APPENDIX B
CHAMPLAIN’S VOYAGES

1570–94   

Many voyages with his father, a pilot and captain

1594–98   

Campaigns in Brittany; secret missions and at least one voyage for the king

1598   

Blavet (now Port-Louis), to Cadiz, Spain, in Saint-Julien

1598–09   

Cadiz to Sanlucar to Seville to Sanlucar

1599   

Sanlucar to Guadeloupe in San Julian
Guadeloupe to Virgin Islands, in San Julian
Virgin Islands to Margarita, in patache Sandoval
Margarita to Puerto Rico, in patache Sandoval
Puerto Rico to Haiti in San Julian
Haiti to Mexico in San Julian
Mexico to Panama
Panama to Mexico
Mexico to Cuba in San Julian
Cuba to Cartagena
Cartagena to Cuba

1600   

Cuba to Florida and return?
Cuba to Spain by way of Bermuda and the Azores

1600–01   

In Cadiz with his uncle
Cadiz to France?

1602–03   

In France, visiting family in Brouage; studying with geographers in Paris; working with ships’ chandlers at Dieppe; visiting other ports and places

1603   

March 15 Departs Honfleur in Bonne-Renommée with Françoise
May 26 Arrives Tadoussac Harbor
May 27 Tabagie at St. Mathew’s Point (Pointe aux Alouettes)
May 28—June 9 Meetings with Montagnais, Etchemin and Algonquin at Tadoussac
June 11–17 Explores lower Saguenay River
June 18—July 11 Explores upper St. Lawrence River from Tadoussac to the Great Rapids near Montreal
July 15–19 Explores lower St. Lawrence River from Tadoussac to Gaspé and return
July 20—August 3 Explores upper St. Lawrence River
August 16—September 20 Tadoussac to Honfleur in Bonne-Renommée

1063   

September 20 Arrives Honfleur in Bonne-Renommée
November 15 Receives license to publish his first book, Des Sauvages
September—April Working in France

1604   

April 7—May 8 Sails from Honfleur (Normandy) to La Hève (Acadia) in Don-de-Dieu with de Mons, Pont-Gravé, and Poutrincourt
May 13—June? Explores coast of Acadia from Port Mouton to St. Mary’s Bay, his first independent command in New France
June 16–24 Explores coast of Acadia to the Bay of Fundy with de Mons in command; finds sites for colonies at Cape Sable, St. Mary’s Bay, Port Royal, Sainte-Croix, Saint John
July—September Working on Sainte-Croix Island; exploring Sainte-Croix River
August 31 Poutrincourt leaves Sainte-Croix for France in Don-de-Dieu
September 2—October 2 Explores coast of Maine from Sainte-Croix to Penobscot and mouth of the Kennebec River; his second independent command
October 2 Returns to Sainte-Croix Island
Winter at Sainte-Croix Island

1605   

March 15—April 10 Explores the coast and islands of Acadia, Pont-Gravé in command and Champdoré as pilot; ends in wreck of their barque near Port-Royal; Champlain saves all passengers and the crew
June 18—August 3 Explores coast of New England to Cape Cod with de Mons in command
July 23 Fight with Indians at Mallebarre (Nauset on Cape Cod)
August—September Helps move the colony from Sainte-Croix to Port-Royal
November—December? Voyage from Port-Royal to Saint John River and the Port-aux-Mines in search of copper deposits

1605–06   

Winter at Port-Royal (now Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia)

1606   

Spring Explores coast of Acadia with Pont-Gravé in command
July 26 Poutrincourt arrives, takes command at Port-Royal
September 5—November 14 Explores coast of New England with Poutrincourt in command
October 15–16 Fight with Indians at Misfortune Harbor (Stage Harbor, Cape Cod)

1606–07   

Winter at Port-Royal

1607   

July Colonists ordered by de Mons to return to France
August 11–September 2 Sails from Port Royal to Canso
September 3–30 Sails from Port-Royal to Saint-Malo in ship Jonas

1607   

September 30 Arrives Saint-Malo
Meets with De Mons and the king

1607–08   

Winter in France, completes manuscript map of 1607 (now in Library of Congress)

1608   

Offered command of a new settlement at Quebec
April 13—June 3 Sails from Honfleur to Tadoussac Roads in Don-de-Dieu

1608   

June 3–29 Explores Saguenay River and lower St. Lawrence River
June 30 Sails upriver from Tadoussac
July 3 Founding of Quebec
July 4 Begins construction of storehouse and first habitation
July “Some days after” July 3, Jean Duval’s conspiracy to kill Champlain is discovered; conspirators are arrested; Duval is executed; other leaders sent to France in chains
September 18 Pont-Gravé sails for France; Champlain remains in command of 28 hivernants
September—October Montagnais and French work together at eel fishing
November 18 First heavy snow

1608–09   

Very hard winter, two or three fathoms of ice and snow on the river; many Montagnais die; only eight of twenty-eight French survive

1609   

June 5 Supplies and men arrive from France
June 7 Champlain sails from Quebec to Tadoussac; receives letter from De Mons, recalling him to France
June 18 Champlain explores upper St. Lawrence Valley; meets Indians; plans campaign against Mohawks
June 28 Leaves Quebec with Montagnais
July 3–12 Rendezvous with Algonquin and Huron; enters River of the Iroquois
July 12–29 Leaves rapids on the Iroquois River for Lake Champlain and explores the lake and Vermont shore while waiting for the dark of the moon
July 30 Champlain and allies win battle with Mohawk; afterward he explores the chute from Lake George
July 30—August Returns to Quebec
August Visits with Montagnais in Tadoussac and Algonquins in Quebec
September 1 Leaves Quebec for Tadoussac, homeward bound
September 5—October 10 Sails from Tadoussac to Île Percée, La Conquête, Honfleur

1609   

October 10 Arrives Honfleur
October Takes post to Fontainebleau; meets de Mons and Henri IV
November De Mons and Champlain meet investors in Rouen, work closely with Lucas Le Gendre to plan next expedition
December–February With de Mons in Paris
February 28 To Rouen and Honfleur; recruits artisans, settlers

1610   

March 7 Sails from Honfleur; Champlain taken ill; returns to Le Havre
March 15 His ship returns to Honfleur to shift ballast
April 8 Sails from Honfleur in the ship Loyale; Pont-Gravé in command

1610   

April 26 Arrives in Tadoussac, New France, after a passage of 18 days
April 28 Sails from Tadoussac for Quebec; finds all well
May 18 Meets with Montagnais and others; plans another campaign
June 14 Leaves Quebec to meet Montagnais, Algonquin, and Huron; Iroquois at Trois-Rivières
June 19 Leaves Trois-Rivières for River of the Iroquois
June 19 Arrives at river, told that his allies had surrounded Mohawks in a barricade at what is now Sorel. Champlain and arquebusiers engage; nearly all Mohawk are killed or captured; ends major hostilities with Mohawk for 20 years
July Champlain meets with Iroquet; arranges for Étienne Brûlé to live among the Algonquin Petite-Nation and Iroquois
July—August Champlain returns to Quebec, learns that Henri IV was assassinated on May 14; letter from de Mons urges Champlain to return to France at once
August 8 Leaves Quebec for Tadoussac and France

1610   

September 27 Arrives in Honfleur after a slow crossing of 50 days
December 30 Marries Hélène Boullé in Paris

1611   

March 1 Departs from Honfleur for America
May 13–17 Arrives Tadoussac; sails for Quebec in a leaky barque
May 21 Arrives Quebec; repairs boat; departs on exploring voyage
May 28 At Great Rapids near Montreal
June Explores St. Lawrence
June 1–13 Selects site for future settlement of today’s Montreal; plants test gardens
June 13—July 18 Meets Hurons, Algonquins, and has reunion with Étienne Brûlé; explores upper St. Lawrence
July 18 Returns to Quebec; repairs settlement, plants roses
July 20–3 Sails to Tadoussac August 11 Departs for France

1611   

September 10 Arrives La Rochelle; visits de Mons in Saintonge
September Starts for court; “nearly killed” when horse falls on him; meets de Mons at Fontainebleau; consults President Jeannin, Chancellor Brûlart, and Marshal Brissac on how to support New France; they recommend a noble protector; Champlain gets help of sieur de Beaulieu, chaplain to Louis XIII

1612   

September 27 Through Beaulieu, Champlain approaches the comte de Soissons and asks him to be governor of New France; he agrees
October 12 Soissons, cousin of Louis XIII, appointed lieutenant general and governor of New France, with vice-regal powers
October 15 Soissons appoints Champlain his lieutenant in New France
November 1 Soissons dies suddenly; approaches are made to prince de Condé
November 22 Condé appointed viceroy of New France; makes Champlain his lieutenant

1613   

January 9 Champlain publishes Les Voyages and second general map
January—February Champlain and Condé meet opposition from merchants; Champlain makes three journeys to Rouen; prepares an expedition of three ships from Rouen and one from Saint-Malo with men and supplies for Quebec
March 6 Departs from Honfleur in a ship commanded by Pont-Gravé
April 10 Sights Grand Bank; goes fishing; survives severe storm

1613   

April 29 Arrives Tadoussac after a crossing of 54 days; Montagnais recognize Champlain by his wound-scars, welcome him
May 2–7 Sails to Quebec; finds settlers in good health and fields “bright with flowers”
May 13–27 Sails to Great Rapids; meets Algonquin, who report more trouble with central Iroquois
May 29—June 17 Explores the Ottawa River, to Morrison Island and Allumette rapids; meets Indian nations and makes alliances; returns to Great Rapids on the St. Lawrence; more meetings with Indians; and arrangements for interpreters
June 27 Departs Rapids and sails downriver
July 6 Reaches Tadoussac; waits for ship and good weather to sail home
August 8 Departs from Tadoussac for Île Percée on a Malouin ship
August 18 Leaves Île Percée at Gaspé for Grand Bank
August 28 On the Grand Bank; “caught as many fish as we wished”

1613   

September 26 Arrives Saint-Malo; meets with merchants there and invites them to form a new company with merchants of Rouen
November 15 New Company of Canada formed in Rouen; sometimes called Compagnie de Champlain; he calls it Compagnie de Condé

1614   

January—September Works with Louis Hoüel, king’s secretary, to recruit Récollets for New France; also meets with Robert Ubaldini, Papal Nuncio in France to the same end
October 27 Meets with all French cardinals and bishops, who have come to Paris for the Estates General; all support Champlain’s plan to recruit missionaries, and contribute 1500 livres themselves
November Champlain at Fontainebleau; makes a presentation on New France at court; establishes rapport with Louis XIII

1615   

February 28 Goes from Paris to Rouen to meet investors in the company and introduces them to Récollets; more investors support the company; establishes good relations with Condé.
March 20 Champlain, Récollets, and investors go to Honfleur
April 24 Departs Honfleur in Saint-Étienne with Pont-Gravé

1615   

May 25 Arrives off Tadoussac after a crossing of 31 days
May 27 Champlain and Récollets sail to Quebec; land cleared and quarters built for a mission; Récollets establish themselves
June 8–9 Champlain and Récollets sail up the river to the Great Rapids
June 23 Mass said at Rivière-des-Prairies before many Indians
June 26 Champlain returns to Quebec
July 4 Champlain sets off upriver for a journey to Huronia and campaign against the central Iroquois
July 9 Departs Rivière-des-Prairies for Huronia; explores upper St. Lawrence; takes northern route to avoid Iroquois war parties; visits many Indian nations along the way
July 26 Visits with Nipissing nation
July 28? Visits Cheveux-Relevés

1615   

August 1 Enters and explores Huronia
August 17 Meets Huron warriors in Cahiagué
September 1 Étienne Brûlé and 12 Huron depart on mission to Susquehannock nation
September—October Organizes campaign against the Onondaga
October 9–16 Fight at Onondaga Fort (in today’s Syracuse, N.Y.)
October 18 Heavy fall of snow slows retreat to Huronia
October 28 Deer hunting in Huronia to December 4
December 23 Arrives at Cahigué, Huronia; lives with Huron through the winter

1616   

January Meets Father Le Caron at Carhagouha
January 4 Visits with Algonquin Petite-Nation
January 17 Visits Petun nation; also Cheveux-Relevés and Nipissing
February 15 At Cahiagué mediating between Huron and Petite-Nation
May 20 Leaves Huronia for Great Rapids of the St. Lawrence River
July 1 Reaches Great Rapids; leaves for Quebec
July 11 Returns to Quebec
July 20 Goes to Tadoussac
August 3 Sails from Tadoussac to Honfleur

1616   

September 10 Arrives at Honfleur
October 25 Thémines appointed viceroy; Champlain loses lieutenancy
Fall? Publishes map of New France

1617   

January 17 Champlain confirmed as lieutenant to Thémines
March 7? Sails from Honfleur for Quebec in Saint-Étienne

1617   

June 14 Arrives at Tadoussac, sails to Quebec for a very brief visit; by July 20 is back in France

1617   

July 22 Samuel and Hélène Champlain sign a contract with Isabelle Terrier, in Paris, evidence that Champlain remained in Quebec for no more than a few weeks

1618   

February 9 Champlain presents a major plan for the development of New France to the Paris Chamber of Commerce and on this day joins in a proposal to the king
March 12 Louis XIII agrees to the proposal
May 24 Champlain arrives in Tadoussac

1618   

June 24 Champlain arrives in Tadoussac?
June—July Champlain is at Quebec
July 26 Champlain sails from Tadoussac for Honfleur

1618   

August 28 Champlain returns to Honfleur
December 21 Champlain wins agreement from investors to support eighty settlers in Quebec
December 24 Louis XIII grants Champlain a pension of 600 livres

1619   

Company directors forbid Champlain to sail for New France in their ship; the king intervenes, but too late for this season
May 18 Champlain licensed to publish Voyages … depuis l’année 1615

1620   

February 25 Condé sells office of viceroy to Montmorency
March 8 Montmorency appoints Champlain his lieutenant
May 7 Louis XIII confirms Champlain’s commission as lieutenant
Spring Sails to Canada in Saint-Étienne with Hélène

1620   

July 7 Champlain arrives at Moulin Baude one league from Tadoussac
July 11 Sails from Tadoussac to Quebec
Summer Champlain orders repair and rebuilding of Quebec; construction of Fort St. Louis
November Viceroy Montmorency authorizes fifteen-year monopoly on trade to New France to the Compagnie de Caën
December—March Quebec colonists survive winter with only one accidental death; Hélène Desportes born in Quebec

1621   

February 2 Dolu makes positive report to Montmorency, who renews his appointment
May 7 Royal Council rules that the old and new Compagnies de Caën share monopoly and the costs of settlement
June Pont-Gravé’s ship for the old company arrives at Tadoussac; de Caën seizes it; Champlain restores order; ship is returned
August 18 Assembly of settlers meets to draw up a cahier généralde doléances for the king; they strongly support Champlain’s policies; king responds favorably; increases Champlain’s pension
September 12 Champlain issues laws for Quebec

1622   

Spring Champlain encourages farming by Montagnais near Quebec
April 1 Royal Council confirms rights of new Compagnie de Caën
June 6ff Champlain sponsors peace talks with Iroquois
December 24 Council regulates relations between old and new companies

1623   

July 23 Champlain meets with Huron and Algonquin at Trois-Rivières
July—August Champlain adjudicates murder case with Indians
August Farm planned at Cap Tourmente
November Road built to Fort St. Louis
Winter Hauling timbers for fort and storehouse in Quebec; Champlain plans a new habitation

1624   

April 29 In France, Richelieu is appointed to Royal Council; within a year he becomes “chief minister” to Louis XIII
April—July Champlain and Indian leaders try to restrain Simon, insane Montagnais who murders an Iroquois; peace with Iroquois preserved
May 1 Excavation begins for new habitation at Quebec
May 6 First stone laid
June—August Much trade and many meetings with Montagnais, Algonquin, and Huron
August 15 Champlain, wife, and servants leave Quebec for Tadoussac
August 24 They leave Tadoussac for Gaspé to form a convoy
September 6? Convoy of four ships sails for France

1624   

October 1 Champlain and family return to Dieppe
October Champlain goes to Paris; thence to Saint-Germain to meet with Montmorency, the king, and Royal Council, “to whom I gave an account.”
Fall In Paris, meets with old and new shareholders; Montmorency sells office of viceroy to Ventadour

1625   

February 15 Ventadour commissions Champlain as lieutenant in New France
Spring+ Champlain works with Ventadour in his Paris mansion
Summer+ Negative reports of New France from Jesuits and Récollets
December 29 Champlain sells part of estate from his uncle

1626   

March 10 Ventadour grants lands in New France to Jesuits
April 15 Champlain sails from Dieppe with five ships

1626   

June 29 Arrives Tadoussac, after a crossing of sixty-eight days
July 5 Arrives Quebec
July—August Expands farm at Cap Tourmente
October Richelieu takes control of commerce, colonies, maritime affairs

1626–27   

November 21—April Long hard winter in Quebec

1627   

Spring Ventadour ceases to be viceroy; powers assumed by Richelieu
April 29 Compagnie de Caën replaced by the Company of New France (Cent-Associés); Richelieu is first associate; Champlain joins as fifty-second associate; capital share of 3,000 livres paid by his wife
July 14ff Tabagies with Huron at Trois-Rivières; Champlain urges peace with Iroquois
October 7 Meeting with Indian “captains” about murder of two Frenchmen

1627–28   

November—April Another very hard winter

1628   

February 2 Champlain presented with three Montagnais girls whom he names Faith, Hope, and Charity, aged 11, 12, and 15.
Spring Charles I authorizes British mercenaries to seize New France; The Kirke family seizes ships in the St. Lawrence and the fishing coast; Scottish groups seize Acadia
Spring The Cent-Associés equips a very large fleet of merchantmen with colonists for New France. The directors do not want to send it fearing capture by the British forces. Richelieu insists it must sail; the result is disaster
Spring Champlain expands farming in Quebec; works closely with Indians; sponsors missions
July Kirkes burn and destroy the farm at Cap Tourmente July 9 Champlain learns of English warships at Tadoussac
July 10 Kirkes appear at Quebec and demand its surrender. Champlain refuses and prepares to fight; the Kirkes retreat and seek to starve the French into submission
July 17–18 The great fleet of the Hundred Associates is captured by the Kirkes
August Kirkes return to England with much plunder; no help comes from France

1628–29   

November–April A third very hard winter in Quebec with grave shortages of food; the Huron, Algonquin, Canadien, Etchemin, and some Montagnais help by taking in Frenchmen and bringing food to the settlement; there is much hunger but no scurvy and no starvation

1629   

Spring No help comes from France; Champlain continues to send habitants and workers to live with Huron, Algonquin, Canadien, Etchemin, and other nations; others live precariously by farming, hunting, and gathering
April 24 Treaty of Susa ends war between England and France; terms include return of property seized after the peace
June 25 Kirkes’ warships arrive in the lower St. Lawrence
July 19 Kirkes demand surrender of Quebec; Champlain nearly out of food and ammunition; proposes terms
July 20 Champlain surrenders Quebec; habitants treated humanely; some choose to remain in Quebec on Champlain’s advice with a guarantee of their property
July 24 Champlain taken to Tadoussac by Kirkes
September 14 Champlain carried to England by Kirkes

1629   

October 27 Champlain arrives in Dover; learns of the peace treaty
October 29 Champlain refuses repatriation to France; goes to London, meets with French Ambassador to demand return of New France because its seizure was unlawful after the Peace of Susa
November English agree in principle but refuse to return the colony until Louis XIII pays dowry promised for marriage of his sister Henrietta Maria

1629   

November 30 Champlain makes a voyage from England to France
December He urges the king, Richelieu, and Hundred Associates to hurry the return of New France

1630   

Spring More appeals and protests to French leaders
April Louis XIII demands restitution of New France from England
September 27 Champlain sells two houses in Brouage

1631   

July Charles orders Kirkes to return Quebec
August Champlain insists on return of Acadia and other parts of New France

1632   

February 13 Mutual division of property between Champlain and Hélène Boullé
March 29 Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye restores Quebec to France; England agrees to evacuate Acadia, and all of New France; Louis XIII agrees to pay his sister’s dowry
Spring? Champlain publishes Les Voyages de la Nouvelle France Occidentale
April 20 Richelieu appoints Isaac de Razilly as his lieutenant for New France; he refuses to serve, insisting that Champlain is better qualified

1632   

Champlain may have made a voyage from France to St. Anne, Cape Breton; this voyage was not included by Laverdière, Dionne, Biggar, Morison, and other biographers; it is believed to have happened by Campeau and Trudel; the exact date is unknown, and evidence is less than conclusive, but two leading historians of New France are convinced that it happened, and the inferences from other documents support this probability

1633   

March 1 Richelieu reluctantly appoints Champlain his lieutenant for New France
March 23 Champlain leaves Dieppe for New France with three ships: Saint-Pierre (flag), Don-de-Dieu, and Saint-Jean, with 150 colonists.

1633   

May 22 Champlain takes possession of Quebec
Spring Begins construction of Notre-Dame-de-Recouvrance
Summer Renews alliances with Montagnais, Algonquin, Huron
August 13 Champlain sends report to Richelieu seeking to limit English trade, and to form a military force strong enough to keep the peace; Richelieu does not respond; both problems grow

1634   

Spring Establishes forts and trading posts on Sainte-Croix and Richelieu islands in the St. Lawrence
Summer Establishes new settlement at Trois-Rivières; Champlain makes voyages between Quebec and Trois-Rivières
August 18 Champlain sends another report to Richelieu who again makes no response and does not act

1635   

Spring Champlain in declining health
October Suffers massive stroke and paralysis
November 17 Signs his will and testament
December 25 Dies in Quebec on Christmas Day