on the Plains or General Custer in Kansas and Texas (New York: Charles L. Webster, 1887).
4. William Hard quoted in William Davison Johnston, TR: Champion of the Strenuous Life (New York: Farrar, Straus, and Cudahy, 1958).
5. John Burroughs to Julian Burroughs (October 12, 1920), Vassar Library Collection, Poughkeepsie, N.Y.
6. Charles Dickens, Hard Times for These Times (New York: Hurd and Houghton, 1870), p. 24.
7. John Burroughs to Louis Untermeyer (June 4, 1919), John Burroughs Collection, Vassar College Library Collection, Vassar University, Poughkeepsie, N.Y.
8. Renehan, John Burroughs, pp. 7–10.
9. John Burroughs, My Boyhood, 2nd ed. (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Page, 1922), pp. 5–6.
10. John Burroughs, John Burroughs’s America: Selections from the Writings of the Naturalist (New York: Devin-Adi, 1951), pp. 3–20.
11. Clara Barrus, Life and Letters of John Burroughs (Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin, 1925), pp. 1–42.
12. Paul Brooks, Speaking for Nature (San Francisco, Calif.: Sierra Club Books, 1980), p. 6.
13. John Burroughs, John James Audubon (New York: Small, Maynard and Company, 1902).
14. Renehan, John Burroughs, pp. 77–78.
15. John Burroughs, Notes on Walt Whitman as Poet and Person (New York: American News Company, 1867).
16. Daniel Mark Epstein, Lincoln and Whitman: Parallel Lives in Civil War Washington (New York: Ballantine Books, 2004), pp. 279–298.
17. Walt Whitman, Leaves of Grass (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Page, 1902), pp. 94–95. (Originally published in 1855.)
18. John Burroughs, Notes on Walt Whitman as Poet and Person (New York: American News Company, 1867).
19. John Burroughs, Wake-Robin (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1871), pp. 188–196..
20. Burroughs quoted in Brooks, Speaking for Nature, p. 8.
21. Renehan, John Burroughs, pp. 178—179.
22. Burroughs quoted in Clifton Johnson, “Introduction,” in John Burroughs, In the Catskills (Boston, Mass: Houghton Mifflin, 1910), p. xii.
23. John Burroughs journal entry (March 7, 1889), Berg Collection, New York Public Library.
24. H. W. Brands, T.R.: The Last Romantic (New York: Basic Books, 1997), p. 228.
25. Clara Barrus (ed.), The Heart of Burroughs’s Journal (Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin, 1928), pp. 32–33.
26. Burroughs, quoted in Foreword, in American Bears: Selections from the Writings of Theodore Roosevelt (Boulder, Col.: Robert Rinehart, 1997), p. ix.
27. T.R., Ranch Life and the Hunting-Trail (New York: Century, 1888), p. 59.
28. Brands, T.R., pp. 258–259.
29. Ibid., pp. 24–48.
30. T.R. to Anna Roosevelt (June 17, 1891).
31. John Reiger, American Sportsmen and the Origins of Conservation, 3rd ed. (Corvallis: Oregon State University Press, 2001), p. 168.
32. “Gen. John W. Noble Is Dead; Secretary of the Interior in Harrison’s Cabinet Dies at 80,” New York Times (March 23, 1912), p. 13. (Special to the Times.)
33. George Bird Grinnell, “Brief History of the Boone and Crockett Club” (unpublished), Boone and Crockett Club Archive, Missoula, Mont. It had been partially published in Forest and Stream.
34. Elliot Coues, Birds of the Northwest: A Hand-Book of the Ornithology of the Region Drained by the Missouri River and its Tributaries (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1874); Birds of the Colorado Valley: A Repository of Scientific and Popular Information Concerning North American Ornithology (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1874); Fur-Bearing Animals: A Monograph of North American Mustelidae (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1877).
35. William T. Hagan, Theodore Roosevelt and Six Friends of the Indian (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1997), p. 36.
36. Letters of Theodore Roosevelt, Civil Service Commissioner 1890–1895 (U.S. Civil Service Commission, 1958), p. 44.
37. T.R. to Alice Roosevelt (July 2, 1891).
38. George B. Utley, “Theodore Roosevelt’s Winning of the West: Some Unpublished Letters,” Mississippi Valley Historical Review, Vol. 30, No. 4 (March 1944), pp. 495–506.
39. John Milton Cooper, Jr., “Introduction,” in T.R., The Winning of the West: From the Alleghenies to the Mississippi 1769–1776, Vol. 1 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1995), p. x.
40. Kathleen Dalton, A Strenuous Life (New York: Knopf, 2002), pp. 131–132.
41. Ibid.
42. T.R., The Winning of the West, Vol. 1, p. 133.
43. Clara Barrus (ed.), The Heart of Burroughs’s Journals (Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin, 1928), p. 32
44. Frederick Jackson Turner, “The Winning of the West,” Dial (August 1889), p. 73.
45. William Frederick Poole, “Roosevelt’s The Winning of the West,” Atlantic Monthly, Vol. 44 (November 1889), pp. 693–700. Also see Utley, “Theodore Roosevelt’s Winning of the West: Some Unpublished Letters,” pp. 495–496.
46. “Pushing Their Way,” New York Times (July 7, 1889), p. 11.
47. George B. Utley, “Theodore Roosevelt’s Winning of the West: Some Unpublished Letters,” pp. 495–506.
48. Cooper, “Introduction” in T.R., The Winning of the West, p. xii.
49. T.R., Biological Analogies in History (London: Oxford University Press, 1910), p. 6.
50. James R. Gilmore in New York Sun (September 29 and October 10, 1889). (Included in T.R. Scrapbooks at Harvard.) T.R. was accused of plagiarism but he was considered innocent by most fair-minded scholars.
51. Parkman quoted in W. R. Jacobs (ed.), Letters of Francis Parkman, Vol. 2 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1960), pp. 209–232.
52. Francis Parkman, “The Forests of the White Mountains,” Garden and Forest, Vol. 1 (February 29, 1888).
53. Wilbur R. Jacobs, “Francis Parkman: Naturalist-Environmental Savant,” Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 61, No. 3 (May, 1992), p. 341.
54. T.R. to Francis Parkman (July 13, 1889).
55. Dalton, A Strenuous Life, pp. 132—133.
56. Ibid., p. 134.
57. T.R. to Gertrude Elizabeth Tyler Carow (October 18, 1890).
58. Arnold Hague, “The Yellowstone Park,” in Theodore Roosevelt and George Bird Grinnell (eds.), American Big Game Hunting: The Book of the Boone and Crockett Club (New York: Forest and Stream, 1893), p. 259.
59. Michael L. Collins, That Damned Cowboy: Theodore Roosevelt and the American West 1888–1898 (New York: Peter Lang, 1989), p. 117.
60. William Frederick Poole to T.R. (November 1889) in George B. Utley, “Theodore Roosevelt and the Winning of the West: Some Unpublished Letters,” pp. 495–497.
61. William T. Hornaday, Our Vanishing Wild Life (New York: New York Zoological Society, 1913), p. x.
62. United States Statutes at Large, xvii.32, quoted in Publications of the Colonial Society of Massachusetts: Transactions 1902—1904 (Boston: Published by the Society, 1906), p. 377.
63. Thomas Wolfe, Of Time and the River: A Legend of Man’s Hunger in His Youth (Garden City, N.Y.: Sun Dial, 1944), p. 155.
64. George Bird Grinnell to Archibald Rogers (December 24, 1890), quoted in Reiger, American Sportsmen and the Origins of Conservation, p. 157.
65. T.R., “Hunting in Cattle Country” in T.R. and Grinnell (eds.), Hunting in Many Lands, pp. 292–293.
66. Corinne Roosevelt Robinson, My Brother Theodore Roosevelt (New York: Scribner, 1921), p. 144.
67. T.R., The Winning of the West, pp. xli–xlii.
68. Diary quoted in Corinne Roosevelt Robinson, My Brother Theodore Roosevelt, p. 149.
69. Ibid., pp. 146–147.
70. Sylvia Jukes Morris, Edith Kermit Roosevelt: Portrait of a First Lady (New York: Coward, McCann, and Geoghegan, 1980), p. 130.
71. Collins, That Damned Cowboy, p. 122.
72. T.R. to Gertrude Elizabeth Tyler Carow (October 18, 1890)
73. Blaine Harden, “In the New West, Do They Want Buffalo to Roam?” Washington Post (July 30, 2006), pp. A 8–9.
74. “The Treasures of Yosemite,” Century, Vol. 40, No. 4 (August, 1890); “Features of the Proposed Yosemite National Park,” Century, Vol. 40, No. 5 (September 1890).
75. Jeremy Johnston, “Preserving the Beasts of Waste and Desolation: Theodore Roosevelt and the Predator Control in Yellowstone,” Yellowstone Science (Spring 2002), p. 15.
76. Christine Macy and Sarah Bonnemaison, Architecture and Nature: Creating the American Landscape (New York: Routledge, 2003), p. 51. Also see Donald J. Pisani, “Forest and Conservation in 1865–1890,” in Char Miller (ed.), American Forests: Nature, Culture, and Politics (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1997), pp. 16–17.
77. Reiger, American Sportsmen and the Origins of Conservation, pp. 157–158.
78. “The Rapid Destruction of Our Forests,” Scientific Monthly (December 1887), pp. 225–226.
79. “The Week in the Club World,” New York Times (January 2, 1898), p. 15.
80. Reiger, American Sportsmen and the Origins of Conservation, pp. 168–170. Also Compilation of Public Timber Laws and Regulations and Decisions Thereunder (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, January 21, 1897), p. 131. For further data on the history and development of forest reserves in the northwestern United States see E. H. MacDaniels, “Twenty-Five National Forests of North Pacific Region,” Oregon Historical Quarterly, Vol. 42 (September 1941), pp. 247–255.
81. George Bird Grinnell, “Secretary Noble’s Monument,” Forest and Stream (March 9, 1893).
82. Gifford Pinchot, Breaking New Ground (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1947), p. 85. Edward A. Bowers of the General Land Office also deserves credit for his fierce lobbying efforts on behalf of Section 24.
83. Roger A. Sedjo, “Does the Forest Service Have a Future?” Regulation, Vol. 23, No. 1 (2000), pp. 51–55.
84. Harold K. Steen, “The Beginning of the National Forest System” in Miller (ed.), American Forests, pp. 49–50.
85. Udall quoted in Reiger, American Sportsmen and the Origins of Conservation, p. 153.
86. John W. Noble to T.R. (April 16, 1891), Yellowstone National Park Archives (Doc. No. 254), Wyoming. Also see Sarah E. Broadbent, “Sportsmen and the Evolution of the Conservation Idea in Yellowstone: 1882–1894,” MA thesis, Montana State University, 1997.
87. Francis G. Newlands, “Irrigation Congress,” Irrigation Age, Vol. 1 (October 1891), pp. 195–196.
88. T.R. and George Bird Grinnell, Hunting in Many Lands: The Book of the Boone and Crockett Club (New York: Forest and Stream, 1895), p. 44.
89. T.R., “The Northwest in the Nation: Biennial Address before the State Historical Society of Wisconsin” (January 24, 1893), T.R. Collection, Harvard University. (Reprint.)
90. Collins, That Damned Cowboy, pp. 131–137.
91. Frederick Jackson Turner, The Frontier in American History (New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1920), p. 92, 178. Also Patricia Limerick, “The Forest Reserves and the Argument for a Closing Frontier,” in Harold K. Steen (ed.), The Origins of the National Forests: A Centennial Symposium (Durham, N.C.: The Forest History Society, 1992), pp. 10–18.
92. Walter La Faber, The New Empire: An Interpretation of American Expansion 1860–1898 reissue (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1998), p. 64.
93. T.R. to Frederic Remington (December 28, 1897).
94. T.R. and George Bird Grinnell, “Our Forest Reservations,” in T.R. and Grinnell (eds.), American Big-Game Hunting (New York: Forest and Stream, 1893), pp. 326–330.
95. Ibid., pp. 326–330.
96. Limerick, “The Forest Reserves and the Argument for a Closing Frontier,” p. 13. Limerick notes that this argument about “white people” being “scared” originated with Professor Richard White.
97. T.R., The Winning of the West, Vol. 1, p. 139.
98. Limerick, “The Forest Reserves and the Argument for a Closing Frontier,” pp. 13–18.
99. T.R. to George Bird Grinnell (August 30, 1897).
100. George Cotkin, Reluctant Modernism (Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield, 2004), p. 4.
101. T.R., “Biological Analogies in History,” Outlook, June 11, 1910, Vol. 95, Is. 6.
102. H. Paul Jeffers, An Honest President: The Life and Presidencies of Grover Cleveland (New York: Morrow, 2000), p. 6.
103. T.R., letter to the editor of Forest and Stream, in “A Standing Menace: Cooke City vs. the National Park” (pamphlet) quoted in Robert Underwood Johnson, Remembered Yesterdays (Kessinger, 1923), p. 309.
104. H. W. Brands, The Money Men: Capitalism, Democracy, and the Hundred Years’ War over the American Dollar (New York: Norton, 2006), pp. 160–161.
105. Collins, That Damned Cowboy, p. 127.
106. “Two Ocean Pass,” National Park Service, National Natural Landmark (October 1965).
107. T.R., The Wilderness Hunter, pp. 182–184.
10: THE WILDERNESS HUNTER IN THE ELECTRIC AGE
1. T.R. to Madison Grant (March 3, 1894).
2. T.R., The Wilderness Hunter (New York and London: Putnam, 1893), p. 351.
3. Laura Tangley, “Birding in the Texas Tropics,” National Wildlife (February/March 2007), pp. 38–45.
4. T.R., The Wilderness Hunter, p. 354.
5. Ibid., pp. 354–359.
6. T.R. to Cecil Arthur Spring-Rice (May 3, 1892). By 2008 there were still 2 million feral pigs in Texas (half the U.S. total). According to the Dallas Morning News they were mangling the state’s pastures, crops, and waterways.
7. T.R. to Anna Roosevelt (August 26, 1892).
8. “The Last of Sitting Bull: The Old Chief Killed While Resisting Arrest,” New York Times (December 16, 1890), p. 1.
9. Alvin M. Josephy, Jr. (ed. in charge), The American Heritage Book of Indians (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1961), p. 348.
10. Dee Alexander Brown, Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee, Thirtieth Anniversary ed. (New York: Macmillan, 2001), pp. 440–445.
11. Sherman quoted in Brandon (ed.), The American Heritage Book of Indians, p. 366.
12. T.R. to Charles Collins (January 21, 1891), Indian Rights Association Papers (Microfilm), Reel 6.
13. William T. Hagan, The Indian Rights Association: The Herbert Welsh Years (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1985).
14. Laurence M. Hauptman, “Theodore Roosevelt and the Indians of New York State,” Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol. 119, No. 1 (February 21, 1975), pp. 1–7.
15. William T. Hagan, Theodore Roosevelt and Six Friends of the Indian (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1997), p. 32.
16. George Bird Grinnell, “In Buffalo Days,” in T.R. and Grinnell (eds.), American Big-Game Hunting (New York: Forest and Stream, 1893), p. 159.
17. Hugh Chisholm (ed.), The Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Science, Literature, and General Information 11th ed., Vol. 6 (New York: Encyclopaedia Britannica Company, 1910), p. 502.
18. The Historical World’s Columbian Exposition and Chicago Guide (St. Louis: James H. Mason, 1892), p. 270.
19. Norman Bolotin and Christine Lang, The World’s Columbian Exposition: The Chicago’s World Fair of 1893 (Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 2002), p. 106.
20. Marjorie Warvelle Bear, A Mile Square of Chicago (Oakbrook, Ill.: TIPRAC, 2007), p. 205. See also Lincoln Ellsworth, Beyond Horizons (New York: Doubleday, Doran, 1935), pp. 3–4.
21. Letter published in T.R., The Wilderness Hunter, p. 425.
22. Peter Hassrick, Wildlife and Western Heroes (Fort Worth, Tex.: Amon Carter Museum, 2003), pp. 136–137. Proctor had met Pinchot in New York in the 1880s and they became friends.
23. Jesse Donahue and Erik Trump, Political Animals: Public Art in American Zoos and Aquariums (Lanham, Md.: Lexington, 2007), pp. 20–23.
24. Trumball White and W. M. Igle-heart, The World’s Columbian Exposition (J. W. Ziegler, 1893), p. 514.
25. Kenneth Frampton, Modern Architecture: A Critical History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980), p. 62.
26. Paul Andrew Hutton, “Col. Cody, the Rough-Riders, and the Spanish American War,” Points West (1998 Fall Issue), pp. 8–11.
27. Bobby Bridger, Buffalo Bill and Sitting Bull: Inventing the Wild West (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2002), p. 442.
28. John Patrick Barrett, Electricity at the Columbian Exposition (Chicago: R. R. Donnelly and Sons, 1894).
29. T.R. to James Brander Matthews (June 8, 1893).
30. Theodore Whaley Cart, “The Lacey Act: America’s First Nationwide Wildlife Statute,” Forest History, Vol. 17, No. 3 (Oct. 1973), p. 413.
31. J. Anthony Lukas, Big Trouble: A Murder in a Small Western Town Sets Off a Struggle for the Soul of America (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1997), p. 241.
32. John F. Reiger, American Sportsmen and the Origins of Conservation, 3rd ed. (Corvallis: Oregon State University Press, 2001), p. 106.
33. Alfred Runte, Trains of Discovery: Western Railroads and the National Parks (Lanham, Md.: Roberts Rinehart, 1998), p. 49.
34. “History of the Boone and Crockett Club Books as Recalled by G. B. Grinnell” (1925), Boone and Crockett Club Archives, Missoula, Mont.
35. T.R. to George Bird Grinnell (August 24, 1897), Boone and Crockett Club Archives, Missoula, Mont.
36. Matthew Baigell, Albert Bierstadt (New York: Watson-Guptill, 1981), pp. 8–14.
37. T.R. to Albert Bierstadt (February 7, 1893), Joseph M. Roebling Collection of the American Heritage Center of the University of Wyoming, Laramie.
38. Albert Bierstadt, “A Moose Hunt” (February–April 1893), Roebling Collection of the American Heritage Center, University of Wyoming. Attached to the original essay is T.R.’s Sagamore Hill calling card.
39. Eric Nye and Sheri Hoem (eds.), “Big Game on the Editor’s Desk: Roosevelt and Bierstadt’s Tale of the Hunt,” New England Quarterly, Vol. 60, No. 3 (September 1987).
40. T.R. to Albert Bierstadt (June 8, 1893), Roebling Collection of the American Heritage Center of the University of Wyoming. But by not blowing the whistle on Bierstadt, by allowing his fib to stand, T.R. had protected a friend. More than a decade later, when T.R. was in the White House, Grinnell wrote up the moose story in his American Big Game in Its Haunts, in a way the president would have approved, claiming that the sixty-four-and-a-half-inch antlers were “in the possession” of the late painter.
41. Grinnell, “In Buffalo Days,” p. 169.
42. G. Edward White, The Eastern Establishment and the Western Experience: The West of Frederic Remington, Theodore Roosevelt and Owen Wister (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1968).
43. “Gen. Anderson Dead at University Club,” New York Times (March 8, 1915), P. 9.
44. T.R., “Coursing the Prongbuck,” in American Big-Game Hunting, p. 129.
45. T.R., “Literature of American Big-Game Hunting” in American Big-Game Hunting, p. 325. (Unsigned.)
46. Reiger, American Sportsmen and the Origins of Conservation, pp. 150–151.
47.
Dick Baldwin, “Trapshooting with D. Lee Braum and the Remington Pros,” (Remington Vandalia, Ohio: Trapshooting Hall of Fame and Museum, 1967).
48. “Trap Shooting in Saratoga,” New York Times (May 10, 1893), p. 3. The New York Times used to promote trapshooting in the 1880s as a way to downplay the mass killing of birds. While the sports page would mention all-day shoots with live birds in places like the League Island Gun Club of Philadelphia, it gave more ink to trapshooting events.
49. George Bird Grinnell, “Editorial,” Forest and Stream (July 14, 1881). Also see William B. Mershon, The Passenger Pigeon (New York: Outing, 1907), pp. 223–225.
50. Reiger, American Sportsmen and the Origins of Conservation, pp. 150–151.
51. Corinne Roosevelt Robinson, My Brother Theodore Roosevelt (New York: Scribner, 1921), p. 127.
52. T.R., “Preface,” in The Wilderness Hunter, p. xiii.
53. T.R., “Preface,” in The Wilderness Hunter, p. xiv. (The preface was written in June 1893 at Sagamore Hill.)
54. T.R., The Wilderness Hunter, p. 174.
55. “Mr. Roosevelt’s Americanism, New York Times (August 6, 1893), p. 19.
56. “New Publications: The Wilderness Hunter,” Forest and Stream, Vol. 41, No. 4 (July 29, 1893).
57. “Dangers of Moose Hunting,” Youth’s Companion (November 23, 1893).
58. T.R. to Hoke Smith (April 7, 1894).
59. Denis Tilden Lynch, Grover Cleveland: A Man Four-Square (New York: Van Rees, 1932), p. 191.
60. “Hoke Smith’s Appointment,” New York Times (February 16, 1893), p. 5.
61. G. Michael McCarthy, “The Forest Reserve: Colorado under Cleveland and McKinley,” Journal of Forest History (April 1976), p. 80.
62. U.S. Department of the Interior, Annual Report, 1893 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1894), p. 555.
63. Captain George S. Anderson to Secretary of Interior Hoke Smith (March 17, 1894), Vol. V (Letters Sent) National Archives, pp. 1–9, Yellowstone National Park. Quoted in H. Duane Hampton, “U.S. Army and the National Parks,” Forest History(October 1966), p. 14.
64. “Save the Buffalo,” Forest and Stream, Vol. 42, No. 15 (1894). (Editorial.)
65. “The Lacey Act of 1894,” U.S., Statutes at Large, Vol. 28, p. 73.
66. Mary Annette Gallager, “John F. Lacey: A Study in Organizational Politics,” PhD dissertation, University of Arizona, 1970.
67. Samuel Johnson Crawford, Kansas in the Sixties (Chicago, Ill.: A. C. McClurg, 1911), p. 146.
68. “John F. Lacey: Champion of Birds and Wildlife,” Iowa National History Foundation, Des Moines.
69. Michael L. Tate, The Frontier Army in the Settlement of the West (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1999), p. 233.
70. George S. Anderson, “Protection of the Yellowstone National Park” in T.R. and George Bird Grinnell (eds.), Hunting in Many Lands (New York: Forest and Stream, 1895), p. 388.
71. Alice Wondrak Biel, Do (Not) Feed the Bears: The Fitful History of Wildlife and Tourists in Yellowstone (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2006), p. 7.
72. T.R. and George Bird Grinnell, “Preface,” in Hunting in Many Lands, pp. 11–12. Although the preface had a shared byline it almost certainly was written by T.R.
73. Runte, Trains of Discovery, pp. 1–12.
74. Muir quoted in Alfred Runte, “Foreword,” in John Muir, Our National Parks (San Francisco, Calif.: Sierra Club Books, 1991), p. x. (Muir originally published the book in 1901.)
75. John Burroughs, The Last Harvest (Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin, 1922), p. 220.
76. W. Hallett Phillips to George A. Anderson (March 31, 1894), 6, LR, No. 1217-A, Yellowstone National Park Archives, Wyo.
77. T.R. to George S. Anderson (January 21, 1895), Letter Box 6, Doc. No. 1282, Yellowstone National Park Archives.
78. Aubrey L. Haines, The Yellowstone Story: A History of Our First National Park, Vol. 2 (Yellowstone: Yellowstone Library and Museums Association, 1977), pp. 68–69.
79. T.R., “Wilderness Reserves,” Forest and Stream, September 3, 1904, Vol. LXIII, Issue No. 10, p. 1. This is one of the chapters in the Boone and Crockett Club Book American Big-Game in its Haunts.
80. Quoted in H. W. Brands’ T.R.: The Last Romantic (New York: Basic Books, 1997), p. 259.
81. T.R., “Hunting in the Cattle Country,” in T.R. and Grinnell (eds.), Hunting in Many Lands, p. 297.
82. T.R. to Henry Cabot Lodge (September 30, 1894).
83. T.R., The Winning of the West, Vol. 3 (New York: Putnam, 1905), pp. 44–45.
84. William T. Hagan, Theodore Roosevelt and Six Friends of the Indian, pp. 22–23.
11: THE BRONX ZOO FOUNDER
1. “Madison Grant, 71, Zoologist, Is Dead,” New York Times (May 31, 1937), p. 15. In 1993 the New York Zoological Society changed its name to the Wildlife Conservation Society. Its mission is to “advance the study of zoology, protect wildlife, and educate the public.” As of 2009 it operated the following public attractions in the New York area: the Bronx Zoo, New York Aquarium, Central Park Zoo, Queens Zoo, and Prospect Park Zoo.
2. Madison Grant, The Vanishing Moose and Their Extermination in the Adirondacks (New York: Century, 1894).
3. “Killing of the Buffalo,” New York Times (July 26, 1896), p. 20.
4. George Bird Grinnell and T.R. (ed.), Trail and Camp-fire (New York: Forest and Stream, 1897), p. 313.
5. George Bird Grinnell, “In Buffalo Days,” in T.R. and Grinnell (eds.), American Big-Game Hunting (New York: Forest and Stream, 1893), p. 171.
6. Richard Manning, Grassland: The History, Biology, Politics, and Promise of the American Prairie (New York: Viking, 1995); Tom McHugh, The Time of the Buffalo (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1972), p. 39; and Christopher Ketcham, “They Shoot Buffalo, Don’t They,” Harper’s Magazine (June 2008), p. 74.
7. T.R. to Madison Grant (March 3, 1894).
8. “Zoo Plans Are Approved,” New York Times (November 23, 1897), p. 12.
9. Boone and Crockett Club Report, “Past and Present Roles of the Boone and Crockett Club 1887–1992,” Missoula, Mont. (Unpublished.)
10. “Zoo Plans Are Approved,” New York Times (November 23, 1897), p. 12. Also see William T. Hornaday, Popular Official Guide to the New York Zoological Society, 11th ed. (New York: New York Zoological Society, June 1, 1911), p. 136.
11. Lincoln Lang, Ranching with Roosevelt (Philadelphia, Pa.: Lippincott, 1926), pp. 360–365.
12. Lowell E. Baier, “The Boone and Crockett Club: A 106-Year Retrospective,” (Boone and Crockett Club Archives, Missoula, Mont.), p. 9.
13. “Black Mesa Reserve,” Boone and Crockett Club Archives, Missoula, Mont.
14. T.R., A Book-Lover’s Holidays in the Open (New York: Scribner, 1916), p. 32.
15. “William Temple Hornaday” (1996), University of Iowa Museum of Natural History Archive, Iowa City.
16. William T. Hornaday, Two Years in the Jungle: The Experiences of a Hunter Naturalist (London: Kegan Paul, Trench and Co., 1885), p. 1.
17. William T. Hornaday, The Extermination of the American Bison (Washington, D.C.: National Museum Report, 1889).
18. “History of the Wildlife Conservation Society,” Wilderness Conservation Fund Archives, New York.
19. William T. Hornaday, Our Vanishing Wild Life (New York: New York Zoological Society, 1913), p. 92.
20. Paul Verner Bradford and Harvey Blume, Ota Benga: The Pygmy in the Zoo (New York: Dell, 1992), p. 173.
21. “History of the Wildlife Conservation Society.”
22. “Zoo Plans Are Approved: Park Board, after Long Study of the Proposed Zoological Park, Commends It,” New York Times (November 23, 1897), p. 12.
23. T.R. quoted in Paul Russell Cutright, Theodore Roosevelt: The Naturalist (New York: Harper, 1956), p. 73.
24. T.R. to James Brander Matthews (December 21, 1893).
25. T.R. to Madison Grant (March 3, 1894).
26. Casper W. Whitney, “The Cougar,” in T.R. and George Bird Grinnell (eds.), Hunting in Many Lands (New York: Forest and Stream, 1895), p. 253.
27. T.R. and Grinnell, “Preface,” in Hunting in Many Lands, p. 12.
28. Charles E. Whitehead, “Game Laws,” in Hunting in Many Lands, pp. 370–372.
29. T.R. and Grinnell (eds.), Hunting in Many Lands, pp. 424–432.
30. Edmund Morris, The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt (New York: Coward, McCann, 1979), p. 25.
31. T.R. quoted in Van Wyck Brooks, John Sloan: A Painter’s Life (New York: Dutton, 1955), p. 55.
32. H. Paul Jeffers, Roosevelt the Explorer (Lanham, Md.: Taylor Trade, 2003), p. 8.
33. William Harbaugh, Power and Responsibility: The Life and Times of Theodore Roosevelt (New York: Farrar, Straus, and Cudahy, 1961), pp. 82–83.
34. Jeffers, Roosevelt the Explorer, p. 84.
35. Owen Wister, Roosevelt: The Story of a Friendship, 1880–1919 (New York: Macmillan, 1930), p. 51.
36. Jeffers, Roosevelt the Explorer, pp. 82–84.
37. “The Summer Plans of Authors,” New York Times (June 21, 1896), p. 27.
38. T.R. quoted in H. Paul Jeffers, Colonel Roosevelt: Theodore Roosevelt Goes to War (New York: Wiley, 1996), p. 20.
39. “Electoral Vote Counted; McKinley and Hobart Formally Declared to Have Been Chosen as President and Vice President,” New York Times (February 11, 1897), p. 4.
40. Roderick Frazier Nash, Wilderness and the American Mind, 4th ed. (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2001), p. 136.
41. George R. Leighton, Five Cities: The Story of Their Youth and Old Age (New York: Harper, 1939), p. 269.
42. George Bird Grinnell and T.R., “Preface,” in Trail and Camp-Fire (New York: Forest and Stream, 1897), pp. 7–8.
43. Gerald W. Williams, The Forest Service: Fighting for Public Lands (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 2006), pp. 404–405. Williams documented the total acreage saved by the Washington Birthday Reserves: San Jacinto, California, 737,280 acres; Stanislaus, California, 691,200 acres; Washington, Washington, 3,594,240 acres; Mount Rainier, Washington, 1,267,200 acres; Olympic, Washington, 2,188,800 acres; Priest River, Idaho and Washington, 645,120 acres; Bitterroot, Idaho and Montana, 4,147,200 acres; Lewis and Clark, Montana, 2,926,080 acres; Flathead, Montana, 1,382,400 acres; Big Horn, Wyoming, 1,198,080 acres; Teton, Wyoming, 829,440 acres; Uinta, Utah, 705,120 acres; Black Hills, South Dakota, 967,680 acres.
44. T.R. to George Bird Grinnell (August 24, 1897).
45. Char Miller, Gifford Pinchot and the Making of Modern Environmentalism (Washington, D.C.: Island, 2001), p. 120.
46. Leighton, Five Cities, p. 269.
47. “After Us, the Deluge,” New York Times (May 8, 1897), p. 6.
48. John Muir, “The American Forests,” Atlantic Monthly, Vol. 80 (August 1897).
49. Grover Cleveland, Fishing and Shooting Sketches (Philadelphia, Pa.: Curtis, 1901), pp. 3–6.
50. John Muir, Our National Parks (Boston, Mass. and New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1901), p. 1.
51. Sixth Annual Report of the Bureau of Agriculture and Industry of the State of Montana for the Year Ending November 30, 1898 (Helena, Mont.: Independent, 1898), p. 51.
52. T.R. to George Bird Grinnell (August 24, 1897), Boone and Crockett Club Archives, Missoula, Mont.
53. “The Cabinet Confirmed,” New York Times (March 6, 1897), p. 3.
54. Gifford Pinchot, Breaking New Ground (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1947), p. 123.
55. “The Big Federal Domain,” New York Times (November 19, 1897), p. 3.
56. Gretel Ehrlich, John Muir: Nature’s Visionary (Washington, D.C.: National Geographic, 2000).
57. Sixth Annual Report of the Bureau of Agriculture and Industry of the State of Montana for the Year Ending November 30, 1898, p. 52.
58. Rexroth quoted in David Taylor, A Soul of a People (Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, 2009), p. 133.
59. Twentieth Annual Report of the United States Geological Survey to the Secretary of the Interior, 1898–1899; Part V—Forest Reserves (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1900), p. 143.
60. Morris, The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt, p. 554.
61. T.R. to Anna Roosevelt Cowles (November 13, 1896).
62. Nathan Miller, Theodore Roosevelt (New York: William Morrow, 1992), p. 246.
63. Morris, The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt, pp. 548–563.
64. Keir B. Sterling, Last of the Naturalists: The Career of C. Hart Merriam, rev. ed. (New York: Arno, 1977), p. ix.
65. T.R. to Henry Cabot Lodge in Cutright, Theodore Roosevelt: The Naturalist, p. 80.
66. Sterling, Last of the Naturalists.
67. “North American Bears,” New York Times (April 22, 1896), p. 14.
68. T.R. to Henry Fairfield Osborn (May 18, 1897).
69. Ibid.
70. T.R., “Social Evolution,” in The Works of Theodore Roosevelt, Memorial ed. (New York, 1923–1926), Vol. 14, pp. 109–128.
71. T.R., “A Layman’s Views on Specific Nomenclature,” Science (April 30, 1897), pp. 685–688.
72. Sterling, Last of the Naturalists, p. 242.
73. Ibid. Also see Cutright, Theodore Roosevelt: The Making of a Conservationist (Urbana: University of Illinois, 1985), pp. 192–196.
74. Sterling, Last of the Naturalists, p. 176.
75. T.R. to Charles Addison Boutelle (June 22, 1897).
76. T.R. to George Bird Grinnell (August 2, 1897), Boone and Crockett Club Archive, Missoula, Mont.
77. T.R. to George Bird Grinnell (August 24, 1897).
78. Ibid.
79. T.R. to Henry Fairfield Osborn (September 14, 1897).
80. Merriam quoted in Science (May 14, 1897).
81. Cutright, Theodore Roosevelt: The Naturalist, pp. 80–88. Also see C. Hart Merriam, “Natural History: Roosevelt’s Wapiti,” Forest and Stream, January 1, 1898, Vol. L, Issue No. 9, p. 5.
82. Dr. C. Hart Merriam, “Cervus roosevelti,” Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington (December 17, 1897).
83. Cutright, Theodore Roosevelt: The Naturalist, p. 85.
84. T.R., “Wapiti,” in Hedley Peek and Frederick George Aflalo, The Encyclopaedia of Sport Vol. II (London: Lawrence and Bullen, 1898), p. 530.
85. Cutright, Theodore Roosevelt: The Naturalist, p. 85.
86. T.R. to C. Hart Merriam (February 22, 1899).
87. T.R., “List of Books,” in Trail and Camp-Fire, p. 339.
88. Burnham quoted in Frank Graham, Jr., The Adirondacks: A Political History (New York: Knopf, 1978), p. 148.
89. Grinnell and T.R., Trail and Camp-Fire (New York: Forest and Stream, 1897) p. 153.
90. T.R., “On the Little Missouri,” in Trail and Camp-Fire, pp. 219–220.
91. George Bird Grinnell, “Introduction,” Works, Memorial Edition, Vol. 1, p. xix.
92. T.R. to John A. Merritt (December 23, 1897).
12: THE ROUGH RIDER
1. Richard H. Collin, Theodore Roosevelt, Culture, Diplomacy, and Expansion: A New View of American Imperialism (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1985), p. 123.
2. Ibid, p. 120.
3. T.R. to Henry Cabot Lodge (August 10, 1886). See also Henry Pringle, Theodore Roosevelt: A Biography (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1931), pp. 166–167.
4. T.R., American Naval Policy as Outlined in the Messages of the Presidents of the United States, from 1790 to Present Day (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1897).
5. Edmund Morris, The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt (New York: Coward, McCann, 1979), p. 598.
6. “The Maine at Havana,” New York Times (January 25, 1898), p. 6.
7. T.R. to William Sheffield Cowles (March 29, 1898).
8. Henry Pringle, Theodore Roosevelt (New York: Harcourt, 2003), p. 124.
9. T.R. to William Sturgis Bigelow (March 29, 1898).
10. T.R. to Robert Bacon (April 8, 1898).
11. Daniel Henderson, “Great-Heart”: The Life Story of Theodore Roosevelt, 3rd ed. (New York: Knopf, 1919), p. 62.
12. Akiko Murakata, “Theodore Roosevelt and William Sturgis Bigelow: The Story of a Friendship,” Harvard Literary Bulletin, Vol. 23, No. 1 (January 1975), p. 93.
13. Morris, The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt, p. 612.
14. Mrs. Winthrop Chanler, Roman Spring (Boston, Mass.: Little, Brown, 1934), p. 285.
15. Robert Lee, Fort Meade and the Black Hills (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1991), pp. 160–161.
16. Morris, The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt, pp. 613–620. Also see Leonard Wood, “Roosevelt: Soldier, Statesman, and Friend” in The Rough Riders and Men of Action (New York: Scribner’s, 1926), pp. xv–xvi.
17. Marilyn Bennett, It Happened in San Antonio (Guilford, Conn.: Twodot, 2006), pp. 53–56.
18. Buckhorn Saloon Museum Archive, San Antonio, Tex.
19. T.R. to Henry Cabot Lodge (May 25, 1898).
20. Sarah Lyons Watts, Rough Rider in the White House: Theodore Roosevelt and the Politics of Desire (Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press, 2003), p. 163.
21. G. Edward White, The Eastern Establishment and the Western Experience: The West of Frederic Remington, Theodore Roosevelt, and Owen Wister (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1968), pp. 149–153.
22. Harbaugh, Power and Responsibility, p. 104.
23. Michael L. Collins, That Damned
Cowboy: Theodore Roosevelt and the American West, 1883–1898 (New York: Peter Lang, 1989), p. 146.
24. “The Rough Riders Land at Montauk,” New York Times, (August 16, 1898), p. 1.
25. H. W. Brands, T.R.: The Last Romantic (New York: Basic Books, 1997), p. 344.
26. Owen Wister, “Balaam and Pedro,” Harper’s Monthly (January 1894).
27. Peggy Samuels and Harold Samuels, Teddy Roosevelt at San Juan, (College Station: Texas A&M Press, 1997), p. 58.
28. Lydia Kingsmill Commander, The American Idea (New York: A. S. Barnes, 1907), p. 75.
29. Henry Castor, Theodore Roosevelt and the Rough Riders (New York: Random House, 1954), p. 45.
30. Samuels and Samuels, Teddy Roosevelt at San Juan, pp. 58–59.
31. Jack [John] Willis, Roosevelt in the Rough (New York: Ives Washburn, 1931), pp. 36–37. Reprint.
32. David H. Burton, “Theodore Roosevelt’s Social Darwinism and Views on Imperialism,” Journal of the History of Ideas, Vol. 26, No. 1 (January–March 1965), pp. 103–118.
33. T.R., “Social Evolution,” North American Review (July 1895). Republished in American Ideals, and Other Essays (New York: Putnam, 1897), pp. 293–317.
34. Ibid., p. 296. Also see Patrick Sharp, Savage Perils: Racial Frontiers and Nuclear Apocalypse (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2007); and John Morton Blum, “Theodore Roosevelt: The Years of Decision,” The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1954), Vol. 2, p. 1486.
35. John Burroughs, “The Biological Origin of the Ruling Class,” cited in Renehan Jr., John Burroughs (Post Mills, Vt.: Chelsea Green, 1992), p. 199.
36. Edward J. Renehan Jr., John Burroughs (Post Mills, Vt.: Chelsea Green, 1992), pp. 198–200.
37. Morris, The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt, p. 630. Also see “The War: Expected Naval Battle, Firing at Cabanas,” The Observer, May 1, 1898, p. A5.
38. T.R. to Henry Cabot Lodge (June 12, 1898).
39. “Colt Machineguns in the Spanish American War,” (2008), Fort Sam Houston Museum, San Antonio, Tex.
40. William McKinley Executive Order (March 28, 1898) from the Executive Mansion; William McKinley Proclamation (May 27, 1898); William McKinley Proclamation (June 29, 1898); McKinley’s third State of the Union address, in James D. Richardson, A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents 1789–1907, Vol. 10 (Washington, D.C.: Bureau of National Literature and Art, 1908), pp. 343, 253, 121.
41. T.R., Letters, Vol. II, p. 843. Also see Brands, T.R.: The Last Romantic (New York: Basic Books, 1997), p. 346.
42. T.R. to Corinne Roosevelt Robinson (June 15, 1898).
43. Owen Wister, The Virginian: A Horseman of the Plains (New York: Macmillan, 1902), p. 334.
44. Kathleen Dalton, Theodore Roosevelt: A Strenuous Life (New York: Knopf, 2002), p. 173.
45. T.R., The Rough Riders (New York: Scribner, 1899), 1905 reprint, p. 73.
46. Charles Darwin, The Descent of Man, 2nd revision (London: John Murray, Albemarle Street, 1890), p. 54.
47. Joseph Bucklin Bishop, Theodore Roosevelt’s Letters to His Children, p. 16.
48. Nathaniel Lande, Dispatches From the Front: A History of the American War Correspondent (New York: Henry Holt, 1995), p. 151.
49. T.R., The Rough Riders, pp. 15–16.
50. Ibid., “Appendix A: Muster-Out Roll.”
51. Edward Marshall, The Story of the Rough Riders (New York: G. W. Dillingham, 1899), p. 127.
52. John Hay letter to T.R. (July 27, 1898), quoted in “Credit ‘Splendid Little War’ to John Hay,” New York Times (July 9, 1991), p. A18.
53. Davis, Badge of Courage, pp. 259–261.
54. T.R. to William Rufus Shafter (August 3, 1898).
55. Jeff Heatley (ed.), Bully! Colonel Roosevelt, the Rough Riders, and Camp Wikoff (Montauk, N.Y.: Montauk Historical Society, 1998), pp. 55–94.
56. Marshall, The Story of the Rough Riders, p. 23.
57. Cara Blessley Lowe, “Introducing Cougar,” in Marc Bekoff and Cara Blessley Lowe (eds.), Listening to Cougar (Boulder: University of Colorado Press, 2007), p. 5.
58. “The Rough Riders Land at Montauk,” New York Times (August 16, 1898), p. 1.
59. Marshall, The Story of the Rough Riders, p. 24.
60. T.R., The Rough Riders, p. 222.
61. T.R. to his children (June 6, 1898).
62. N. Scott Momaday, House Made of Dawn (New York: HarperCollins, 1968), pp. 14–20.
63. T.R., The Rough Riders, p. 222.
64. Robert C. V. Meyers, Theodore Roosevelt: Patriot and Statesman (Philadelphia, Pa.: Ziegler, 1902), p. 284.
65. Joseph Bucklin Bishop, Theodore Roosevelt’s Letters to His Children (New York: Scribner, 1919), pp. 15–16.
66. Author interview with James Stringer (July 15, 2008), Santa Fe, N.M. (Stringer is the great-grandson of Cuba’s later owner, Samuel Black.)
67. Heatley (ed.), Bully! p. 485.
68. T.R., The Rough Riders, pp. 221–223.
69. Albert Smith, Two Reels and a Crank (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1952), p. 57.
70. T.R. to Corinne Roosevelt Robinson (June 27, 1898).
71. Morris, The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt, p. 643.
72. Stephen Crane, “Roosevelt’s Rough Riders, Loss Due to a Gallant Blunder,” New York World (June 26, 1898).
73. Virgil Carrington Jones, Roosevelt’s Rough Riders, (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1971), p. 6.
74. T.R. to Corinne Roosevelt Robinson (June 15, 1898).
75. T.R., The Rough Riders, p. 92.
76. Ibid., pp. 104–105.
77. Ibid.
78. T.R., “Kidd’s Social Evolution,” The North American Review (July 1895). Also included in The Works of Theodore Roosevelt (Nation Edition), Vol. XIII (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1926), pp. 223–241.
79. Samuels and Samuels, Teddy Roosevelt at San Juan, p. 296. Also see John M. Blum, The National Experience (New York: Harcourt, Brace, World, 1963), p. 495.
80. T.R., The Winning of the West, Presidential Edition (New York: Putnam, 1889), p. vii.
81. Patrick Sharp, “The Darwinist Frontier,” in Savage Perils.
82. T.R., The Rough Riders, p. 15.
83. Robert Gearty, “Park Is Teddy Terrain; Renaming in Montauk for Roosevelt,” New York Daily News (January 4, 1998).
84. Michael Pollak, “Screen Grab; Remembering Rough Rider Who Was a President,” New York Times (February 1, 2001). I was one of fourteen historians who had written President Bill Clinton a letter on March 31, 1999 urging the president to award T.R. the medal he so richly deserved. Others included Stephen E. Ambrose, John A. Gable, Nathan Miller, Edmund and Sylvia Morris, William N. Tischin, and Geoffrey C. Ward. Also see “Medal of Honor Awarded to Theodore Roosevelt,” Theodore Roosevelt Administration Journal, Vol. XXIV, No. 2 (2001), pp. 3–9.
85. “An Exciting Night in Camp,” New York Times (September 15, 1898), p. 2.
86. James H. McClintock, Arizona: Prehistoric, Aboriginal, Pioneer, Modern, Vol. 2 (Chicago, Ill.: S. J. Clarke, 1916), p. 522.
87. “Rough Riders’ Mascot Dead,” Chicago Times Herald (June 13, 1899). Rough Riders Museum Archive, Las Vegas, N.M. Special thanks to Pat Romero for bringing this to my attention.
88. Author interview with James Stringer (July 15, 2008), Santa Fe, N.M. Mr. Stringer kindly read to me the Arizona Daily Sun’s obituary of Cuba the dog (n.d.).
89. T.R. to Francis Ellington Leupp (September 3, 1898).
90. Morris, The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt, p. 670.
91. Bishop, Theodore Roosevelt’s Letters to His Children, p. 17.
92. White, The Eastern Establishment and the Western Experience, p. 58.
93. Robert Hendrickson, Happy Trails: A Dictionary of Western Expressions (New York: Facts on File, 1994), p. 34.
94. T.R., The Rough Riders (Appendix D, Revised Edition), p. 320. Also see “Mens Gift to Roosevelt,” New York Times (September 14, 1898), p. 3.
95. White, The Eastern Establishment and the Western Experience, pp. 168–169.
96. Virgil Carrington Jones, Roosevelt’s Rough Riders, p. 277.
97. Leonard Wood, “Roosevelt: Soldier, Statesman, and Friend,” The Works of Theodore Roosevelt, Memorial Edition, Vol. 13 (New York: Scribner, 1924), p. xiii.
98. T.R. to John Ellis Roosevelt (March 31, 1898).
99. John A. Correy, A Rough Ride to Albany: Teddy Runs for Governor (New York: Fordham University Press, 2006).
13: HIGHER POLITICAL PERCHES
1. Paul Russell Cutright, Theodore Roosevelt: The Making of a Conservationist (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1985), p. 199.
2. “History of Executive Mansion,” New York State Historical Society, New York City.
3. T.R., New York (New York: Longmans, Green, 1891). Also see “Historic New York, New York, by Theodore Roosevelt,” New York Times (March 29, 1891), p. 19.
4. Donald M. Roper, “The Governorship in History,” Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science Vol. 31, No. 3 (May 1973), pp. 16–30.
5. “Gov. Roosevelt Shut Out,” New York Times (January 3, 1899), p. 2.
6. Public Papers of Theodore Roosevelt, Governor, 1899 (Albany, N.Y.: Brandow Printing Company, 1899), p. 25.
7. G. Wallace Chessman, Governor Theodore Roosevelt: The Albany Apprenticeship, 1898–1900 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1965), p. 5.
8. “Fish, Forests, and Politics,” Forest and Stream, Vol. 53 (December 9, 1899). Also see “Gov. Roosevelt Is Inaugurated,” New York Times (January 3, 1899), p. 1.
9. T.R., “The New York Fish Commission” Field and Stream (December 9, 1899).
10. Charles Earle Funk, What’s the Name, Please? (New York: Funk and Wagnalls, 1936), p. 129.
11. “James Wallace Pinchot,” Grey Towers National Historic Site, Archive, Milford, Pa. (Biography profile.) Special thanks to Richard Paterson.
12. Char Miller, Gifford Pinchot and the Making of Modern Environmentalism (Washington, D.C.: Island, 2001), p. 70.
13. Ibid.
14. “Gifford Pinchot Dies Here at 81,” New York Times (October 6, 1946), p. 56.
15. George Perkins Marsh, Man and Nature (New York: Scribner, 1864), p. 44.
16. Owen Wister, Roosevelt: The Story of a Friendship (New York: Macmillan, 1930), p. 174.
17. T.R. to Gifford Pinchot (May 22, 1894), Gifford Pinchot Papers, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
18. M. Nelson McGeary, Gifford Pinchot: Forester-Politician (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1960), p. 53.
19. Gifford Pinchot, Just Fishing Talk (New York and Harrisburg, Pa.: Telegraph, 1936), pp. 72–74.
20. “A Clan Hangs,” Time (March 23, 1931).
21. Frank W. Carpenter, “Heins & La Farge,” New York Architecture (April 26, 1988).
22. Gifford Pinchot, Breaking New Ground (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Co., 1947), pp. 144–146.
23. Archie Butt, The Letters of Archie Butt (New York: Doubleday Page & Company, 1924), p. 147.
24. McGeary, Gifford Pinchot, p. 47.
25. Cutright, Theodore Roosevelt: The Making of a Conservationist, p. 203.
26. T.R., An Autobiography (New York: Macmillan, 1913), p. 409.
27. “Roosevelt’s Annual Message,” New York Times (January 4, 1900), p. 6.
28. Sandra Weber, Mount Marcy: The High Peak of New York (Fleischmanns, N.Y.: Purple Mountain, 2001), p. 9.
29. Ibid., pp. 9–12.
30. C. Grant La Farge, “A Winter Ascent of Tahawus,” Outing, Vol. 36, No. 1 (April 1900).
31. Pinchot, Breaking New Ground, pp. 144–146.
32. Gifford Pinchot, Diary (1899). Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. Also see Sandra Weber, “Gifford Pinchot: Walrus of the Forest,” Highlights (August 2005), pp. 34–35.
33. Miller, Gifford Pinchot and the Making
of Modern Environmentalism, p. 148.
34. Ibid., p. 149.
35. T.R. to John Hay (February 7, 1899).
36. Richard O. Weber, “How T.R. Handled Being Governor,” Theodore Roosevelt Association Journal, Vol. XXIV, No. 2 (2001), p. 17.
37. Clara Barrus (ed.), The Heart of Burroughs’s Journal (Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin, 1928), pp. 320–322.
38. Gail Bederman, Manliness and Civilization (Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press, 1995), p. 93.
39. “The Strenuous Life,” speech given by T.R. at the Hamilton Club (April 10, 1899). See “Gov. Roosevelt in Chicago,” New York Times (April 11, 1899), p. 3. Also T.R., “Speech before the Hamilton Club, Chicago, Illinois, April 10, 1899,” in The Works of Theodore Roosevelt, Memorial Edition (New York: Scribner’s Sons, 1925), Vol. 15, p. 281.
40. “Gov. Roosevelt in Chicago,” New York Times, April 11, 1899, p. 3.
41. Bederman, Manliness and Civilization, p. 174.
42. Richard O. Weber, “How T.R. Handled Being Governor,” Theodore Roosevelt Association Journal, Vol. XXIV, No. 2 (2001), pp. 19–20.
43. T.R.’s letter of November 28 was published in T.R., “The New York Game Commission” and “The New York Game Protectors,” Forest and Stream (December 9, 1899).
44. T.R. to Tiffany and Company (February 2, 1899).
45. T.R. to Frank M. Chapman (February 16, 1899).
46. Ibid.
47. Chessman, Governor Theodore Roosevelt, pp. 242–243.
48. T.R. Chronology as New York Governor, T.R. Collection, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. Also see H. K. Bush-Brown, Letter to the Editor, “The Palisades Park Movement,” New York Times (January 30, 1900), p. 6.
49. Fuller quoted in Thomas R. Slicer, “Famous Visitors at Niagara Falls,” The Niagara Book, new rev. ed. (New York: Doubleday, Page, 1901), p. 290.
50. Ibid.
51. Russell D. Butcher, America’s National Wildlife Refuges (Lanham, Md.: Roberts Rinehart Publishers, 2003), p. 428.
52. Jack Demattos, Garrett and Roosevelt (College Station, Tex.: Early West, 1988), pp. 1–62.
53. T.R. to William Allen White (July 1, 1899).
54. Public Papers of Theodore Roosevelt, Governor, 1899 (Albany, N.Y.: Brandow, Department Printers, 1899), p. 323. Also see T.R., Campaigns and Controversies (New York: Scribner, 1926), Vol. 14, p. 319.
55. Edmund Morris, The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt (New York: Coward, McCann, 1979), p. 712.
56. David Magie, Life of Garret Augustus Hobart, Twenty-Fourth Vice President of the United States (New York: Putnam, 1910), p. 231.
57. Ibid.
58. T.R. to John Davis Long (December 2, 1899).
59. T.R. to Bradley Tyler Johnson (November 21, 1899)
60. Pinchot, Breaking New Ground, p. 158.
61. Philip C. Jessup, Elihu Root, Vol. 1 (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1938), p. 210.
62. “Governor Roosevelt’s Annual Message,” New York Times (January 4, 1900), p. 6.
63. Curt Meine, “Roosevelt, Conservation, and the Revival of Democracy,” Conservation Biology, Vol. 15, No. 4 (August 2001), pp. 829–831.
64. T.R., Annual Message of the Governor, Albany, N.Y. (January 3, 1900), Memorial Edition, Vol. 17, p. 63; and National Edition, Vol. 15, pp. 54–55. Also see “Roosevelt’s Annual Message,” New York Times (January 4, 1900), p. 6. (The newspaper printed the address in its entirety.)
65. “Gov. Roosevelt’s Annual Message,” New York Times (January 4, 1900), p. 6.
66. Cutright, Theodore Roosevelt: The Making of a Conservationist, p. 2.
67. T.R. to Grant La Farge (February 9, 1900).
68. Audubon’s picture can be found in Richard Rhodes, John James Audubon: The Making of an American (New York: Knopf, 2004).
69. Jeff Wells, “What We Buy Hurts Birds We Watch,” Philadelphia Inquirer (October 29, 2007).
70. “Bird Protection Bill Signed,” New York Times (May 3, 1900), p. 6.
71. Ibid. Also see “Forest, Field and Streams,” Time (June 16, 1930).
72. “Plumage of Birds on Hats,” New York Times (May 4, 1900), p. 8.
73. Barrus (ed.), The Heart of Burroughs’s Journals, p. 321.
74. T.R. to Frank M. Chapman (May 8, 1900).
75. Fred J. Alsop III, Birds of North America: Eastern Region (New York: DK, 2001), pp. 6–21.
76. John Burroughs, Signs and Seasons (Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin, 1886), p. 246.
77. Alexander Wilson, American Ornithology; or, The Natural History of The Birds of the United States, Vol. 3 (London: Whittaker, Treacher, and Arnot, London; Edinburgh: Stirling and Kenney, 1832), p. 200.
78. Florida Audubon Society Files, Miami.
79. Leslie Poole, “The Women of the Early Florida Audubon Society,” Tampa Bay History Center (2007). (Pamphlet.)
80. “Origin of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,” U.S. Fish and Wildlife Archive, Shepherdstown, W. Va. (2008 update.)
81. Summary of Federal Wildlife Laws Handbook with Related Laws (Government Institutions, 1998), New Mexico Center for Wildlife Law, University of New Mexico School of Law Archives.
82. Doug Stewart, “How Conservation Grew from a Whisper to a Roar,” National Wildlife (December–January 1909).
83. Report of the Secretary of Agriculture: Report of the Chiefs (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1919), p. 418.
84. Stewart, “How Conservation Grew from a Whisper to a Roar.”
85. Oliver H. Orr Jr., Saving American Birds: T. Gilbert Pearson and the Founding of the Audubon Movement (Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1992), pp. 74–75.
14: THE ADVOCATE OF THE STRENUOUS LIFE
1. T.R. to John Burroughs (May 1, 1900).
2. Bryce quoted in Charles G. Washburn, Theodore Roosevelt: The Logic of His Career (Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin, 1916), p. 33.
3. Edward J. Renehan, Jr., John Burroughs: An American Naturalist (Post Mills, N.Y.: Chelsea Green, 1992), p. 182.
4. T.R. to John Burroughs (May 5, 1900).
5. John Burroughs, Far and Near (Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin, 1904).
6. Ibid., pp. 215–222.
7. T.R. to John Burroughs (May 21, 1900).
8. Edward Evans, “Ethical Relations between Man and Beast,” in Donald Worster (ed.), American Environmentalism: The Formative Period, 1860–1915 (New York: Wiley, 1973).
9. Clara Barrus, (ed.), The Heart of Burroughs’s Journals (Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin, 1928), pp. 97–98.
10. Renehan, John Burroughs, p. 201.
11. Clara Barrus, The Life and Letters of John Burroughs, Vol. 1 (Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin, 1925), p. 256.
12. John Burroughs, Under the Apple-Trees (Boston, Mass., and New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1916), p. 265.
13. Perry D. Westbrook, John Burroughs (New York: Twayne, 1974), p. 106.
14. John Morton Blum, The Republican Roosevelt (New York: Atheneum, 1962), p. 25.
15. James Perrin Warren, John Burroughs and the Place of Nature (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2006), pp. 150–193.
16. T.R. to Henry L. Sprague (January 26, 1900).
17. Barrus, The Heart of Burroughs’s Journals, pp. 297–298.
18. G. Wallace Chessman, Governor The-dore Roosevelt: The Albany Apprenticeship: 1898–1900 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1965), p. 253.
19. T.R. to George McAneny (June 5, 1900).
20. Ibid.
21. Kathleen Dalton, Theodore Roosevelt: A Strenuous Life (New York: Knopf, 2002), p. 190.
22. T.R. to William Henry Lewis (July 26, 1900).
23. Edmund Morris, The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt (New York: Coward, McCann, and Geoghegan, 1979), p. 722.
24. David Henry Burton, Theodore Roosevelt, American Politician: An Assessment (Teaneck, N.J.: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1997), p. 88.
25. T.R. to William Adolph Baillie-Grohman (June 12, 1900).
26. T.R. to Senator Hanna (June 27, 1900), quoted in Joseph Bucklin Bishop, Theodore Roosevelt and His Time Shown in His Own Letters Vol. 1 (New York: Scribner, 1919), p. 139.
27. T.R. to Theodore Roosevelt, Jr. (February 19, 1904).
28. Dalton, Theodore Roosevelt: A Strenuous Life, p. 101.
29. Don Russell, The Lives and Legends of Buffalo Bill (Norman: Oklahoma University Press, 1960), p. 419.
30. Nathan Miller, Theodore Roosevelt: A Life (New York: William Morrow, 1992), p. 344.
31. Stefan Lorant, The Life and Times of Theodore Roosevelt (New York: Doubleday, 1959), p. 335.
32. Robert B. Roosevelt to Charles Hallock (July 1900), R.B.R. Papers, TRA—Oyster Bay. (Thanks to the late John A. Gable for providing me a copy of this fascinating note.)
33. Lorant, The Life and Times of Theodore Roosevelt, p. 335.
34. David S. Barry, Forty Years in Washington (Boston, Mass.: Little, Brown, 1924), p. 246.
35. T.R. to Senator Marcus A. Hanna, quoted in Bishop, Theodore Roosevelt and His Time Shown in His Own Letters, pp. 139–140.
36. T.R. to the National Irrigation Congress (November 16, 1900).
37. T.R. to Percy S. Lansdowne (December 7, 1900).
38. T.R. to Frederick Courteney Selous (November 23, 1900).
39. T.R. to Edward Sanford Martin (November 26, 1900).
40. T.R. to Elihu Root (December 5, 1900).
41. T.R. to Philip Bathell Stewart (December 6, 1900).
42. Frank Donaldson Biography, Medical and Chirurgical Faculty, University of Maryland, College Park.
43. Clara Barton, The Red Cross: A History of This Remarkable International Movement in the Interest of Humanity (Albany, N.Y.: J. B. Lyon, 1898), p. 617.
44. “Roosevelt at Home,” New York Times (October 17, 1898), p. 2; and “History of Red Crags” (courtesy of Red Crags Bed and Breakfast).
45. T.R., The Wilderness Hunter, (New York: Putnam, 1893), p. 344.
46. T.R., Outdoor Pastimes of an American Hunter, p. 2.
47. Because the White River National Forest was more than 1 million acres, as president Roosevelt, capitulating to developers in Meeker, reduced the size by 61,000 acres in 1902 and 159,000 acres in 1904. U.S. Department of Agriculture History File on White River National Forest (October 29, 2007).
48. T.R., Outdoor Pastimes of an American Hunter, pp. 2–3.
49. C. S. Forbes, “President Roosevelt,” Vermonter, Vol. 7, No. 4 (November 1901).
50. T.R., Outdoor Pastimes of an American Hunter, p. 3.
51. Ibid., pp. 3–30.
52. Ibid.
53. T.R., The Wilderness Hunter (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1893), p. 344.
54. Jeremy Johnston, “Preserving the Beasts of Waste and Desolation: Theodore Roosevelt and Predator Control in Yellowstone,” Yellowstone Science (Spring, 2002), pp. 15–16.
55. T.R. to Frederick Courteney Selous (March 8, 1901).
56. Blum, The Republican Roosevelt, p. 29.
57. Henry F. Pringle, Theodore Roosevelt: A Biography (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1931), p. 241.
58. H. W. Brands, T.R.: The Last Romantic (New York: Basic Books, 1997), p. 407.
59. T.R. to W. H. Taft (April 26, 1901).
60. T.R. to Charles Emory Smith (April 3, 1901).
61. T.R. to Winthrop Chanler (March 8, 1901).
62. T.R. to Caspar Whitney (March 16, 1901).
63. T.R. to Florence Bayard Lockwood La Farge (March 29, 1901).
64. T.R. to Hamlin Garland (April 4, 1901).
65. T.R. to C. G. Gunther’s Sons (April 23, 1901).
66. C. Hart Merriam to T.R. (May 3, 1901).
67. T.R. to Gifford Pinchot (April 16, 1901).
68. T.R. to Eugene Hale (May 13, 1901).
69. T.R. to Caspar Whitney (June 7, 1901).
70. T.R. to William Wells (June 17, 1901).
71. James B. Trefethen, Crusade for Wild-life: Highlights in Conservation Progress (Harrisburg, Pa.: Stackpole: and New York: Boone and Crockett, 1961), pp. 67–69.
72. Alden Sampson, “The Creating of Game Refuges,” in George Bird Grinnell (ed.), American Big Game in Its Haunts (New York: Forest and Stream, 1904).
73. T.R. to Erwin Brown (June 13, 1901).
74. T.R. to W. H. Taft (April 26, 1901).
Lorant, The Life and Times of Theodore Roosevelt, p. 357.
76. “Our History,” Vermont Federation of Sportsmen’s Clubs (November 7, 2005). (Pamphlet.) Between 1878 and 1920 the league helped create the Vermont Fish and Wildlife Protection.
77. C. S. Forbes, “President Roosevelt,” The Vermonter (Essex Junction, Vermont), Vol. 8, No. 4 (November 1901).
78. Charlotte Mehrtens, “Chazy Reef at Isle LaMotte,” Geology of Vermont (1998). (Pamphlet.)
79. Christina and Diane E. Foulds, Vermont (Woodstock, Vt.: Countryman, 2006), pp. 481–487.
80. Forbes, “President Roosevelt.”
81. Ibid.
82. Ibid.
83. “Mr. Roosevelt en Route,” New York Times (September 7, 1901), p. 1.
84. Edith Roosevelt is quoted in Arthur H. Masten, Tahawus Club 1898–1933 (Burlington, Vt.: Free Press Interstate, 1935), p. 54.
85. Jon Krakauer, Into Thin Air (New York: Villard-Random House, 1997), p. 270.
86. “Hunt over Mountains for Mr. Roosevelt,” New York Times (September 14, 1901), p. 1.
87. Morris, The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt, p. 741.
88. Ibid.
89. Margaret Leech, In the Days of McKinley (New York: Harper, 1959), p. 601.
90. Special to the New York Times, “Mr. Roosevelt Is Now the President,” New York Times (September 15, 1901), p. 1.
15: THE CONSERVATIONIST PRESIDENT AND THE BULLY PULPIT FOR FORESTRY
1. Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., Journals 1952–2000 (New York: Penguin, 2007), pp. 760–761.
2. George H. Lyman to Henry Cabot Lodge (November 13, 1901), Henry Cabot Lodge Papers, Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston.
3. Lewis L. Gould, The Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1991), pp. 8–9.
4. William Allen White to Cyrus Leland (December 19, 1901), William Allen White Papers, Library of Congress.
5. T.R., Hunting Trips of a Ranchman (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1885), p. 121.
6. Donald Worster, Nature’s Economy: A History of Ecological Ideas, 2nd ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), p. 270.
7. La Follette quoted in Farida A. Wiley, “Introduction,” in Theodore Roosevelt’s America (New York: Natural History Library Edition, 1962), p. xxiii.
8. T.R., A Book-Lover’s Holidays in the Open (New York: Scribner, 1916), pp. 96–97.
9. Charles R. Farabee Jr., National Park Ranger: An American Icon (Lanham, Md.: Roberts Rinehart, 2003), pp. 17–18.
10. Ibid.
11. T.R. to David E. Warford (August 20, 1901).
12. Kenneth C. Kellar, Seth Bullock: Frontier Marshall (Aberdeen, S.D.: North Plains Press, 1972), p. 120.
13. “A New Cabinet Member,” New York Times (December 22, 1898), p. 1.
14. Kellar, Seth Bullock, p. 120.
15. T.R. to Seth Bullock (September 24, 1901).
16. Charles G. Washburn, Theodore Roosevelt: The Logic of His Career (Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1916), p. 120.
17. T.R. to Ethan Allen Hitchcock (January 25, 1902).
18. T.R. to Booker T. Washington, September 14, 1901 in Emmett Jay Scott and Lyman Beecher Stowe, Booker T. Washington: Builder of Civilization (New York: Doubleday, 1916), p. 49.
19. New Orleans Statesman quoted in Washburn, Theodore Roosevelt: The Logic of His Career, p. 73.
20. Pearl Kluger, “Progressive Presidents and Black Americans” (PhD dissertation, Columbia University, 1972), pp. 311–312.
21. Richmond Times quoted in H. W. Brands, T.R.: The Last Romantic (New York: Basic Books, 1997), p. 423. See also Louis R. Harlan, Booker T. Washington: The Making of a Black Leader, 1856–1901 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978), p. 314.
22. “The Night President Teddy Roosevelt Invited Booker T. Washington to Dinner,” Journal of Blacks in Higher Education, No. 35 (Spring 2002), pp. 24–25.
23. John Ise, The United States Forest Policy (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1920), p. 161; Samuel T. Dana, Forest and Range Policy (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1956), pp. 102–104.
24. John Allen Gable, ed., “President Theodore Roosevelt’s Record on Conservation,” Vol. 10. Theodore Roosevelt Association Journal (Fall 1984), pp. 2–11. Also see Theodore Roosevelt Association Online Archives, “Conservationist, Establishment and Modification of National Forest Boundaries: A Chronological Record, 1891–1973” (compiled and edited from research done by the National Geographic Society and the Theodore Roosevelt Association staff, November 2005).
25. T.R. to James Wilson, (October 18, 1901).
26. M. Nelson McGeary, Gifford Pinchot: Forester-Politician (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1960), pp. 65–67.
27. Char Miller, Gifford Pinchot and the Making of Modern Environmentalism (Washington, D.C.: Island, 2001), pp. 147–150.
28. Edmund Morris, Theodore Rex (New York: Random House, 2001), pp. 70–80. (All of chap. 4 of this biography deals with December 3, 1901.)
29. Lewis L. Gould, The Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1991), p. 29.
30. “President Roosevelt’s First Message,” New York Times (December 4, 1901), p. 6.
31. Morris, Theodore Rex, p. 75.
32. “President Roosevelt’s First Message,” New York Times, p. 6.
33. Ibid.
34. Morris, Theodore Rex, p. 76.
35. Paul Russell Cutright, Theodore Roosevelt: The Naturalist (New York: Harper, 1956), pp. 164–165.
36. “President Roosevelt’s First Message,” p. 6.
37. John Muir, Our National Parks (Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin, 1901). For Muir’s original essays see “The American Forests,” Atlantic, Vol. 80 (August 1897); and “The Wild Parks and Forest Reservations of the West,” Atlantic, Vol. 81 (January 1898).
38. Muir quoted in Austin Considine, “Fall Colors without the Crowds,” New York Times (October 19, 2007), p. D1.
39. T.R., An Autobiography (New York: Macmillan, 1913), p. 415.
40. Outing Magazine, Vol. 39 (1902).
41. Worster, Nature’s Economy, p. 262.
42. Cutright, Theodore Roosevelt: The Naturalist, p. 93.
43. “John A. Loring, 76, Noted Naturalist,” New York Times, (May 9, 1947), p. 21.
44. C. Hart Merriam, “Roosevelt the Naturalist,” Science, New Series, Vol. 75, No. 1937 (February 12, 1932), pp. 181–183.
45. Ibid.
46. Ibid.
47. Robert B. Pickering, “Return of the Buffalo: An American Success Story,” Points West (Fall 2000).
48. “Notes and News,” New York Times (May 3, 1902), BR 14.
49. Washington Times (June 22, 1902).
50. T. S. Van Dyke, “The Hills of San Bernardino,” Californian, Vol. 4, No. 21 (September 1881), p. 220.
51. T. S. Van Dyke, County of San Diego: The Italy of Southern California (National City, Calif.: National City Record Steam Print, 1887).
52. T. S. Van Dyke, “Those Four WildCats with One Bullet,” Forest and Stream (November 17, 1881), p. 309.
53. “Arctic Travel Record Broken,” New York Times (September 18, 1899), p. 2.
54. Ibid.
55. T.R., T. S. Van Dyke, D. G. Elliot, and A. J. Stone, The Deer Family (New York: Macmillan, 1902), “Foreword.”
56. John Spears, “All about Deer by President and Others,” New York Times (May 31, 1902), p. BR9.
57. T.R. et al., The Deer Family, p. 117.
58. T.R., Outdoor Pastimes of An American Hunter, p. 188.
59. T.R. et al., The Deer Family, p. 27.
60. Ibid., pp. 134–135.
61. William T. Hornaday, Popular Official Guide to the New York Zoological Park, 17th ed. (New York: New York Zoological Society, 1899), p. 57.
62. Alden Sampson, “The Creating of Game Preserves,” in George Bird Grinnell (ed.), American Big Game in Its Haunts (New York: Forest and Stream, 1904), p. 41.
63. T.R., An Autobiography, p. 419.
64. Cutright, Theodore Roosevelt: The Naturalist, p. 167.
65. Donald Worster, Rivers of Empire: Water, Aridity, and the Growth of the American West (New York: Pantheon, 1985), pp. 169–171.
66. Gould, The Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt, p. 41.
67. Works, Mem. Ed., Vol. 15, p. 558.
68. Donald J. Pisani, “A Tale of Two Commissioners: Frederick H. Newell and Floyd Dominy,” presented at History of the Bureau of Reclamation: A Symposium, Las Vegas, Nev. (June 18, 2002).
69. T.R. to Ethan Allen Hitchcock (June 17, 1902).
70. T.R. to James Wilson (July 2, 1902).
71. T.R., An Autobiography, p. 408.
72. “President Roosevelt’s First Message.”
73. Cutright, Theodore Roosevelt: The Naturalist, p. 168.
74. David Dary, Frontier Medicine: From the Atlantic to the Pacific, 1492–1941 (New York: Knopf, 2008), p. 222.
75. T.R., Works, Mem. Ed. Vol. 22, pp. 450–452.
76. T.R. quoted in Lawrence H. Budner, “Hunting, Ranching, and Writing” in Natalie A. Naylor, Douglas Brinkley, and John Allen Gable (eds.), Theodore Roosevelt: Many Sided American (Interlaken, N.Y.: Hart of the Lakes, 1992), pp. 161–169.
77. Brands, T.R.: The Last Romantic, p. 448.
78. Steven E. Siry, “President Theodore Roosevelt’s Brush with Death in 1902,” Theodore Roosevelt Association Journal, Vol. 25, No. 1 (2002), p. 5.
79. “President’s Landau Struck by a Car,” New York Times (September 4, 1902), p. 1.
80. Bob Terrell, “Roosevelt’s Visit a ‘Red-Letter Day’ in Asheville’s History,” Asheville Citizen-Times (April 9, 2000). Also see “Last Day in Dixie,” The Washington Post, September 11, 1902), p. 1.
81. Ovid Butler (ed.), Carl Alwin Schenck, The Birth of Forestry in America: Biltmore Forestry School, 1898–1913 (Santa Cruz, Calif.: Forestry History Society, 1974).
82. George W. Vanderbilt letter, Biltmore Company Archives, Presidential Visit File, Asheville, N.C.
83. T.R. to Kermit Roosevelt (September 1908).
84. Cutright, Theodore Roosevelt: The Naturalist, pp. 89–99.
85. T.R. to John Pitcher (October 24, 1902).
86. Nature’s Economy, pp. 125–129.
87. Ibid., pp. 167–171.
16: THE GREAT MISSISSIPPI BEAR HUNT AND SAVING THE PUERTO RICAN PARROT
1. “Coal Miners Declare the Big Strike Off; Arbitration Plan Accepted by a Unanimous Vote,” New York Times (October 22, 1902), p. 1.
2. Paul Schullery, American Bears: Selections from the Writings of Theodore Roosevelt (Boulder, Colo.: Roberts Rinehart, 1997), p. 10.
3. “President on Hunting Trip Near Bull Run, Virginia,” New York Times (November 2, 1902), p. 5.
4. William F. Holmes, The White Chief: James Kimble Vardaman (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1975), pp. 105–111.
5. “Lily White’ Plan to Boom Mr. Hanna,” New York Times (November 17, 1902), p. 1.
6. T.R. to Stuyvesant Fish (November 6, 1902).
7. Lewis L. Gould, The Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1991), p. 42.
8. Clarence Gohdes, Hunting in the Old South: Original Narratives of the Hunters (Baton Rouge: Louisiana University Press, 1967), p xii.
9. Minor Ferris Buchanan, Holt Collier: His Life, His Roosevelt Hunts, and the Origin of the Teddy Bear (Jackson, Miss.: Centennial, 2002), p. 157. This is a fine biography. Buchanan, a litigation attorney in Jackson, Mississippi, helped me understand the great Mississippi bear hunt of 1902 in many ways. All my writing on Holt Collier has been influenced by his research.
10. Author interview with Shelby Foote (April 6, 1997), New Orleans.
11. Buchanan, Holt Collier, p. xiii.
12. Ibid., pp. 3–150.
13. “A Brief History of African Americans and Forests,” Celebrating a Century of Service, A Glance at the Agency’s History U.S. Forestry Service, Issue 25, Bi-Weekly Postings, U.S. Forest Service, International Programs Archives, Washington, D.C.
14. Buchanan, Holt Collier, p. 140.
15. “Bears in Combine,” Washington Post (November 18, 1902), p. 1.
16. “The President’s Sunday,” New York Times (November 17, 1902), p. 1.
17. John Parker to Judge J. M. Dickerson (February 26, 1924).
18. T.R. to Philip Bathell Stewart (November 24, 1902).
19. Author interview, Tweed Roosevelt (February 11, 1998).
20. Author interview with Tweed Roosevelt (May 17, 1999).
21. T.R. to Philip Bathell Stewart (November 24, 1902).
22. Edmund Morris, Theodore Rex (New York: Random House, 2001), p. 172.
23. Buchanan, Holt Collier, pp. 179–180.
24. “Snub the President,” New York Times (November 18, 1902), p. 1.
25. Gregory Wilson, “How the Teddy Bear Got His Name,” Washington Post Potomac (November 30, 1969), pp. 33–35.
26. Douglas Brinkley, “The Myth of the Great Bear Hunt,” Oxford American, Issue 36 (November/December 2000), pp. 116–121.
27. Peter Bull, The Teddy Bear Book (New York: Random House, 1970). The information I give here is a synthesis from this work.
28. T.R. to Clifford Berryman (January 14, 1908).
29. H. Paul Jeffers, Roosevelt the Explorer: Teddy Roosevelt’s Amazing Adventures as a Naturalist, Conservationist, and Explorer (Lanham, Md.: Taylor Trade, 2003), p. 125.
30. T.R., Outdoor Pastimes of an American Hunter (New York: Macmillan, 1908), p. 366. Second Edition.
31. Buchanan, Holt Collier, p. xi.
32. William Faulkner, “The Bear,” in Go Down, Moses, and Other Stories (New York: Random House, 1942).
33. T.R. to John Moulder Wilson (December 9, 1902).
34. El Yanque National Forest (Greendale, Indiana: The Creative Company, 1996), p. 8.
35. Kathyrn Robinson, Where Dwarfs Reign: A Tropical Rainforest in Puerto Rico (San Juan: Editorial de la Puerto Rico, 1977), p. 186.
36. T.R., “Naturalist’s Tropical Laboratory,” Scribner’s Magazine (January 1917), Vol. 1, LXI, No. 1, p. 53 and see Gerald D. Lindsey, Wayne J. Arendt, Jan Kolina, and Gray W. Pendleton, “Home Range and Movements of Juvenile Puerto Rican Parrots,” The Journal of Wildlife Management, Vol. 55, No. 2 (April 1991), pp. 318–322.
37. Theodore Roosevelt Executive Order—Reserving Miraflores Island in Puerto Rico (July 22, 1902). (Transcript.) 38. T.R. to Gifford Pinchot (November 28, 1906), LC, Series 2, Vol. 618, Reel 343, p. 398.
39. Joseph Wallace, A Gathering of Wonders: Behind the Scenes at the American Museum of Natural History (New York: St. Martin’s, 2000), p. 39.
40. Congressional Record, Senate, S 4302 (April 22, 2004), Library of Congress.
41. T.R. to Kermit Roosevelt (January 23, 1904).
42. T.R. to Theodore Roosevelt, Jr. (November 1, 1901).
43. “Pets in the White House,” Zion’s Herald (February 24, 1909), p. 240.
17: CRATER LAKE AND WIND CAVE NATIONAL PARKS
1. Quotation from the Organic Act, 16 U.S.C. §1. See also Duane Hampton, How the U.S. Cavalry Saved Our National Parks (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1971).
2. Jay J. Wagoner, Arizona Territory 1863–1912: A Political History (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1970), pp. 362–364.
3. Tucson Daily Citizen (January 23, 1902).
4. Reports of the Department of the Interior (Washington, D.C.: Department of the Interior, 1917), p. 806.
5. Edison Pettit, “On the Color of Crater Lake Water,” Physics: E. Pettit, Vol. 22 (1936), pp. 139–146.
6. Winthrop Associates Cultural Research (comp.), “Crater Lake: The Klamath Indians of Southern Oregon Cascades” (1993). (Housed in the archive at Crater Lake National Park, Oregon.)
7. Pettit, “On the Color of Crater Lake Water.” Also J. S. Piller, The Geology of Crater Lake National Park, U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper No. 3 (Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1902) pp. 47–48.
8. Stephen R. Mark, “William Gladstone—Mazamas Founder (Chronology),” Crater Lake National Park, Oregon (Archive). Mark’s historical writings greatly informed this entire chapter.
9 W. G. Steel, The Mountains of Oregon (Portland, Ore.: David Steel, Successor to Himes the Printer, 1890), pp. 17–18.
10. Ibid., p. 32. Also Administrative History Crater Lake National Park, Oregon, USDI—National Park Service (Denver, Colo.: National Park Service, 1988), pp. 27–28. Also see William Gladstone Steel, “Crater Lake and How to See It,” West Shore, Vol. 12, No. 3 (March 1886), pp. 104–106; and Alfred Runte, National Parks: The American Experience (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1997), p. 67.
11. “Crater Lake Explored,” New York Times (August 30, 1886), p. 1.
12. Ibid.
13. Steel, The Mountains of Oregon, pp. 20–32.
14. John Muir to William Gladstone Steel (October 2, 1892), Steel Letters, Box 1, Crater Lake National Park, Oregon.
15. Stephen R. Mark, “Crater Lake: Seventeen Years to Success: John Muir, William Gladstone Steel, and the Creation of Yosemite and Crater Lake National Parks,” Mazama, Vol. 72, No. 13 (1990), p. 5.
16. Ibid., p. 6.
17. Gifford Pinchot, Breaking New Ground (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1947), p. 101.
18. Timothy Egan, “Respecting Mount Rainier,” New York Times (August 22, 1999), p. 17.
19. Gifford Pinchot to William Steel (February 18, 1902), in Stephen R. Mark, “Seventeen Years to Success: John Muir, William Gladstone Steel, and the Creation of Yosemite and Crater Lake National Parks,” U.S. Department of Interior, National Park Service, Crater Lake Archives (May 2001).
20. “D. B. Henderson Dies; Was Ill Nine Months,” New York Times (February 26, 1906), p. 9.
21. John Lacey, quoted in Chicago Tribune (June 18, 1905).
22. Gifford Pinchot to William Steel, May 15, 1902 in Stephen R. Mark, “Crater Lake: Seventeen Years to Success.”
23. U.S. Congress, House, Congressional Record, 57th Cong. 1st Sess. (April 19, 1902), pp. 4450–4453. Also Steve Marks, “A National Park in the State of Oregon,” Southern Oregon Today (January 2001), Vol. 1, No. 1.
24. “President Roosevelt on Citizens’ Duties,” New York Times (May 22, 1902).
25. “Crater Lake National Park,” New York Times (November 16, 1902), p. 28.
26. Runte, National Parks, p. 71. Also Conversation with Stephen R. Mark.
27. “The Buffalo Woman,” Wind Cave National Park Archives, National Park Service, Wind Cave, S. Dak.
28. “Birth of a National Park—The Winds of Wind Cave,” Wind Cave National Park Archives, National Park Service, Wind Cave, South Dakota. This online history was invaluable in writing the Wind Cave sections of this book.
29. “Wind Cave Exploration,” Wind Cave National Park Archives, National Park Service, Wind Cave South Dakota.
30. Freeman Tilden, The National Parks (New York: Knopf, 1979), p. 250.
31. Alvin McDonald Diary (1891–1893), Wind Cave National Park Archive, Wind Cave, S. Dak. (Unpublished.)
32. Gamble was a staunch supporter of T.R. See “Want Roosevelt Again,” New York Times (March 24, 1907), p. 1.
33. “South Dakota Cave: Senator Gamble Wants to Preserve the Wonder in a Park” New York Times, (June 22, 1902), p. 23.
34. Owen Wister, The Virginian (New York: Macmillan, 1902), p. 340.
35. John G. Cawelti, “Introduction,” in Owen Wister, The Virginian (New York: Barnes and Noble, 2005), p. xxvii.
36. Jack DeMattos, Garrett and Roosevelt (College Station, Texas: Creative Publishing Company, 1988).
37. Owen Wister, “Rededication and Preface,” in The Virginian, (New York: Macmillan, 1911), pp. 285, 50, vii.
38. R. Douglas Hurt, “Forestry on the Great Plains, 1902–1904,” Lecture for Kansas State University’s People, Prairies, and Plains, N.E.H. Summer Teachers’ Institute on Environmental History (July–August 1996).
39. Carlos G. Bates and Roy G. Pierce, “Forestation of the Sand Hills of Nebraska and Kansas,” USDA Forest Service Bulletin Vol. 121 (1913), pp. 8–11; and Raymond J. Poole, “Fifty Years of the Nebraska National Forest,” Nebraska History, Vol. 34 (September 1953), p. 145.
40. John Clark Hunt, “The Forest That Men Made” American Forests 71 (December 1965), p. 32.
41. “Wildlife Management in the Forest Service,” in Celebrating a Century of Service: A Glance at the Agency’s History, Bi-Weekly Postings, Issue 22, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Forest Service, International Programs Archives.
42. R. Douglas Hurt, “Forestry on the Great Plains, 1902–1904.”
43. T.R. to Gifford Pinchot (April 9, 1906), Library of Congress, Pinchot Papers (microfiche), Series 2, Vol. 62, Reel 341, p. 444.
44. Quoted in Outlook, Vol. 109 (January 20, 1915).
45. Polly Miller and Leon Miller, Lost Heritage of Alaska: The Adventure and Art of the Alaskan Coastal Indians (New York: Bonanza, 1967), pp. 243–252.
46. David E. Conrad, “Creating the Nation’s Largest Forest Reserve: Roosevelt, Emmons, and the Tongass National Forest,” Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 46, No. 1 (February 1977), pp. 65–83.
47. George T. Emmons, “The Woodlands of Alaska,” Tongass National Forest Archive, Ketchikan, Alas.
48. Conrad, “Creating the Nation’s Largest Forest Reserve.”
49. William N. Tilchin, Theodore Roosevelt and the British Empire: A Study in Presidential Statecraft (New York: St. Martin’s, 1977), pp. ix—xi.
50. Conrad, “Creating the Nation’s Largest Forest Reserve,” Pacific Historical Review, pp. 65–82.
51. Frederick Converse Beach and George Edwin Rines (eds.), The Encyclopedia Americana, Vol. F—H (New York: Scientific American Compiling Department, Frederick Converse Beach, 1904–1905), table listed under “Game Preserves.”
52. “Message of the President,” New
York Times (December 3, 1902), p. 2.
18: PAUL KROEGEL AND THE FEATHER WARS OF FLORIDA
1. George Keyes, “Pelican Island,” More Tales of Sebastian (Vero Beach, Fla.: Sebastian River Area Historical Society, 1992). (Originally published in Vero Beach Press Journal, August 15, 1990). For number of species, see Frank J. Thomas,Melbourne Beach and Indialantic (Charleston, S.C.: Arcadia, 1999), p. 21. By the year 2000, owing to the negative ecological effects from the opening of the ocean inlets in the late 1940s, the Indian River Lagoon had become very brackish, causing a host of new environmental problems. The increased salinity of the lagoon, for example, killed off the oyster beds. Another problem has been pollution and pesticides being flushed into the Indian River from man-made canals.
2. Arthur C. Bent, Life Histories of North American Petrels and Pelicans and Their Allies (Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1922, No. 121).
3. Ibid.
4. James Alexander Henshall, Camping and Cruising in Florida (Cincinnati, Ohio: Robert Clarke & Co., 1884), p. 57 and Robert R. Cointepoix, “Early Ornithologists,” Tales of Sebastian (Vero Beach, Fla.: Sebastian River Area Historical Society, 1990), p. 127.
5. “The Stork Facts,” Kingdom (December 17, 2002).
6. White Stork File (Washington, D.C.: National Zoological Park, Smithsonian Institution). See also J. A. Hancock, J. A. Kushlan, and M. P. Kahl, Storks, Ibises, and Spoonbills of the World (London: Academic, 1992).
7. Benjamin Thorpe, Northern Mythology, English Edition, Vol. II (London: Edward Cumley, 1941), pp. 271–274.
8. Jackie Wullschlager, Hans Christian Andersen: The Life of a Storyteller (New York: Knopf, 2001), p. 194.
9. “The Kroegel Family Stories,” in The Original Tales from Sebastian (Sebastian, Fla.: Sebastian River Area Historical Society, 1992), pp. 45–48.
10. Arline Westfahl and George Keyes, One Person Can Make a Difference: A Story of Paul Kroegel and Pelican Island (Vero Beach, Fla.: Sebastian River Area Historical Society, 2003).
11. Wallace Stegner, The American West as Living Space (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1987), p. v.
12. Pelican Island National Wildlife Refuge Archives, Vero Beach, Fla. More than thirty bird species used Pelican Island as a rookery, feeding ground, or loafing area. Among the most common besides brown pelicans were the wood stork, great egret, snowy egret, reddish egret, great blue heron, little blue heron, double-crested cormorant, anhinga, white ibis, American oystercatcher, and common moorhen.
13. Thomas Gilbert Pearson, Adventures in Bird Protection (New York: Appleton-Century, 1937), p. 41.
14. Ramona Vickers, “The Kroegel Family Story,” in The Original Tales from Sebastian (Vero Beach, Fla.: Sebastian River Area Historical Society, 1992), p. 45.
15. Edmund Berkeley and Dorothy Smith Berkeley, The Correspondence of John Bartram 1734–1777 (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1992), p. 685.
16. Author interview with Douglas Kroegel.
17. Author interview with Janice Kroegel Timinsky (June 20, 2007), Sebastian, Fla.
18. “Paul Kroegel (1864–1948),” U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Conservation Files, Pelican Island, Fla.
19. Westfahl and Keyes, One Person Can Make a Difference, p. 6.
20. Ted Williams, “The Second Century,” Audubon (June 2003), p. 73.
21. George Laycock, Wild Refuges (Garden City, N.Y.: Natural History Press, 1969), pp. 12–20.
22. Frank M. Chapman, “Introduction,” in Adventures in Bird Protection (New York: Appleton-Century, 1937), p. xiv.
23. John Muir, A Thousand Mile Walk to the Gulf (Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1916), p. 101.
24. Frank Chapman, Autobiography of a Bird-Lover (New York: Appleton-Century, 1933), pp. 45–46.
25. Frank Chapman, Bird Studies with a Camera (New York: Appleton, 1900), p. 1.
26. Ibid., p. 3.
27. Ibid.
28. Ibid., pp. 196–199.
29. Ibid., p. 207.
30. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (content source), J. Emmett Duffy (topic ed.), “History of Pelican Island National Wild-life Refuge,” in Cutler J. Cleveland (ed.), Encyclopedia of Earth (Washington, D.C.: Environmental Information Coalition, National Council for Science and the Environment). (First published October 16, 2006; last revised January 31, 2007; retrieved September 13, 2007.)
31. Robert E. Kohler, All Creatures: Naturalists, Collectors, and Biodiversity 1850–1950 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2006), p. 170.
32. Chapman, Autobiography of a Bird-Lover, pp. 88–90.
33. Elizabeth S. Austin (ed.), Frank M. Chapman in Florida: His Journals and Letters (Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1967).
34. Chapman quoted in Frank Graham, Jr., “Where Wildlife Rules,” Audubon (June 2003), p. 47.
35. “History of Pelican Island National Wildlife Refuge,” Encyclopedia of Earth (September 2007). Also special thanks to William Reffalt.
36. William Reffalt, “A Prologue to Pelican Island” (February 2003). (Unpublished. Reffalt, the original author, is a retiree of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, a former chief of the Division of Refuges, and a current volunteer.)
37. “History of Pelican Island National Wildlife Refuge,” Encyclopedia of Earth (September 2007).
38. T. S. Palmer, “In Memoriam: William Dutcher,” The Auk: A Quarterly Journal of Ornithology, Vol. 38 (October 1921).
39. Ibid.
40. Yearbook of the United States Department of Agriculture: 1903 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1904), p. 569.
41. William Dutcher to Paul Kroegel (March 24, 1903), Personal Papers of Janice Kroegel Timinsky, Vero Beach, Fla.
42. Author interview with Janice Kroegel Timinsky, May 15, 2007.
43. Weona Cleveland, “Pelican Island Was First Wildlife Refuge,” Evening Times (June 7, 1978).
44. William Dutcher to Paul Kroegel (April 28, 1902), Personal Papers of Janice Kroegel Timinsky, Vero Beach, Fla.
45. Clara Barrus, The Heart of Burroughs’s Journals (Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin, 1928), p. 320.
46. Author interview with Janice Kroegel Timinsky, May 15, 2007.
47. William Reffalt, “Pelican Island, Florida—Chronology of Early Events and Pelican Nesting Data” (May 2006). (Unpublished.)
48. McIver, Death in the Everglades, 147–169.
49. Ibid.
50. Charles W. Tebeau, Man in the Everglades (Coral Gables, Fla.: University of Miami Press, 1968).
51. Stuart B. McIver, Death in the Everglades: The Murder of Guy Bradley, America’s First Martyr to Environmentalism (Gainesville: University of Florida, 2003), p. 136.
52. Frank M. Chapman, Camps and Cruises of an Ornithologist (New York: Appleton, 1908), p. 136.
53. Jack E. Davis, An Everglades Providence (Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 2009), p. 189.
54. T.R., A Book-Lover’s Holidays in the Open (New York: Scribner, 1916), p. 286. 55. McIver, Death in the Everglades, p. 153.
56. Michael Grunwald, The Swamp (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2006), pp. 1–80 and Frank Graham, Jr., The Audubon Ark: A History of the National Audubon Society (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1990), pp. 50–68.
57. Frank Graham, Jr., The Audubon Ark: A History of the National Audubon Society (New York: Knopf, 1990), pp. 58–59.
58. Dutcher quoted in “History of Pelican Island National Wildlife Refuge.”
59. Robert R. Cointepoix, “Early Ornithologists,” p. 128.
60. Paul Tritaik to Douglas Brinkley, Marc 25, 2009. Spoke to Tritaik around a dozen times.
19: PASSPORTS TO THE PARKS
1. T.R. to John Pitcher (February 18, 1903).
2. T.R. to John Pitcher (March 2, 1900).
3. Aubrey L. Haines, The Yellowstone Stories, Vol. 2 (Yellowstone National Park, Wyo.: Yellowstone Library and Museum Association, 1977), p. 81.
4. T.R. to Frederick Weyerhaeuser (March 5, 1903).
5. T.R. to John Burroughs (March 7, 1903).
6. Edward J. Renehan, Jr., John Burroughs, (Post Mills, Vt.: Chelsea Green, 1992), pp. 227–228.
7. John Burroughs, “Real and Sham Natural History,” Atlantic Monthly, Vol. 91, (March 1903).
8. T.R. to Ernest Thompson Seton, quoted in Paul Russell Cutright, Theodore Roosevelt: The Naturalist (New York: Harper, 1956), p. 131.
9. Renehan, John Burroughs, pp. 232–233.
10. Ernest Thompson Seton, Life Histories of Northern Animals: An Account of the Mammals of Manitoba (New York: Scribner, 1909). Ernest Thompson Seton, Lives of Game Animals (New York: Doubleday, 1929).
11. John Burroughs to Julian Burroughs (March 31, 1903), Vassar Library Collection, Poughkeepsie, N.Y.
12. Burroughs, “Real and Sham Natural History,” Atlantic Monthly, 91 (March 1903).
13. T.R. to John Burroughs (March 7, 1903).
14. Paul Schullery, “Theodore Roosevelt: The Scandal of the Hunter as Nature Lover,” in Natalie A. Naylor, Douglas Brinkley, and John Allen Gable (eds.), Theodore Roosevelt: Many Sided American (Interlaken, N.Y.: Heart of the Lakes, 1992), p. 229.
15. T.R. quoted in Aubrey L. Haines, The Yellowstone Story: A History of Our First National Park (Boulder: Colorado Associated University Press, 1977), p. 81.
16. Donald Worster, Nature’s Economy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), p. 260. Also Eric Busch of University of Texas at Austin (a PhD student in history) helped me formulate this idea. He is a cutting-edge new environmental historian whose expertise pertains to the Rocky Mountains.
17. “President’s Train Ready,” New York Times (April 1, 1903), p. 8.
18. John Burroughs, Camping and Tramping with Roosevelt (Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin, 1906), p. viii.
19. “Snow in Yellowstone Park,” New York Times (March 24, 1903), p. 5.
20. “Invites John Burroughs,” New York Times (March 16, 1903), p. 1.
21. New York Times (April 29, 1903). (Obituary.)
22. “Wyoming for Roosevelt,” New York Times (March 18, 1903), p. 3.
23. “Rival Towns Upset by the President’s Trip,” New York Times (March 24, 1903), p. 5.
24. “A Bear for the President,” New York Times (March 25, 1903), p. 1.
25. “Cowboys to Greet President,” New York Times (April 2, 1903), p. 1.
26. “Dynamite Salute Planned,” New York Times (April 6, 1903), p. 1.
27. “The President’s Progress,” New York Times (April 2, 1903), p. 8.
28. T.R. to John Burroughs (March 14, 1903).
29. Burroughs, Camping and Tramping with Roosevelt, pp. 5–6.
30. T.R. to Dr. C. Hart Merriam (March 31, 1903).
31. Howells quoted in William M. Gibson, Theodore Roosevelt among Humorists (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1980), p. 21.
32. John Burroughs, “Camping with President Roosevelt,” The Atlantic Monthly, May 1906 (Vol. 97, No. 5).
33. “President Discusses the Monroe Doctrine,” New York Times (April 3, 1903), p. 1.
34. H. Paul Jeffers, Roosevelt the Explorer: Teddy Roosevelt’s Amazing Adventures as a Naturalist, Conservationist, and Explorer (New York: Taylor Trade, 2003).
35. “Dooleyized’ the President: University of Chicago Students Adopt a Popular Song in Welcoming Mr. Roosevelt,” New York Times (April 3, 1903), p. 1.
36. Paul Schullery, “Buffalo Jones and the Bison Herd in Yellowstone,” Montana: The Magazine of Western History, Vol. 26, No. 3 (July 1986), pp. 40–51.
37. T.R. to Clinton Hart Merriam, April 16, 1903.
38. T.R. to Lieutenant General S. B. M. Young (January 22, 1908), Yellowstone Reference Library, Yellowstone National Park.
39. Brodie Farquehar, “Centennial Anniversary of Visit This Month,” Caspar Star Tribune (April 1, 2003), p. C1.
40. T.R. to C. Hart Merriam (April 22, 1903).
41. Burroughs, Camping and Tramping with Roosevelt, p. 8.
42. Ibid., pp. 26, 29.
43. Ibid., pp. 111, 60.
44. “President Kills Lion in Yellowstone Park,” New York Times (April 12, 1903), p. 1.
45. “President on the Move,” New York Times (April 15, 1903), p. 1.
46. Burroughs, Camping and Tramping with Roosevelt, p. 66.
47. T.R. to Dr. C. Hart Merriam (April 22, 1903).
48. Haines, The Yellowstone Story, Vol. 2, pp. 229–237.
49. “Roosevelt Delights in Yellowstone,” Caspar Star Tribune (April 11, 2003), p. C1.
50. “The President in the Park,” Forest and Stream, Vol. 60, No. 18 (May 2, 1903).
51. Erin H. Turner, It Happened in Yellowstone (Guilford, Conn.: Morris, 2001), p. 47.
52. “The President in the Park.”
53. “Resumes His Tour,” Washington Post (April 25, 1903), p. 1.
54. Liz Nelson, “The Hermit of Ravenswood,” Special Places, Vol. 14, No. 3 (Fall 2006), pp. 8–10.
55. T.R. to George Bird Grinnell (April 24, 1903).
56. Morison (ed.), T.R. in The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt, Vol. 3.
57. Burroughs, Camping and Tramping with Roosevelt, pp. 59–60.
58. T.R. to Gifford Pinchot (April 9, 1906), Series 2, Vol. 62, Reel 241, p. 444.
59. R. Douglas Hurt, “Forestry on the Great Plains, 1902–1904,” Lecture for Kansas State University’s People, Prairies, and Plains, N.E.H. Summer Teachers’ Institute on Environmental History (July-August 1996).
60. “The President in Iowa,” New York Times (April 29, 1903), p. 1.
61. Address by John F. Lacey before Iowa Federation of Women’s Clubs, Waterloo (May 12, 1905). (Transcript.)
62. David Dary, The Buffalo Book: The Full Saga of the American Animal (Chicago, Ill.: Swallow, 1974), pp. 233–236.
63. “President Roosevelt Reaches St. Louis,” New York Times (April 30, 1903), p. 3.
64. “Secretary Hitchcock Now Faces Charges,” New York Times (August 20, 1903), p. 1.
65. Henry S. Brown, “Punishing the Landlooters,” Outlook (February 23, 1907).
66. “President’s Train Ready,” New York Times (April 1, 1903), p. 8.
67. Barbara Kerley, “Josiah, the White House Badger,” Highlights (April 2006), pp. 32–35.
68. “The President’s Sunday at Sharon Springs, Kansas,” New York Times (May 4, 1903), p. 2. Also Sagamore Hill National Historic Site Archive (pet file).
69. T.R. to children (May 10, 1903), Sagamore Hill Archives, Oyster Bay, N.Y. (Group letter from Del Monte, California.)
70. “President in Colorado,” New York Times (May 5, 1903), p. 9.
71. “Denver in Readiness,” Washington Post (May 4, 1903), p. 1.
72. Burroughs, Camping and Tramping With Roosevelt, p. 53.
73. “Mr. Roosevelt Tells New Mexico to Grow,” New York Times (May 6, 1903), p. 3.
74. C. G. Turner II, Petroglyphs of the Glen Canyon Region (Flagstaff: Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin, No. 38). Also see David S. Whitney, Handbook of Rock Art Research (Walnut Creek, Calif.: Alta Mira, 2001), pp. 385–386.
75. Max Frost and Paul A. F. Walter, The Land of Sunshine: A Handbook of the Resources, Products, Industries, and Climate of New Mexico (Santa Fe: New Mexican Printing, 1904).
76. T.R., A Book-Lover’s Holidays in the Open (New York: Scribner, 1916), p. 1.
77. “Mr. Roosevelt Sees the Grand Canyon,” New York Times (May 7, 1903), p. 2.
78. Stephen R. Whitney, A Field Guide to the Grand Canyon (Seattle, Wash.: Mountains, 1996), p. 1.
79. T.R., A Book-Lover’s Holidays, p. 8.
80. “Mr. Roosevelt Sees the Grand Canyon,” New York Times (May 7, 1903), p. 2.
81. John Burroughs, Locusts and Wild Honey (Boston, Mass.: Houghton, Osgood, 1879), p. 200.
82. T.R. quoted in Stephen J. Pyne, How The Canyon Became Grand: A Short History (New York: Viking, 1998), p. 38.
83. David S. Whitney, A Field Guide to the Grand Canyon (Seattle, Wash.: Mountaineers, 1996), pp. 13–19.
84. Rose Houk, An Introduction to Grand Canyon Ecology (Grand Canyon, AZ: Grand Canyon Association, 1996), pp. 4–45.
85. Richard G. Beidleman, California’s Frontier Naturalists (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2006), p. 369.
86. “President Roosevelt in California,” New York Times (May 8, 1903), p. 1.
87. “The Pope to Mr. Roosevelt,” New York Times (May 10, 1903), p. 5.
88. “President Talks of California’s Big Trees,” New York Times (May 12, 1903), p. 2.
89. “Degree Conferred upon President Roosevelt,” New York Times (May 15, 1903), p. 1.
90. “President Talks of California’s Big Trees.”
91. Ibid.
92. Burroughs quoted in Worster, Nature’s Economy, p. 17.
93. “America’s Destiny on the Pacific,” New York Times (May 14, 1903), p. 1.
94. Lynn Readicker-Henderson and Ed Readicker-Henderson, Adventure Guide: Inside Passage and Coastal Alaska, 4th ed. (Edison, N.J.: Hunter, 2002), pp. 55–57.
95. A. Lincoln, “Roosevelt and Muir at Yosemite,” Pacific Discovery Vol. 16 (January–February 1963), pp. 18–22.
96. Shirley Sargent, Yosemite’s Famous Guests (Yosemite, Calif.: Flying Spur, 1970), pp. 18–21.
97. “How Big Are Big Trees?” California State Parks (2008). (Pamphlet produced by the state of California.)
98. Ted Kerasote, “Roosevelt and Muir,” Bugle (Winter 1997), p. 78.
99. Osborn quoted in Edwin Way Teale (ed.), The Wilderness World of John Muir (Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin, 1954), p. 181.
100. Ted Kerasote, “Roosevelt and Muir,” Bugle (Winter 1997), p. 78.
101. Lincoln, “Roosevelt and Muir at Yosemite.”
102. Charlie Leidig, “Report of President Roosevelt’s Visit in May, 1903,” Yosemite National Park Archive, Yosemite, Calif.
103. T.R., “John Muir: An Appreciation,” Outlook, Vol. 109 (January 6, 1915), pp. 27–28.
104. Kerasote, “Roosevelt and Muir.”
105. Teale (ed.), The Wilderness World of John Muir, p. xvii.
106. T.R., An Autobiography (New York Macmillan, 1913), p. 332–333.
107. Donald Worster, A Passion for Nature: The Life of John Muir (New York: Oxford University Press, 2008), p. 346.
108. Ibid.
109. Lincoln, “Roosevelt and Muir at Yosemite.”
110. Worster, A Passion for Nature, pp. 208–211.
111. Clara Barrus, “In the Yosemite with John Muir,” The Craftsman, Vol. 23, No. 3 (December 1912), pp. 324–335.
112. Worster, A Passion for Nature, p. 509.
113. T.R., “John Muir: An Appreciation.”
114. Linnie Marsh Wolfe, Son of the Wilderness: The Life of John Muir (New York: Knopf, 1945), pp. 288–289.
115. Worster, A Passion for Nature, p. 366.
116. Wolfe, Son of the Wilderness, p. 290.
117. Robert Underwood Johnson, Remembered Yesterdays (Boston, Mass.: Little, Brown, 1923), p. 388.
118. Worster, A Passion for Nature, p. 369.
119. Alfred Runte, Yosemite: The Embattled Wilderness (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1990), p. 87.
120. T.R. quoted in Sargent, Yosemite’s Famous Guests, p. 19.
121. John Muir, letter to Robert Underwood Johnson (1889), cited in Frank Bergon, The Wilderness Reader (Lincoln: University of Nevada Press, 1994), p. 251.
122. John Muir, Linnie Marsh Wolfe (ed.), John of the Mountains: The Unpublished Journals of John Muir. (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1938), p. 277.
123. John Muir to Louis Muir (May 19, 1903), John Muir Papers, University of the Pacific.
124. John Muir to Dr. and Mrs. C. Hart Merriam and the Baileys (January 1, 1904), Muir Papers, University of the Pacific.
125. Runte, Yosemite: The Embattled Wilderness, p. 87.
126. Leidig, “Report of President Roosevelt’s Visit in May, 1903.”
127. Photograph included in Our National Parks (Pleasantville, N.Y.: Reader’s Digest Association, 1985), p. 15.
128. T.R., “John Muir: An Appreciation.”
129. Ibid.
130. T.R. to Ethan Allen Hitchcock (May 19, 1903).
131. T.R. to John Muir (May 19, 1903).
132. Rod Miller, John Muir’s Magnificent Tramp (New York: A Tom Doherty Associates Book, 2005), p. 146.
133. T.R., California Addresses (San Francisco: The California Promotion Committee, 1903), printed by the Tomoyé Press, San Francisco, p. 140.
134. George Wharton James, “Harry Cassie Best: Painter of the Yosemite Valley and the California Mountains,” Out West, New Series, Vol. 7, No. 1 (January 1914), p. 11.
135. “President Quits California,” New York Times (May 21, 1903), p. 8.
136. T.R. to Harry Cassie Best (November 12, 1908). The actual title of the painting was Evening at Mt. Shasta. According to Out West, T.R. told Best, “That afterglow on Mt. Shasta is the grandest sight in Nature I have ever witnessed, and I never expected to see such a good reproduction of it on canvas.”
137. James, “Harry Cassie Best: Painter of the Yosemite Valley and the California Mountains.”
138. “President’s Oregon Tour,” New York Times (May 22, 1903), p. 7.
139. Kohler, All Creatures, p. 84. Burroughs thought using Linnaean binomials made “readers feel ignorant and mystified.”
140. William L. Finley, “Birds about an Oregon Pond, Sunset Magazine (December 1907).
141. Worth Mathewson, William L. Finley’s Pioneer Wildlife Photography (Corvallis: Oregon State University, 1986), p. 38.
142. Russell D. Butcher, America’s National Wildlife Refuges (Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield, 2003), pp. 531–532.
143. Ibid.
144. Mathewson, William L. Finley’s Pioneer Wildlife Photography, pp. 17–18.
145. Tom McAllister, Audubon-Warbler (April 1959).
146. Mathewson, William L. Finley’s Pioneer Wildlife Photography, pp. 6–7.
147. U.S. Senate History, Expulsion and Censure, Senate Historical Archive, Washington, D.C.
148. T.R. to Alice Lee Roosevelt (May 27, 1903).
149. Ethan Trex, “White House Pets: Hippo, Gator, and ‘Satan’” (transcript), CNN Archives (November 7, 2008).
150. T.R., letter from the White House (June 6, 1903), Sagamore Hill National Historic Site, Oyster Bay, N.Y.
20: BEAUTY UNMARRED
1. T.R. and Henry Cabot Lodge, Hero Tales from American History (New York: The Century Company, 1895), p. 169.
2. John Milton Cooper, “Theodore Roosevelt: On Clio’s Active Service,” The Virginia Quarterly Review (Winter 1986), pp. 21–37.
3. T.R. to George Otto Trevelyan (January 25, 1904).
4. George Bird Grinnell, “Preface” in George Bird Grinnell (ed.), American Big Game in Its Haunts (New York: Forest and Stream, 1904), pp. 19–20.
5. George Bird Grinnell, “Theodore Roosevelt,” ibid., pp. 19–21.
6. T.R., “Wilderness Reserves,” ibid., pp. 20–51. (T.R. included this essay a year later in his Outdoor Pastimes of an American Hunter, giving it a more widespread readership.)
7. Ibid., p. 51.
8. T.R. to James Wilson (March 12, 1904).
9. T.R. to Lawrence Fraser Abbot (March 14, 1904).
10. Lewis L. Gould, The Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1991), pp. 101–104.
11. Barbara Kerley, “Josiah, the White House Badger,” Highlights (April 2006), pp. 32–33.
12. Jacob Riis, Theodore Roosevelt: The Citizen (New York: Macmillan, 1904), pp. 318–319.
13. T.R., An Autobiography (New York: Macmillan, 1913), p. 357.
14. Ibid., pp. 355–357.
15. “Pets at White House,” Washington Post (January 22, 1907), p. 18.
16. “Pet Lamb for Theodore Roosevelt Jr.,” New York Times (October 9, 1902), p. 9.
17. T.R. to Kermit Roosevelt (January 8, 1903).
18. Ibid.
19. T.R. to Kermit Roosevelt (January 18, 1904).
20. Washington Evening Star (January 22, 1908). White House Historical Assocation archives (2009 updated).
21. Irwin Hood Hoover, Forty-Two Years in the White House (Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin, 1934), p. 28.
22. “Archie Roosevelt Is Ill,” New York Times (April 14, 1903), p. 1.
23. “Pony in the White House,” New York Times (April 27, 1903), p. 1. Also Sagamore Hill Pet Archive, Oyster Bay, N.Y.
24. “Pets at White House,” Washington Post (January 22, 1907), p. 18.
25. Ibid.
26. “Menelik to Roosevelt,” New York Times (March 5, 1904), p. 2.
27. Steve Kemper, “Who’s Laughing Now?,” Smithsonian (May 2008).
28. “Roosevelt Dog Is Found,” New York Times (October 1, 1909), p. 20.
29. “Cultural Landscape Report by Sagamore Hill National Historic Site” (prepared by Regina M. Bellavia and George W. Curry), Sagamore Hill National Historic Site Archive, Oyster Bay, N.Y. (2003 reprint.)
30. Jenks Cameron, The Bureau of Biological Survey (New York: Arno, 1974), pp. 110–111.
31. Minutes of Executive Committee of Boone and Crockett Club (October 27, 1913). (Transcript.)
32. T.R. to John F. Lacey (April 21, 1904).
33. Cameron, The Bureau of Biological Survey, pp. 113–116.
34. “Ranger Boats,” Tongass National Forest Facts, Tongass National Forest (history file).
35. T.R. to Kentaro Kaneko (April 23, 1904).
36. T.R. quoted in The Russo-Japanese War Research Society (February 1904–September 1905) time line. Online study group.
37. Timothy Foote, “Where the Gooney Birds Are,” Smithsonian Magazine (September 2001), p. 95.
38. Donald J. Pisani, Water, Land, Law in the West: The Limits of Public Policy, 1850–1920 (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1996), p. 116.
39. “President Opens Fair with Golden Button,” New York Times (May 1, 1904), p. 1.
40. Enos A. Mills, Your National Parks (Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin, 1917), pp. 244–245.
41. North Dakota: A Guide for the Northern Prairie State (New York: Oxford University Press, 1950), p. 256. (This is a revised edition of the first printing in 1938.)
42. George Bird Grinnell, “Forest Reserves of North Dakota,” in American Big Game in Its Haunts, pp. 458–466.
43. Joseph Maxwell, “Sullys Hill National Game Preserve,” North Dakota Outdoors (March 2003), p. 22. The USDA used Sully’s during the T.R. years but today its Sullys. The apostrophe has been deleted. 44. T.R. to Edward Howe Forbush (July 21, 1904).
45. “Early State Forestry Efforts” (Washington, D.C.: Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture Brochure No. 9, 2008). Part of the Mini-histories of the Forest Service Series.
46. T.R. to James Rudolph Garfield (July 13, 1904).
47 Buffalo Jones to T.R. (July 27, 1903). Yellowstone National Park, Jackson Hole, Wyo.
48. T.R. to John Burroughs (August 12, 1904).
49. “Breton Island,” National Wildlife Refuge, U.S. Fish and Wildlife, Shepherdstown, W. Va.
50. T.R., A Book-Lover’s Holidays in the Open, pp. 285–289.
51. Ibid., pp. 286–287.
52. Official Report of the Proceedings of the Sixteenth Republican National Convention (New York: LaFayette B. Gleason, 1916), p. 264. Also see Lewis Gould, ed., “Charles Warren Fairbanks and the Republican National Convention of 1900: A Memoir,”Indiana Magazine of History, Vol. 77 (December 1981), p. 370.
53. T.R. to Kermit Roosevelt (October 15, 1904).
54. T.R. to George Bruce Cortelyou (October 26, 1904).
55. T.R. to Owen Wister (November 19, 1904).
56. “Menelik’s Gifts Here,” New York Times (November 8, 1904), p. 1.
57. “Gifts to the President,” New York Times (November 23, 1905), p. 1.
58. Carnegie Institution Yearbook, 1906, quoted in “A Year’s Work of the Carnegie Institution,” Nature, Vol. 75, No. 1956 (April 25, 1907).
59. T.R. to Andrew Carnegie (November 10, 1904).
60. Mike Thompson, The Travels and Tribulations of Theodore Roosevelt’s Cabin (San Angelo, Tex.: Laughing Horse Enterprises, 2004), pp. 30–34.
61. T.R. to Kermit Roosevelt (November 29, 1904) and T.R. to Oliver Wendell Holmes (December 5, 1904).
62. T.R. to Robert Underwood Johnson (January 17, 1905).
63. T.R. to Grant LaFarge (January 27, 1905).
64. Tyler Dennett, John Hay: From Poetry to Politics (New York: Dodd, Mead & Co., 1933), pp. 184–186; and T.R., State Papers, National Edition, Vol. 15, pp. 318–401.
65. T.R. to Orville Hitchcock Platt (February 23, 1905).
66. “Forest Transfer Act of 1905,” Issue 15, Celebrating a Century of Service, A Glance at the Agency’s History U.S. Forestry Service, Bi-Weekly Postings, U.S. Forest Service, International Programs Archives, Washington, D.C.
67. Dennis M. Roth, A History of Wild-life Management in the Forest Service (Washington, D.C.: USDA Forest Service History Unit, 1989). This is an unpublished manuscript. See also Jack Ward Thomas, Wildlife Habitats in Managed Forests, Agricultural Handbook 553 (Washington D.C.: USDA Forest Service, 1979).
68. Ted Kerasote, “Roosevelt and Muir,” Bugle (Winter 1997), p. 85.
69. Thomas Mallon, “Set in Stone,” New Yorker (October 13, 2008).
70. “Washington Snow-Clad on Inauguration’s Eve,” New York Times (March 2, 1905), p. 1.
71. “Washington, Aflutter Donning Gala Attire,” New York Times (March 3, 1905), p. 1.
72. “Indians At the Inaugural,” New York Times (February 3, 1905), p. 8.
73. David Dary, True Tales of the Prairies and Plains (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2007), p. 119.
74. T.R. to Theodore Roosevelt Jr. (March 1, 1903).
75. “Big Sticks for Souvenirs,” New York Times (March 5, 1905), p. 6.
76. “Nation Mirrored in Marching Host,” New York Times (March 5, 1905), p. 2.
77. “President Chooses Bible,” New York Times (March 4, 1905), p. 2.
78. T.R. to Robert Barnwell Roosevelt (March 6, 1905).
79. “Devil’s Lake Basin in North Dakota,” North Dakota Science Society (July 2008).
80. Stan Tekiela, Birds of the Dakotas (Cambridge, Minn.: Adventure, 2003), p. 275.
81. Craig Bihrle, “100 Years of Refuges in North Dakota Is Centerpiece for National Event,” North Dakota Outdoors (March 2003), p. 3.
82. Annual Reports of the Department of Agriculture, Fiscal Year Ended June 30 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1905), p. 310.
21: THE OKLAHOMA HILLS
1. Lewis L. Gould, “Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, and the Disputed Delegates in 1912,” Southwestern Historical Quarterly, Vol. 80 (July 1976); and Paul D. Casdorph, A History of the Republican Party in Texas, 1865–1965 (Austin: Pemberton, 1965).
2. T.R. to Cecil Andrew Lyon (March 16, 1905).
3. “Negro Mob Killed Sheriff,” New York Times (March 17, 1905), p. 6.
4. William Caire, Jack D. Tyler, Bryan P. Glass, and Michael A. Mares, Mammals of Oklahoma (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1989), p. xi.
5. Bill Neeley, The Last Comanche Chief: The Life and Times of Quanah Parker (Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley, 1995), p. 221. Also Edward Charles Ellenbrook, Outdoor and Trail Guide to the Wichita Mountains of Southwest Oklahoma, 8th rev. ed. (Lawton, Okla.: In the Valley of the Wichitas, 2008), pp. 6–9.
6. George Bird Grinnell, When Buffalo Ran (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1920), p. 22. Also Richard C. Rattenbury, Hunting the American West: The Pursuit of Big Game for Life, Profit, and Sport, 1800–1900 (Missoula, Mont.: Boone and Crockett Club, 2008), p. 207.
7. “The Wichita National Forest and Game Preserve,” Miscellaneous Circular No. 36, USDA (May 1925).
8. Alfred Runte, Trains of Discovery: Western Railroads and the National Parks (Niwot, Colo.: Roberts Rinehart, 1990), pp. 19–21. Reprint.
9. Andrew C. Isenberg, The Destruction of Bison: An Environmental History (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000), p. 177.
10. Raymond Gorges, Ernest Harold Baynes: Naturalist and Crusader (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1928), pp. 74–75. Also Joel Berger and Carol Cunningham, Bison: Mating and Conservation in Small Populations (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994), p. 29.
11. Congressional Record, 59 Cong. 1 Sess; Pt. I, p. 103.
12. Officially the bison were protected by proclamation (June 2, 1905, 34 Stat. 3062) by President Theodore Roosevelt, in Otis H. Gates (comp.), Laws Applicable to the United States Department of Agriculture (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1913, rev. 1912), p. 111.
13. David Dary, The Buffalo Book: The Full Saga of the American Animal (Chicago, Ill.: Swallow, 1974), pp. 233–236.
14. Jack Dan Haley, “A History of the Establishment of the Wichita National Forest and Game Preserve, 1901–1908,” unpublished master’s thesis, University of Oklahoma, 1973.
15. T.R., Outdoor Pastimes of an American Hunter (New York: Macmillan, 1902), p. 102.
16. Neeley, The Last Comanche Chief, p. 143.
17. “History Files,” Wichita Mountains National Wildlife Refuge, Refuge Headquarters, Indiahoma, Okla.
18. Wichita Mountains (Albuquerque: Southwest Natural and Cultural Heritage Association, 1992). This monograph was compiled by the staff at the Wichita Mountains Wildlife Reserve.
19. John R. (Jack) Abernathy, In Camp with Theodore Roosevelt, or the Life of John R. (Jack) Abernathy (Oklahoma City: Times-Journal, 1933).
20. Jon T. Coleman, “Foreword,” in John R. Abernathy, Catch ’Em Alive Jack (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2006), p. v.
21. Matthew Rex Cox, “Roosevelt’s Wolf Hunt.” (Advance article from the Oklahoma Encyclopedia.)
22. T.R., Outdoor Pastimes of an American Hunter, p. 111.
23. “President Off to Hunt; Taft Sits on Lid,” New York Times (April 4, 1905), p. 1.
24. W. LaBarre, The Peyote Cult (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1989).
25. William T. Hagan, Quanah Parker, Comanche Chief (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1993), p. 57.
26. “Star House,” Prairie Lore, Vol. 41, No. 2, Book 15.
27. Neeley, The Last Comanche Chief, p. 199.
28. “Buffalo Hunt Is Held: Game Shot from Auto,” New York Times (June 11, 1903), p. 5.
29. “Killed by Roosevelt’s Train,” New York Times (April 5, 1905), p. 2.
30. “Roosevelt Says He’s a Typical President,” New York Times (April 6, 1905), p. 2.
31. “Col. Roosevelt Greets His Old Rough Riders,” New York Times (April 8, 1905), p. 1.
32. T.R., Outdoor Pastimes of an American Hunter, p. 100.
33. David Minor, “Samuel Burk Burnett,” The Handbook of Texas (online; January 9, 2008, update).
34. Time (May 22, 1939).
35. “Dr. Lambert Dies; Narcotics Expert,” New York Times (May 10, 1939), p. 23.
36. Frederick Enterprise (April 15, 1905). (Summary story.)
37. Abernathy, Catch ’Em Alive Jack, p. 100.
38. W. M. Draper Lewis, The Life of Theodore Roosevelt (Philadelphia and Chicago: John C. Winston, 1919), p. 177.
39. Frederick Enterprise (April 15, 1905).
40. “President in Wild,” Washington Post (April 10, 1905), p. 1.
41. Abernathy, Catch ’Em Alive Jack, pp. 103–104.
42. Coleman, “Foreward,” in Abernathy, Catch ’Em Alive Jack, p. ix.
43. Caire et al., Mammals of Oklahoma, pp. 281–285.
44. “Why a Refuge,” Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge Archive, Indiahoma, Okla.
45. T.R., Outdoor Pastimes of an American Hunter, p. 101.
46. Abernathy, Catch ’Em Alive Jack, p. 102.
47. Francis Haines, The Buffalo (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2001), pp. 200–201.
48. T.R., Outdoor Pastimes of an American Hunter, p. 103.
49. “President in Foot Races,” New York Times (April 13, 1905), p. 1.
50. George Bird Grinnell, When the Buffalo Ran (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1920), p. 82.
51. T.R., Outdoor Pastimes of an American Hunter, p. 104.
52. David E. Lantz, The Relation of Coyotes to Stock Raising in the West (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1905).
53. Abernathy, Catch ’Em Alive Jack, p. 115.
54. T.R., Outdoor Pastimes of an American Hunter, pp. 113–114.
55. Abernathy, Catch ’Em Alive Jack, p. 127.
56. Abernathy, Catch ’Em Alive Jack, p. 115.
57 Frederick Enterprise (April 15, 1905). (Clipping at the Wichita Wildlife Refuge in Oklahoma.)
58. T.R., Outdoor Pastimes of an American Hunter, p. 116.
59. Ibid., p. 106.
60. Haines, The Buffalo, p. 6.
61. Neeley, The Last Comanche, pp. 220–221.
62. Clyde L. Jackson and Grace Jackson, Quanah Parker: The Last Chief of the Comanches—A Study in Frontier History (New York: Exposition, 1963), p. 129.
63. Ibid., p. 128.
64. Alice Marriot and Carol K. Rachlin, American Indian Mythology (New York: Mentor, 1972), p. 170.
65. Wichita Mountain Wildlife Refuge (Albuquerque, N.M.: Southwest Natural and Cultural Heritage Association, 1997).
66. Ernest Wallace and E. Adamson Hoebel, The Comanches: Lords of the South Plains (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1952), p. 206.
67. T.R., Hunting Trips of a Ranchman (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1886), p. 260.
68. Tenth Annual Report of the Bison Society, 1915–1916 (New York: American Bison Society, 1916), pp. 20–22. Also Robert Dorman, It Happened in Oklahoma (New York: Morris Book Publishing, 2006), pp. 53–56.
69. Abernathy, Catch ’Em Alive Jack, p. 126.
70. “Speeding to the Rockies,” Washington Post (April 14, 1905), p. 3.
71. “President Appeals to Press,” New York Times (April 15, 1905), p. 1.
72. “Orville H. Platt Dies,” New York Times (April 22, 1905), p. 1.
73. Douglas C. McChristian, “The Great Health Mecca and Summer Resort,” Historical Resources Study (June 2003), Chickasaw National Recreation Area, Sulphur, Okla. (Unpublished.)
74. Reports of the Department of Interior 1919, Vol. 1 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1919), p. 1025.
75. Louis A. Coolidge, An Old Fashioned Senator: Orville H. Platt of Connecticut (New York: Putnam, 1910), p. 623.
76. Edward E. Dale, Jr., “The Grasslands of Platt National Park, Oklahoma,” Southwestern Naturalist, Vol. 4, No. 2 (September 15, 1959), pp. 45–60.
77. Platt Historical District File, Chickasaw National Recreation Area, Sulphur, Okla.
78. “The President’s Return,” New York Times (April 24, 1905), p. 10.
79. “President Cheered at Open-Air Church,” New York Times (May 1, 1905), p. 1.
80. “Skip,” Washington Post (April 11, 1907), p. 12.
81. T.R. to Kermit Roosevelt (May 25, 1905).
82. William H. Harbaugh, The Theodore Roosevelts’ Retreat in Southern Albemarle: Pine Knot 1905–1908 (Charlottesville, Va.: Albemarle County Historical Society, 1993).
83. T.R., A Book-Lover’s Holidays in the Open (New York: Scribner, 1916), app. B, p. 366.
84. Ibid., pp. 96–97.
85. Harbaugh, The Theodore Roosevelts’ Retreat in Southern Albemarle, p. 4.
86. T.R. to Kermit Roosevelt, June 11, 1905.
87. Ibid.
88. Sylvia Jukes Morris, Edith Kermit Roosevelt: Portrait of a First Lady (New York: Coward, McCann, and Geoghegan, 1980), p. 3.
89. T.R. to George Herbert Locke (September 27, 1905).
90. Abernathy, Catch ’Em Alive Jack, p 149.
91. “Sat in President’s Chair,” New York Times (February 10, 1906), p. 1. (Special to the Times.)
92. T.R., Outdoors Pastimes of an American Hunter, p. 124.
93. T.R., Outdoor Pastimes of an American Hunter, p. 287.
94. T.R. to John Burroughs (October 2, 1905).
95. “Strenuous Sport,” New York Times Book Review (November 4, 1905).
96. Foster Harris, “T.R. and the Great Wolf Hunt,” Oklahoma Today (Fall 1958), p. 31.
97. Abernathy, Catch ’Em Alive Jack, p. 168.
98. Ibid., p. 172.
99. T.R. to John Abernathy (June 4, 1906).
100. Abernathy, Catch ’Em Alive Jack, p. 173.
101. T.R. to Clarence Don Clarke (December 8, 1905).
102. T.R. “Wichita Mountains,” presidential proclamation (June 2, 1905). See John T. Wolley and Bernard Peters, The American Presidency Project. (Online: University of Santa Barbara–California, host.)
103. Caspar Whitney, “The View-Point,” Outing Magazine (April 1907), p. 102.
104. “American Bison Society,” Saving Wildlife (September 2007).
105. J. Alden Loring, “The Wichita Buffalo Range” in Tenth Annual Report of the New York Zoological Society for the Year 1905, pp. 180–200.
106. “Roosevelt to Pay His Hunt Expenses,” New York Times (December 6, 1908), p. 1.
107. Betsy Rosenbaum, “Buffalo, or Is It Bison?” Courtesy of Outdoor Recreation Planner, Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge Archive (Courtesy of Jeff Rupert.)
108. Tenth Annual Report of the Bison Society, 1915–1916 (New York: American Bison Society, 1916), pp. 20–22.
109. Sanborn quoted in John G. Mitchell, “The Way We Shipped Off the Buffalo,” Wildlife Conservation (January–February 1993), pp. 46–50.
110. Elwin R. Sanborn, “An Object Lesson in Bison Preservation: the Wichita National Bison Herd after Five Years,” Zoological Society Bulletin (Wildlife Protection Number), Vol. 16, No. 57 (May 1913), pp. 990–993. R. B. Thomas, “The Wichita National Forest and Game Preserve” (1936), in Miscellaneous Papers of the W.P.A. Project File, Oklahoma Historical Society Library. Clara Ruth, “Preserves and Ranges Maintained for Buffalo and Other Big Game” (Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Biological Survey, Wildlife Research and Management Leaflet BS-95, September 1937), pp. 1–21.
111. Harry B. Candell, “History of the Bison Herd,” Wichita Mountain Wildlife Reserve, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Archives, Indiahoma, Okla. (March 19, 2009).
112. “Traditional Uses of Bison” (Rapid City, S. Dak.: Intertribal Bison Cooperative and Administration for Native Americans, 2008).
113. Author interview with Jeff Rupert, Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge, Cache, Oklahoma.
114. Rush quoted in Tom McHugh, The Time of the Buffalo (New York: Knopf, 1972), p. 303.
115. McHugh, The Time of the Buffalo, p. 303.
116. James B. Trefethen, An American Crusade for Wildlife (New York: Winchester Press, 1975), pp. 95–96.
117. Isenberg, The Destruction of the Bison, p. 165.
118. Frank Graham, Jr., “Where Wildlife Rules,” Audubon (June 2003).
119. Jim Pisarowicz, “Wildlife Management” (April 29, 2006), Wind Cave National Park Archives, Hot Springs, South Dakota.
120. William Temple Hornaday, Annual
Report of the American Bison Society (1911), p. 32.
121. Shannon Peterson, Acting for Endangered Species (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2002), p. 10.
122. Ellenbrook, Outdoor and Trail Guide to the Wichita Mountains of Southwest Oklahoma, pp. 20–21.
123. Betsy Rosenbaum, “Buffalo, or Is It Bison?”
124. Caire et al., Mammals of Oklahoma, p. 370.
125. “President and Mrs. Bush Host Celebration in Honor of Theodore Roosevelt’s 150th Birthday” (October 27, 2008). Transcript. Laura Bush told the story in the East Room, Office of the Press Secretary, Washington, D.C.
126. Stacy A. Cordery, Alice: Alice Roosevelt Longworth, from White House Princess to Washington Power Broker (New York: Viking, 2007), p. 456.
22: THE NATIONAL MONUMENTS OF 1906
1. T.R. to Kermit Roosevelt, March 11, 1906, quoted in Joseph Bucklin Bishop, Theodore Roosevelt’s Letters to His Children (New York: Scribner, 1919), pp. 152–153.
2. Ray H. Mattison, “Devils Tower” (National Park Service, 1955), Devils Tower Wyoming Archive. George L. San Miguel, “How Is Devils Tower a Sacred Site to American Indians” (U.S. National Park Service, August 1994).
3. N. Scott Momaday, The Way to Rainy Mountain (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1976), p. 8.
4. Richard I. Dodge, The Black Hills (New York: James Miller, 1876), p. 95.
5. Newton quoted in Raymond J. De-mallie, “Introduction,” in Mary Alice Gunderson, Devils Tower: Stories in Stone (Glendo, Wyo.: High Plains Press, 1988), p. x.
6. Gunderson, Devils Tower.
7. Mattison, “Devils Tower.”
8. Rebecca Conrad, “John F. Lacey: Conservation’s Public Servant” in David Harman, Francis P. McManamon, and Dwight T. Pitcaithley, The Antiquities Act: A Century of American Archaeology, Historic Preservation, and Nature Conservation(Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2006), p. 57.
9. T.R. quoted in Edmund Morris, Theodore Rex (New York: Random House, 2001), p. 507.
10. T.R. to John Pitcher (January 8, 1906).
11. John P. Avlon, “TR’s Enduring Lessons,” Theodore Roosevelt Association Journal, Vol. 26, No. 1 (2004), pp. 16–17.
12. Edward Wagenknecht, The Seven Worlds of Theodore Roosevelt (New York: Longmans, Green, 1958), p. 17.
13. Simon Winchester, A Crack in the Edge of the World (New York: Harper Collins, 2006), p. 16.
14. Suzanne Herel, “San Francisco 1906 Quake Toll Disputed, Supervisors Asked to Recognize Higher Number Who Perished,” San Francisco Chronicle (January 15, 2005).
15. “Roosevelt Offers Aid,” New York Times (April 19, 1906), p. 8.
16. “All San Francisco May Burn,” New York Times (April 19, 1906), p. 1.
17. Elting Morison (ed.), The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt, Vol. 5 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1952), p. 154.
18. “Remington’s Novel,” New York Times (October 25, 1901), p. BR2.
19. Allen P. Splete and Marilyn D. Splete, Frederic Remington: Selected Letters (New York: Abbeville, 1988), p. 359.
20. Frederic Remington to T.R. (Summer 1906).
21. T.R. to Frederic Remington (August 6, 1906).
22. T.R. to John Burroughs (May 5, 1906).
23. T.R. to Owen Wister (April 27, 1906).
24. “President’s Threat with Meat Report,” New York Times (June 5, 1906), p. 1.
25. T.R. to Henry Bryant Bigelow (May 29, 1906).
26. T.R. to George Clement Perkins (June 5, 1906).
27. Hal Rothman, “The Antiquities Act and the National Monuments: A Progressive Conservation Legacy,” Culture Resource Management, National Park Service, No. 4 (1999), pp. 16–18.
28. Harmon, McManamon, and Pitcaithley, The Antiquities Act, p. 3.
29. Robert W. Righter, “National Monuments to National Parks: The Use of the Antiquities Act of 1906,” Western Historical Quarterly, Vol. 20, No. 3 (August 1989), pp. 281–301.
30. Samuel P. Hays, Conservation and the Gospel of Efficiency (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1959), p. 3.
31. Harvey Leake, “John Wetherill,” http://wetherillfamily.com/john_wetherill.htm.
32. John F. Lacey, “The Petrified Forest National Park of Arizona,” Shield’s Magazine, Vol. I, No. 5 (July 1905).
33. Ibid.
34. Ibid.
35. Conrad, “John F. Lacey: Conservation’s Public Servant,” p. 61.
36. John F. Lacey, “The Petrified Forest National Park of Arizona.”
37. “Elephant Routs G.O.P.,” New York Times (June 10, 1906), p. 1.
38. “R. B. Roosevelt No Better,” New York Times (July 12, 1906), p. 1.
39. “Robert B. Roosevelt Ill,” New York Times (June 11, 1906), p. 1.
40. Ibid.
41. Eric Jay Dolin, Smithsonian Book of National Wildlife Refuges (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian, 2003), p. 58.
42. T.R. to Mark A. Rodgers (June 27, 1906).
43. John Burroughs, Time and Change (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1912), p. 246.
44. Raymond Esthus, Theodore Roosevelt and Japan (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1967), pp. 132–135.
45. William C. Dennis Memorandum to President Roosevelt, September 10, 1907.
46. Duane A. Smith, Women to the Rescue (Durango, Colo.: Durango Herald Small Press, 2005), p. iv.
47. Char Miller, “Landmark Decision: The Antiquities Act, Big Stick Conservation, and the Modern State,” in David Harmon, Francis P. McManamon, and Dwight T. Pitcaithley (eds.), The Antiquities Act (Tucson: The University of Arizona Press, 2006), pp. 64–78.
48. Smith, Women to the Rescue, pp. 54–55.
49. Ibid., p. 56.
50. “Two Roosevelt Bears for the Bronx Zoo; Cubs Caught in Colorado Brought to the Park. Named Teddy B and Teddy G. Presented to the Society by an Admirer of Their Namesake in the Sunday Times,” New York Times (June 1, 1906), p. 9.
51. Ibid.
52. Phillips Verner Bradford and Harvey Blume, Ota Benga: The Pygmy in the Zoo (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1992), p. 177.
53. Jay Maeder, “The Little Man in the Zoo,” in Big Town, Big Time: A New York Epic, 1898–1998 (New York: New York Daily News, 1999), p. 23.
54. Ibid.
55. “Benga Tried to Kill; Pygmy Slashes at Keeper Who Objected to His Garb,” New York Times (September 25, 1906), p. 1.
56. Hornaday quoted in Maeder, “The Little Man in the Zoo.”
57. “Negro Ministers Act to Free the Pygmy,” New York Times (September 11, 1906), p. 2.
58. “African Pygmy’s Fate Is Still Undecided,” New York Times (September 18, 1906), p. 9.
59. Ibid.
60. Bradford and Blume, Ota Benga, p. 192.
61. Hornaday quoted ibid., p. 220.
62. Karl W. Gibson, Saving Darwin: How to Be a Christian and Believe in Evolution (New York: HarperOne, 2008), p. 73.
63. Mattison, “Devils Tower.”
64. Richard West Sellars, Preserving Nature in the National Parks: A History (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997), p. 13.
65. Roy M. Robbins, Our Landed Heritage: The Public Domain 1776–1936 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1962), p. 333.
66. Ellensburg (Washington) Dawn (October 18, 1902), reprinted ibid.
67. T.R. to Gifford Pinchot (August 24, 1906).
68. Ibid.
69. Ibid.
70. Recommendations reported by W. A. Richards, F. H. Newell and Gifford Pinchot, Annual Reports of the Interior (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1905).
71. Deanne Stillman, Mustang: The Saga of the Wild Horse in the American West (Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin, 2008), p. 239.
72. New York Times (November 5, 1906), and Washington Post (November 5, 1906).
73. T.R. to Kermit Roosevelt (November 4, 1906), and T.R. to William Sewall (January 2, 1907).
74. T.R., “Small Country Neighbors,” Scribner’s Magazine, Vol. 42, No. 4 (Ocober 1907).
75. T.R. to William S. Harvey (September 16, 1906).
76. Robbins, Our Landed Heritage, p. 336.
77. William T. Hornaday, “John F. Lacey,” Annals of Iowa, XI, No. 1 (Des Moines, Iowa, April 1913, 3D series), pp. 582–584.
78. T.R. to Kermit Roosevelt (November 20, 1906).
79. H. E. Anthony, “Panama Mammals Collected in 1914–1915,” Bulletin of American Museum of Natural History, Vol. 35 (New York: American Museum of Natural History, 1916), pp. 357–376.
80. T.R. to Kermit Roosevelt (November 23, 1906).
81. T.R. to Kermit Roosevelt (December 5, 1906).
82. Charles F. Lummis, “Strange Corners of our Country,” St. Nicholas (1891).
83. Josh Protas, A Past Preserved in Stone: A History of Montezuma Castle National Monument (Tucson, Ariz.: Western National Parks Association, 2002).
84. John B. Jackson, A Sense of Place, A Sense of Time (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1994), pp. 24–25.
85. John F. Lacey, “The Petrified Forest National Park of Arizona.”
23: THE PREHISTORIC SITES OF 1907
1. “James Rudolph Garfield,” Washington Post (April 1, 1907), p. E4 from the Saturday Evening Post.
2. Ibid.
3. George Bird Grinnell, Blackfoot Lodge Tales: The Story of a Prairie People (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1892); By Cheyenne Campfires (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1926); Pawnee Hero Stories and Folk Tales: With Notes on the Origin, Customs, and Character of the Pawnee People (New York: Forest and Stream, 1889).
4. T.R. to James Garfield (February 1, 1908).
5. Roy M. Robbins, Our Landed Heritage: The Public Domain, 1776–1970 (second edition) (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1976), pp. 346–347.
6. Ibid., p. 347.
7. T.R. Memorandum (March 2, 1907).
8. Terry Richard, “Teddy Roosevelt and North Dakota,” The Oregonian, August 10, 2003 (put online March 11, 2008).
9. William H. Harbaugh, “The Theodore Roosevelts’ Retreat in Southern Albemarle: Pine Knot, 1905–1908,” Magazine of Albemarle County History, Vol. 51 (1933), p. 29.
10. Charles F. Clarke, Theodore Roosevelt and the Great Adventure (Des Moines: Garner Publishing Co., 1959), p. 109.
11. T.R., An Autobiography (New York: Macmillan, 1913), pp. 419–420.
12. T.R. to John Burroughs (March 12, 1907).
13. Congressional Record (March 10, 1914), pp. 4, 633.
14. T.R., “The People of the Pacific Coast,” Outlook Vol. 99, No. 4 (September 23, 1911).
15. T.R. to James Wilson (June 7, 1907).
16. Centennial (Wyoming) Post (March 30, 1908).
17. T.R. to Kermit Roosevelt (March 31, 1907).
18. Ellen Glasgow, The Woman Within (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1954), pp. 208–209.
19. Ron Chernow, The Titan (Random House: New York, 1998), p. 435.
20. David Nasaw, The Chief: The Life of William Randolph Hearst (Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin, 2000), pp. 104–149.
21. “The History of Arbor Day,” Arbor Day Foundation, www.arborday.org/arbor day/history.cfm (Archive in Nebraska City, Nebraska).
22. “President for Trees,” Washington Post (April 15, 1907), p. 1.
23. Ibid.
24. “Roosevelt to Children,” New York Times (April 15, 1907), p. 5.
25. T.R. to James Wilson (June 7, 1907).
26. T.R. quoted in Edmund Morris, Theodore Rex (New York: Random House, 2001), p. 507.
27. T.R. to Kermit Roosevelt (June 5, 1907) and T.R., “Small Country Neighbors,” Scribner’s Magazine, Vol. 42, No. 4 (October 1907).
28. Andrew D. Blechman, Pigeons: The Fascinating Saga of the World’s Most Revered and Reviled Bird (New York: Grove, 2006), pp. 52–53.
29. Morris, Theodore Rex, pp. 490–491.
30. Harbaugh, “The Theodore Roosevelts’ Retreat in Southern Albemarle,” pp. 31–32.
31. W. B. Mershon, The Passenger Pigeon (New York: Outing, 1907).
32. Gary Scharnhorst, “Introduction,” in Frederic Remington, John Ermine of the Yellowstone (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2008), pp. v–xii.
33. Independent (February 26, 1903), p. 506.
34. T.R. to Frederic Remington (July 17, 1907).
35. David Starr Jordan, “Personal Glimpses of Theodore Roosevelt,” Natural History, Vol. 19 (January 19, 1919), p. 16.
36. T.R., A Book-Lover’s Holidays in the Open (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1916), p. 42.
37. “How Old Is Cinder Cone?—Solving a Mystery in Lassen Volcanic National Park” (Washington D.C.: National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, 2009).
38. Ibid.
39. “Nature and Science” (Lassen Volcanic National Park, National Park Service).
40. “Theodore Roosevelt before National Editorial Association, Jamestown, Virginia (June 10, 1907),” Presidential Addresses and State Papers, Vol. 6 (New York: The Review of Reviews Company, 1910), pp. 1310–1311.
41. T.R. to Archie Roosevelt (September 21, 1907).
42. Mark Twain, Life on the Mississippi (New York: Harper, 1917), p. 236.
43. T.R. to John Parker (March 5, 1913).
44. T.R., “In the Louisiana Canebrakes,” Scribner’s Magazine, Vol. 43 (January—June 1908).
45. Stephen E. Ambrose and Douglas G. Brinkley, The Mississippi and the Making of a Nation (Washington D.C.: National Geographic Books, 2003), pp. 132–149.
46. Louisiana Federal Writers’ Project (Louisiana State University, 1941), p. 593.
47. T.R., “Our Vanishing Wild Life,” Outlook (January 25, 1913).
48. Minor Ferris Buchanan, Holt Collier (Jackson, Mississippi: Centennial Press, 2002), p. 189.
49. Buchanan, Holt Collier, p. 189.
50. T.R., “In the Louisiana Canebrakes.”
51. Dutch Salmon, “Mountain Men of the Gila,” www.southernnewmexico.com (January 11, 2003).
52. T.R., “In the Louisiana Canebrakes.”
53. Ibid.
54. Ibid.
55. Harris Dickson, “When the President Hunts,” Saturday Evening Post (August 8, 1908), p. 24.
56. T.R., “In the Louisiana Canebrakes.”
57. Ibid.
58. Ibid.
59. Ibid.
60. R. L. Wilson, Theodore Roosevelt, Outdoorsman rev. ed. (Agoura, Calif.: Trophy Room, 1994), p. 210.
61. William M. Gibson, Theodore Roosevelt among the Humorists: W. D. Howells, Mark Twain, and Mr. Dooley (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1980), p. 24.
62. Bernard DeVoto (ed.), Mark Twain in Eruption (New York: Harper, 1940), pp. 10–18.
63. T.R. to George Otto Trevelyan (January 22, 1906).
64. Chris Darimont quoted in Anne Minard, “Hunters Speeding Up Evolution of Trophy Prey,” National Geographic News (January 12, 2009).
65. Karyl Whitman, Anthony M. Star-field, Henley S. Quadling and Craig Parker, “Sustainable Trophy Hunting of African Lions,” Nature, 428 (March 11, 2004), pp. 175–178. Also see Lily Huang, “It’s Survival of the Weak and Scrawny,” Newsweek(January 12, 2009).
66. Cornelia Dean, “Research Ties Human Acts to Harmful Rates of Species Evolution,” New York Times (January 13, 2009), p. D3.
67. Interview with Chris Darimont (January 15, 2009).
68. DeVoto (ed.), Mark Twain in Eruption, p. 49.
69. “Gila Cliff Dwellings: An Administrative History” (Washington, D.C.: Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument, National Park Service, Department of the Interior, 2009).
70. Salmon, “Mountain Men of the Gila.”
71. Aldo Leopold, A Sand County Almanac (New York: Oxford University Press, 1949), p. 130.
24: MIGHTY BIRDS
1. Herbert Keightley Job Collection, Watkinson Library, Trinity College, Hartford, Connecticut. The collection includes more than 400 letters, 326 glass plate slides, and fourteen notebooks.
2. Herbert K. Job, Wild Wings: Adventures of a Camera Hunter among the Larger Wild Birds of North America on Sea and Land (Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin, 1905), p. 44.
3. “Mr. H. K. Job on Bird Photography,” Harvard Crimson (April 27, 1906).
4. Herbert K. Job, “Bird Castles in the Rocks,” Outing Magazine (June 1909), Vol. 54, No. 3.
5. T.R. to Herbert K. Job, quoted in “The Viewpoint: A Humane Sportsman and a Gentle Naturalist,” Outing Magazine, Vol. 54, No. 3 (June 1909).
6. Job, Wild Wings, pp. 54–55.
7. “In and Around Boston,” Congregationalist and Christian World, Vol. 90, No. 39 (September 30, 1905).
8. Ibid. Also “Wild Wings at the Minister’s Meeting,” Congregationalist and Christian World, Vol. 90, No. 30 (September 30, 1905), p. 442.
9. T.R. to Herbert K. Job (introductory letter to Wild Wings). Also see Herbert K. Job, Among the Water-Fowl (New York: Doubleday, Page, 1905).
10. T.R., “The People of the Pacific Coast,” Outlook, Vol. 99, No. 4 (September 23, 1911).
11. “Where Birds Are Safe from Guns,” Friends’ Intelligencer, Vol. 66, No. 27 (July 3, 1909).
12. John Muir, Steep Trails (Boston, Mass., and New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1918), p. 146.
13. W. C. Henderson, “1885—Fiftieth Anniversary Notes—1935,” Vol. 16, Nos. 4–6, Survey (April–June 1935), p. 65.
14. Ernest Harold Baynes, Wild Bird Guests: How to Entertain Them (New York: Dutton, 1915), pp. 40–41.
15. Ira N. Gabrielson, Wildlife Refuges (New York: Macmillan, 1943), pp. 3–8.
16. Aldo Leopold, Game Management (New York: Scribner, 1933), p. 17.
17. “Annual Report for 1907,” quoted in Ira N. Gabrielson, Wildlife Refuges, p. 10.
18. United States Coast Pilot: Pacific Coast: California, Oregon, and Washington (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1917), p. 145.
19. T.R., A Book-Lover’s Holidays in the Open (New York: Scribner, 1916), pp. 365—368.
20. Roger Tory Peterson, “Foreword,” in Worth Mathewson, William L. Finley: Pioneer Wildlife Photographer (Corvallis: Oregon State University Press, 1986), pp. 1–2.
21. “Three Arch Rocks Refuge Celebrates Centennial,” Oregon Coast National Wildlife Refuge, Complex Archive news release (September 27, 2007).
22. Robin W. Doughty, Feather Fashions and Bird Preservation, pp. 19–20.
23. Robert L. Fischman, The National Wildlife Refuges: Coordinating a Conservation System through Law (Washington, D.C.: Island, 2003), p. 212.
24. Dallas Lore Sharp, Sanctuary! Sanctuary! (New York: Harper, 1971), pp. 19–20. (Originally printed by Dallas Lore Sharp in 1926.)
25. “Flattery Rocks National Wildlife Refuge,” U.S. Fish and Wildlife Information Sheet.
26. Berthold Seemann, F.L.S., “Narrative of the Voyage of H.M.S. Herald: During the Years 1845–1851, under the Command of Captain Henry Kellett, in Two Volumes, Vol. 1 (London: Beeve, Henrietta Street, Covent Garden, 1853).
27. Author interview, Kevin Ryan, Clallam County, Washington (September 30, 2009).
28. Roy Crandall, “To Give the Birds a Refuge,” Technical World Magazine, Vol. 11 (April 1909).
29. “What’s in a Refuge Name?” Fish and Wildlife News, Special Edition (December 1978–January 1979), p. 8.
30. William Burt, The Disappearing Eden (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001), pp. 102–107.
31. William L. Finley, “Federal Bird Reservations,” Nature Magazine (May 1926).
32. E.W.S., “Save the Birds,” Outlook (February 27, 1909).
33. C. Hart Merriam, Report of the Chief of the Bureau of Biological Survey 1909 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1909), p. 16.
34. Warren Zeiller, Introducing the Manatee (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1992), p. 116.
35. T.R., “The Conservation of Wild-life,” Outlook (January 20, 1915).
36. Clara Barrus, The Life and Letters of John Burroughs, Vol. 2 (Boston: Mass.: Houghton Mifflin, 1925), p. 42.
37. Alfred Henry Garrod, “Notes on the Manatee (Manatus Americanous) Recently Living in Society’s Gardens,” in The Collected Scientific Papers of the Late Alfred Henry Garrod, W. A. Forbes (ed.) (London: R. H. Porter, 1881) pp. 303–313. Outram Bangs, “The Present Standing of the Florida Manatee, Trichechus Latirostris (Harlan) in the Indian River Waters,” American Naturalist, Vol. 29 (September 1895), p. 345.
38. Robert Barnwell Roosevelt, Florida and the Game Water-Birds of the Atlantic Coast and the Lakes of the United States (New York: Orange Judd, 1884), p. 10.
39. Zeiller, Introducing the Manatee, p. 98; and “Along the Florida Reef,” Harper’s New Monthly Magazine (1876).
40. Marston Bates, The Forest and the Sea (New York: Knopf, 1960), p. 31.
41. Carl Safina, Voyage of the Turtle: In Pursuit of the Earth’s Last Dinosaur (New York: Holt, 2006), p. 61.
42. Kathryn Hall Proby, Audubon in Florida (Coral Gables: University of Miami Press, 1974), p. 75.
43. “Dry Tortugas National Park: Superintendent Annual Narrative Report (fiscal year 2004)” and “Park Vision” (Archives) 2007 Timeline, Dry Tortugas, Fla.
44. Rachel Carson, The Edge of the Sea (Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin, 1955), p. 204.
45. Mark H. Lytle, The Gentle Subversive (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007), p. 79.
46. Job, Wild Wings, p. 87.
47. Alexander Sprunt, Jr., “The Tern Colonies of the Dry Tortugas Keys,” Auk, Vol. 65, No. 1 (January 1948), pp. 5–6.
48. James W. Porter and Karen G. Porter, The Everglades, Florida Bay, and Coral Reefs of the Florida Keys (Boca Raton: CRC, 2002), pp. 829–830. See also Florida Department of Environmental Protection Report (2007).
49. Elizabeth Weise, “Scientists: Global Warming Could Kill Off Reefs by 2050,” USA Today (December 13, 2007), p. A1.
50. Bird-Lore, October 1, 1907, Vol. IX, No. 5.
51. Pine Island Files, Mission Statements, Pine Island National Wildlife Refuge, Sanibel, Fla. Today Pine Island is part of the J. N. “Ding” Darling National Wildlife Refuge Complex, named after a famous political cartoonist who had a penchant for conservation.
52. Dr. William Wilbanks, Forgotten Heroes: Police Officers Killed in Early Florida, 1840–1925 (Paducah, Ky.: Turner, 1998), p. 98.
53. Michael Wisenbaker, “The Hermit Warden of Cayo Pelau,” Florida Monthly (April 2005), pp. 26–27.
54. B. S. Bowdish, “Ornithological Miscellany from Audubon Wardens,” Auk, Vol. 26, No. 1 (January 9, 1909).
55. Columbus McLeod, “White Pelicans,” Auk, Vol. 26 (January 1909).
56. “Public Opinion,” E.W.S., “Save the Birds,” Outlook (February 27, 1909).
57. Frank M. Chapman, “A Case in Point,” Bird-Lore, Vol. 18 (1916).
58. Wisenbaker, “The Hermit Warden of Cayo Pelau,” p. 26.
59. Lindsey Williams, “Audubon Warden McLeod Murdered for Feathers on Ladies Hats,” Charlotte Sun Herald, April 26, 1992 and Joe Crankshaw, “Warden’s Valor Saved Egrets From Extinction,” Miami Herald Tropic Magazine, June 8, 1992.
60. St. Augustine Record, quoted in Lindsey Williams and U. S. Cleveland, Our Fascinating Past (Punta Gorda, Fla.: Charlotte Harbor Area Historical Society, 1993), p. 211.
61. E.W.S., “Save the Birds,” Outlook (February 27, 1909).
62. Raymond Ditmars, The Reptile Book (New York: Doubleday Page, 1908).
63. L. N. Wood, Raymond L. Ditmars: His Exciting Career with Reptiles, Animals, and Insects (New York: Julian Messner, 1944), p. 132.
64. T.R. quoted in University of State of New York Bulletin (March 1, 1914), pp. 39–44.
65. T.R. to Raymond Ditmars ([n.d.] 1907).
66. Ibid. This letter is quoted in Paul Russell Cutright, Theodore Roosevelt: The Naturalist (New York: Harper, 1956), p. 143.
67. T.R., “Notes on Florida Turtles,” American Museum Journal, Vol. 17, No. 5 (May 1917).
68. Don Arp, Jr., “Hunting the Dragons: TR and the World’s Crocodilians,” Theodore Roosevelt Association Journal, Vol. 24, No. 4 (2001), pp. 5–9.
69. John Mortimer Murphy, “Alligator Shooting in Florida,” Outing Magazine (1899).
70. T.R., Outdoor Pastimes of an American Hunter (New York: Macmillan, 1902), pp. 362–363.
71. Joseph Bucklin Bishop (ed.), Theodore Roosevelt’s Letters to His Children (New York: Scribner, 1914), p. 184.
72. T.R., African Game Trails (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1910), p. 341.
73. Michael Grunwald, The Swamp (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2006), p. 128.
74. “Dr. John C. Gifford, Forestry Authority,” New York Times (June 27, 1949), p. 27.
75. Nathaniel Southgate Shaler The United States of America (New York: Appleton, 1894), p. 278.
76. “John Clayton Gifford,” in Reclaiming the Everglades: South Florida’s Natural History, 1884–1934, Everglades Archival Library and Museum, Fla.
77. Bureau of Reclamation, Reclamation Project Data (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of the Interior, 1948).
78. I. F. Eldredge, “Fire Problem on the Florida Native Forest,” Proceedings of the Society of American Foresters (Washington, D.C.: Judd and Detweiller, 1911), pp. 166—168.
79. Thomas Barbour, The Vanishing Eden: A Naturalist’s Florida (Boston, Mass.: Little, Brown, 1944).
80. T.R., “Notes on Florida Turtles,” American Museum Journal, Vol. 17 (1917).
81. Oliver P. Pearson, “The Metabolism of Hummingbirds,” The Condor, Vol. 52, No. 4 (July–August, 1950), pp. 145–152.
82. “U.S. Fish and Wildlife Overview/ History,” Island Bay National Wildlife Refuge Archive, Sanibel, Fla. (April 9, 2009).
83. On October 23, 1970, President Richard Nixon, recognizing how exceptional the islands were, declared the refuge a Wilderness Area. Thus no tourists are allowed to visit them.
84. “U.S. Fish and Wildlife Overview/ History.”
85. Mark V. Barrow, Jr., A Passion for Birds: American Ornithology after Audubon (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1997), p. 142.
86. William Dutcher to William Moody (July 2, 1903), in Auk, Vol. 21 (January 1904).
87. Herbert K. Job, Report to William Dutcher (1904).
88. Hermann Hagedorn and Sidney Wallach, A Theodore Roosevelt Round-Up (New York: Theodore Roosevelt Association, 1958), p. 64.
89. For Darling’s childhood experiences I consulted the Darling Papers, Special Collections, University of Iowa, Iowa City.
90. David L. Lendt, Ding: The Life of Jay Norwood Darling (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1979), pp. 3–17.
91. Joseph P. Dudley, “Jay Norwood ‘Ding’ Darling: A Retrospect,” Conservation Biology, Vol. 7, No. 1 (March 1993), pp. 200–203. (This article includes two of Darling’s cartoons.)
92. Lendt, Ding, p. 21.
93. Worth Mathewson, William L. Finley: Pioneer Wildlife Photographer (Corvallis: Oregon State University Press, 1986), p. 9.
94. Eric Jay Dolan and Bob Pumaine, The Duck Stamp Story (privately published), pp. 34–77.
95. Ding Darling U.S. Fish and Wildlife Files. Sanibel, Florida U.S. Fish and Wild-life, December 18, 2008.
96. Ibid.
97. “Ding Darling National Wildlife Center,” Duck Report, No. 32 (2008).
98. Author interview with Ding Darling’s grandson, Christopher D. Koss, Key Biscayne, Fla. (November 4, 2007).
99. Elting Morison, “Introduction,” The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt: The Big Stick: 1905–1907, Vol. V (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1954), p. xiv.
100. Wendell Berry, “The Peace of Wild Things,” in Collected Poems: 1957–1982 (San Francisco: North Point, 1985). Also see Rodger Shlickeisen, “Finding Solace with the Wood Drake,” Fish and Wildlife News (Spring 2008), p. 45.
101. Mathewson, William L. Finley, p. 57.
102. “Klamath Basin National Wildlife Refuges,” Mission Statement, Klamath Basin National Wildlife Reservation Archive, Tulelake, Calif.
103. William L. Finley, American Birds (New York: Scribner, 1907).
104. Mathewson, William L. Finley, pp. 57–84.
105. William L. Finley, “Among the Pelicans,” The Condor, Vol. 9, No. 2 (March–April 1907); William L. Finley, “The Grebes of Southern Oregon,” The Condor, Vol. 9, No. 4 (July–August 1907). William L. Finley, “Among the Gulls on Klamath Lake,” The Condor, Vol. 9, No. 1 (January–February 1907).
106. Finley, “The Grebes of Southern Oregon.”
107. William Kittredge, Balancing Water: Restoring the Klamath Basin (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000), pp. 76–79.
108. Finley, “Among the Pelicans,” p. 40.
109. Mathewson, William L. Finley, p. 9.
110. Finley quoted in National Geographic (August 1923).
111. “Oregon Governor Oswald West,” National Governors Association, Biography File, Washington, D.C.
112. T.R., “The People of the Pacific Coast,” Outlook, Vol. 99, No. 4 (September 23, 1911).
113. Ibid.
114. “Rogue Goes to the Birds,” Rogue Wire Service Report (March 28, 2008).
115. Butcher, America’s National Wildlife Refuges, pp. 531–532.
25: THE PRESERVATIONIST REVOLUTION OF 1908
1. Donald Worster, A Passion for Nature (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008), p. 421.
2. Terry Gifford, Reconnecting with John Muir: Essays in Post-Pastoral Practice (Athens, Ga.: University of Georgia Press, 2006) p. 42.
3. Roderick Nash, Wilderness and the American Mind (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1967), pp. 172–173.
4. William Kent to John Muir (January 16–17, 1908). John Muir Papers (Microfilm Edition of Ronald H. Limbaugh and Kristen E. Lewis (eds.), John Muir Papers, Reel 17, Frame 9495–9500).
5. Galen Clark, “The Big Trees of California” (1907), Yosemite National Park Archive, Calif.
6. John Muir to William Kent (January 14, 1908). John Muir Papers, (Reel 17, Frame 9487).
7. T.R. to William Kent (January 22, 1908), Muir Woods National Monument Archive, Mill Valley, California.
8. William Kent to T.R. (January 30, 1908), Muir Woods National Monument Archive.
9. T.R. to Douglas Robinson (January 10, 1908).
10. Sandburg quoted in Stephen J. Pyne, How the Canyon Became Grand (New York: Viking, 1998), p. 159.
11. Pyne, p. 158.
12. Robert H. Webb, Grand Canyon: A Century of Change—Rephotography of the 1889–1890 Stanton Expedition (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1996), p. 208.
13. Hal Rothman, Preserving Different Pasts: The American National Monuments (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1989), pp. 16–18.
14. Hal Rothman, “The Antiquities Act and National Monuments: A Progressive Conservation Legacy,” CRM Bulletin, Vol. 22, No. 4 (1999), pp. 16–18.
15. Pyne, How the Canyon Became Grand, p. 111.
16. T.R., A Book-Lover’s Holidays in the Open (New York: Scribner, 1916), pp. 96–97.
17. William M. Gibson, Theodore Roosevelt among the Humorists. (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1989), p. 34.
18. Webb, Grand Canyon: A Century of Change, p. 208.
19. Ibid.
20. T.R., A Book-Lover’s Holidays in the Open, p. 28.
21. Address by Robert Glenn to the National Conference of Governors (May 13–15, 1908), published in Proceedings of a Conference of Governors (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1909), p. 121.
22. Patricia O’Toole, When Trumpets Call: Theodore Roosevelt after the White House (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2005), p. 228.
23. David H. Dickason, “David Starr Jordan as a Literary Man,” Indiana Magazine of History, Vol. 38 (1941), pp. 343–358; and David Starr Jordan, Evolution and Animal Life: An Elementary Discussion of Facts, Processes, Laws, and Theories Relating to the Life and Evolution of Animals (New York: Appleton, 1907).
24. Char Miller, “Landmark Decision: The Antiquities Act, Big Stick Conservation, and the Modern State,” in David Harmon, Francis P. McManamon, and Dwight T. Pitcaithley (eds.), The Antiquities Act: A Century of American Archeology, Historic Preservation, and Nature Conservation (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2006), pp. 64–78.
25. Ron Chernow, Titan: The Life of John D. Rockefeller, Sr. (New York: Random House, 1998), p. 435.
26. T.R. to Kermit Roosevelt (February 23, 1908).
27. “Jewel Cave National Monument,” National Park Service Archive, Jewel Cave, South Dakota.
28. Gail Evans-Hatch and Michael Evans-Hatch, Place of Passages: Jewel Cave National Monument Historic Resource Study (Omaha, Neb.: Midwestern Regional National Park Service, 2006), pp. 173–177.
29. Ibid., p. 4.
30. “Jewel Cave National Monument, South Dakota, by the President of the United States, A Proclamation,” Box 1, Jewel Cave National Monument Archives, Mount Rushmore National Monument.
31. Ibid.
32. In fact, the Biological Survey called for the wholesale extermination of English sparrows, as they had become a menace to fruit trees and other crops from coast to coast. Report of the Chief of the Bureau of the Biological Survey for 1908(Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1908), p. 9.
33. T.R. to Dr. C. Hart Merriam (March 15, 1908).
34. T.R. to Theodore Roosevelt, Jr. (May 23, 1908).
35. J. C. Kerbis Peterhans and T. P. Gnoske, “Man-Eaters of Tsavo,” Journal of East African Natural History, Vol. 90 (2001), pp. 1–40.
36. T.R. to Lieutenant Colonel John Henry Patterson (March 20, 1908).
37. T.R., African Game Trails (New York: Scribner, 1909), p. ix.
38. “The Colossal Natural Bridges of Utah,” National Geographic, Vol. 15 (1904), pp. 367–369. (Author unknown.)
39. There is some controversy over the use of the word “Anasazi.” While recognizing its limitations, I have chosen it both for its brevity and because there is no agreed-on alternative.
40. T.R., A Book-Lover’s Holidays in the Open, pp. 39–62.
41. Ibid., pp. 53–54.
42. T.R. at the creation of Natural Bridges National Monument (April 16, 1908), Natural Bridges National Monument Archive, Lake Powell, Utah.
43. G. Michael McCarthy, Hour of Trial: The Conservation Conflict in Colorado and the West, 1891–1907 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1977).
44. George F. Kunz, “The Preservation of Scenic Beauty” in Proceedings of the Conference of Governors, pp. 408–419.
45. T.R. to Cecil Arthur Spring-Rice (April 11, 1908).
46. Edward J. Renehan, Jr., John Burroughs: An American Naturalist (Post Mills, Vt.: Chelsea Green, 1992), p. 250.
47. T.R. to John Burroughs (June 29, 1907), Theodore Roosevelt Papers, Reel 346.
48. John Burroughs, “With Roosevelt at Pine Knot,” Outlook (May 25, 1921).
49. John Burroughs, Camping and Tramping with Roosevelt (Boston, Mass., and New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1906), pp. 102–103.
50. Renehan, John Burroughs, p. 250; Lifton Johnson, John Burroughs Talks (Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1922), pp. 237–241; and Clara Barrus (ed.), Burroughs, The Life and Letters of John Burroughs, Vol. 2 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1925), p. 363.
51. William Harbaugh, “The Theodore Roosevelts’ Retreat in Southern Albemarle, Pine Knot 1905–1908,” Magazine of Al-bermarle Country History, Vol. 51, 1993, pp. 37–41.
52. Johnson, John Burroughs Talks, p. 290.
53. T.R. to Archie Roosevelt (May 10, 1908) in Joseph Bucklin Bishop (ed.), Theodore Roosevelt’s Letters to His Children (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1919), pp. 226–227.
54. Ibid.
55. Paul Russell Cutright, Theodore Roosevelt: The Naturalist (New York: Harper, 1956), p. 180.
56. Charles F. Clark, Theodore Roosevelt and the Great Adventure (Des Moines, Iowa: Garner, 1959), p. 111.
57. T.R. quoted in ibid., p. 112.
58. T.R., Address to the National Governors’ Conference, May 13–15 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1909), p. 8.
59. Address of Edwin L. Norris in Proceedings of the Conference of Governors (Washington, D.C.: Goverment Printing Office, 1909), pp. 172–173.
60. L. O. Howard, Fighting the Insects (New York: Macmillan, 1933), pp. 239—240.
61. T.R. to Theodore Elijah Burton (June 8, 1908).
62. T.R. to Archie Roosevelt (May 17, 1908), in Bishop (ed.), Theodore Roosevelt’s Letters to His Children, p. 228.
63. T.R. to Frank M. Chapman (May 10, 1908).
64. Report to the Chief of the Biological Survey for 1907 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1908), p. 9.
65. T.R. to Frank M. Chapman (June 7, 1908).
66. Charles Herner, The Arizona Rough Riders (Prescott, Ariz.: Scharlot Hall Museum, 1998), p. 222.
67. Johnson, John Burroughs Talks, p. 291.
68. Michael F. Anderson, Polishing the Jewel: An Administrative History of the Grand Canyon (Grand Canyon, Ariz,: Grand Canyon Association, 2000), pp. 15–108; and Stephen R. Whitney, A Field Guide to the Grand Canyon (Seattle: The Mountaineers, 1996), pp. 53–65.
69. T.R., A Book-Lover’s Holidays in the Open, p. 5.
70. “Clinton G. Smith,” in Biographical Record of the Graduates and Former Students in the Yale Forestry School (New Haven, Conn.: Yale Forestry School, 1913), p. 86.
71. T.R., “Forestry and Foresters,” speech before the Society of American Foresters, March 26, 1903 (U.S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Forestry, Circular No. 25, June 11, 1903).
72. T.R. to Henry Cabot Lodge (June 24, 1908).
73. Elting Morrison (ed.), The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt, Vol. 7 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1954), p. 4. (Editorial footnote.)
74. T.R. to Henry Fairfield Osborn (August 5, 1908).
75. T.R. to Henry Cabot Lodge (August 18, 1908).
76. Jack London, “The Other Animals,” Collier’s (September 5, 1908); and “London Answers Roosevelt,” New York Times (August 31, 1908), p. 7.
77. T.R. to Mark Sullivan (September 9, 1908).
78. London, “The Other Animals.”
79. Jonathan Swift, Gulliver’s Travels: The Voyages to Lilliput and Brobdingnag (New York: American Book Company, 1914), p. 129.
80. T.R. to Professor L. H. Bailey (August 4, 1908).
81. T.R., “Country Life Commission,” Century Magazine (October 1913).
82. T.R. to Herbert Myrick (September 10, 1908).
83. Ibid.
84. T.R. to Herbert Mynick (September 10, 1908).
85. T.R. to William Jennings Bryan (September 27, 1908).
86. T.R. to William Kent (September 28, 1908).
87. “Attacks Gifford Pinchot,” New York Times (October 1, 1908), p. D3.
88. Gould, The Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt, p. 289.
89. T.R. to John Raleigh Mott (October 12, 1908).
90. T.R. to Theodore Roosevelt, Jr. (November 27, 1908).
91. T.R. to George Otto Trevelyan (December 1, 1908).
92. T.R. to John St. Lee Strachey (February 22, 1907).
93. T.R. to John Hay (May 22, 1903).
94. T.R. to Whitelaw Reid (December 4, 1908).
95. Dave Cooper, “Wild Hike Reveals Right Tuff in Wheeler Geologic Area,” Denver Post (September 24, 2006).
96. T.R. to Robert Underwood Johnson (December 17, 1908).
97. T.R., An Autobiography, p. 424.
98. Eric Jay Dolin, Smithsonian Book of Natural Wildlife Refuges (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 2003), pp. 60–61.
99. T.R. to Sydney Brooks (November 20, 1908).
26: DANGEROUS ANTAGONIST
1. T.R. to William Howard Taft (December 31, 1908).
2. Nathan Miller, Theodore Roosevelt: A Life (New York: Morrow, 1992), p. 483.
3. Ibid., p. 485.
4. M. Nelson McGeary, Gifford Pinchot: Forester-Politician (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1960), p. 115.
5. Miller, Theodore Roosevelt: A Life, p. 490.
6. T.R., “A Hunter-Naturalist in Europe and Africa,” Outlook, Vol. 99, No. 3 (September 16, 1911).
7. T.R. to Winston Churchill (January 6, 1909).
8. T.R. to Kermit Roosevelt (January 14, 1909).
9. T.R. to Kermit Roosevelt (January 9, 1909).
10. Henry Litchfield West, “The Incoming Taft Administration,” Forum (March 1909).
11. T.R. to Theodore Roosevelt, Jr. (January 31, 1909).
12. “The Northwestern Hawaiian Islands: 100 Years of Presidential Protection,” Marine Conservation Biology Institute (Washington, D.C.). (Pamphlet, 2007.)
13. William Alanson Bryan, Natural History of Hawaii: Being an Account of the Hawaiian People, the Geology and Geography of the Islands, and the Native and Introduced Plants and the Animals of the Group (Honolulu: Hawaiian Gazette, 1915), p. 93.
14. Mark Twain, Roughing It, Vol. 1 (Hartford, Conn.: American, 1871), pp. 265–266.
15. Nona Beamer, Nã Mele Hula: A Collection of Hawaiian Hula Chants (Lã’ cie, Hawaii: Pacific Institute Press, 1987), p. 46.
16. Bryan, Natural History of Hawaii, p. 93.
17. Turner Morton, “Laysan—A Bird Paradise,” Pearson’s Magazine (May 1901).
18. “An Island Owned by Birds,” Friend: A Religious and Literary Journal, Vol. 75, No. 11 (September 28, 1909).
19. Bryan, Natural History of Hawaii, p. 97.
20. Ibid.
21. “Laysan Island,” Youth’s Companion (March 9, 1905), p. iii.
22. “Laysan Island,” Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Multi-Agency Education Project File, Laboratory for Interactive Learning Technologies, University of Hawaii (July 2008).
23. Bryan, Natural History of Hawaii, p. 95.
24. Morton, “Laysan—A Bird Paradise.”
25. A. Binion Amerson, Jr., The Natural History of French Frigate Shoals: Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (Washington, D.C.: Paper No. 79, Pacific Ocean Biological Survey Program, Smithsonian Institution, 1971).
26. Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Multi-Agency Education Project Archive, Honolulu.
27. T.R., A Book-Lover’s Holidays in the Open (New York: Scribner, 1916), p. 368.
28. “Birds in Millions Inhabit Laysan Island in Pacific,” Christian Science Monitor (August 8, 1911), p. 7.
29. Annual Reports of the Department of Agriculture (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1916), p. 241.
30. “Farallon National Wildlife Refuge Brochure,” Farallon National Wildlife Refuge, San Francisco Bay National Wild-life Refuge Complex File, Newark, Calif. (September 2002).
31. Michael Grunwald, The Swamp: The Everglades, Florida, and the Politics of Paradise (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2006), pp. 125–126.
32. T.R. to Theodore Roosevelt Jr. (February 6, 1909).
33. Flagler, quoted ibid., p. 113. See also David Chandler, Henry Flagler: The Astonishing Life and Times of the Visionary Robber Baron Who Founded Florida (New York: Macmillan, 1986), p. 236.
34. Hermann Hagedorn and Sidney Wallach, A Theodore Roosevelt Round-Up (New York: Theodore Roosevelt Association, 1958), pp. 154–155.
35. Clara Barrus (ed.), The Heart of Burroughs’s Journals (Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin, 1928), p. 320.
36. Three-volume report of the National Conservation Commission (Washington, D.C.: Goverment Printing Office, 1909).
37. T.R., “Devilfish Harpooning,” Scribner’s Magazine, Vol. 62 (July–December 1917).
38. T.R., An Autobiography (New York: Macmillan, 1913), p.p 394–410.
39. “The All-American in Conservation,” American Review of Reviews, Vol. 34 (January–June 1909), p. 405.
40. “Saving of America,” Washington Post, February 19, 1909, p. 1.
41. Barry Walden Walsh, “Gifford Pinchot, Conservationist,” Theodore Roosevelt Association Journal, Vol. 24, No. 3 (2001), pp. 3–7.
42. “Forty-Five Nations to Hold Council on World Resources,” Christian Science Monitor (February 20, 1909), p. 1.
43. Paul Russell Cutright, Theodore Roosevelt: The Naturalist (New York: Harper, 1956), p. 182.
44. McGeary, Gifford Pinchot, p. 108.
45. “Roosevelt and Taft Address a Meeting,” New York Times (December 9, 1908), p. 5.
46. T.R. to James Rudolph Garfield (February 16, 1909).
47. Verlyn Klinkenborg, “Walking with Henry,” New York Times (February 22, 2009).
48. John Allen Gable, “National Forests Created by Theodore Roosevelt,” T.R.A. Journal (November 2005).
49. A. W. Greely, Handbook of Alaska (New York: Scribner, 1909), p. 26.
50. “T.R.’s Alaskan Views,” Washington Post (August 11, 1911), p. 3.
51. Joshua David Hawley, Theodore Roosevelt: Preacher of Righteousness (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2008), p. 177.
52. A. W. Greely, Handbook of Alaska: Its Resources, Products, and Attractions (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1909), pp. 27–203.
53. C. Hart Merriam, “Roosevelt, the Naturalist,” Science, New Series, Vol. 75, No. 1937 (February 12, 1932). Also see C. Hart Merriam in Hagedorn and Sidney Wallach, A Theodore Roosevelt Round-Up, p. 137.
54. T.R. to Caspar Whitney (January 31, 1909).
55. T.R., “The Pioneer Spirit and American Problems,” Outlook, Vol. 96, No. 2 (September 10, 1910), p. 56.
56. T.R. to the United States Army War College (February 8, 1909).
57. “Mount Olympus Park,” Time (July 11, 1938).
58. Ronald F. Lee, Family Tree of the National Park Service: A Chart with Accompanying Text Designed to Illustrate the Growth of the National Park System 1872–1972 (Philadelphia, Pa.: Eastern National Park and Monument Association, 1972), part 3. (This book is available online from the National Park Service.)
59. “Mount Olympus National Monument” (Washington, D.C.: National Park Service Archives, 1909).
60. “A Norwegian Explanation,” New York Times (May 7, 1910), p. 8.
61. Our National Parks (Pleasantville, N.Y., 1985), pp. 222–232.
62. T.R. to James Joseph Walsh (February 23, 1909).
63. T.R., “The Pigskin Library,” Outlook, Vol. 94, No. 18 (April 30, 1910).
64. Hans Driesch, The Science and Philosophy of the Organism: Gifford Lectures Delivered at Aberdeen University, 1907 (Aberdeen, Scotland: Printed for the University, 1908), pp. 261–263.
65. T.R. to Robert Simpson Woodward (January 22, 1909).
66. T.R. to Jean-Jules Jusserand (February 25, 1909).
67. John A. Lomax, Cowboy Songs and Other Frontier Ballads (New York: Sturgis and Walton, 1910).
68. Timothy Egan, “This Land Was My Land,” New York Times (June 23, 2007).
69. T.R. to Gifford Pinchot (March 2, 1909).
70. Lucy Maynard, “President Roosevelt’s List of Birds,” Bird-Lore, Vol. 12, No. 2 (March–April 1910), pp. 53–54.
71. T.R., “White House Bird List,” in Lucy Maynard, Birds of Washington and Vicinity, 3rd ed. (Washington, D.C.: Woodward & Lothrop, 1909).
72. Jim Bendat, Democracy’s Big Day: The Inauguration of Our President, 1789–2009 (Lincoln, Neb.: iUniverse Star, 2008), p. 40.
73. Edmund Morris, Theodore Rex (New York: Random House, 2001), p. 544.
74. Nathan Miller, Theodore Roosevelt: A Life (New York: Morrow, 1992), pp. 494–495.
75. “Wife to Ride with Taft,” New York Times (March 1, 1909), p. 1.
76. “Bible for Taft Inaugural,” New York Times (February 14, 1909), p. 10.
77. Morris, Theodore Rex, pp. 550–555.
78. Ibid., p. 554.
79. “Roosevelt Says Good-Bye,” New York Times (March 5, 1909), p. 3.
80. T.R. to William Allen White (February 19, 1909).
81. T.R., “Our Vanishing Wild Life,” Outlook (January 25, 1913). This was a book review of William T. Hornaday’s Our Vanishing Wild Life (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1913).