Biographers of Samuel Champlain and historians of early New France routinely begin their works with a litany of complaint about their sources. Most of Champlain’s manuscripts and papers have disappeared. We know that he tried to preserve them, and Marc Lescarbot used them as a source for his history of New France. On his deathbed, Champlain asked Father Charles Lalement and François Derre de Gand to gather his papers and send them to his wife, Hélène, in Paris. Both men probably did as they were asked, but then the trail goes cold, and Champlain’s papers have vanished without a trace. Scattered manuscripts have survived mostly in court files, financial records, and government archives.
This problem was not specific to Champlain. The same thing happened to the papers of Aymar de Chaste, the sieur de Mons, Pont-Gravé, Lescarbot, Razilly, and most major figures in the early history of New France. In the late twentieth century, the great Canadian historian Marcel Trudel searched high and low in France for manuscripts on Champlain and New France. He also went looking for the records of commercial companies, especially the Company of New France, which had been in public archives in the mid-nineteenth century. Trudel concluded that they were destroyed by the Communards of 1871, who hauled them out of the Châtelet with many other papers and made a bonfire in the streets of Paris. For the historical period before 1627, he complained of an extreme “pauvreté de documentation,” and a “grande pénurie d’information.” Trudel wrote that in the course of his research in France he “rarely found an unpublished manuscript” of any importance. He observed that the condition of French sources for the early seventeenth century is very different from the eighteenth, and even the sixteenth (Histoire de la Nouvelle-France, 1:x; 2:xxiii; 3.1:xix).
A leading American historian had a similar experience. Samuel Eliot Morison collected Champlain material through much of his busy career. He looked for published sources in France, and wrote in frustration, “Search the French literature of the reigns of Henry IV and Louis XIII and you will find very, very few references to Canada, and those mostly ironical, and even fewer to Champlain” (Morison, Champlain, 188).
Even so, many manuscripts and imprints have survived, and in the course of the twentieth century they have become more accessible to historians. Archivists in the United States, France, and especially in Canada have made a sustained effort to find manuscripts relating to America in European archives. Early leaders were H. P. Biggar, who worked in British and French archives; Claude de Bonnault, an archivist trained in the French École des Chartes, and more recently Raymonde Litalien, who has played a major role. In many years of labor, Canadian archivists began by compiling inventories, then ordered manual transcriptions in the early twentieth century. After 1945, microfilm projects copied more than 2.5 million pages of records on New France. In 1988, the emphasis began to shift toward digital databases and electronic texts. Since 1999, these materials have been coming online in websites sponsored by Library and Archives Canada in Ottawa.
UNPUBLISHED MANUSCRIPTS: THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS
In the United States, the Manuscript Division of the Library of Congress has a collection of manuscript materials copied from French government archives. The copies were made in the early twentieth century, of materials relating to American history. A large proportion are large bundles of photostats. Useful for this inquiry were copies of manuscripts from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and the Ministry of Marine and Colonies from the period from 1604 to 1635. Much of this material touches on the career of Champlain. It includes royal edicts of Henri IV and Louis XIII for New France, as well as charters, letters patent, and other official documents from the Royal Council. Also in these records are documents on the loss of New France and its recovery. Richelieu’s instructions to the de Caëns are there, and memoirs on trade in New France. Also in this material are scattered records of the Company of New France.
The Geography and Map Division of the Library of Congress has Champlain’s manuscript draft of his map of New France dated 1607/08. This is the only manuscript of his cartography and art that is known to survive. It has often been reproduced, but rarely with accuracy. The best published image is in the Map Division’s Geography and Maps: An Illustrated Guide (Washington, 1996, 28). Any serious student of Champlain must see the original of this manuscript to form an accurate understanding of his work.
UNPUBLISHED MANUSCRIPTS: THE JOHN CARTER BROWN LIBRARY
The founder and namesake of this extraordinary library had a particular interest in Champlain, and assembled one of the finest collections of imprints in the world. The library owns not only all the major works of Champlain and Lescarbot, but also nearly all variant printings in the early seventeenth centuries. This is of particular importance for Lescarbot’s history of New France, as he added new materials that make a difference in what we know of Champlain’s world.
The John Carter Brown Library also has the best of three known manuscript copies of Champlain’s Brief Discours, with the largest set of Champlain’s many color illustrations, in what may be original manuscripts, or copies contemporary with Champlain.
UNPUBLISHED MANUSCRIPTS: LIBRARY AND ARCHIVES CANADA
Many collections here are useful for a student of Champlain’s career, and include copies of manuscripts in archives scattered widely throughout France. For many years, this material was extremely difficult of access for historians. After many years of work by Canadian and French archivists, this material is now coming available on microfilm in Canada and increasingly online—a process that has only begun. In Ottawa, we worked in the following collections:
Bibliothèque nationale de France, Département des Imprimés; thirty-five documents on New France;
Archives nationales de France, Documents concernant la Nouvelle-France, 1532–1759; six bobbins of microfilm; Amirauté de France, Juridictions spéciales, 1572–1666;
Materials on the Compagnie de Caën, the Compagnie de Montmorency, and the Compagnie de la Nouvelle-France;
Fonds des Archives départementales de la Charente-Maritime, 1599–1787: sixty bobbins of microfilm;
Fonds des Archives départementales du Calvados, 1568–1791: ten bobbins of microfilm;
Fonds des Archives municipales de Honfleur: 1 document;
Fonds de la Compagnie de la Nouvelle-France, 1627–1635: fifty-seven pages.
UNPUBLISHED MANUSCRIPTS ON THE WEB
A resource of growing importance to researchers in this field is the Gallica Project, founded in 2004 by James H. Billington and Jean-Noël Jeanneney, leaders of the Library of Congress in Washington and the Bibliothèque nationale de France in Paris. It is a bilingual website called “Gallica, La France en Amérique,” and includes much material from the Bibliothèque nationale on “the French presence in North America.” Materials encompass a very large array of manuscripts, imprints, maps, prints, designs, stamps, and other genres of primary sources. They are organized around historical themes. One is “exploration and colonisation of the continent,” and has much material on Champlain. For example, Champlain’s petition to Louis XIII in 1630 is available on this site.
Materials in most cases can be downloaded and printed for purposes of research without charge, but application must be made for reproduction of maps and prints. The website includes links for that purpose. Web addresses have changed since the founding of this site, but it is accessible through the Library of Congress’s website by searching for Gallica, or FranceAmérique. This project is part of a larger program at the Library of Congress called Global Gateway, which seeks to form collaborative web-projects among all National Libraries in the entire world.
Another important website is ArchivesCanadaFrance, founded in 2004 by the combined efforts of Library and Archives Canada, the Archives de France, and the Canadian Embassy in Paris. Its purpose is to make freely available on the web a large quantity of manuscripts and other materials. It reproduces records of the “central administration” in Paris that pertain to North America, from ministries of Finance, Marine, and the Colonies. Also it includes admiralty records for Bayonne, Brouage, Guyenne, Honfleur, and La Rochelle, as well as notorial and tabellionage archives of La Rochelle, Rochefort, and Saint-Jean-de-Luz. Archival materials from Quebec and private papers are also part of this vast enterprise.
A recent keyword search of this material turned up only three documents for Samuel Champlain himself: his account of the capture of Quebec in 1629, his last will and testament in 1635, and one other item. More material relates indirectly to Champlain’s career. Most of what is here refers to events after Champlain’s time. This immense project is very much a work in progress. Finding aids and search engines are still in process of development. This great archival effort promises to revolutionize the relationship between scholars and sources for the history of New France.
PUBLISHED MANUSCRIPTS FROM FRENCH ARCHIVES
An effort of another kind was made by a very able French archivist with a particular interest in Champlain. Robert Le Blant was a lawyer, jurist, and councillor of the French Court of Appeal at Douai, and a highly skilled archivist who knew well the complex ways of French institutions. He searched many French provincial and national archives, and found a trove of materials that had eluded earlier students of Champlain. Le Blant and René Baudry published his findings in historical journals, and also in a larger work called Nouveaux documents sur Champlain et son époque. The first volume, covering the period from 1560 to 1622, was printed by the then Public Archives of Canada in 1967. A second volume from 1622 to 1635 was promised but not published. A careful bibliography of Le Blant’s work is M. A. MacDonald, Robert le Blant: Seminal Researcher and Historian of Early New France (Saint John, New Brunswick, 1986). Of Le Blant’s many publications through half a century, the following are relevant to Champlain.
Le Blant, Robert, and René Baudry. Nouveaux documents sur Champlain et son époque, vol. 1 (1560–1622) (Ottawa, 1967), publishes 196 documents relating to directly or indirectly to Champlain, mostly legal and financial records.
Le Blant, Robert. “Les trois mariages d’une acadienne: Anne d’Entremont (1694–1718).” Nova Francia 7 (1932) 210–29.
—. “Une sédition basque à Terre-Neuve en 1690.” Revue historique et archéologique de Béarn et du Pays basque (1932) 56–57.
—. Une figure légendaire de l’histoire acadienne:le baron de Saint-Castin (Paris, 1934).
—. Histoire de la Nouvelle-France: les sources narratives du début du XVIIIe siècle et Le Recueil de Gédéon de Catalogne (Paris, 1940).
—. “Les études historiques sur la colonie française d’Acadie, 1603–1713.” Revue d’histoire des colonies 122 (1948) 84–113.
—. “L’annulation du testament de Champlain.” Revue d’histoire des colonies, 131 and 132 (1950), 203–31.
—. “La Compagnie de la Nouvelle-France et la restitution de l’Acadie (1627–1633).” Revue d’histoire des colonies, 126 (1955) 71–93.
—. “Les arrêts du parlement de Rouen du 25 juin et les premières compagnies du Canada.” Revue des Sociétés savantes de Haute Normandie 3 (1956) 41–55.
—. “Notes sur les découvreurs français….” Revue d’histoire de l’Amérique française 11 (1957–58) 413–35; 563–74.
—. “Nouveaux documents additionnels aux trois voyages de Champlain (1560–1651).” Bulletin philologique et historique jusqu’à 1610 (1959) 369–380.
—. “Du nouveau sur les La Tour.” Mémoires de la Société généalogique canadienne-française 11 (1960), 21–25.
—. “Les compagnies du Cap Breton (1629–1647).” Revue d’histoire de l’Amérique française (1961) 81–94.
—. “Les écrits attribués à Jacques Cartier.” Revue d’histoire de l’Amérique française 15 (1961) 90–103.
—. “Les plus anciens contrats de travail pour le Canada (1606–1608).” Bulletin philologique et historique (1961) 309–17.
—. “Le commerce compliqué des fourrures canadiennes au début du 17e siècle.” Revue d’histoire de l’Amérique française 16 (1962) 53–66.
—. “L’ascension sociale d’auvergnats Parisiens au XVIIe siècle: Les Chanut (1545–1703).” Actes du 88e congrès des Sociétés savantes, Clermont-Ferrand, 1963, Section d’Histoire moderne et contemporaine, 695–707.
—. “La condition sociale de Samuel Champlain.” Actes du 87e congrès national des Sociétés savantes, Poitiers, 1962, Section d’Histoire moderne et contemporaine, Imprimerie nationale (1963) 669–77.
—. “La famille Boullé (1586–1639).” Revue d’histoire de l’Amérique française 17 (1963) 55— 69.
—. “La première compagnie de Miscou (1635–1645).” Revue d’histoire de l’Amérique française (1963) 363–70.
—. “Le Testament de Samuel Champlain, 17 novembre 1635.” Revue d’histoire de l’Amérique française 17 (1963) 269–81.
—. “Le triste veuvage d’Hélène Boullé.” Revue d’histoire de l’Amérique française 18 (1964) 425–37.
—, ed., “Inventaire des biens communs entre Samuel de Champlain et Hélène Boullé, 21 novembre 1636.” Revue d’histoire de l’Amérique française 18 (1965) 594–603.
—. “Un compagnon blaisois de Samuel Champlain: Jean Ralluau (5 janvier 1576—après 1er janvier 1628), Revue d’histoire de l’Amérique française 19 (1966) 503–12.
—. “La pêche et le périple des morues du Saint-Laurent.” Revue philologique et historique (1966) 259–71.
—. “Les prémices de la fondation de Québec.” Revue d’histoire de l’Amérique française 22 (1966) 44–55.
—. “Marchands tourangeaux à Paris au début du XVIIe siècle.” Bulletin philologique et historique (1968), 907–23.
—. “Les débuts difficiles de la compagnie de la Nouvelle-France: l’affaire Langlois (1628–1632).” Revue d’histoire de l’Amérique française 22 (1968) 323–34.
—. “L’ascension sociale d’un huissier: Nicolas Boullé (fin XVI—début XVIIe siècle).” Bulletin philologique et historique (1969) 819–36.
—. “Jean de Lauson et Marie Gaudard, leur appartenance à une structure sociale.” Revue d’histoire de l’Amérique française 23 (1969) 110–21.
—. “La première bataille pour Québec en 1608,” Bulletin philologique et historique 2 (1971) 113–25.
—. “L’ascension sociale d’un aventurier champenois: Claude Turgis (XVIe—XVIIe siècle).” Revue d’histoire de l’Amérique française 26 (1972) 53–66.
—. “Documents inédits sur Guillaume Decaen, Protestant Normand au Canada sous le Cardinal de Richelieu.” Congrès des Sociétés savantes de Caën, 1980, Section d’Histoire moderne, 1 (1980) 445–60; not seen.
—. “Henri IV et le Canada.” Revue de Pau et du Béarn, 12 (1984–85) 43–57.
Le Blant, Robert, and Marcel Delafosse. “L’avitaillement du Port-Royal d’Acadie par Charles de Biencourt et les marchands Rochelais (1615–1618).” Revue d’histoire des colonies, 155 (1958) 563–74.
—. “Les Rochelais dans la vallée du Saint-Laurent (1599–1618).” Revue d’histoire de l’Amérique française 10 (1956) 333–63.
PUBLISHED PRIMARY MATERIALS: CHAMPLAIN’S MAJOR WRITINGS
These are the most important sources for any study of Champlain. First editions were as follows:
Des Savvages ov, Voyage De Samvel Champlain, De Brovage, fait en la France Nouuelle, l’an mil six cens trois (A Paris, Chez Clavde De Monstr’oeil, tenant sa boutique en la Cour du palais, au nom de Iesus. Avec Privilege Dv Roy. 1603) (licensed November 13, 1603).
Les Voyages Dv Sievr De Champlain, Xaintongeois, capitaine ordinaire pour le Roy, en la Marine. Divisez En Devx Livres (A Paris, Chez Iean Berjon, rue S. Jean de Beauuais, au Cheual volant, & en sa boutique au Palais, à la gallerie des prisonniers M.DC.XIII. Avec Privilege Dv Roy) (licensed January 9, 1613).
Voyages Et Descovvertures Faites En La Novvelle France, depuis l’année 1615. iusques à la fin de l’année 1618. Par le Sieur de Champlain, Cappitaine ordinaire pour le Roy en la Mer du Ponant (A Paris, Chez Clavde Collet, au Palais, en la gallerie de prisonniers. M.DC.XIX (licensed March 18, 1619).
Les Voyages De La Novvelle France Occidentale, Dicte Canada, Faits Par Le Sr De Champlain Xainctongeois, Capitaine pour le Roy en la Marine du Ponant, & toutes les Descouuertes qu’il faites en ce païs depuis l’an 1603 iusques en l’an 1629 (A Paris. Ches Clavde Collet au Palais, en la Gallerie de prisonniers, à l’Estoille d’Or. M.DC.XXXII (no license printed).
Traitté De La Marine Et Dv Devoir D’vn Bon Marinier. Par le Sievr De Champlain [1632], bound and published with the Voyages of 1632.
The first scholarly edition of these works was C.-H. Laverdière, ed., Oeuvres de Champlain, publiées sous le patronage de l’Université Laval 6 vols. in quarto. Other bindings vary (Quebec, 1870). A facsimile edition was published by Éditions du Jour in 3 vols. (Montreal, 1973). Laverdière’s Champlain is still very useful for its commentary and editorial apparatus. See also Abbé Auguste Gosselin, “Le vrai monument de Champlain: ses oeuvres éditées par Laverdière.” Mémoires de la Societé Royale du Canada 1 (1908) 3–23.
A modern bilingual edition of Champlain’s major published works, with texts in old French and English, is Henry Percival Biggar et al., ed. The Works of Samuel de Champlain 6 vols. (Toronto: Champlain Society, 1922–35; rpt. University of Toronto Press, 1971). Vol. 1 was translated and edited by H. H. Langton and W. F. Ganong; vol. 2 by John Squair; vol. 3 by H. H. Langton and W. F. Ganong; vol. 4 by H. H. Langton; vol. 5 by W. D. LeSueur; and vol. 6 by W. D. Le Sueur and H. H. Langton. It is available online, on the website of the Champlain Society, in a digital edition that is keyword searchable, a great tool for serious scholars.
The Champlain Society is sponsoring a new translation of Champlain’s works by an editorial team headed by Conrad Heidenreich.
Many editions of selected works or individual works have been published: Passages from Champlain’s Des Sauvages were reprinted in Pierre Victor Palma Cayet, Chronologie Septenaire (Paris, 1605), 415–24. Excerpts also appeared in Jacques-Auguste de Thou’s Histoire universelle depuis 1543 jusqu’en 1607, published first in a Latin edition and later in a French translation (Paris, 1739).
Shaw, Norton, ed., Alice Wilmere, trans. Narrative of a Voyage to the West Indies and Mexico in the Years 1599–1602. This was the first published edition of Champlain’s ms. Brief Discours on his travels in the Spanish empire (London: Hakluyt Society, 1859, 1880).
Slafter, Edmund F., ed. Voyages of Samuel de Champlain 3 vols. Publications of the Prince Society (Boston, 1878–81).
Grant, W. L. ed., Voyages of Samuel de Champlain, 1604–1618. Issued in J. F. Jameson’s Original Narratives series (New York, 1907, 1952, 1959); includes the Voyages of 1613 and 1619.
Deschamps, Hubert. Les voyages de Samuel de Champlain: Saintongeais, père du Canada (Paris, 1951, 1952).
Trudel, Marcel, ed. Champlain, textes choisis par M. Trudel. Collection Fides (Montreal, 1956). Beaulieu, Alain, et Réal Ouellet, eds. Champlain, Des Sauvages (Montreal, 1993). The best edition of this work with an excellent introduction of sixty-three pages and full editorial apparatus. It adds many documents relevant to the 1603 expedition.
Glénisson, Jean, ed. La France d’Amérique: Voyages de Samuel Champlain (Paris, 1994); a one-volume edition, handsomely presented.
Helpful assessments appear in Raymonde Litalien, “Champlain’s Voyage accounts: Interview with Jean Glénisson.” Revised and authorized by Jean Glénisson, in Raymonde Litalien and Denis Vaugeois, eds., Champlain: The Birth of French America (Montreal, 2004), 280.
CHAMPLAIN’S MAPS AND CHARTS
Champlain’s titles in his own vagrant orthography are as follows, with sites and dates after C. E.
Heidenreich, Explorations and Mapping of Samuel Champlain (Toronto, 1976), 110–14.
CHARTS OF RIVERS AND HARBORS
Port de La Heue (La Have River, Nova Scotia), May 1604
Por du Ross ÿ nol (Liverpool, Nova Scotia), May 1604
port au mouton (Port Mouton, Nova Scotia), May 1604
port Royal (Annapolis Basin, Nova Scotia), June 1604
Port des mines (Advocate Harbor, Nova Scotia), June 1604
R. St. Jehan (Saint John River, New Brunswick), June 1604
Isle de sainte Croix (St. Croix Island, Maine) July? 1604
qui ni be quy (Kennebec River, Maine), July 1605
Chauacoit R (Saco River, Maine), July 1605
Port St Louis (Plymouth Harbor, Massachusetts), July 1605
Malle-Barre (Nauset Harbor, Massachusetts), July 1605
Le Beau-port (Gloucester, Massachusetts), September 1606
port fortuné (Stage Harbor, Massachusetts), October 1606
port de tadoucac (Tadoussac, Quebec), July 1603, June 1608
Quebec (Quebec City, Quebec), 1608
le grand sault st.louis (Montreal, Lachine), 1608, June 1611
LARGE MAPS AND CHARTS OF NEW FRANCE
“Descr[i]psion des costs p[or]ts, rades, Illes de la nouuele france faict selon son vray meridien Avec la declinaison de le[y]ment de plussiers endrois selon que le sieur de Castelfranc le demontre en son liure de la mecometrie de le[y]mant faict et observe par le Sr de Champlain, 1606, 1607.” Manuscript Map Division, Library of Congress.
Carte Geographiqve De La Novvelle Franse Faictte Par Le Sievr De Champlain Saint Tongois Cap-pitaine Povr Le Roi En La Marine, faict len 1612.
Carte geographique de la Nouelle franse en sonvraymordia [1612?].
Carte geographique de la Nouelle franse en son vraymeridiein faicte par le Sr. Champlain Cappine por le Roy en la marine—1613.
[La Nouvelle-France] faict par Sr. de Champlain 1616. A proof of a map that Champlain did not publish, John Carter Brown Library.
Carte de la nouuelle france, augmentée depuis la derniere seruant a la nauigation faicte en son vray Meridien, pa le Sr de Champlain Captaine pour le Roy en la Marine lequel depuis l’an 1603 jusques en l’année, 1629; a descouuert plusieurs costes, terres, lacs, riuieres, et Nations de sauuages, par cy deuant incognuës, comme il se voit en ses relations quil faict Imprimer en 1632. ou il se uoit cette marque ce sont habitations qu’ont faict les françois. Faict l’an 1632 par le Sieur de Champlain. (Two states of this map exist with the same date.) See also Marcel Trudel, “La carte de Champlain en 1632: ses sources et son originalité.” Cartologica (1978).
CHAMPLAIN’S OTHER PUBLISHED PAPERS AND DOCUMENTS
Charavay, Étienne. Documents inédits sur Samuel de Champlain, fondateur de Québec, Extrait de la Revue des documents historiques (Paris, 1875).
Louis Audiat, Brouage et Champlain, 1578–1667, Documents inédits (Paris, 1879).
Champlain to Louis XIII, Sieur de Montmorency, Chancellor de Sillery and the Sieur de Villemenon, 25 August 1622, Bibliothèque nationale de France, ms 16738, fol 143. In Biggar, H. P. Early Trading Companies of New France (Toronto, 1901), 279–80.
“La minute notariée du contrat de mariage de Champlain” [Dec. 27, 1610, registered January 11, 1611], ed. Emmanuel de Cathelineau, Nova Francia 5 (1930) 142–55. Also in Biggar, H. P. ed., The Works of Samuel de Champlain, 6 vols. (Toronto, 1922–36, rpt. 1971) (CWB) 2:315–24, 4:372–73.
Champlain, Samuel, and Helene Boullé, “Contrat d’engagement d’Ysabelle Terrier: agreement to hire a servant, July 27, 1617,” In Biggar, CWB 2:324–26; N.-E. Dionne, Champlain: fondateur de Québec 2:510–11.
“Au Roy et à nos seigneurs de son conseil” [Petition to the King and Lords of His Council], Feb. 1618. In Biggar, CWB 2:326–29. First printed by Louis Audiat in Archives historiques de la Saintonge et d l’Aunis 6:381; and also in Audiat, Brouage et Champlain, 26–28.
Champlain, “De l’utilité que le roi peut tirer de la Nouvelle-France.” n.d., [Feb. 1618], Audiat, Brouage et Champlain, 29–35.
Champlain, “Plaise à messieurs de la chambre du commerce.” Paris, Feb. 1618. In Biggar, CWB 2:339–46; and also Audiat, Champlain et Brouage, 35–38.
“Extrait des Lettres de la Chambre du Commerce sur la requête … et supplique au roi en sa faveur,” Paris, Feb. 9, 1618. Ibid.
Receipt for Champlain’s salary, Dec. 24, 1618. In Biggar, CWB 2:330.
Champlain et al. “Articles de la commission en assemblée générale de Français residant au Canada et remise au P. georges le Baillif, Recolet, envoyé en France pour fair connaître au roi les plaintes et les désirs des habitants,” Aug. 18, 1621. In Dionne,Champlain: fondateur de Québec 2:513–15. Champlain’s signature is the first of twelve; it is followed by “Tres humbles remtrances et memoires,” 516–18.
Champlain, Documents, 1625–26. “Inédit sur le fondateur de Québec.” Ed. A. Léo-Leymarie, Nova Francia 1 (1925) 80–85.
“Commission du Roy à Champlain,” April 27, 1628. In Dionne, Champlain: fondateur de Québec 2: 523–24.
“Commission à Champlain des Intendant et Directeurs de la Compagnie de la Nouvelle-France,” March 21, 1629. In Dionne, Champlain: fondateur de Québec 2:525–26.
Account of the voyages of 1608, vol. for 1608, printed in 1611. Page 294. Rpt. in Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada 8 (1902) ii, 172.
Champlain, Correspondence and Depositions Concerning the Seizure of Quebec, 1629–32. In C.-H. Laverdière, Oeuvres de Champlain, Pièces justificatives, documents, 1–30.
Champlain, “Contrats de vente de 1630.” Ed. M. Delafosse. Revue d’histoire de l’Amérique française 9 (1963) 282–86.
Champlain, Mémoire en Requête de Champlain pour la Continuation du paiement de sa Pension, ca. 1630. Ed. Gabriel Marcel (Paris, Tross, 1886); copy in New York Public Library.
Champlain, “Contrat de Donation Mutuelle entre Champlain et Hélène Boullé,” Feb. 13, 1632. In Dionne, Champlain: fondateur de Québec 2:239–40.
“Mémoir et instruction baillés au Sieur de Champlain par les Directeurs de la Nouvelle-France,” Paris, Feb. 4, 1633; “Supplément d’Instructions au Sieur de Champlain par les directeurs de la Nouvelle France …,” Dieppe March 17, 1633; Mercure François 19 (1633), 809–11; L. Campeau, Monumenta Novae Franciae 2:340–41, 359–60.
Champlain, “Relation du Voyage de sieur de Champlain en Canada” (1633). Mercure François 803–67; rpt. in Campeau, Monumenta Novae Franciae 2:350–402.
Champlain, Samuel de, to Richelieu, Aug. 15, 1633. Archives du Ministère des affaires étrangères. Original text in Biggar, CWB 6:375–77; and Dionne, Champlain: fondateur de Québec 2:246–49.
Champlain, Lettre au Cardinal Richelieu, Aug. 18, 1634. Ms. Photocopy, Library of Congress. From the original in the Archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Paris; Library of Congress Transcripts; French text in Biggar, CWB 6:378–79.
Champlain, “Lettre au Cardinal de Richelieu,” Aug. 15, 1635. In Dionne, Champlain: fondateur de Québec 2:537–39.
Champlain, “Testament,” Nov. 17, 1635. Revue d’histoire de l’Amérique française 17 (1963) 282–86; partial inventory, “l’inventaire des meubles qui faisaient partie de la communauté de biens entre Champlain et Hélène Boullé, ibid., 18 (1965) 594–603.
PUBLISHED WORKS OF MARC LESCARBOT
Histoire de la Nouvelle-France, published at Paris in 1609 with English translations in the same year and another in German in 1613; French editions were reprinted in 1611, 1612, 1617, and 1618. Later French printings added new material useful for the career of Champlain. Nearly all variant editions are in the John Carter Brown Library.
Lescarbot, Marc. Histoire de la Nouvelle-France. Ed. Edwin Tross, 3 vols. (Paris, 1866).
—. History of New France, 3 vols. (Toronto, 1907). Ed. H. P. Biggar with a translation by Oxford linguist W. L. Grant.
—. Histoire de la Nouvelle-France. Ed. W. L. Grant and H. P. Biggar, 3 vols. (Toronto, 1914); La Conversion des Savvages qui ont esté baptisés en la Novvelle France, avec un bref récit du voyage du Sieur De Povtrincovrt (Paris, n.d. [1610]), rpt. in Reuben Gold Thwaites, ed., The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents 1:49–113.
—. Relation dernière de ce qui s’est passé au voyage du sieur de Poutrincourt en la Nouvelle-France depuis 20 mois en ça (Paris, 1912); rpt. Jesuit Relations 1:119–91.
—. La Conversion des Sauvages (1610; rpt. 1612).
—. Les Muses de la Nouvelle-France (Paris, 1618).
PUBLISHED PRIMARY RECORDS AND WORKS OF OTHER INDIVIDUALS
Albret, Jeanne d’. Mémoires et Poésies de Jeanne d’Albret (Paris, 1893).
Avaux, comte d’. Correspondance inédite du comte d’Avaux avec son père (1627–1642), Ed. A. Boppe (Paris, 1887).
Barbour, Philip L., ed. The Complete Works of Captain John Smith (1580–1631) 3 vols. (Chapel Hill, 1986).
Bertrand, le sieur, Lettre missive, touchant la conversion et baptesme du grand Sagamos de la nouvvelle France … a letter to his brother le sieur de la Troncheraie, June 28, 1610 (Paris, Regnoul, 1610); rpt. in Jesuit Relations 1:118–23); copy of the original in the New York Public Library.
Bideau, Michel, ed. Jacques Cartier: Relations (Montreal, 1986).
[Black Hawk] Jackson, Donald, ed. Black Hawk: An Autobiography (Urbana, Ill., 1990). Patterson, J. B., ed., Life of Mà-Ka-Tai-Me-She-Kia-Kiàk or Black Hawk … Dictated by Himself (Rock Island, Ill., 1833), with certificate of authenticity by Antoine LeClaire, U.S. interpreter for the Sac and Fox nations. Other editions followed in Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Mobile. The first modern edition was edited by Milo Milton Quaife and published in the Lakeside Classics (Chicago, 1916) as theLife of Mà-Ka-Tai-Me-She-Kia-Kiàk or Black Hawk … Dictated by Himself. Ed. J. B. Patterson (Cincinnati, 1834); new edition, ed. Milo M. Quaife (Chicago, 1916).
[Bogaert] Gehring, Charles T., and William Sterna, eds. A Journey into Mohawk and Oneida Country, 1634–35: The Journal of Harmen Meynderts van den Bogaert (Syracuse, 1988).
[Bourbon, Antoine de] Rochambeau, marquis de. Lettres d’Antoine de Bourbon et Jeanne d’Albret (Paris, 1877).
Bueil, Honorat de, seigneur de Racan. Oeuvres complètes (Paris, 1857).
Cartier, Jacques. The Voyages of Jacques Cartier. Published from the originals with translations, notes, and appendices by H. P. Biggar (Ottawa, 1924); A Collection of Documents relating to Jacques Cartier and the Sieur de Roberval, ed. H. P. Biggar (Ottawa, 1930); The Voyages of Jacques Cartier, ed. Ramsay Cook (Toronto, 1993).
Colden, Cadwallader. History of the Five Indian Nations (1727, 1747; rpt., 1866; Ithaca, N.Y., 1958).
Charlevoix, Pierre-Francis-Xavier de. Histoire et description générale de la Nouvelle France, with Journal historique, 3 vols. in quarto, 6 vols. in duodecimo (Paris, 1744). An excellent modern scholarly edition of the Voyages is Charlevoix, Journal d’un Voyage fait par ordre du roi dans l’Amérique septentrionale, ed. Pierre Berthiaume, 2 vols. (Montreal, 1994). English translations include: History and General Description of New France, trans. John Gilmary Shea 6 vols. (New York, 1866–1872, rpt. Chicago, 1962); and Louise Phelps Kellogg, Journal of a Voyage to North America, 2 vols. (Chicago, 1923).
Charlevoix, Pierre-Francis-Xavier de. Histoire de l’établissement des progrès et de la décadence du christianisme dans l’Empire du Japon, 3 vols. (Rouen, 1713).
Daniel, Charles. Voyage à la Nouvelle France du Capitaine Charles Daniel de Dieppe (1629; rpt. Rouen, 1881); CWB 6: 153–61. For an example of periodical literature see Le Mercure François 19 (1633) 802–67.
Davis, John. The Seaman’s Secrets (London, 1607). In Albert Hastings Markham, ed., The Voyages and Works of John Davis, the Navigator. Hakluyt Society, series 1, vol. 54 (London, 1880).
Denys, Nicolas. Histoire Naturelle des Peuples, des Animaux, des Arbres et Plantes de l’Amerique Septentrionale, & de ses divers Climats. Avec une Description exacte de la Pesche des Moluës, tant sur le Grand Banc qu’à la Coste; & de tout ce qui s’y pratique de plus particulier, &c (Paris, 1672). Another copy in the Public Records Office bears the date of May 10, 1687. A Dutch translation appeared in 1688, with additional text and engravings not in the French edition. A bilingual English and French edition is The Description and Natural History of the Coasts of North America (Acadia), ed. William F. Ganong, with much editorial commentary (Toronto, 1908).
[De Coste, Mathieu] “Declaration of Nicolas de Bauquemare, par laquelle il reconnaît avoir engagé le nègre Mathieu de Coste pour des services de Canada, Cadie et ailleurs; Canada, Acadie, et Nouvelle-France.” In Le Blant and Baudry, eds. Nouveaux documents, 105–06, 194, 195, 203, 212, 235, 388.
[Elena, Guillermo] Testament of Guillermo Elena, 26 June 1601. Original in the Archivo Historico Provincial, Cádiz; copy in Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa; an English translation of the Spanish original is published in Joe C. W. Armstrong,Champlain(Toronto, 1987), appendix 2, 274–78.
Estoile, Pierre de l’. Mémoires-Journaux 12 vols. Ed. Brunet (Paris, 1875–96).
—. The Paris of Henry of Navarre, as seen by Pierre de l’Estoile: Selections from his Mémoires-Journaux (1574–1611). Trans. and ed. by Nancy Lyman Roelker (Cambridge, 1958).
Fiefmelin, André Magé de. Les Oeuvres du Sieur Fiefmelin (Poitiers, 1601).
Gargas, M. de. “Mon Séjour de l’Acadie, 1687–88,” in William Inglis Morse, ed., Acadiensia Nova, 1598–1779 (London, 1935).
Giffard, Robert. Marriage contract. Bulletin des Recherches Historiques 9 (1903), 267–70.
—. “Concession à Robert Giffard, Sr. de Beaufort,” signed Bras-de-Fer Châteaufort, Jan. 15, 1634, N.-E. Dionne, Champlain: fondateur de Québec, 535–37.
Mercoeur, duc de. Correspondance du duc de Mercoeur. Ed. Gaston de Carné (Rennes, 1899).
Henri IV, Recueil des Lettres missives de Henri IV. Ed. M. F. Guessard, 9 vols. (Paris, 1843–76). The major source. A survey of many other published materials appears in Bernard Barbiche, ed., Lettres de Henri IV. … (Rome, 1968). A definitive modern scholars’ edition of the scattered writings of Henri IV would be a major contribution to our understanding of a great leader in modern history.
Herouard, Jean. Journal. Published as “Le Canada pendant la jeunesse de Louis XIII.” ed., A.-Léo Laymarie, Nova Francia, 1 (1925), 161–70.
Juet, Robert, “The Voyage of the Half Moon from 4 April to 7 November 1609.” In Robert M. Lunny, ed., Collection of the New Jersey Historical Society 12 (Newark, N.J., [1609] 1959).
Lahontan, Baron de. New Voyages to North America. Ed. Reuben G. Thwaites (1703; 2 vols., New York, 1970); Oeuvres complètes. Réal Ouellet and Alain Beaulieu, eds., 2 vols. (Montreal, 1990); the best edition.
La Tour, Charles Turgis de Saint-Étienne de. Letter to Louis XIII, July 25, 1627. In Trudel, Histoire de la Nouvelle-France 2:270.
Lauson, Jean de. Lettre à Richelieu, 30 juin 1627. Archives du Ministère des Affaires étrangères de France. Mémoires et documents, France, vol. 785: 178r. VI 4 (March 1953) 517–35.
Layfield, Dr. John. Account of travels in the Spanish Empire, ca. 1599. In S. Purchas, ed., Hakluytus Posthumous; or Purchas His Pilgrimes … 20 vols. (Glasgow, 1905–07) 16:43–106.
[Mons, var. Monts, Montz]
W. I. Morse ed. Pierre du Gua, Sieur de Monts, Colonial and Saintongeais (London, 1939). Other letters from de Mons are published in Biggar, CWB; Le Caron, Au Roy; Lescarbot, New France and Documents relatifs à la Nouvelle-France.
Pieresc, Nicolas-Claude de Babri, seigneur de Peiresc. “Observations de Peiresc sur les curiosités rapportées d’Acadie par Pierre du Gua, sieur de Mons,” 26 Nov. 1605 and 13 March 1606. In Le Blant and Baudry, eds., Nouveaux Documents sur Champlain, 102–06.
—. Journal. Publié par F.-W. Gravit as “Un document inédit sur le Canada.” Revue de l’Université Laval 1, 4 (1946) 282–88.
Razilly, Isaac de, “Lettre de Razilly à Lescarbot, 16 août, 1634,” Bibliothèque nationale de France, Fonds français, 13,423:349–50. Copies of this document are available in LAC and Fort Point Museum, La Have, Nova Scotia.
—. “Memoir du chevalier de Razilly, Nov. 26, 1626.” Published by Léon Deschamps as a “mémoire inédit.” Revue de Géographie (1886) 374–83, 453–64. The original is lost; a manuscript copy is in the Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève (Paris).
[La Roche] Le Ber, Joseph. “Un document inédit sur l’Ile de Sable et le marquis de la Roche.” Revue d’histoire de l’Amérique française 2 (1948) 199–213.
[Thevet] Schlesinger, R., and A. P. Stabler, eds. André Thevet’s North America: A Sixteenth-Century View (Montreal, 1986).
Sully, duc de. Les économies royales 2 vols. (1611–17, Paris 1836–37). The best edition is edited by David Buisseret and Bernard Barbiche; 2 vols. (Paris, 1970, 1988).
—. Mémoires du duc de Sully. Nouvelle édition (Paris, 1822).
[Valois], Mémoires de Marguerite de Valois. Ed. M. F. Guessard (Paris, 1842).
OFFICIAL RECORDS
Bréard, Charles, and Philippe Barrey, eds. Documents relatifs à la Marine Normande aux XVe et XVIe siècles (Rouen, 1906).
Bréard, Charles, and Paul Bréard. Documents relatifs à la Marine Normande et à ses armements aux XVIe et XVIIe siècles pour le Canada, l’Afrique, les Antilles, le Brésil et les Indes (Rouen, 1889).
Bois, Monique. Inventaire des documents relatifs au Canada de 1522 à 1604 dans les tabellionages de Rouen et du Havre conservés aux archives départementales Seine-Maritime (Paris and Ottawa, 1990).
Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series, 1574–1660 […] Edited by W. Noël Sainsbury […] (London, 1860).
Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series, America and West Indies, 1675–1676. Also Addenda, 1574–1674 […] Edited by W. Noël Sainsbury […] (London, 1893).
Bonnault, Claude de. “Les archives d’Espagne et le Canada. Rapport sur une mission dans les archives d’Espagne.” Rapport de l’archiviste de la Province de Québec (Quebec, 1951–52 and 1952–53).
Brodhead, John Romeyn. Documents Relative to the Colonial History of the State of New York: Procured in Holland, England and France by John Romeyn Brodhead […] Edited by E. B. O’Callaghan. (Albany, 1853–87).
Collection de manuscrits contenant lettres, mémoires et autres documents historiques relatifs à la Nouvelle-France, recueillis aux Archives de la Province de Québec ou copiés à l’étranger (Quebec, 1879–88).
Pièces et documents relatifs à la tenure seigneuriale, demandés par une adresse de l’Assemblée législative, 1851 2 vols. (Quebec, 1852).
Conseil Supérieur de Québec, Complément des ordonnances et jugements des gouverneurs et intendants du Canada (Quebec, 1856).
Gosselin, Édouard. Nouvelles glanes historiques normandes puisées exclusivement dans des documents inédits (Rouen, 1873).
RELIGIOUS RECORDS: JESUITS
The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents 73 volumes (Cleveland, 1896–1901, rpt. New York, 1959) is a bilingual edition of reports by Jesuits to their superiors, with many other documents. The English translations in this bilingual work, originally compiled and edited by the American historian Reuben Gold Thwaites, must be checked against the original, and used with great caution. Most helpful for a student of Champlain are relations by Pierre Biard, Charles Lalement, Énemond Massé, Paul Le Jeune, in particular: Biard, “Relation, 1614,” Jesuit Relations 3:83; 4:7–167; “Relation, 1616,” “Relation, 1633,” Jesuit Relations 5:83–85; “Relation, 1636,” Jesuit Relations 9: 218–83; Le Jeune, “Relation, 1637,” Jesuit Relations 12:86–87, 13:147; Biard, Pierre, s.j., “Relation de la Nouvelle France. Écrite en 1614,” Relations des Jésuites, 4:100 (Lyon, 1616), rpt in Jesuit Relations 3:21–283, 4:7–167.
Also of high value is another compilation by Jesuit scholar Lucien Campeau, who devoted his career to a great historical project that he called Monumenta Novae Franciae. Campeau conceived this as a subseries of the Jesuits’ Monumenta Historica Societatis Jesu. His purpose was to publish all major documents relating to the Jesuits in Canada and Acadia, with another series to follow for the Illinois country and Louisiana. He intended it to supersede the large bilingual collection of Jesuit Relations by Thwaites. For a discussion of strengths and weaknesses, see “Memories of Champlain,” above.
Of particular value for Champlain are the first three volumes in Campeau’s great work: La première mission d’Acadie, 1602–1616; Établissement à Québec, 1616–1634 (Rome and Quebec, 1979); and Fondation de la mission huronne, 1635–1637. Other volumes consist of: vol. 4, Les grandes épreuves, 1638–1640; vol. 5, La bonne nouvelle reçue, 1641–1643; vol. 6, Recherche de la paix, 1644–1646; vol. 7, Le témoignage du sang, 1647–1650; vol. 8, Au bord de la ruine, 1651–1656.
Also very useful are the private letters of Jesuit father Charles Lalement, separately published:
“Lettre à Champlain, 28 juill. 1625, écrite de Québec,” in Gabriel Sagard, Histoire (ed. Tross) 3:789. Reproduced in Gabriel Sagard, Histoire du Canada, 4:170.
“Lettre au Provincial des Récollets, 28 juill. 1625, écrite de Québec,” in Sagard, Histoire du Canada 3:789. Reproduced according to Sagard’s text in Jesuit Relations 4:172–75.
“Lettre à son frère Jérôme, August 1, 1626, écrite de Québec,” publiée à Paris en 1627. Mercure François 13:12–34, 4:185–227.
“Lettre au Général des Jésuites, August 1626, écrite de Québec,” Jesuit Relations 4:176–83.
Extrait dv Registre de Bapteme de l’Eglise dv Port Royal en la Nouvelle France Le iour Sainct Iehan Baptiste 24. de juin [1610]: a record of the baptisms of Sagamore Membertou and his large family on St. John’s Day, 1610, by Jesse Fleche. The original is in the John Carter Brown library; published in Jesuit Relations 1:108–13; also an interesting source for the structure of a Mi’kmaq family in the early seventeenth century.
RELIGIOUS RECORDS: RÉCOLLETS
Récollet relations and other documents have not been collected as systematically as those of the Jesuits, but some individual works are of high importance.
Le Baillif, Georges. Plainte de la nouvelle France dicte Canada (Paris?, n.d.). Photocopy in Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa.
Le Caron, Joseph. Au Roy sur La Nouvelle France (Paris, 1626). Photocopy in Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa.
Le Clercq, Chrestien. Nouvelle relation de la Gaspesia (Paris, 1691): New Relation of Gaspesia with the Customs and Religions of the Gaspesian Indians. Vol. 5 in the publications of the Champlain Society, W. F. Ganong, ed., (Toronto, 1910).
—. Premier établissement de la foy dans la Nouvelle-France (Paris, 1691) in at least two other editions with variant titles. Published in English translation as First Establishment of the Faith in New France, ed. J. G. Shea, 2 vols. (New York, 1881).
Sagard, Gabriel. Le grand voyage du pays des Hurons (Paris, 1632); new edition (Paris, Tross, 1865). An English translation appeared as The Long Journey to the Country of the Hurons, tr. H. H. Langton, ed. George M. Wrong (Toronto, Champlain Society, 1939); available online in digital editions that are keyword searchable. A modern French edition appeared as Le grand voyage du pays des Hurons, with an introduction by Marcel Trudel. Cahiers du Québec, “Documents d’histoire” series (Montreal, 1976). It has appeared also in a scholarly edition with a French text established by Réal Ouellet, introduction and notes by Réal Ouellet and Jack Warwick (Quebec, 1990).
—. Histoire du Canada et voyages que les fréres mineurs recollects y ont faicts pour la conversion des infidèles: depuis l’an 1615 (first edition, Paris, 1636); reprinted in four duodecimo volumes, still the edition of choice. It has not been translated into English or reprinted in a modern scholarly edition.
RELIGIOUS RECORDS: URSULINES
“Chroniques de l’Ordre des Ursulines.” In Dionne, Champlain: fondateur de Québec 2:395–403, appendix I.
“Extraits des Chroniques de l’Ordre des Ursulines,” Journal de Québec, 10 March, 1855.
ORAL HISTORY OF INDIAN NATIONS
GENERAL WORKS
Vincent, Sylvie, ed. “Traditions et récits sur l’arrivée des Européens en Amérique.” Recherches amérindiennes au Québec 22, 2–3 (autumn, 1992); a collection of twenty essays and interviews.
ALGONQUIN
Jackson, Donald, ed. Black Hawk: An Autobiography (Urbana, Ill., 1995, 1964, 1990) (Sac and Fox).
Brasser, T. J. C. “Group Identification along a Moving Frontier.” Verhandlungen des XXXVIII Internationalen Amerikanistenkongresses (Munich, 1871) 2:261–65.
HURON
Le Jeune, Paul. “Relation, 1636,” Jesuit Relations 9:218–83; Le Jeune, “Relation, 1637,” Jesuit Relations 12:86–87, 13:147.
IROQUOIA
Pratt, Peter P. Archaeology of the Oneida Iroquois (George’s Mills, N.H., 1976).
—. “A Perspective on Oneida Archaeology.” In Robert E. Funk and Charles F. Hayes III, eds. Current Perspectives on Northeastern Archaeology: Essays in Honor of William A. Ritchie. New York State Archaeological Association 17 (1977) 1:51–69.
—. Archaeology of the Oneida Indians, Occasional Publications in Northeastern Anthropology 1 (Rindge, N.H., 1976), viii—ix.
MI’KMAQ
Porter, Mike. Guides to the North Woods (Halifax, 1990).
Rand, Silas Tertius. Legends of the Micmacs (New York, 1894).
MONTAGNAIS
Vincent, Sylvie. “L’arrivée des chercheurs de terres: récits et dires des Montagnais de la Moyenne et de la Basse Côte-Nord,” Recherches amérindiennes au Québec 22:2–3 (1992) 19–29.
WINNEBAGO
Lurie, Nancy O. “Winnebago Protohistory.” In Sigmund Diamond, ed. Culture in History: Essays in Honor of Paul Radin (New York, 1960), 790–808.
WYANDOT
Clarke, Peter Dooyentate. Origin and Traditional History of the Wyandots (Toronto, 1870).
ARCHAEOLOGY AND MATERIAL CULTURE
MONTAGNAIS
Moreau, Jean Français. “Objets amérindiens et européens au Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean. La portée des transferts culturels en fôret boréale.” In Michel Fortin, ed., L’archéologie et la rencontre de deux mondes (Quebec, 1992) 103–31.
—. “Indices archéologiques de transferts culturels par la voie du Québec central.” In Laurier Turgeon, Denys Delâge, and Réal Ouellet, eds. Transferts culturels et métissages: Amérique/ Europe XVIe-XXe siècles (Quebec and Paris, 1996), 209–42.
Clermont, Norman, and Pierre Corbeil, Pointe-du-Buisson: une expérience archéologique (Melocheville, 1995).
HURON
McIlwraith, T. F. “On the Location of Cahiagué,” Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada, ser. 3, 41 (1947) ii: 99–102.11.
—. “Archaeological Work in Huronia, 1946: Excavations near Warminster,” Canadian Historical Review 27 (1946) 394–401.
Fitzgerald, William. “Chronology to Cultural Process: Lower Great Lakes Archaeology, 1500–1650,” Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, McGill University, Montreal (1990).
FISHING AND WHALING STATIONS
Tuck, James A. and Robert Grenier. Red Bay, Labrador: World Whaling Capital, 1550–1600 (St. John’s, Nfld., 1989, 1990).
Fitzgerald, William, et al. “Late Sixteenth-Century Basque Banded Copper Kettles,” Historical Archaeoogy 27 (1993) 1.
SAGUENAY RIVER AND TADOUSSAC
Lapointe, Camille. Le Site de Chicoutimi: un établissement commercial sur la route des fourrures du Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean (Quebec, 1985).
ACADIA
Yves Cormier. Les aboiteaux en Acadie, hier et aujourd’hui (Moncton, 1990).
NORUMBEGA
Faulkner, Alaric, and Gretchen Fearon Faulkner. The French at Pentagoet, 1635–1674: An Archaeological Portrait of the Acadian Frontier (Saint John, N.B., and Augusta, Me., 1987, 1988).
CAP TOURMENTE
Guimont, Jacques. La Petite-ferme du Cap Tourmente (Quebec, 1996); Léo-Guy de Repentigny, La Ferme d’en bas du Cap Tourmente: de la ferme de Champlain aux grandes volées d’oies (Quebec, Environnement Canada, Conservation et protection, 1989).
QUEBEC
Niellon, François, and Marcel Moussette. L’habitation de Champlain (Quebec, 1981).
Lapointe, Camille, Béatrice Chassé, and Héléne de Carufel. Aux origines de la vie québecoise (Quebec, 1983, 1987, 1995).
Clermont, Norman, Claude Chapdelaine, and Jacques Guimont. L’occupation historique et préhistorique de Place Royal (Quebec, 1992).
ICONOGRAPHY AND VISUAL MATERIALS
“Portrait of Samuel de Champlain,” anonymous sanguine of unknown provenance and date, Archives nationales du Québec. Reproduced in Alain Beaulieu et Réal Ouellet, eds. Samuel de Champlain: Des Sauvages (Montreal, 1993).
“Samuel de Champlain, governor general of Canada,” lithograph, 1854. Attributed to Louis-César-Joseph Ducornet (1806–56); Litalien and Vaugeois, Champlain: The Birth of French America, 356. For a short biography of Ducornet by Emmanuel Bénézit, seeDictionnaire critique et documentaire des peintres, sculpteurs, dessinateurs et graveurs (Paris, 1999).
“Samuel de Champlain,” steel-plate engraving by J. A. O’Neil, ca. 1866. Reproduced in Litalien and Vaugeois, Champlain: The Birth of French America, 357.
“Messire Michael Particelli Chevallie [sic],” by Balthasar Moncornet, engraving, 1654, Bibliothèque nationale de France, C56240; Samuel de Champlain, lithograph attributed to Louis-César-Joseph Ducornet, 1854, Musée National des Beaux-Arts du Québec; “Samuel de Champlain,” steel engraving by J. A. O’Neil, after a painting by Théophile Hamel, frontispiece to J. G. Shea, ed. History and General Description of New France by Pierre-François-Xavier de Charlevoix, 1864, CA C14305; “Samuel de Champlain,” frontispiece in C.-H. Laverdière, Oeuvres de Champlain, 1870, CA 13204; C14305.
Paltsits, Victor-Hugo. “A Critical Examination of Champlain’s Portrait,” Acadiensis 4 (1904) 3:611; rpt. in Bulletin des Recherches Historiques 38 (1932), 755–59; Biggar, Henry Percival. “The Portrait of Champlain,” Canadian Historical Review 1 (1920), 379–80; Bishop, Morris. Champlain: The Life of Fortitude, 6n; Armstrong, Joe C. W. Champlain, 20–21; Liebel, Jean. “Les faux portraits de Champlain,” Vie des arts 28 (1983), 112; Martin, Denis. “Discovering the Face of Samuel de Champlain,” in Litalien and Vaugeois eds. Champlain, 354–62.
“Champlain,” engraving by Eugène Ronjat, ca. 1870. Illustration in Sulte, Histoire des Canadiens Français (1882), Litalien and Vaugeois, eds. Champlain, 261.
Gagnon, François-Marc. Premiers peintres de la Nouvelle-France, 2 vols.(Quebec, 1976) 2:25–26; Martin, Denis. “Samuel de Champlain à visage découvert,” in Litalien and Vaugeois, eds. Champlain, 360–62.
FRENCH MASQUES AND BALLETS DE COUR
Moreau, François. “Les Amérindiens dans les ballets de cour à l’époque de Champlain,” in Litalien and Vaugeois, Champlain: The Birth of French America, 83–92; citing Paul Lacroix, Ballets et mascarades de cour sous Henri IV et Louis XIII, 6 vols. (Geneva, 1868–1870) 2:158.
WORKS OF CARTOGRAPHY AND NAVIGATION IN CHAMPLAIN’S ERA
Medina, Pedro de. Arte de Navegar (Seville, 1545). It was translated by John Frampton as The Arte of Navigation … made by Master Peter de Medina (London, 1581).
Wagenaer, Lucas Janszoon. T’eerste Deel Vande Spieghel der Zeevaerdt vandde navigatie der Westersche Zee: The First Part of Mirror of the Navigation for Sailing the Western Sea. Translated into English as The Mariner’s Mirror.
Nautonier, Guillaume de. The Mecographie of Ye Loadstone (Toulouse, 1603).
John Davis, The Seaman’s Secrets (London, 1607). In Albert Hastings Markham, ed., The Voyages and Works of John Davis, the Navigator. Publications of the Hakluyt Society, ser. 1, vol. 54 (London, 1880).
Mainwaring, Sir Henry. “The Seaman’s Dictionary.” In G. E. Mainwaring and W. G. Perrin, eds. The Life and Works of Sir Henry Mainwaring (vols. 54 and 56 in the publications of the Navy Records Society, London, 1920, 1922).
John Smith, An Accidence, or The Path-way to Experience. Necessary for all Young Sea-men (London, 1626) and its sequel, A Sea Grammar, with the Plaine Exposition of Smith’s Accidence for Young Seamen, Enlarged (London, 1627), reprinted in Philip L. Barbour, ed., The Complete Works of Captain John Smith (1580–1631), 3 vols. (Chapel Hill, 1986) 3:3–121.
DICTIONARIES, GLOSSARIES OF CHAMPLAIN’S ERA
Anon., Lexique du patois Charentais, http://membres.lycos.fr/xaintong/patois.htm.
Académie francaise, Dictionnaire de l’Académie française (Paris, 1635).
Aubin, Dictionnaire de Marine contenant les termes de la navigation et de l’architecture navale (Amsterdam, 1702).
Cotgrave, Randle. Dictionarie of the French and English Tongues (London, 1611).
Guillet, sieur de. Dictionaire du gentilhomme (Hague, 1686). Huguet, E. Dictionnaire de la langue française du seizième siècle (Paris, 1961).
Mainwaring, Henry. The Seaman’s Dictionary, or Nomenclator Navalis (ca. 1620).
MODERN DICTIONARIES ON HISTORICAL PRINCIPLES AND STUDIES IN HISTORICAL LINGUISTICS
Léard, Jean-Marcel. Grammaire québécoise d’aujourdhui: comprendre les québécismes (Montreal, 1995).
Massignon, Geneviève. Les parlers français d’Acadie, 2 vols. (Paris, n.d. [1962?]).
Mathews, Mitford. Dictionary of Americanisms on Historical Principles (Chicago, 1956).
Morissoneau, Christian. Le langage géographique de Cartier et de Champlain (Quebec, 1978).
Musset, Georges, Marcel Pellisson, and Charles Vigon. Glossaire des patois et des parlers de l’Aunis et de la Saintonge, 2 vols. (La Rochelle, 1922).
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BIOGRAPHICAL AND GENEALOGICAL DICTIONARIES AND ENCYCLOPEDIAS
The Dictionary of Canadian Biography/Dictionnaire Biographique du Canada was founded in 1959 with the object of providing critical biographies of all major figures in Canadian history. The project expanded in 1961 to a joint Anglo-French enterprise directed jointly by George W. Brown at the University of Toronto Press and Marcel Trudel at Université Laval. The first volume was published in 1966. The first series, through 1900, was completed in 1990. A second series, for Canadians who lived in the twentieth century, is complete through 1920. A web edition includes additions and corrections.
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PALEOGRAPHY
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